Presentation of Financial Statements and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2026
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany balances and transactions. The Company also consolidates certain variable interest entities (VIEs) in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 810 Consolidation. The outside equity interests in certain entities controlled by the Company are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as noncontrolling interests. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported total assets, total liabilities, stockholders' equity, net income, or cash flows.
Basis of Presentation	Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany balances and transactions. The Company also consolidates certain variable interest entities (VIEs) in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 810 Consolidation. The outside equity interests in certain entities controlled by the Company are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as noncontrolling interests. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported total assets, total liabilities, stockholders' equity, net income, or cash flows.
Investments	Investments in Equity Securities Investments in equity securities are carried at fair value and changes in fair value are recorded in Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Realized investment gains and losses on equity securities are determined using cost calculated on a specific identification basis and recognized upon the sale of such securities in Investment gain (loss), net. Dividend income is recognized in Net insurance investment income. Short-Term Investments The Company’s short-term investments consist of U.S. Government securities with original maturities greater than 3 months and less than 12 months. These investments are recorded at fair value, which typically approximates cost. Interest income on short-term investments is recognized in Net insurance investment income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities Investments in fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) on the acquisition date and classification is reevaluated at each balance sheet date. AFS securities are reported at fair value, net of valuation allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized changes in fair value recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity. Realized investment gains and losses on AFS fixed maturity securities are determined using cost calculated on a specific identification basis and recognized upon the sale of such securities in Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. For AFS fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company recognizes a loss in earnings when it intends to sell a security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If a portion of the unrealized loss is determined to be related to credit factors, the Company records an allowance for credit losses, limited to the amount by which amortized cost exceeds fair value, with a corresponding charge to Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any portion of the unrealized loss that is not attributable to credit-related factors is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Interest and dividend income on fixed maturity securities is recognized in Net insurance investment income, net of investment management and custody fees, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Premiums and discounts on fixed maturity securities are amortized or accreted into net insurance investment income using the effective yield method. Other Investments The Company has an investment in a limited partnership which is carried at fair value. As a practical expedient, the fair value is estimated using the net asset value reported by the external fund manager. The Company does not have control or significant influence over the partnership. This investment is valued at $4.9 million as of September 30, 2026, and is presented in Other assets, net on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in fair value are recorded in Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Restricted Assets	Restricted Assets The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support insurance operations, as well as pledge assets as collateral for letters of credit and reinsurance operations. As of September 30, 2026, these restricted assets included $259.5 million of restricted cash and $30.2 million of short-term and fixed maturity security investments.
Insurance Premiums	Insurance Premiums Insurance premiums written are recorded in accordance with the terms of the underlying policies at the policy inception and are primarily earned on a pro rata basis over the term of the policies, which generally do not exceed one year. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of the policies in force. Reinsurance Premiums Reinsurance premiums written for excess of loss reinsurance contracts are recorded based on the terms of the underlying policies. Reinsurance premiums written for pro rata reinsurance contracts are recorded based on amounts reported by brokers and ceding companies, supplemented by the Company’s own estimates of premiums where reports have not been received. The determination of estimates is based on the Company’s experience with the ceding companies, familiarity with the market, timing of reported information, analysis and understanding of the characteristics of each line of business, and judgment of the impact of various factors, including premium or loss trends on the volume of business written and ceded to the Company. On an ongoing basis, the Company’s underwriters review the amounts reported by these third parties for reasonableness based on their experience and knowledge of the subject class of business, taking into account management’s historical experience with the brokers or ceding companies. In addition, reinsurance contracts under which the Company assumes business generally contain specific provisions which allow the Company to perform audits of the ceding company to ensure compliance with the terms and conditions of the contract, including accurate and timely reporting of information. Premium estimates are updated when new information is received and differences between such estimates and actual amounts are recorded in the period in which estimates are changed, or the actual amounts are determined. For multi-year reinsurance contracts which are payable in annual installments, only the initial annual installment is included as premiums written at policy inception, due to the ability of the reinsured to commute or cancel coverage under certain conditions during the term of the policy. The remaining annual installments are included as premiums written at each successive anniversary date within the multi-year term. Reinsurance premiums written, irrespective of the class of business, are generally earned on a pro rata basis over the terms of the underlying policies or reinsurance contracts. Contracts and policies written on a losses-occurring basis cover claims that may occur during the term of the contract or policy, which is typically 12 