<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019ffc79-b3f1-7e26-8485-a59a05a728aa,g:a54c1f1c-a974-47cc-9254-d99c5a221694-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#all"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#hypercube-dimension"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-default"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-domain"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#domain-member"/>
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.peabodyenergy.com/role/CoverPage" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="btu-20261104.xsd#CoverPage"/>
  <link:definitionLink xlink:role="http://www.peabodyenergy.com/role/CoverPage" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressesLineItems_019ffc79-b3f1-7ead-b387-88600e9baccd" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressesLineItems"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressesTable_019ffc79-b3f1-7488-a77d-cfe7e7bc422a" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressesTable"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesLineItems_019ffc79-b3f1-7ead-b387-88600e9baccd" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressesTable_019ffc79-b3f1-7488-a77d-cfe7e7bc422a" xlink:type="arc" order="1" xbrldt:closed="true" xbrldt:contextElement="segment"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressesAddressTypeAxis_019ffc79-b3f1-7b15-a723-3637f5994798" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressesAddressTypeAxis"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesTable_019ffc79-b3f1-7488-a77d-cfe7e7bc422a" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressesAddressTypeAxis_019ffc79-b3f1-7b15-a723-3637f5994798" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_AddressTypeDomain_019ffc79-b3f1-7b15-a723-3637f5994798_default" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_AddressTypeDomain"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesAddressTypeAxis_019ffc79-b3f1-7b15-a723-3637f5994798" xlink:to="loc_dei_AddressTypeDomain_019ffc79-b3f1-7b15-a723-3637f5994798_default" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_AddressTypeDomain_019ffc79-b3f1-738b-b6bb-af26928d44c2" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_AddressTypeDomain"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesAddressTypeAxis_019ffc79-b3f1-7b15-a723-3637f5994798" xlink:to="loc_dei_AddressTypeDomain_019ffc79-b3f1-738b-b6bb-af26928d44c2" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_019ffc79-b3f1-73ac-82ea-e0ef92408fa7" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesLineItems_019ffc79-b3f1-7ead-b387-88600e9baccd" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_019ffc79-b3f1-73ac-82ea-e0ef92408fa7" xlink:type="arc" order="0"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_019ffc79-b3f1-744e-be94-dd1631997cea" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesLineItems_019ffc79-b3f1-7ead-b387-88600e9baccd" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_019ffc79-b3f1-744e-be94-dd1631997cea" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_019ffc79-b3f1-7e50-991f-66bf922aedb9" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesLineItems_019ffc79-b3f1-7ead-b387-88600e9baccd" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_019ffc79-b3f1-7e50-991f-66bf922aedb9" xlink:type="arc" order="2"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_019ffc79-b3f1-765d-980b-a897b954ead5" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_EntityAddressesLineItems_019ffc79-b3f1-7ead-b387-88600e9baccd" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_019ffc79-b3f1-765d-980b-a897b954ead5" xlink:type="arc" order="3"/>
  </link:definitionLink>
</link:linkbase>
