The following table presents the fair value and amortized cost of AFS and HTM debt securities:

Table 2: Debt Securities Summary


	September 30, 2026									December 31, 2025
(unaudited, in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Available-for-sale debt securities
U.S. Treasury	$	197,154	$	—	$	(444	)	$	196,710	$	196,586	$	271	$	—		$	196,857
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies		225,388		—		(27,660	)		197,728		243,408		212		(20,623	)		222,997
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		3,006,963		2,180		(279,896	)		2,729,247		2,771,608		15,149		(176,309	)		2,610,448
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		56,268		—		(3,618	)		52,650		66,043		233		(2,661	)		63,615
Asset backed securities		63,743		41		(183	)		63,601		69,095		45		(205	)		68,935
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		80,322		3		(6,248	)		74,077		74,738		412		(1,962	)		73,188
Corporate debt securities		39,582		509		(412	)		39,679		51,334		1,015		(57	)		52,292
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	3,669,420	$	2,733	$	(318,461	)	$	3,353,692	$	3,472,812	$	17,337	$	(201,817	)	$	3,288,332
Held-to-maturity debt securities
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies	$	2,026	$	—	$	(176	)	$	1,850	$	2,341	$	—	$	(134	)	$	2,207
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		23,108		1		(2,255	)		20,854		27,014		2		(1,547	)		25,469
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		1,067,030		20		(167,517	)		899,533		1,100,788		2,137		(96,687	)		1,006,238
Corporate debt securities		1,975		—		(9	)		1,966		1,971		72		—			2,043
Total held-to-maturity debt securities (1)	$	1,094,139	$	21	$	(169,957	)	$	924,203	$	1,132,114	$	2,211	$	(98,368	)	$	1,035,957
Total debt securities	$	4,763,559	$	2,754	$	(488,418	)	$	4,277,895	$	4,604,926	$	19,548	$	(300,185	)	$	4,324,289

(1) Total HTM debt securities are presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet net of their ACL totaling $0.2 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Equity securities, of which $15.8 million and $28.2 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, consist of investments in various mutual funds held in grantor trusts formed in connection with the Company’s deferred compensation plan, are recorded at fair value, and totaled $18.3 million and $30.8 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity date at September 30, 2026. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay debt obligations with or without prepayment penalties. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are classified in the table below based on their contractual maturity date; however, regular principal payments and prepayments of principal are received on a monthly basis.

Table 3: Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity Date



(unaudited, in thousands)	Within One Year			After 1 Year through 5 Years			After 5 Years through 10 Years			After 10 Years			Total
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury	$	197,154		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	197,154
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies		2,001			87,307			43,129			92,951			225,388
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		35			26,153			287,312			2,693,463			3,006,963
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		2,029			29,958			3,889			20,392			56,268
Asset backed securities		—			—			—			63,743			63,743
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		2,046			37,938			16,924			23,414			80,322
Corporate debt securities		9,495			26,340			3,747			—			39,582
Total available-for-sale debt securities at amortized cost	$	212,760		$	207,696		$	355,001		$	2,893,963		$	3,669,420
Fair value	$	212,239		$	195,863		$	316,522		$	2,629,068		$	3,353,692
Weighted-average yield (1)		3.87	%		3.41	%		2.60	%		3.59	%		3.50	%
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies	$	—		$	1,001		$	1,025		$	—		$	2,026
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		—			1,865			4,731			16,512			23,108
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		15,236			298,819			548,776			204,199			1,067,030
Corporate debt securities		—			1,975			—			—			1,975
Total held-to-maturity debt securities at amortized cost	$	15,236		$	303,660		$	554,532		$	220,711		$	1,094,139
Fair value	$	15,127		$	282,984		$	454,488		$	171,604		$	924,203
Weighted-average yield (1)		3.86	%		3.52	%		2.79	%		3.06	%		3.06	%

(1) Weighted-average yields are based on the amortized cost with effective yields weighted for the contractual maturity of each security. Weighted-average yields on tax exempt securities have been calculated on a taxable equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21%.

Securities with an aggregate carrying value of $2.7 billion and $2.8 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, were pledged as security for public and trust funds, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Proceeds from the sale of AFS securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 totaled $22.3 million and $876.9 million, respectively. Net unrealized losses on AFS securities included in AOCI, net of tax, as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 were $241.6 million and $139.5 million, respectively.

The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of AFS and HTM debt securities, as well as gains and losses on equity securities from both sales and market adjustments, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Table 4: Net Gains/(Losses) on Debt and Equity Securities (1)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(unaudited, in thousands)	2026			2025			2026			2025
Debt securities:
Gross realized gains	$	63		$	66		$	619		$	284
Gross realized losses		(7	)		(11	)		(425	)		(180	)
Net gains on debt securities		56			55			194			104
Equity securities:
Net unrealized (losses) gains recognized on securities still held (2)		(207	)		1,155			1,286			2,198
Net securities (losses) gains	$	(151	)	$	1,210		$	1,480		$	2,302

(1) All gains and losses presented are included in the Net securities (losses) gains line item of the Consolidated Income Statement.

(2) For equity securities related to the key officer and director deferred compensation plan, the corresponding change in the obligation to the participant is recognized in employee benefits expense.

The corporate and municipal bonds in Wesbanco’s HTM debt portfolio are analyzed quarterly to determine if an ACL is warranted. Wesbanco uses a database of historical financials of all corporate and municipal issuers and actual historic default and recovery rates on rated and non-rated transactions to estimate expected credit losses on an individual security basis. The expected credit losses are adjusted quarterly and are recorded in an ACL on the

Consolidated Balance Sheet, which is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the HTM portfolio as a contra asset. The losses are recorded on the Consolidated Income Statement in the provision for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities, which was $7.7 million and $8.2 million as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. HTM investments in U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies as well as mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, which are all either issued by a direct governmental entity or a government-sponsored entity, have no historical evidence supporting expected credit losses; therefore, Wesbanco has estimated these losses at zero, and will monitor this assumption in the future for any economic or governmental policies that could affect this assumption.

The following table provides a roll-forward of the ACL on HTM securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025:

Table 5: ACL on HTM Securities


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 and 2025

	Obligations of
	states and		Corporate
	political		debt
(unaudited, in thousands)	subdivisions		Securities		Total
Balance at December 31, 2025	$	155	$	13	$	168
Current period provision (1)		1		—		1
Balance at September 30, 2026	$	156	$	13	$	169

Balance at December 31, 2024	$	124	$	22	$	146
Current period provision (1)		34		1		35
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	158	$	23	$	181

(1) Total provision for credit losses on HTM securities is reported in the Consolidated Statement of Income in the provision for credit losses line item, which also includes the provision for credit losses - loans and loan commitments. For more information on the provision relating to loans and loan commitments, please see Note 4, "Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses."

The following tables provide information on unrealized losses on AFS debt securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and twelve months or more, for which an ACL has not been recorded, as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively:

Table 6: Unrealized Loss and Fair Value of AFS Securities Without an ACL


	September 30, 2026
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
(unaudited, dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses (1)			# of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses (1)			# of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses (1)			# of Securities
U.S. Treasury	$	196,711	$	(444	)		4	$	—	$	—			—	$	196,711	$	(444	)		4
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies		29,183		(1,590	)		6		168,546		(26,070	)		38		197,729		(27,660	)		44
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		1,473,938		(64,171	)		332		1,148,750		(215,725	)		355		2,622,688		(279,896	)		687
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		14,508		(564	)		4		38,142		(3,054	)		16		52,650		(3,618	)		20
Asset backed securities		40,916		(151	)		8		7,689		(32	)		2		48,605		(183	)		10
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		49,921		(2,981	)		84		19,183		(3,267	)		25		69,104		(6,248	)		109
Corporate debt securities		18,907		(386	)		11		7,470		(26	)		2		26,377		(412	)		13
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	1,824,084	$	(70,287	)		449	$	1,389,780	$	(248,174	)		438	$	3,213,864	$	(318,461	)		887

(1) Represents temporary fluctuations resulting from changes in market rates in relation to fixed yields that are accounted for as an adjustment, net of taxes, to other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.


	December 31, 2025
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses (1)			# of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses (1)			# of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses (1)			# of Securities
U.S. Treasury	$	—	$	—			—	$	—	$	—			—	$	—	$	—			—
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies		8,252		(109	)		3		189,841		(20,514	)		42		198,093		(20,623	)		45
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		245,766		(1,340	)		59		1,307,219		(174,969	)		430		1,552,985		(176,309	)		489
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		—		—			—		48,325		(2,661	)		18		48,325		(2,661	)		18
Asset backed securities		58,042		(205	)		11		—		—			—		58,042		(205	)		11
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		4,168		(124	)		8		23,806		(1,838	)		33		27,974		(1,962	)		41
Corporate debt securities		11,050		(55	)		8		5,484		(2	)		2		16,534		(57	)		10
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	327,278	$	(1,833	)		89	$	1,574,675	$	(199,984	)		525	$	1,901,953	$	(201,817	)		614

Wesbanco does not believe the securities presented above are impaired due to reasons of credit quality, as substantially all debt securities are rated above investment grade and all are paying principal and interest according to their contractual terms. Wesbanco does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, loss position securities prior to recovery of their cost; therefore, management believes the unrealized losses detailed above do not require an ACL relating to these securities to be recognized. Securities that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which Wesbanco does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost. Cost method investments consist primarily of FHLB stock totaling $93.4 million and $58.5 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Cost method investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that their carrying value may not be recoverable.