<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:01a0c97e-4da0-7e4d-bb80-4199b6cc5897,g:60e5083f-50ff-449e-828b-cf2bd7fa583f-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:ck0001824293="http://www.vallon-pharma.com/20260928" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.vallon-pharma.com/20260928">
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei-sub/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-sub-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd-sub/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2026/ecd-sub-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo/>
  </xs:annotation>
</xs:schema>