months. Accordingly, the related reinsurance premium is earned evenly over the term. Contracts which are written on a risks-attaching basis cover claims which attach to the underlying insurance policies written during the terms of these contracts. Premiums earned on risks-attaching contracts usually extend beyond the original term of the reinsurance contract, typically resulting in recognition of reinsurance premiums earned over a 24-month period. Reinstatement Premiums Reinstatement premiums for the Company’s reinsurance operations are recognized at the time a loss event occurs, where coverage limits for the remaining life of the contract are reinstated under pre-defined contract or policy terms. Reinsurance reinstatement premiums are fully earned when recognized. The accrual of reinstatement premiums is based on an estimate of claims and claim expenses, which reflects the Company’s judgment. Insurance Policy Deferred Acquisition Costs (DAC) and Valuation of Businesses Acquired Insurance policy acquisition costs are incurred upon the issuance of insurance and reinsurance contracts and consist principally of commissions, brokerage, and premium taxes. Costs directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal contracts are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Deferred acquisition costs are presented net of deferred ceding commissions, which are amortized over the same period as the related ceded premiums are earned. Certain reinsurance contracts include adjustable commission or profit-sharing provisions, which are estimated and included in deferred acquisition costs based on expected claims and claim expenses on those contracts, and are shown net of commissions and profit commissions earned on ceded reinsurance. Deferred acquisition costs are included in Deferred expenses, net on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the related amortization of these costs is included in Insurance underwriting expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As part of acquisition accounting, Vantage’s historical deferred acquisition costs were eliminated as of the acquisition date. Accordingly, the deferred acquisition cost balance reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets represents only insurance policy acquisition costs incurred subsequent to the Vantage Acquisition date. The Company considers anticipated investment income in determining whether a premium deficiency exists for short-duration contracts. Deferred acquisition costs are reviewed for recoverability and are limited to amounts expected to be recovered from future earned premiums. The recoverability of deferred acquisition costs is evaluated based on the estimated profitability of the related unearned premiums, taking into consideration anticipated claims and claim expenses, investment income, and historical and current underwriting experience.
Reserves for Claims and Claim Expenses	Reserves for Claims and Claim Expenses The reserves for claims and claim expenses include estimates for unpaid losses on reported claims as well as an estimate of losses incurred but not reported (IBNR). The reserve is based on individual claims, case reserves, and other reserve estimates reported by insureds and ceding companies, as well as management estimates of ultimate losses. Ultimate losses are estimated using various generally accepted actuarial methods. Inherent in the estimates of ultimate losses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which could vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, claims and claim expenses ultimately paid may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period in which they become known and are accounted for as changes in estimates.
Reinsurance	Reinsurance The Company purchases reinsurance to increase capacity and to limit the impact of individual losses and events on its underwriting results by reinsuring certain levels of risk with other insurance enterprises or reinsurers. The Company uses pro rata, excess of loss, and facultative reinsurance contracts. The premiums paid to reinsurers or ceded written insurance premiums are recognized over the coverage period. Prepaid reinsurance premiums represent the portion of premiums ceded which relate to the unexpired term of the contracts in force. Ceded reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company of its primary obligation to its (re)insureds. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses is estimated in a manner consistent with the associated claim liability. Reinsurance recoverable related to IBNR is generally developed as part of the Company’s loss reserving process, therefore, its estimation is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as the estimation of IBNR. In certain instances, the Company obtains collateral, including letters of credit and trust accounts to reduce the credit exposure on its reinsurance recoverable. The Company reports its reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses net of an allowance for expected credit loss, if necessary. The allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of amounts outstanding, the financial condition of its reinsurers, amounts and form of collateral obtained and other relevant factors.
Fee Income	Fee Income Fee income receivable primarily includes amounts from third parties relating to potential variable fees. Revenue is recognized when the variable fee is probable of being realized and the amount of the variable fee can be reliably estimated. The probability of the variable fee being realized is assessed based on an evaluation of the terms and conditions of the reinsurance contracts, historical experience, and any other relevant factors. The estimation of the amount of the variable fee to recognize takes into consideration the anticipated profitability of the underlying reinsurance contracts, as well as any limitations or contingencies specified in the contracts. Variable consideration is recognized in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur when the related uncertainty is resolved. Management reassesses estimates of variable consideration at each reporting date throughout the contract period.
Foreign Currency	Foreign Currency The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries. Vantage occasionally transacts business in foreign currencies. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are revalued at the prevailing exchange rate at the balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the transaction date, with the resulting foreign exchange gains or losses included in Other income (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the transaction date and are not subsequently revalued or remeasured.
Insurance-Related Statutory Capital and Dividend Restrictions	Statutory Capital and Dividend Restrictions The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate and have regulatory capital and solvency requirements and restrictions on the ability of such subsidiaries to pay dividends to the parent company. The ability of the insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to the parent company is also influenced by the maintenance of financial strength ratings assigned by independent rating agencies. Additionally, as a condition to the approval by the Delaware Department of Insurance (the Department) of the Vantage Acquisition, the Company has agreed that, until June 4, 2028, any dividends (whether ordinary or otherwise) by the Company’s Delaware insurance subsidiaries will require the Department’s prior approval. As of September 30, 2026, all insurance subsidiaries exceeded minimum regulatory capital requirements.
Restricted Cash	Restricted Cash Restricted cash reflects amounts segregated in escrow accounts in the name of the Company, primarily related to escrowed condominium deposits by buyers and other amounts related to taxes, insurance, and legally restricted security deposits and leasing costs associated with real estate operations, as well as deposits with various regulatory authorities to support insurance and reinsurance operations.
Accounts Receivable, net	Accounts Receivable, net Accounts receivable, net includes insurance premiums receivable, straight-line rent receivables, tenant receivables, related-party receivables, and other receivables. Insurance premiums receivable includes amounts due from agents, brokers, and insureds that are both currently due and amounts not yet due on insurance policies and reinsurance contracts, and are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses, if necessary. On a quarterly basis, management reviews these receivables for collectability. This analysis is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. In certain instances, credit risk may be reduced by the Company’s right to offset loss obligations and/or unearned premiums against premiums receivable. The Company recognizes reserves for estimated losses in earnings if the estimated loss amount is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Straight-line rent receivables arise from the recognition of rental income on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease when lease agreements contain scheduled rent increases or rent concessions. Tenant receivables represent amounts billed and currently due from tenants for contractual base rent, reimbursements of property operating expenses, and other lease-related charges. On a quarterly basis, management reviews the lease-related receivables for collectability. This analysis includes a review of past due accounts and considers factors such as the credit quality of tenants, current economic conditions, and changes in customer payment trends. When full collection of a lease-related receivable or future lease payment is deemed to be not probable, a reserve for the receivable balance is charged against rental revenue and future rental revenue is recognized on a cash basis. The Company also records reserves for estimated losses if the estimated loss amount is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Related-party receivables as of December 31, 2025 were primarily due from the Floreo joint venture and related to reimbursable overhead costs incurred by the Company on behalf of Floreo and an outstanding balance of guaranty fees associated with Floreo’s bond financing. The Company received payment for the outstanding balance of guaranty fees during the third quarter of 2026. As of September 30, 2026, following a reconsideration event, the Floreo joint venture was consolidated. As such, any remaining related-party receivable balances are now eliminated in consolidation. See Note 10 - Acquisitions and Dispositions of Real Estate Assets for additional information on the consolidation of the Floreo joint venture. Other receivables are primarily related to other short-term trade receivables. The Company is exposed to credit losses through the sale of goods and services to customers and assesses its exposure to credit loss related to these receivables on a quarterly basis based on historical collection experience and future expectations by portfolio. The Company records an allowance for credit losses if the estimated loss amount is probable.
Municipal District Receivables, net	Municipal District Receivables, net Municipal district receivables, net are development costs that the Company incurs within its MPCs and expects to be reimbursed for by special-purpose political subdivisions. These subdivisions are formed under state law to finance public infrastructure that benefits land within their boundaries. They include Municipal Utility Districts (MUD) in Houston, Texas and Community Facilities Districts (CFD) in Arizona. Each type of district is governed by its own state statute, which defines the infrastructure and costs that qualify for reimbursement. The Company applies a consistent accounting approach to both. The Company typically advances funds to build qualifying public infrastructure, which must be designed, bid, and constructed in accordance with the applicable statute and local requirements. The district Board of Directors authorizes and approves all reimbursable development contracts, and uses bond sale proceeds to reimburse the developer for its construction costs. At the date the expenditures occur, the Company determines the costs it believes will be eligible for reimbursement under the applicable statute and recognizes those costs as municipal district receivables. As of September 30, 2026, following the consolidation of Floreo in July 2026, related CFD receivables are included in the consolidated Municipal district receivables, net balance. Prior to the consolidation of Floreo, the Company did not have consolidated CFD receivables as development has not yet started in Teravalis. See Note 10 - Acquisitions and Dispositions of Real Estate Assets for further discussion of the Floreo consolidation.
Sale of MUD Receivables	Sale of MUD Receivables The Company has entered into various transactions to transfer reimbursement rights related to its current and anticipated future MUD receivables, as well as interest owed on its current MUD receivables, in exchange for cash consideration. For each transaction, the Company allocated the cash consideration received between the existing MUD receivables and anticipated future MUD receivables using the relative fair value method. As a result of these transactions, the Company derecognized the existing MUD receivables and related accrued interest, and recognized a loss on sale equal to the excess of their carrying amount over the consideration allocated to them. For these transactions, the Company is required to complete future development activities. As such, liabilities associated with the future development spend were recorded at amortized cost in Other liabilities, net on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The associated discounts, which represent the differences between the total future development spend and the allocated cash proceeds, are being amortized into interest expense over the expected development period using the effective interest method.