The Corporation utilizes a variety of financial instruments in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers and to manage its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include lending-related and other commitments (see below) as well as derivative instruments (see Note 10). The following is a summary of lending-related commitments:


(in thousands)	Sep 30, 2026		Dec 31, 2025
Commitments to extend credit(a), excluding commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale(b)	$	13,640,398	$	11,872,816
Commercial letters of credit(a)	430		425
Standby letters of credit(c)	255,660		222,047

(a) These off-balance sheet financial instruments are exercisable at the market rate prevailing at the date the underlying transaction will be completed and, thus, are deemed to have no current fair value, or the fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and was not material at September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

As a financial services provider, the Corporation routinely enters into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans made by the Corporation, with each customer’s creditworthiness evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The Corporation’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to these financial instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Since a significant portion of commitments to extend credit are subject to specific restrictive loan covenants or may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. An allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded commitments (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit).

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments:


(in thousands)	Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2026		Year Ended Dec 31, 2025
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Balance at beginning of period	$	41,276	$	38,776
Initial allowance for PCD unfunded commitments	3,597		—
Initial allowance for purchased seasoned unfunded commitments	1,871		—
Provision for unfunded commitments	3,000		2,500
Balance at end of period	$	49,744	$	41,276

Lending-related commitments include commitments to extend credit, commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers at predetermined interest rates, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contracts. Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments is recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s derivative and hedging activity is further described in Note 10. Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party.

The Corporation invests in qualified affordable housing projects, historic projects, new market projects, and opportunity zone funds for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits and other tax benefits. Return on the Corporation's investment in these projects and funds comes in the form of the tax credits and tax losses that pass through to the Corporation.

The aggregate carrying value of investments in qualified affordable housing and historic projects at September 30, 2026 was $167.0 million, compared to $174.3 million at December 31, 2025, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation's remaining investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method totaled $165.9 million at September 30, 2026 and $172.2 million at December 31, 2025.

Under the proportional amortization method, the Corporation amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits. The following table summarizes income tax credits, other income tax benefits, and investment amortization generated from the Corporation's investments in these projects, which are recognized as a component within income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income and included in the change in net income tax position and amortization of tax credit investments on the consolidated statements of cash flows: