Counterparty Risk —
Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will be unable or unwilling to fulfill its contractual obligation,
and the related risks of having concentrated exposure to such a counterparty.
Illiquidity Risk — The possible lack of a liquid secondary market for derivatives and the resulting inability of the Fund to sell
or otherwise close a derivatives position could expose the Fund to losses and could make derivatives more difficult for the Fund to value accurately.
Operational Risk — The use of derivatives includes the risk of potential operational issues, including documentation issues,
settlement issues, systems failures, inadequate controls and human error.
Legal Risk — The risk of insufficient documentation, insufficient capacity or authority of
counterparty, or legality or enforceability of a contract.
Volatility and Correlation Risk — Volatility is defined as
the characteristic of a security, an index or a market to fluctuate significantly in price within a short time period. A risk of the Fund’s use of derivatives is that the
fluctuations in their values may not correlate with the overall securities markets.
Valuation Risk — Valuation for derivatives may not be readily available in the market. Valuation may be more difficult in times
of market turmoil since many investors and market makers may be reluctant to purchase complex instruments or quote prices for them.
Hedging Risk — Hedges are sometimes subject to imperfect matching between the derivative and the
underlying security, and there can be no assurance that the Fund’s hedging transactions will be effective. The use of hedging may result in certain adverse tax consequences.
Tax Risk — Certain aspects of the tax treatment of derivative instruments, including swap
agreements and commodity-linked derivative instruments, are currently unclear and may be affected by changes in legislation, regulations or other legally binding authority. Such treatment may be less favorable than that given to a direct
investment in an underlying asset and may adversely affect the timing, character and amount of income the Fund realizes from its investments.
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Leverage Risk — Some transactions may give rise to a form of economic leverage. These transactions may include, among others,
derivatives, and may expose the Fund to greater risk and increase its costs. The use of leverage may cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it may not be
advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations or to meet the applicable requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules thereunder. Increases and decreases in the value of the Fund’s portfolio will be magnified when the Fund uses
leverage.
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Market Risk and Selection Risk — Market risk is the risk that one or more markets in which the Fund invests will go down in value, including the
possibility that the markets will go down sharply and unpredictably. An investor could lose money over short periods due to fluctuation in the Fund’s net asset value in
response to short-term market movements and over longer periods during market downturns. Securities or other investments held by the Fund may underperform the markets, the relevant indices or benchmarks, or the securities selected by other funds with similar
investment objectives and investment strategies, or may otherwise fail to perform as intended. The value of a security or other asset may decline due to changes in general market
conditions, economic trends or events that are not specifically related to the issuer of the security or other asset, or factors that affect a particular issuer or issuers, exchange, country, group of countries, region, market, industry, group of industries, sector or asset class.
The success of the Fund’s activities could be affected by interest rates, availability of credit, inflation rates, economic uncertainty, changes in laws, tariffs and trade barriers, supply chain disruptions, economic sanctions,
currency exchange controls, and local, regional or global events such as war, acts of terrorism, natural and
environmental disasters, the spread of infectious illness or other public health issues, recessions, or other events.
Recent policy initiatives undertaken by the U.S. government have the potential to impact international relations, trade agreements and the overall regulatory environment in ways that could create uncertainty and instability in
domestic and global markets, and could adversely affect the investment performance of the Fund. In particular, actions taken by the U.S. government in respect of international trade relations could lead to trade wars, increased
costs for imported goods, disruptions in supply chains, reduced foreign investment, and instability in regions where the Fund invests.
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“New Issues” Risk — “New issues” are IPOs of equity securities. Securities issued in IPOs have no trading history, and
information about the companies may be available for very limited periods. In addition, the prices of securities sold in IPOs may be highly volatile or may decline shortly after
the IPO.
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Operational and Technology Risks — The Fund is directly and indirectly
susceptible to operational and technology risks, including those related to human errors, processing errors, communication errors, systems failures, cybersecurity incidents, and the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning (“AI”), which may result in losses