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, capitalization of development costs, provision for income taxes, recoverable amounts of receivables and deferred tax assets, initial valuations of tangible and intangible assets acquired, and the related useful lives of assets upon which depreciation and amortization is based. Estimates and assumptions have also been made with respect to future revenues and costs, and the fair value of warrants, certain financial instruments, debt, and options granted. MPC cost of sales estimates are highly judgmental as they are sensitive to cost escalation, sales price escalation, and lot absorption, which are subject to judgment and affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions. Reserves for claims and claim expenses are subject to considerable estimation error due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim cost. Additionally, the future cash flow estimates and fair values used for impairment analysis are highly judgmental and reflect current and projected trends in rental, occupancy, pricing, development costs, sales pace, capitalization rates, selling costs, and estimated holding periods for the applicable assets. Evaluations of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment also require considerable judgment. These estimates are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions, and as such, actual results could differ from these and other estimates.
Impairment Analysis, Long-Lived Asset	Impairment Analysis Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets for potential impairment indicators when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment or disposal of long‑lived assets in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, requires that if impairment indicators exist and expected undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset over an anticipated holding period are less than its carrying amount, an impairment provision should be recorded to write down the carrying amount of the asset to its fair value. The impairment analysis does not consider the timing of future cash flows and whether the asset is expected to earn an above- or below-market rate of return. No impairment charges were recorded for long-lived assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, or 2025. The Company periodically evaluates strategic alternatives with respect to each property and may revise the strategy from time to time, including the intent to hold the asset on a long-term basis or the timing of potential asset dispositions. For example, the Company may decide to sell property that is held for use, and the sale price may be less than the carrying amount. As a result, changes in strategy could result in impairment charges in future periods.
Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures	Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures The Company evaluates each investment in an unconsolidated venture discussed in Note 5 - Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures periodically for recoverability and valuation declines that are other-than-temporary. If the decrease in value of an investment is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the investment is reduced to its estimated fair value. No impairment charges were recorded for investments in unconsolidated ventures during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, or 2025.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles	Goodwill and Other Intangibles Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to periodic impairment testing. Other intangible assets with a finite life are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. Other intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized. Goodwill and other indefinite-life intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, and tested for impairment if appropriate. The goodwill impairment test first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether goodwill is likely impaired. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount including goodwill, the Company will then perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If goodwill or other intangible assets are impaired, they are written down to their estimated fair value with a corresponding expense reflected in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Variable Interest Entities	Variable Interest Entities The Company has interests in various legal entities that represent a VIE. The Company determines if a legal entity is a VIE by performing a qualitative analysis that requires certain subjective decisions, taking into consideration the design of the entity, the variability that the entity was designed to create and pass along to its interest holders, the rights of the parties and the purpose of the arrangement. Upon the occurrence of certain reconsideration events, the Company reassesses its initial determination as to whether the entity is a VIE. The Company also performs a qualitative assessment of each VIE to determine if it is the primary beneficiary. The Company is the primary beneficiary and would consolidate the VIE if it has a controlling financial interest where it has both (a) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
Noncontrolling Interests	Noncontrolling Interests As of December 31, 2025, noncontrolling interests were primarily related to Teravalis. As of September 30, 2026, noncontrolling interests also related to AV0002, Floreo, and Summit House.
Financing Receivable Credit Losses	Financing Receivable Credit Losses The Company is exposed to credit losses on financing receivables, which include municipal district receivables, Special Improvement District (SID) bonds, Tax Increment Financing (TIF) receivables, net investments in lease receivables, and notes receivable. The Company assesses its exposure to credit loss on a quarterly basis using historical collection experience and future expectations by portfolio segment.
Fair Value	Equity Securities The Company values Level 1 securities using quoted prices in active markets for identical securities. Short-Term Investments The Company's short-term investments consist of U.S. Government securities with original maturities greater than 3 months and less than 12 months. These investments are generally valued using spreads above the risk-free yield curve using pricing information obtained from independent pricing services. AFS Fixed Maturity Securities The Company values Level 2 securities using observable market inputs obtained from independent pricing services which use proprietary valuation models and techniques, including matrix pricing, to estimate fair value using observable market inputs. The extent to which each observable market input is used depends on the type of security and market conditions at the balance sheet date. The Company uses the following observable market inputs, listed in the approximate order of priority, in the pricing evaluation of Level 2 securities: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research data. Depending on the security, the priority of the use of observable market inputs may change as some observable market inputs may not be relevant or additional inputs may be necessary. Derivative Assets and Liabilities The fair values of interest rate derivatives (Level 2) are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves.

