Operating costs

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2026

18. Operating costs


		For the three months			For the six months
		ended June 30,			ended June 30,
		2026	2025		2026	2025
Staff costs (note 19)		221,601	44,496		441,014	145,538
Depreciation (notes 8/9)		25,226	2,118		35,046	4,236
External research and development cost		11,587	68,492		20,981	101,075
Patent maintenance and registration costs		15,540	53,865		29,580	97,119
Professional fees		237,532	320,253		355,873	622,635
D&O insurance		37,027	47,207		74,056	91,857
Fair value services received at zero costs		9,948	34,505		17,639	105,560
Other operating costs		96,839	198,337		168,629	278,570
Total operating costs		655,300	769,273		1,142,818	1,446,590

The evolution of the total operating costs is mainly driven by staff costs and professional fees.

During the six-month period ended June 30, 2026, total operating costs decreased by CHF 0.3 million compared to the same period ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to lower professional fees of CHF 0.3 million, reduced external research and development and patent costs of CHF 0.2 million, decreased services received at zero costs valued at CHF 0.1 million, partially offset by higher staff costs of CHF 0.3 million.

During the three-month period ended June 30, 2026, total operating costs decreased by CHF 0.1 million compared to the same period ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to lower professional fees of CHF 0.1 million, reduced external research and development and patent costs of CHF 0.1 million, partially offset by higher staff costs of CHF 0.2 million.