increase in value along with the
broader market. Changes in the financial condition of (or other event affecting) a single issuer can impact an individual sector or industry, or the securities
markets as a whole. To the extent that securities of issuers behave or are perceived to behave similarly to each other, events affecting one issuer, industry or
sector may have a larger impact. The value of a security also may decline due to factors that affect a particular sector or industry, such as tariffs, labor
shortages, or increased production costs and competitive conditions within the sector or industry.
Geopolitical events, including acts of terrorism, tensions, war or other open conflicts between nations, or political or economic dysfunction within nations that are global economic powers or major oil or other commodities producers, have led, and may in the future lead, to overall instability in world economies and markets generally and have led, and may in the future lead, to increased market volatility and may have adverse long-term effects. For example, the armed conflict among the United States, Israel and Iran that commenced in February 2026 has contributed to increased volatility and uncertainty in financial markets as well as significant volatility in the oil and natural gas markets, which has created widespread economic disruption. World markets, or those in a particular region, may all react in similar fashion to economic, political or other developments. Events such as environmental and natural disasters or other catastrophes, public health crises (such as epidemics and pandemics), social unrest, and cybersecurity incidents, and governments’ reactions (or failure to react) to such events, could cause uncertainty in the markets and may adversely affect the performance of the global economy. Impacts from climate change may include significant risks to global financial assets and economic growth. The extent and duration of such events and resulting market disruptions could be substantial and could magnify the impact of other risks to the Fund. The value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments may be negatively affected by developments in other countries and regions, whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries or regions directly affected.
Changes in government or central bank policies, changes in existing laws and regulations, and political, diplomatic and other events within the United States and abroad could cause uncertainty in the markets, may affect investor and consumer confidence, and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy, perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree. High public debt and deficits in the United States and other countries create ongoing systemic and market risks and policymaking uncertainty and may negatively affect economic conditions and the values of markets, sectors and companies in which the Fund invests.
In addition, markets and market participants are increasingly reliant on
information data systems. Inaccurate data, software or other technology malfunctions, programming inaccuracies, unauthorized use or access, and similar circumstances
may impair the performance of these systems and may have an adverse impact upon a single issuer, a group of issuers, or the market at large. Furthermore, impacts from the rapid development and increasingly widespread use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) technologies, including by market participants, may include significant risks to global financial markets. Significant downturns in the information technology sector, which includes companies that are investing heavily in AI research, development and infrastructure, could rapidly lead to widespread market weakness.
Equity Securities Risk — In
general, the values of stocks and other equity securities fluctuate, and sometimes widely fluctuate, in response to changes in a company’s financial condition
as well as general market, economic and political conditions and other factors. Stock markets tend to run in cycles, with periods when stock prices generally go up
and periods when stock prices generally go down. However, stock markets also can move up and down rapidly and unpredictably. The Fund may experience a significant
or complete loss on its investment in an equity security.
Index Strategy Risk — The
Fund employs an index strategy and generally will not modify its index strategy to respond to changes in market trends or the economy, which means that the Fund may
be particularly susceptible to a general decline in the market segment relating to the relevant index. In addition, although the index strategy attempts to closely
track the relevant index, the Fund may not invest in all of the securities in the index. Therefore, there can be no assurance that the performance of the index
strategy will match that of the relevant index. To the extent that the Fund utilizes a representative sampling approach, it may experience greater tracking error than it would if the Fund sought to replicate the index.
To the extent that the securities of a limited number of companies represent a significant percentage of the relevant index, the Fund may be subject to more risk because changes in the value of a single security may have a more significant effect, either positive or negative, on the Fund’s net asset value. To the extent that the index has a significant weighting in a particular sector or industry, the Fund will be subject to the risks associated with that sector or industry and may experience greater performance volatility than a portfolio that seeks to track the performance of an index that is more broadly diversified.
Index Non-Diversification Risk — To the
extent that the Fund becomes non-diversified as necessary to approximate the composition of the index, the Fund may invest a relatively high percentage of its assets
in a single issuer or a limited number of issuers. As a result, the Fund’s performance will be more vulnerable to changes in market value of a single issuer or
group of issuers and more susceptible to risks associated with a single adverse economic, political, regulatory or other occurrence affecting one or more of these
issuers. The Fund may experience greater performance volatility than a fund that is more broadly invested.