Presentation of Financial Statements and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2026

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany balances and transactions. The Company also consolidates certain variable interest entities (VIEs) in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 810 Consolidation. The outside equity interests in certain entities controlled by the Company are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as noncontrolling interests. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported total assets, total liabilities, stockholders' equity, net income, or cash flows.

Basis of Presentation

Investments

Investments in Equity Securities Investments in equity securities are carried at fair value and changes in fair value are recorded in Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Realized investment gains and losses on equity securities are determined using cost calculated on a specific identification basis and recognized upon the sale of such securities in Investment gain (loss), net. Dividend income is recognized in Net insurance investment income.

Short-Term Investments The Company’s short-term investments consist of U.S. Government securities with original maturities greater than 3 months and less than 12 months. These investments are recorded at fair value, which typically approximates cost. Interest income on short-term investments is recognized in Net insurance investment income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities Investments in fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) on the acquisition date and classification is reevaluated at each balance sheet date. AFS securities are reported at fair value, net of valuation allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized changes in fair value recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity. Realized investment gains and losses on AFS fixed maturity securities are determined using cost calculated on a specific identification basis and recognized upon the sale of such securities in Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. For AFS fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company recognizes a loss in earnings when it intends to sell a security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If a portion of the unrealized loss is determined to be related to credit factors, the Company records an allowance for credit losses, limited to the amount by which amortized cost exceeds fair value, with a corresponding charge to Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any portion of the unrealized loss that is not attributable to credit-related factors is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Interest and dividend income on fixed maturity securities is recognized in Net insurance investment income, net of investment management and custody fees, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Premiums and discounts on fixed maturity securities are amortized or accreted into net insurance investment income using the effective yield method.

Other Investments The Company has an investment in a limited partnership which is carried at fair value. As a practical expedient, the fair value is estimated using the net asset value reported by the external fund manager. The Company does not have control or significant influence over the partnership. This investment is valued at $4.9 million as of September 30, 2026, and is presented in Other assets, net on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in fair value are recorded in Investment gain (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Restricted Assets

Restricted Assets The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support insurance operations, as well as pledge assets as collateral for letters of credit and reinsurance operations. As of September 30, 2026, these restricted assets included $259.5 million of restricted cash and $30.2 million of short-term and fixed maturity security investments.

Insurance Premiums

Insurance Premiums Insurance premiums written are recorded in accordance with the terms of the underlying policies at the policy inception and are primarily earned on a pro rata basis over the term of the policies, which generally do not exceed one year. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of the policies in force.

Reinsurance Premiums Reinsurance premiums written for excess of loss reinsurance contracts are recorded based on the terms of the underlying policies. Reinsurance premiums written for pro rata reinsurance contracts are recorded based on amounts reported by brokers and ceding companies, supplemented by the Company’s own estimates of premiums where reports have not been received. The determination of estimates is based on the Company’s experience with the ceding companies, familiarity with the market, timing of reported information, analysis and understanding of the characteristics of each line of business, and judgment of the impact of various factors, including premium or loss trends on the volume of business written and ceded to the Company. On an ongoing basis, the Company’s underwriters review the amounts reported by these third parties for reasonableness based on their experience and knowledge of the subject class of business, taking into account management’s historical experience with the brokers or ceding companies. In addition, reinsurance contracts under which the Company assumes business generally contain specific provisions which allow the Company to perform audits of the ceding company to ensure compliance with the terms and conditions of the contract, including accurate and timely reporting of information. Premium estimates are updated when new information is received and differences between such estimates and actual amounts are recorded in the period in which estimates are changed, or the actual amounts are determined.

For multi-year reinsurance contracts which are payable in annual installments, only the initial annual installment is included as premiums written at policy inception, due to the ability of the reinsured to commute or cancel coverage under certain conditions during the term of the policy. The remaining annual installments are included as premiums written at each successive anniversary date within the multi-year term.

Reinsurance premiums written, irrespective of the class of business, are generally earned on a pro rata basis over the terms of the underlying policies or reinsurance contracts. Contracts and policies written on a losses-occurring basis cover claims that may occur during the term of the contract or policy, which is typically 12 months. Accordingly, the related reinsurance premium is earned evenly over the term. Contracts which are written on a risks-attaching basis cover claims which attach to the underlying insurance policies written during the terms of these contracts. Premiums earned on risks-attaching contracts usually extend beyond the original term of the reinsurance contract, typically resulting in recognition of reinsurance premiums earned over a 24-month period.

Reinstatement Premiums Reinstatement premiums for the Company’s reinsurance operations are recognized at the time a loss event occurs, where coverage limits for the remaining life of the contract are reinstated under pre-defined contract or policy terms. Reinsurance reinstatement premiums are fully earned when recognized. The accrual of reinstatement premiums is based on an estimate of claims and claim expenses, which reflects the Company’s judgment.

Insurance Policy Deferred Acquisition Costs (DAC) and Valuation of Businesses Acquired Insurance policy acquisition costs are incurred upon the issuance of insurance and reinsurance contracts and consist principally of commissions, brokerage, and premium taxes. Costs directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal contracts are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Deferred acquisition costs are presented net of deferred ceding commissions, which are amortized over the same period as the related ceded premiums are earned. Certain reinsurance contracts include adjustable commission or profit-sharing provisions, which are estimated and included in deferred acquisition costs based on expected claims and claim expenses on those contracts, and are shown net of commissions and profit commissions earned on ceded reinsurance. Deferred acquisition costs are included in Deferred expenses, net on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the related amortization of these costs is included in Insurance underwriting expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

As part of acquisition accounting, Vantage’s historical deferred acquisition costs were eliminated as of the acquisition date. Accordingly, the deferred acquisition cost balance reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets represents only insurance policy acquisition costs incurred subsequent to the Vantage Acquisition date. The Company considers anticipated investment income in determining whether a premium deficiency exists for short-duration contracts. Deferred acquisition costs are reviewed for recoverability and are limited to amounts expected to be recovered from future earned premiums. The recoverability of deferred acquisition costs is evaluated based on the estimated profitability of the related unearned premiums, taking into consideration anticipated claims and claim expenses, investment income, and historical and current underwriting experience.

Reserves for Claims and Claim Expenses

Reserves for Claims and Claim Expenses The reserves for claims and claim expenses include estimates for unpaid losses on reported claims as well as an estimate of losses incurred but not reported (IBNR). The reserve is based on individual claims, case reserves, and other reserve estimates reported by insureds and ceding companies, as well as management estimates of ultimate losses. Ultimate losses are estimated using various generally accepted actuarial methods. Inherent in the estimates of ultimate losses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which could vary significantly as claims are settled.

Accordingly, claims and claim expenses ultimately paid may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period in which they become known and are accounted for as changes in estimates.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance The Company purchases reinsurance to increase capacity and to limit the impact of individual losses and events on its underwriting results by reinsuring certain levels of risk with other insurance enterprises or reinsurers. The Company uses pro rata, excess of loss, and facultative reinsurance contracts. The premiums paid to reinsurers or ceded written insurance premiums are recognized over the coverage period. Prepaid reinsurance premiums represent the portion of premiums ceded which relate to the unexpired term of the contracts in force. Ceded reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company of its primary obligation to its (re)insureds.

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses is estimated in a manner consistent with the associated claim liability. Reinsurance recoverable related to IBNR is generally developed as part of the Company’s loss reserving process, therefore, its estimation is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as the estimation of IBNR. In certain instances, the Company obtains collateral, including letters of credit and trust accounts to reduce the credit exposure on its reinsurance recoverable. The Company reports its reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses net of an allowance for expected credit loss, if necessary. The allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of amounts outstanding, the financial condition of its reinsurers, amounts and form of collateral obtained and other relevant factors.

Fee Income

Fee Income Fee income receivable primarily includes amounts from third parties relating to potential variable fees. Revenue is recognized when the variable fee is probable of being realized and the amount of the variable fee can be reliably estimated. The probability of the variable fee being realized is assessed based on an evaluation of the terms and conditions of the reinsurance contracts, historical experience, and any other relevant factors. The estimation of the amount of the variable fee to recognize takes into consideration the anticipated profitability of the underlying reinsurance contracts, as well as any limitations or contingencies specified in the contracts. Variable consideration is recognized in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur when the related uncertainty is resolved. Management reassesses estimates of variable consideration at each reporting date throughout the contract period.

Foreign Currency

Foreign Currency The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries. Vantage occasionally transacts business in foreign currencies. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are revalued at the prevailing exchange rate at the balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the transaction date, with the resulting foreign exchange gains or losses included in Other income (loss), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the transaction date and are not subsequently revalued or remeasured.

Statutory Capital and Dividend Restrictions The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate and have regulatory capital and solvency requirements and restrictions on the ability of such subsidiaries to pay dividends to the parent company. The ability of the insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to the parent company is also influenced by the maintenance of financial strength ratings assigned by independent rating agencies. Additionally, as a condition to the approval by the Delaware Department of Insurance (the Department) of the Vantage Acquisition, the Company has agreed that, until June 4, 2028, any dividends (whether ordinary or otherwise) by the Company’s Delaware insurance subsidiaries will require the Department’s prior approval. As of September 30, 2026, all insurance subsidiaries exceeded minimum regulatory capital requirements.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash Restricted cash reflects amounts segregated in escrow accounts in the name of the Company, primarily related to escrowed condominium deposits by buyers and other amounts related to taxes, insurance, and legally restricted security deposits and leasing costs associated with real estate operations, as well as deposits with various regulatory authorities to support insurance and reinsurance operations.

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts Receivable, net Accounts receivable, net includes insurance premiums receivable, straight-line rent receivables, tenant receivables, related-party receivables, and other receivables.

Insurance premiums receivable includes amounts due from agents, brokers, and insureds that are both currently due and amounts not yet due on insurance policies and reinsurance contracts, and are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses, if necessary. On a quarterly basis, management reviews these receivables for collectability. This analysis is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. In certain instances, credit risk may be reduced by the Company’s right to offset loss obligations and/or unearned premiums against premiums receivable. The Company recognizes reserves for estimated losses in earnings if the estimated loss amount is probable and can be reasonably estimated.

Straight-line rent receivables arise from the recognition of rental income on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease when lease agreements contain scheduled rent increases or rent concessions. Tenant receivables represent amounts billed and currently due from tenants for contractual base rent, reimbursements of property operating expenses, and other lease-related charges. On a quarterly basis, management reviews the lease-related receivables for collectability. This analysis includes a review of past due accounts and considers factors such as the credit quality of tenants, current economic conditions, and changes in customer payment trends. When full collection of a lease-related receivable or future lease payment is deemed to be not probable, a reserve for the receivable balance is charged against rental revenue and future rental revenue is recognized on a cash basis. The Company also records reserves for estimated losses if the estimated loss amount is probable and can be reasonably estimated.

Related-party receivables as of December 31, 2025 were primarily due from the Floreo joint venture and related to reimbursable overhead costs incurred by the Company on behalf of Floreo and an outstanding balance of guaranty fees associated with Floreo’s bond financing. The Company received payment for the outstanding balance of guaranty fees during the third quarter of 2026. As of September 30, 2026, following a reconsideration event, the Floreo joint venture was consolidated. As such, any remaining related-party receivable balances are now eliminated in consolidation. See Note 10 - Acquisitions and Dispositions of Real Estate Assets for additional information on the consolidation of the Floreo joint venture.

Other receivables are primarily related to other short-term trade receivables. The Company is exposed to credit losses through the sale of goods and services to customers and assesses its exposure to credit loss related to these receivables on a quarterly basis based on historical collection experience and future expectations by portfolio. The Company records an allowance for credit losses if the estimated loss amount is probable.

Municipal District Receivables, net

Municipal District Receivables, net Municipal district receivables, net are development costs that the Company incurs within its MPCs and expects to be reimbursed for by special-purpose political subdivisions. These subdivisions are formed under state law to finance public infrastructure that benefits land within their boundaries. They include Municipal Utility Districts (MUD) in Houston, Texas and Community Facilities Districts (CFD) in Arizona. Each type of district is governed by its own state statute, which defines the infrastructure and costs that qualify for reimbursement. The Company applies a consistent accounting approach to both. The Company typically advances funds to build qualifying public infrastructure, which must be designed, bid, and constructed in accordance with the applicable statute and local requirements. The district Board of Directors authorizes and approves all reimbursable development contracts, and uses bond sale proceeds to reimburse the developer for its construction costs. At the date the expenditures occur, the Company determines the costs it believes will be eligible for reimbursement under the applicable statute and recognizes those costs as municipal district receivables. As of September 30, 2026, following the consolidation of Floreo in July 2026, related CFD receivables are included in the consolidated Municipal district receivables, net balance. Prior to the consolidation of Floreo, the Company did not have consolidated CFD receivables as development has not yet started in Teravalis. See Note 10 - Acquisitions and Dispositions of Real Estate Assets for further discussion of the Floreo consolidation.

Sale of MUD Receivables

Sale of MUD Receivables The Company has entered into various transactions to transfer reimbursement rights related to its current and anticipated future MUD receivables, as well as interest owed on its current MUD receivables, in exchange for cash consideration. For each transaction, the Company allocated the cash consideration received between the existing MUD receivables and anticipated future MUD receivables using the relative fair value method. As a result of these transactions, the Company derecognized the existing MUD receivables and related accrued interest, and recognized a loss on sale equal to the excess of their carrying amount over the consideration allocated to them.

For these transactions, the Company is required to complete future development activities. As such, liabilities associated with the future development spend were recorded at amortized cost in Other liabilities, net on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The associated discounts, which represent the differences between the total future development spend and the allocated cash proceeds, are being amortized into interest expense over the expected development period using the effective interest method.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, capitalization of development costs, provision for income taxes, recoverable amounts of receivables and deferred tax assets, initial valuations of tangible and intangible assets acquired, and the related useful lives of assets upon which depreciation and amortization is based. Estimates and assumptions have also been made with respect to future revenues and costs, and the fair value of warrants, certain financial instruments, debt, and options granted. MPC cost of sales estimates are highly judgmental as they are sensitive to cost escalation, sales price escalation, and lot absorption, which are subject to judgment and affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions. Reserves for claims and claim expenses are subject to considerable estimation error due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim cost. Additionally, the future cash flow estimates and fair values used for impairment analysis are highly judgmental and reflect current and projected trends in rental, occupancy, pricing, development costs, sales pace, capitalization rates, selling costs, and estimated holding periods for the applicable assets. Evaluations of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment also require considerable judgment. These estimates are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions, and as such, actual results could differ from these and other estimates.

Impairment Analysis, Long-Lived Asset

Impairment Analysis

Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets for potential impairment indicators when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment or disposal of long‑lived assets in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, requires that if impairment indicators exist and expected undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset over an anticipated holding period are less than its carrying amount, an impairment provision should be recorded to write down the carrying amount of the asset to its fair value. The impairment analysis does not consider the timing of future cash flows and whether the asset is expected to earn an above- or below-market rate of return. No impairment charges were recorded for long-lived assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, or 2025.

The Company periodically evaluates strategic alternatives with respect to each property and may revise the strategy from time to time, including the intent to hold the asset on a long-term basis or the timing of potential asset dispositions. For example, the Company may decide to sell property that is held for use, and the sale price may be less than the carrying amount. As a result, changes in strategy could result in impairment charges in future periods.

Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures

Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures The Company evaluates each investment in an unconsolidated venture discussed in Note 5 - Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures periodically for recoverability and valuation declines that are other-than-temporary. If the decrease in value of an investment is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the investment is reduced to its estimated fair value. No impairment charges were recorded for investments in unconsolidated ventures during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, or 2025.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill and Other Intangibles Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to periodic impairment testing. Other intangible assets with a finite life are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. Other intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized.

Goodwill and other indefinite-life intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, and tested for impairment if appropriate.

The goodwill impairment test first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether goodwill is likely impaired. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount including goodwill, the Company will then perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If goodwill or other intangible assets are impaired, they are written down to their estimated fair value with a corresponding expense reflected in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company has interests in various legal entities that represent a VIE. The Company determines if a legal entity is a VIE by performing a qualitative analysis that requires certain subjective decisions, taking into consideration the design of the entity, the variability that the entity was designed to create and pass along to its interest holders, the rights of the parties and the purpose of the arrangement. Upon the occurrence of certain reconsideration events, the Company reassesses its initial determination as to whether the entity is a VIE.

The Company also performs a qualitative assessment of each VIE to determine if it is the primary beneficiary. The Company is the primary beneficiary and would consolidate the VIE if it has a controlling financial interest where it has both (a) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling Interests As of December 31, 2025, noncontrolling interests were primarily related to Teravalis. As of September 30, 2026, noncontrolling interests also related to AV0002, Floreo, and Summit House.

Financing Receivable Credit Losses

Financing Receivable Credit Losses The Company is exposed to credit losses on financing receivables, which include municipal district receivables, Special Improvement District (SID) bonds, Tax Increment Financing (TIF) receivables, net investments in lease receivables, and notes receivable. The Company assesses its exposure to credit loss on a quarterly basis using historical collection experience and future expectations by portfolio segment.

Fair Value

Equity Securities The Company values Level 1 securities using quoted prices in active markets for identical securities.

Short-Term Investments The Company's short-term investments consist of U.S. Government securities with original maturities greater than 3 months and less than 12 months. These investments are generally valued using spreads above the risk-free yield curve using pricing information obtained from independent pricing services.

AFS Fixed Maturity Securities The Company values Level 2 securities using observable market inputs obtained from independent pricing services which use proprietary valuation models and techniques, including matrix pricing, to estimate fair value using observable market inputs. The extent to which each observable market input is used depends on the type of security and market conditions at the balance sheet date. The Company uses the following observable market inputs, listed in the approximate order of priority, in the pricing evaluation of Level 2 securities: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research data. Depending on the security, the priority of the use of observable market inputs may change as some observable market inputs may not be relevant or additional inputs may be necessary.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities The fair values of interest rate derivatives (Level 2) are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves.