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0001912582 true FY 10-K/A true 2025-12-31 --12-31 2025 false 001-39727 Thunder Power Holdings, Inc. NV 87-4620515 Unit 5, 21/F., Westley Square 48 Hoi Yuen Road Kwun Tong Kowloon +852 68975591 Shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share AIEV No No Yes Yes Non-accelerated Filer true true false false false false 7072466 50724664 None. Thunder Power Holdings, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”) is filing this Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A (this “Amendment No. 1”) to amend its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 7, 2026 (the “Original Form 10-K”), to amend (i) the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm included in Item 8, page F-2; (ii) include that internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025 in the management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting included in item 9A. Controls and Procedures, acknowledging the SEC as indicated in the SEC comment letter dated August 11, 2026 and (iii) amend the risk factor included in Item 1A related to the management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting.Except as described above, no other amendments are being made to the Original Form 10-K. This Amendment No.1 does not reflect events occurring after the filing of the Original Form 10-K or modify or update the disclosure contained therein in any way other than as required to reflect the amendments discussed above.The Company has attached to this Amendment No. 1 updated certifications executed as of the date of this Amendment No. 1 by the Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer as required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Opinion on the Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Thunder Power Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the related statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flow for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial positions of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its income and comprehensive income and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Assentsure PAC Singapore 6783

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1. ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS DESCRIPTION History of Thunder Power Holdings Limited (“TP Holdings”) TP Holdings is a company incorporated under the laws and regulations of the British Virgin Islands with limited liability on December 31, 2015. TP Holdings is a parent holding company with no operations. Upon the closing business combination closed on June 21, 2024, TP Holdings changed its name to Thunder Power AI Subsidiary, Inc. TP Holdings has one wholly-owned subsidiary, Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited (“TP NEV”) which was established in accordance with laws and regulations of British Virgin Islands on October 19, 2016. TP Holdings also setup two branches, namely Thunder Power AI Subsidiary, Inc. (Hong Kong) (“TPAI-HK”) and Thunder Power Holdings Ltd (“TPAI-TW”) in Hong Kong and Taiwan, respectively. Both branches are not legal entities, but rather they have tax identity in their respective jurisdictions. TP Holdings together with TP NEV, are engaged in design, development and manufacturing of high-performance electric vehicles. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, its operations activities were carried out in Taiwan and its management team are currently located in Taiwan and USA. History of Feutune Light Acquisition Corporation (“FLFV”) FLFV is a blank check company incorporated as a Delaware company on January 19, 2022. FLFV was formed for the purpose of entering into a merger, stock exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses. On July 3, 2023, FLFV incorporated Feutune Light Merger Sub, Inc (“Merger Sub”), a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of FLFV. Merger Sub is a holding company with no operations. Reverse recapitalization On June 21, 2024, FLFV consummated its business combination with TP Holdings (the “Business Combination”), pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 26, 2023 (as amended on March 19, 2024 and April 5, 2024, the “Merger Agreement”). The combined company changed its name to “Thunder Power Holdings, Inc.” (the “Company”). Upon closing of the Business Combination, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding securities of TP Holdings in exchange for (i) 40,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and (ii) earn out payments consisting of up to an additional 20,000,000 shares of common stock (the “Earnout Shares”) if the Company meets certain revenue performance targets in the following years through December 31, 2026 (see “Note 12 – Contingent Consideration”). Immediately after giving effect to the Business Combination, there were (i) 46,859,633 shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding (without taking into account the Earnout Shares), (ii) 10,537,475 warrants to purchase 10,537,475 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, and (iii) 20,000,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance as Earnout Shares and placed in an escrow account managed by Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (“CST”). We also capitalized offering cost of $1,491,495, which was recorded as reduction against additional paid-in capital. Following the consummation of the Business Combination, the combined Company’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Market (the “Nasdaq”) under the symbol “AIEV” on June 24, 2024. The reverse recapitalization is equivalent to the issuance of securities by TP Holdings for the net monetary assets of FLFV, accompanied by a recapitalization. The Company debited equity for the fair value of the net liabilities of FLFV. In the subsequent financial statements after the Business Combination, the amounts of assets and liabilities for the period before the reverse recapitalization in financial statements are presented as those of TP Holdings and recognized and measured at their pre-combination carrying amounts. The equity account of TP Holdings was carried forward in the reverse recapitalization, subject to adjustments to reflect the par value of the outstanding capital stock of FLFV. As part of the Business Combination, the Company issued 5,279,673 shares of common stock to the shareholders of FLFV, among which 2,443,750 shares of common stock were issued to the Initial Insiders (defined below), 548,761 shares of common stock were issued to Private Shareholders (defined below), 2,227,162 shares of common stock were issued to Public Shareholders (defined below) and 60,000 shares of common stock were issued to the underwriter in FLFV’s initial public offering as representative shares. Initial Insiders were comprised of Feutune Light Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”), US Tiger Securities, Inc. (“US Tiger”) and certain officers and directors of the Company. The Private Shareholders referred to the Sponsor and US Tiger. The Public Shareholders referred to the shareholders who held the public shares that were issued in the initial public offering of FLFV. Upon closing of the Business Combination, the Company issued an aggregated 90,000 shares of common stock to three independent directors of FLFV. The fair value of these shares was $900,000 by reference to the per share price of $10.00. In connection with the Business Combination, FLFV engaged a third party financial advisor to assist FLFV in locating target businesses, holding meetings with its shareholders to discuss a potential business combination and the target business’ attributes, introduce FLFV to potential investors that are interested in purchasing securities, assist FLFV in obtaining shareholder approval for the business combination and assist with press releases and public filings in connection with a business combination. On June 21, 2024, the Company issued 1,200,000 shares of common stock to the financial advisor as service fees. The fair value of the 1,200,000 shares of common stock issued to the financial advisor was $3,072,000, calculated at $2.56 per share by reference to the Nasdaq closing price of the Company’s common stock on June 21, 2024. Entry into share exchange agreement On December 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Share Exchange Agreement (the “Agreement”) with certain shareholders (the “TW Company Shareholders”) of Electric Power Technology Limited, a Taiwan corporation (“TW Company”). On January 27, 2025, the Company and TW Company Shareholders have agreed to execute an amendment to the Share Exchange Agreement (the “First Amendment”, together with the Agreement, the “Amended Agreement”), amending, among other things, the share exchange ratio as 119 shares of the Company’s common stock for every 100 ordinary shares of TW Company. Pursuant to the Amended Agreement, a portion of the TW Company Shareholders are expected to exchange a total of 26,783,838 ordinary shares in TW Company for an aggregate of 31,832,768 shares of newly issued Common Stock of the Company in weeks, with the remaining total of 1,715,000 shares of the TW Company to be transferred to the Company for 2,038,621 shares in a few months. Upon completion of the transaction, the Company is expected to hold approximately 33.71% of TW Company’s total issued and outstanding shares. On June 26, 2025, the Company held its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”). At the Annual Meeting, the shareholders voted to approve, among others, the share exchanges. On April 17, 2025, the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (the “Nasdaq”) notified the Company that the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) has determined to affirm the denial of the Company’s request to continue its listing of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), and that trading of the Company’s Common Stock was suspended at the open of trading on April 21, 2025. On July 21, 2025, Nasdaq filed Form 25 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to delist the Company’s securities from Nasdaq. The delisting became effective on July 31, 2025. The Company’s Common Stock are traded on the over-the-counter market under the symbol “AIEV”.

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2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The accompanying financial statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and pursuant to the accounting and disclosure rules and regulations of the SEC. Basis of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. Use of Estimates The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable for making judgments that are not readily apparent from other sources. The most significant estimates with regard to these consolidated financial statements are allowance for expected credit losses of other receivable, allowance for prepaid expenses for Forward Purchase Contract, classification of prepaid expenses for Forward Purchase Contract, and accrued legal expenses. Fair value of financial instruments The Company’s financial instruments are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 48px;">Level 1 — </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td>Level 2 — </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the assets or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td>Level 3 — </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value.</td> </tr></tbody></table> As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, financial instruments of the Company primarily comprised of current assets and current liabilities including cash, short-term investments, other current assets, amount due to related parties, other payables and underwriter fee payable. The carrying amount of these current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments.Foreign currency translation Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates on the date of the balance sheet. The reporting currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is U.S. dollars (“US$”). In general, for consolidation purposes, assets and liabilities of the Company and its subsidiary whose functional currency is not the US$, are translated into US$, using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during the period. The gains and losses resulting from translation of financial statements of the Company and its subsidiary are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within the statement of shareholders’ equity. Translation of amounts from TWD into US$ has been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">TWD exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">31.37</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32.79</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">TWD exchange rate for items in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, and statements of cash flows</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">31.17</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32.31</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract On June 11, 2024, FLFV and TP Holdings entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, the “Seller”, or, the “Meteora”) (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”). For purposes of the Forward Purchase Agreement, (i) FLFV is referred to as the “Counterparty” prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, while the Company is referred to as the “Counterparty” after the consummation of the Business Combination and (ii) “Shares” means shares of the Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of FLFV prior to the closing of the Business Combination, and, after the closing of the Business Combination, shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company. Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, the Seller intends, but is not obligated, to purchase up to 4,900,000 Shares (the “Purchased Amount”), less the number of shares purchased by the Seller separately from third parties through a broker in the open market (“Recycled Shares”). The Seller will not be required to purchase an amount of shares such that following such purchase, the Seller’s ownership would exceed 9.9% of the total Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such purchase, unless the Seller, at its sole discretion, waives such 9.9% ownership limitation. The Forward Purchase Agreement provides for a prepayment shortfall in an amount in U.S. dollars equal to 0.25% of the product of the Recycled Shares and the Initial Price which is equal to the redemption price of $11.1347 (the “Prepayment Shortfall”). The Seller will pay the Prepayment Shortfall to the Company on the prepayment date (which amount will be netted from the Prepayment Amount) (the “Initial Prepayment Shortfall”). The Seller in its sole discretion may sell Recycled Shares at any time following June 11, 2024 and at any sales price, without payment by the Seller of any early termination obligation until such time as the proceeds from such sales equal 110% of the Prepayment Shortfall (such sales, “Shortfall Sales,” and such shares, “Shortfall Sale Shares”). A sale of shares is only (a) a “Shortfall Sale,” subject to the terms and conditions applicable to Shortfall Sale Shares, when a Shortfall Sale Notice is delivered under the Forward Purchase Agreement, and (b) an Optional Early Termination, subject to the terms and conditions of the Forward Purchase Agreement applicable to Terminated Shares (as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreement), when an OET Notice (as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreement) is delivered under the Forward Purchase Agreement, in each case the delivery of such notice in the sole discretion of the Seller (as further described under “Optional Early Termination” and “Shortfall Sales” in the Forward Purchase Agreement). The Seller will purchase “Additional Shares” from the Counterparty at any date prior to the Valuation Date at the Initial Price, with such number of Shares to be specified in a Pricing Date Notice as Additional Shares subject to 9.9% ownership limitations which may be waived by Seller at its sole discretion; provided that such number of Additional Shares that may be purchased from the Counterparty will not exceed (x) the Maximum Number of Shares, minus (y) the Recycled Shares. The Forward Purchase Agreement provides that the Seller will be paid directly an aggregate cash amount (the “Prepayment Amount”) equal to (x) the product of (i) the number of Shares as set forth in a Pricing Date Notice and (ii) the redemption price per share of $11.1347, less (y) the Initial Prepayment Shortfall. In addition to the Prepayment Amount, the Counterparty will pay directly from the Trust Account, on the Prepayment Date, an amount equal to the product of (x) up to 100,000 (with such final amount to be determined by Seller in its sole discretion via written notice to the Counterparty) and (y) the Initial Price. The Shares purchased with the Share Consideration (the “Share Consideration Shares”) will be incremental to the Maximum Number of Shares (as defined below) and will not be included in the number of Shares in connection with the Transaction under the Forward Purchase Agreement. The reset price (the “Reset Price”) will initially be $10.00. The Reset Price will be subject to reset on a weekly basis commencing the first week following the thirtieth day after the closing of the Business Combination to be the lowest of (a) the then current Reset Price, (b) the Initial Price and (c) the VWAP Price of the Shares of the prior trading weeks; provided that the Reset Price will be subject to reduction upon a Dilutive Offering Reset immediately upon the occurrence of such Dilutive Offering. The “Maximum Number of Shares” subject to the Forward Purchase Agreement will initially be the Purchased Amount; upon the occurrence of a Dilutive Offering Reset, a number of Shares equal to the quotient of (i) the Purchased Amount divided by (ii) the quotient of (a) the price of such Dilutive Offering divided by (b) the $10.00. The “Maximum Number of Shares” subject to the Forward Purchase Agreement will initially be the Purchased Amount; upon the occurrence of a Dilutive Offering Reset, a number of Shares equal to the quotient of (i) the Purchased Amount divided by (ii) the quotient of (a) the price of such Dilutive Offering divided by (b) the $10.00. From time to time and on any date following the Trade Date (any such date, an “OET Date”) and subject to the terms and conditions in the Forward Purchase Agreement, the Seller may, in its absolute discretion, terminate the Transaction in whole or in part by providing written notice to the Counterparty (the “OET Notice”), by the later of (a) the fifth Local Business Day following the OET Date and (b) no later than the next Payment Date following the OET Date, (which will specify the quantity by which the number of Shares will be reduced (such quantity, the “Terminated Shares”)). The effect of an OET Notice will be to reduce the number of Shares by the number of Terminated Shares specified in such OET Notice with effect as of the related OET Date. As of each OET Date, the Counterparty will be entitled to an amount from the Seller, and the Seller will pay to the Counterparty an amount, equal to the product of (x) the number of Terminated Shares and (y) the Reset Price in respect of such OET Date (except that no amount will be due to Counterparty upon any Shortfall Sale). The payment date may be changed within a quarter at the mutual agreement of the parties. The “Valuation Date” is the earlier to occur of (a) the date that is 36 months after the Closing Date, (b) the date specified by the Seller in a written notice to be delivered to the Counterparty at the Seller’s discretion (which Valuation Date will not be earlier than the day such notice is effective) after the occurrence of any of (v) a Shortfall Variance Registration Failure, (w) a VWAP Trigger Event, (x) a Delisting Event, (y) a Registration Failure or (z) unless otherwise specified therein, upon any Additional Termination Event, and (c) the date specified by the Seller in a written notice to be delivered to the Counterparty at the Seller’s sole discretion (which Valuation Date will not be earlier than the day such notice is effective). The Valuation Date notice will become effective immediately upon delivery from the Seller to the Counterparty in accordance with the Forward Purchase Agreement. On June 15, 2024, the Sellers issued a pricing date notice to the Company, pursuant to which the Sellers had 1,089,038 shares of Recycled Shares. Together with the 100,000 Share Consideration Shares and net off Prepayment Shortfall, the Company made a total of Prepayments Amount of $13,264,964 to the Sellers. The Company recorded the prepayment in the account of “prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract” on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company will subsequently derecognize the prepayments when the Sellers sell the Recycled Shares. The difference between the fair value on the date when the Sellers sell the Recycled Shares and $11.1347 will be charged to additional paid-in capital. The Company assessed that there are no material risks arising from the Forward Purchase Agreement. On July 2, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 3,706,461 shares of the Company’s common stock to Meteora pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement and Subscription Agreement. On July 2, 2024, the Sellers purchased, and the Company issued an additional 3,706,461 shares of the Company’s common stock to Meteora pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement and Subscription Agreement. The Sellers made a prepayment shortfall of $150,000. The Company recorded the proceeds from the shortfall prepayment as a reduction to “prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract.” As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had an outstanding balance of prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract of $13,114,964. Management assessed the recoverability of the prepaid balance and concluded that no impairment was recorded as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The realization of this balance is dependent on future share transactions under the Forward Purchase Agreement and is subject to significant uncertainty, including market conditions and the Company’s listing status. Accordingly, the prepaid balance is not expected to generate near-term cash inflows. Income taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method, the recognition of deferred income tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the income tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. Provision for income taxes consists of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes. The charge for taxation is based on the results for the year as adjusted for items which are non-assessable or disallowed. It is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax basis. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable income to be utilized with prior net operating loss carried forwards. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the statements of operations, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. The Company may be subject to income taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, when applicable. The Company is incorporated in the State of Delaware and is required to pay either income tax or franchise tax, whichever is applicable, to the State of Delaware on an annual basis. The Company is also registered as a foreign corporation with the State of New Jersey Department of the Treasury. The Company would be subject to New Jersey state tax laws if it has operation in the State of New Jersey. Under the current and applicable laws of BVI, both TP Holdings and TP NEV are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no temporary differences and no deferred tax asset or liability recognized. The Company does not believe that there were any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Segment reporting The Company uses the management approach to determine operating segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM’’) for making decisions, allocation of resource and assessing performance. The Company operates and manages its business as a single operating and reportable segment. The Company’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated net loss when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performances of the Company. Significant segment expenses are the same as these presented under the operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, and the difference between net revenue less significant segment expenses and consolidated net loss are the other segment items. The CODM reviews and utilizes these financial metrics together with non-financial metrics to make operation decisions, such as the determination of the fee rate at which the Company charges for its products and services and the allocation of budget between operating costs and expense. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has not generated revenues from operating activities. Recently adopted accounting standards In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, “Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concept Statements” (“ASU 2024-02”). ASU 2024-02 contains amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification that remove references to various FASB Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. The Company adopted ASU 2024-02 for the annual period ending December 31, 2025. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact to our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. Recently issued accounting standards In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. The ASU also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, adds lists to ASC 270 of the interim disclosures required by all other Codification topics, and establishes a principle under which an entity must disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. As the Board stated in the proposed guidance and reiterates in the ASU, the amendments are not intended to change the fundamental nature of interim reporting or expand or reduce current interim disclosure requirements. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. For entities other than public business entities, for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, which amends ASC 326-20 to provide a practical expedient for all entities which elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset in developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, and an accounting policy election for all entities, other than a public business entity, that elect the practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. Under ASU 2025-05, an entity is required to disclose whether it has elected to use the practical expedient and, if so, whether it has also applied the accounting policy election. An entity that makes the accounting policy election is required to disclose the date through which subsequent cash collections are evaluated. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. Entities should apply the new guidance prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarifies that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This pronouncement introduces new disclosure requirements aimed at enhancing transparency in financial reporting by requiring disaggregation of specific income statement expense captions. Under the new guidance, entities are required to disclose a breakdown of certain expense categories, such as: employee compensation; depreciation; amortization, and other material components. The disaggregated information can be presented either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements, often using a tabular format. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, which revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 (on disclosures about disaggregation of income statement expenses) “to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027.” Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the ASU. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements — codification amendments in response to SEC’s disclosure Update and Simplification initiative which amend the disclosure or presentation requirements of codification subtopic 230-10 Statement of Cash Flows—Overall, 250-10 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections— Overall, 260-10 Earnings Per Share— Overall, 270-10 Interim Reporting— Overall, 440-10 Commitments—Overall, 470-10 Debt—Overall, 505-10 Equity—Overall, 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overall, 860-30 Transfers and Servicing—Secured Borrowing and Collateral, 932-235 Extractive Activities— Oil and Gas—Notes to Financial Statements, 946-20 Financial Services— Investment Companies— Investment Company Activities, and 974-10 Real Estate—Real Estate Investment Trusts—Overall. The amendments represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of above subtopics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to existing SEC disclosure requirements or those that must provide financial statements to the SEC for securities purposes without contractual transfer restrictions, the effective date aligns with the date when the SEC removes the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. Early adoption is not allowed. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later from the date of the SEC’s removal. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. The Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows. Significant risks and uncertainties Credit risk Assets that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amount as at the balance sheet dates. As of December 31, 2025, the Company held cash of $10,093, among which $8,911 was deposits in bank accounts in Taiwan, $217 deposited in bank accounts in the United States and $965 in bank accounts in Hong Kong. Bank accounts in each bank in Taiwan are insured by the government authority with the maximum limit of TW$3,000,000 (equivalent to approximately $95,600). Each bank account in the United States is insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance with the maximum limit of $250,000. Each bank account in Hong Kong is insured by the government authority with the maximum limit of HK$800,000 (equivalent to approximately $102,800). To limit exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily place cash and cash equivalent deposits with large financial institutions in the United States and Hong Kong which management believes are of high credit quality and the Company also continually monitors their credit worthiness.

Basis of PresentationThe accompanying financial statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and pursuant to the accounting and disclosure rules and regulations of the SEC.

Basis of consolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of EstimatesThe Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable for making judgments that are not readily apparent from other sources.The most significant estimates with regard to these consolidated financial statements are allowance for expected credit losses of other receivable, allowance for prepaid expenses for Forward Purchase Contract, classification of prepaid expenses for Forward Purchase Contract, and accrued legal expenses.

Fair value of financial instrumentsThe Company’s financial instruments are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 48px;">Level 1 — </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td>Level 2 — </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the assets or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td> </td> <td>Level 3 — </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value.</td> </tr></tbody></table>As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, financial instruments of the Company primarily comprised of current assets and current liabilities including cash, short-term investments, other current assets, amount due to related parties, other payables and underwriter fee payable. The carrying amount of these current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

Foreign currency translationTransactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates on the date of the balance sheet.The reporting currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is U.S. dollars (“US$”).In general, for consolidation purposes, assets and liabilities of the Company and its subsidiary whose functional currency is not the US$, are translated into US$, using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during the period. The gains and losses resulting from translation of financial statements of the Company and its subsidiary are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within the statement of shareholders’ equity.Translation of amounts from TWD into US$ has been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods:<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">TWD exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">31.37</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32.79</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">TWD exchange rate for items in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, and statements of cash flows</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">31.17</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32.31</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

Translation of amounts from TWD into US$ has been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">TWD exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">31.37</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32.79</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">TWD exchange rate for items in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, and statements of cash flows</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">31.17</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32.31</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

31.37

32.79

31.17

32.31

Prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract On June 11, 2024, FLFV and TP Holdings entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, the “Seller”, or, the “Meteora”) (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”). For purposes of the Forward Purchase Agreement, (i) FLFV is referred to as the “Counterparty” prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, while the Company is referred to as the “Counterparty” after the consummation of the Business Combination and (ii) “Shares” means shares of the Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of FLFV prior to the closing of the Business Combination, and, after the closing of the Business Combination, shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company. Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, the Seller intends, but is not obligated, to purchase up to 4,900,000 Shares (the “Purchased Amount”), less the number of shares purchased by the Seller separately from third parties through a broker in the open market (“Recycled Shares”). The Seller will not be required to purchase an amount of shares such that following such purchase, the Seller’s ownership would exceed 9.9% of the total Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such purchase, unless the Seller, at its sole discretion, waives such 9.9% ownership limitation. The Forward Purchase Agreement provides for a prepayment shortfall in an amount in U.S. dollars equal to 0.25% of the product of the Recycled Shares and the Initial Price which is equal to the redemption price of $11.1347 (the “Prepayment Shortfall”). The Seller will pay the Prepayment Shortfall to the Company on the prepayment date (which amount will be netted from the Prepayment Amount) (the “Initial Prepayment Shortfall”). The Seller in its sole discretion may sell Recycled Shares at any time following June 11, 2024 and at any sales price, without payment by the Seller of any early termination obligation until such time as the proceeds from such sales equal 110% of the Prepayment Shortfall (such sales, “Shortfall Sales,” and such shares, “Shortfall Sale Shares”). A sale of shares is only (a) a “Shortfall Sale,” subject to the terms and conditions applicable to Shortfall Sale Shares, when a Shortfall Sale Notice is delivered under the Forward Purchase Agreement, and (b) an Optional Early Termination, subject to the terms and conditions of the Forward Purchase Agreement applicable to Terminated Shares (as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreement), when an OET Notice (as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreement) is delivered under the Forward Purchase Agreement, in each case the delivery of such notice in the sole discretion of the Seller (as further described under “Optional Early Termination” and “Shortfall Sales” in the Forward Purchase Agreement). The Seller will purchase “Additional Shares” from the Counterparty at any date prior to the Valuation Date at the Initial Price, with such number of Shares to be specified in a Pricing Date Notice as Additional Shares subject to 9.9% ownership limitations which may be waived by Seller at its sole discretion; provided that such number of Additional Shares that may be purchased from the Counterparty will not exceed (x) the Maximum Number of Shares, minus (y) the Recycled Shares. The Forward Purchase Agreement provides that the Seller will be paid directly an aggregate cash amount (the “Prepayment Amount”) equal to (x) the product of (i) the number of Shares as set forth in a Pricing Date Notice and (ii) the redemption price per share of $11.1347, less (y) the Initial Prepayment Shortfall. In addition to the Prepayment Amount, the Counterparty will pay directly from the Trust Account, on the Prepayment Date, an amount equal to the product of (x) up to 100,000 (with such final amount to be determined by Seller in its sole discretion via written notice to the Counterparty) and (y) the Initial Price. The Shares purchased with the Share Consideration (the “Share Consideration Shares”) will be incremental to the Maximum Number of Shares (as defined below) and will not be included in the number of Shares in connection with the Transaction under the Forward Purchase Agreement. The reset price (the “Reset Price”) will initially be $10.00. The Reset Price will be subject to reset on a weekly basis commencing the first week following the thirtieth day after the closing of the Business Combination to be the lowest of (a) the then current Reset Price, (b) the Initial Price and (c) the VWAP Price of the Shares of the prior trading weeks; provided that the Reset Price will be subject to reduction upon a Dilutive Offering Reset immediately upon the occurrence of such Dilutive Offering. The “Maximum Number of Shares” subject to the Forward Purchase Agreement will initially be the Purchased Amount; upon the occurrence of a Dilutive Offering Reset, a number of Shares equal to the quotient of (i) the Purchased Amount divided by (ii) the quotient of (a) the price of such Dilutive Offering divided by (b) the $10.00. The “Maximum Number of Shares” subject to the Forward Purchase Agreement will initially be the Purchased Amount; upon the occurrence of a Dilutive Offering Reset, a number of Shares equal to the quotient of (i) the Purchased Amount divided by (ii) the quotient of (a) the price of such Dilutive Offering divided by (b) the $10.00. From time to time and on any date following the Trade Date (any such date, an “OET Date”) and subject to the terms and conditions in the Forward Purchase Agreement, the Seller may, in its absolute discretion, terminate the Transaction in whole or in part by providing written notice to the Counterparty (the “OET Notice”), by the later of (a) the fifth Local Business Day following the OET Date and (b) no later than the next Payment Date following the OET Date, (which will specify the quantity by which the number of Shares will be reduced (such quantity, the “Terminated Shares”)). The effect of an OET Notice will be to reduce the number of Shares by the number of Terminated Shares specified in such OET Notice with effect as of the related OET Date. As of each OET Date, the Counterparty will be entitled to an amount from the Seller, and the Seller will pay to the Counterparty an amount, equal to the product of (x) the number of Terminated Shares and (y) the Reset Price in respect of such OET Date (except that no amount will be due to Counterparty upon any Shortfall Sale). The payment date may be changed within a quarter at the mutual agreement of the parties.The “Valuation Date” is the earlier to occur of (a) the date that is 36 months after the Closing Date, (b) the date specified by the Seller in a written notice to be delivered to the Counterparty at the Seller’s discretion (which Valuation Date will not be earlier than the day such notice is effective) after the occurrence of any of (v) a Shortfall Variance Registration Failure, (w) a VWAP Trigger Event, (x) a Delisting Event, (y) a Registration Failure or (z) unless otherwise specified therein, upon any Additional Termination Event, and (c) the date specified by the Seller in a written notice to be delivered to the Counterparty at the Seller’s sole discretion (which Valuation Date will not be earlier than the day such notice is effective). The Valuation Date notice will become effective immediately upon delivery from the Seller to the Counterparty in accordance with the Forward Purchase Agreement. On June 15, 2024, the Sellers issued a pricing date notice to the Company, pursuant to which the Sellers had 1,089,038 shares of Recycled Shares. Together with the 100,000 Share Consideration Shares and net off Prepayment Shortfall, the Company made a total of Prepayments Amount of $13,264,964 to the Sellers. The Company recorded the prepayment in the account of “prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract” on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company will subsequently derecognize the prepayments when the Sellers sell the Recycled Shares. The difference between the fair value on the date when the Sellers sell the Recycled Shares and $11.1347 will be charged to additional paid-in capital. The Company assessed that there are no material risks arising from the Forward Purchase Agreement. On July 2, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 3,706,461 shares of the Company’s common stock to Meteora pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement and Subscription Agreement. On July 2, 2024, the Sellers purchased, and the Company issued an additional 3,706,461 shares of the Company’s common stock to Meteora pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement and Subscription Agreement. The Sellers made a prepayment shortfall of $150,000. The Company recorded the proceeds from the shortfall prepayment as a reduction to “prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract.” As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had an outstanding balance of prepaid expenses for forward purchase contract of $13,114,964. Management assessed the recoverability of the prepaid balance and concluded that no impairment was recorded as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The realization of this balance is dependent on future share transactions under the Forward Purchase Agreement and is subject to significant uncertainty, including market conditions and the Company’s listing status. Accordingly, the prepaid balance is not expected to generate near-term cash inflows.

0.0001

4900000

0.099

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11.1347

1.10

0.099

11.1347

100000 10 10 10

1089038

100000

13264964

11.1347

3706461

150000

13114964

Income taxesThe Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method, the recognition of deferred income tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the income tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. Provision for income taxes consists of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes. The charge for taxation is based on the results for the year as adjusted for items which are non-assessable or disallowed. It is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.Deferred tax is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax basis. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable income to be utilized with prior net operating loss carried forwards. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the statements of operations, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. The Company may be subject to income taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, when applicable. The Company is incorporated in the State of Delaware and is required to pay either income tax or franchise tax, whichever is applicable, to the State of Delaware on an annual basis. The Company is also registered as a foreign corporation with the State of New Jersey Department of the Treasury. The Company would be subject to New Jersey state tax laws if it has operation in the State of New Jersey. Under the current and applicable laws of BVI, both TP Holdings and TP NEV are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no temporary differences and no deferred tax asset or liability recognized. The Company does not believe that there were any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

0.50

Segment reporting The Company uses the management approach to determine operating segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM’’) for making decisions, allocation of resource and assessing performance. The Company operates and manages its business as a single operating and reportable segment. The Company’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated net loss when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performances of the Company. Significant segment expenses are the same as these presented under the operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, and the difference between net revenue less significant segment expenses and consolidated net loss are the other segment items. The CODM reviews and utilizes these financial metrics together with non-financial metrics to make operation decisions, such as the determination of the fee rate at which the Company charges for its products and services and the allocation of budget between operating costs and expense. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has not generated revenues from operating activities.

Recently adopted accounting standardsIn March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, “Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concept Statements” (“ASU 2024-02”). ASU 2024-02 contains amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification that remove references to various FASB Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. The Company adopted ASU 2024-02 for the annual period ending December 31, 2025. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact to our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Recently issued accounting standardsIn December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. The ASU also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, adds lists to ASC 270 of the interim disclosures required by all other Codification topics, and establishes a principle under which an entity must disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. As the Board stated in the proposed guidance and reiterates in the ASU, the amendments are not intended to change the fundamental nature of interim reporting or expand or reduce current interim disclosure requirements. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. For entities other than public business entities, for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for all entities.In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, which amends ASC 326-20 to provide a practical expedient for all entities which elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset in developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, and an accounting policy election for all entities, other than a public business entity, that elect the practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. Under ASU 2025-05, an entity is required to disclose whether it has elected to use the practical expedient and, if so, whether it has also applied the accounting policy election. An entity that makes the accounting policy election is required to disclose the date through which subsequent cash collections are evaluated. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. Entities should apply the new guidance prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarifies that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This pronouncement introduces new disclosure requirements aimed at enhancing transparency in financial reporting by requiring disaggregation of specific income statement expense captions. Under the new guidance, entities are required to disclose a breakdown of certain expense categories, such as: employee compensation; depreciation; amortization, and other material components. The disaggregated information can be presented either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements, often using a tabular format. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, which revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 (on disclosures about disaggregation of income statement expenses) “to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027.” Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the ASU. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements — codification amendments in response to SEC’s disclosure Update and Simplification initiative which amend the disclosure or presentation requirements of codification subtopic 230-10 Statement of Cash Flows—Overall, 250-10 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections— Overall, 260-10 Earnings Per Share— Overall, 270-10 Interim Reporting— Overall, 440-10 Commitments—Overall, 470-10 Debt—Overall, 505-10 Equity—Overall, 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overall, 860-30 Transfers and Servicing—Secured Borrowing and Collateral, 932-235 Extractive Activities— Oil and Gas—Notes to Financial Statements, 946-20 Financial Services— Investment Companies— Investment Company Activities, and 974-10 Real Estate—Real Estate Investment Trusts—Overall. The amendments represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of above subtopics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to existing SEC disclosure requirements or those that must provide financial statements to the SEC for securities purposes without contractual transfer restrictions, the effective date aligns with the date when the SEC removes the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. Early adoption is not allowed. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later from the date of the SEC’s removal. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.The Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.

Significant risks and uncertaintiesCredit risk Assets that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amount as at the balance sheet dates. As of December 31, 2025, the Company held cash of $10,093, among which $8,911 was deposits in bank accounts in Taiwan, $217 deposited in bank accounts in the United States and $965 in bank accounts in Hong Kong. Bank accounts in each bank in Taiwan are insured by the government authority with the maximum limit of TW$3,000,000 (equivalent to approximately $95,600). Each bank account in the United States is insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance with the maximum limit of $250,000. Each bank account in Hong Kong is insured by the government authority with the maximum limit of HK$800,000 (equivalent to approximately $102,800). To limit exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily place cash and cash equivalent deposits with large financial institutions in the United States and Hong Kong which management believes are of high credit quality and the Company also continually monitors their credit worthiness.

10093

8911

217

965

3000000

95600

250000

800000

102800

3. GOING CONCERN As of December 31, 2025, the Company had cash of $10,093 and has incurred recurring losses from operations since inception. The Company reported a net loss of approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and has an accumulated deficit of approximately $39.1 million. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company faces several significant uncertainties, including: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 24px;">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Operating losses and liquidity constraints – The Company has not generated sufficient revenues to support its operations and has limited cash resources to meet its obligations.</td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 24px;">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Prepaid Forward Contract – The Company has recorded a prepaid balance related to a forward purchase agreement as a current asset. The realization of this balance is dependent on the counterparty’s sale of the Company’s shares and is subject to significant uncertainty, including market conditions and the Company’s listing status. The arrangement is not expected to generate near-term cash inflows and may not be readily realizable in cash. Accordingly, this balance does not provide immediate liquidity to support the Company’s operations.</td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px; font-size: 10pt;"> </td> <td style="width: 24px; font-size: 10pt;">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt;">Nasdaq delisting – The Company’s common stock was suspended from trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market on April 21, 2025 and subsequently delisted on July 31, 2025. The Company’s securities are currently quoted on the over-the-counter market. This significantly limits the Company’s ability to access public capital markets and raises substantial uncertainty regarding its ability to obtain financing.</td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 24px;">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Dependence on principal shareholder – The Company has historically relied on financial support from its principal shareholder. Due to ongoing legal proceedings involving the shareholder, there is significant uncertainty regarding the shareholder’s ability and willingness to continue providing financial support.</td> </tr></tbody></table> Management has undertaken certain actions to address these conditions, including exploring potential financing alternatives, seeking additional equity or debt funding, and evaluating cost reduction and restructuring initiatives. The Company is also pursuing strategic transactions, including a proposed acquisition; however, such transaction remains subject to completion and other uncertainties, and the target entity is also subject to its own going concern considerations. However, there can be no assurance that these plans will be successfully implemented or will be sufficient to alleviate the substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, including the Company’s ability to realize value from the forward purchase arrangement. Accordingly, the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to obtain additional financing and generate sufficient cash flows from operations. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

10093

-2100000

-39100000

4. OTHER CURRENT ASSETS Other current assets consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Payments made on behalf of a third party(a)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">315,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">315,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Prepaid expenses</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">28,712</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">67,865</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Less: allowance for credit losses</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(315,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">28,712</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">382,865</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(a)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Before entering into a Merger Agreement with FLFV, TP Holdings entered into a letter of intent with Aetherium Acquisition Corp. (“GMFI”) to explore a potential business combination. TP Holdings paid extension loans in an amount of $300,000 and working capital loans in an amount of $15,000 on behalf of GMFI. In March 2024, the letter of intent with GMFI was terminated. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company provided full allowance for credit losses against the balance due to liquidation of GMFI.</td> </tr></tbody> </table>

Other current assets consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Payments made on behalf of a third party(a)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">315,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">315,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Prepaid expenses</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">28,712</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">67,865</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Less: allowance for credit losses</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(315,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">28,712</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">382,865</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(a)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Before entering into a Merger Agreement with FLFV, TP Holdings entered into a letter of intent with Aetherium Acquisition Corp. (“GMFI”) to explore a potential business combination. TP Holdings paid extension loans in an amount of $300,000 and working capital loans in an amount of $15,000 on behalf of GMFI. In March 2024, the letter of intent with GMFI was terminated. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company provided full allowance for credit losses against the balance due to liquidation of GMFI.</td> </tr></tbody> </table>

315000 315000

28712

67865

315000

28712

382865

300000

15000

5. OPERATING LEASE As of December 31, 2025, TP Holdings had one 24-month office spaces lease agreement in Hong Kong with Thunder Power (Hong Kong) Limited (“TP HK”), a related party of the Company (Note 9). The lease agreement is non-cancellable, expiring in March 2027. The Company considers those renewal or termination options that are reasonably certain to be exercised in the determination of the lease term and initial measurement of right of use assets and lease liabilities. Lease expense for lease payment is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company determines whether a contract is or contains a lease at inception of the contract and whether that lease meets the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease. When available, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, most of the leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, the Company discounts lease payments based on an estimate of the incremental borrowing rate. For operating leases that include rent holidays and rent escalation clauses, the Company recognizes lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term from the date it takes possession of the leased property. The Company records the straight-line lease expense and any contingent rent, if applicable, in general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. For short-term leases, the Company records operating lease expense in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term and record variable lease payments as incurred. The table below presents the operating lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 76%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Right of use assets</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 9%; text-align: right;">17,865</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 9%; text-align: right;">4,614</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"><td style="text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Operating lease liabilities, current</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">14,877</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,455</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Operating lease liabilities, non-current</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">1,703</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Total operating lease liabilities</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">16,580</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">3,455</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>Other information about the Company’s leases is as follows: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Weighted average remaining lease term (years)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1.19</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0.21</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Weighted average discount rate</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5.5</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5.5</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Amortization of right of use assets</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">17,137</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">26,995</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, operating lease expenses were $35,472 and $27,681, respectively, among which $18,335 and $nil were incurred for short-term lease expenses. The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2025: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 88%; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">For the year ending December 31, 2026</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">15,418</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">For the year ending December 31, 2027</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">1,713</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Total lease payments</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">17,131</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Less: Imputed interest</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(551</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Present value of lease liabilities</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">16,580</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

The table below presents the operating lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 76%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Right of use assets</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 9%; text-align: right;">17,865</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; width: 9%; text-align: right;">4,614</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"><td style="text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Operating lease liabilities, current</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">14,877</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,455</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Operating lease liabilities, non-current</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">1,703</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Total operating lease liabilities</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">16,580</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">3,455</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>Other information about the Company’s leases is as follows: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Weighted average remaining lease term (years)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1.19</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0.21</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Weighted average discount rate</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5.5</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5.5</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Amortization of right of use assets</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">17,137</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">26,995</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

17865

4614

14877

3455

1703

16580

3455

P1Y2M8D

P0Y2M15D

0.055

17137

26995

35472

27681

18335

The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2025: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 88%; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">For the year ending December 31, 2026</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">15,418</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">For the year ending December 31, 2027</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">1,713</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Total lease payments</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">17,131</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Less: Imputed interest</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(551</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Present value of lease liabilities</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">16,580</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

15418

1713

17131

551

16580

6. OTHER PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES Other payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Accrued professional expenses incurred for Business Combination (a)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1,176,358</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1,176,358</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Accrued excise tax on repurchases of common stocks (b)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">502,251</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">913,742</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Others</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">282,546</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">250,340</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">1,961,155</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">2,340,440</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(a)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of accrued professional expenses incurred for business combination consisted of expenses payable to a financial advisor, the counselor, public relation service providers and transfer agent.</td> </tr></tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(b)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was signed into federal law. The IRA provides for, among other things, a new U.S. federal 1% excise tax on certain repurchases (including redemptions) of stock by publicly traded domestic (i.e., U.S.) corporations and certain domestic subsidiaries of publicly traded foreign corporations. In connection with share redemptions that occurred in June 2024, the Company initially recorded an excise tax payable of $411,491. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company reversed this liability as additional share issuances during the period reduced the net excise tax obligation under the provisions of the IRA.</td> </tr></tbody> </table>

Other payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">As of December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Accrued professional expenses incurred for Business Combination (a)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1,176,358</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1,176,358</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Accrued excise tax on repurchases of common stocks (b)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">502,251</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">913,742</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Others</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">282,546</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">250,340</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">1,961,155</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">2,340,440</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(a)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of accrued professional expenses incurred for business combination consisted of expenses payable to a financial advisor, the counselor, public relation service providers and transfer agent.</td> </tr></tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(b)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was signed into federal law. The IRA provides for, among other things, a new U.S. federal 1% excise tax on certain repurchases (including redemptions) of stock by publicly traded domestic (i.e., U.S.) corporations and certain domestic subsidiaries of publicly traded foreign corporations. In connection with share redemptions that occurred in June 2024, the Company initially recorded an excise tax payable of $411,491. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company reversed this liability as additional share issuances during the period reduced the net excise tax obligation under the provisions of the IRA.</td> </tr></tbody> </table>

1176358

502251

913742

282546

250340

1961155

2340440

0.01

411491

7. EQUITY Common Stock The Company has 1,000,000,000 shares of common stock authorized with par value $0.0001 per share. As part of the Business Combination between the FLFV and TP Holdings, the Company issued 5,279,673 shares of common stock to the shareholders of FLFV, among which 2,443,750 shares of common stock were issued to the sponsor of FLFV, 548,761 shares of common stock were issued to private shareholders, 2,227,162 shares of common stock were issued to public shareholders and 60,000 shares of common stock were issued to the underwriter as representative shares. Upon closing of the Business Combination on June 21, 2024, the Sponsor had provided a total of $2,636,000 in working capital loans and elected to convert all such working capital loans into 263,600 working capital units, which include 263,600 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 263,600 warrants, each of which may be exercised into one share of common stock of the Company, and 263,600 rights, each of which entitles the holder to receive one-tenth of one share of common stock of the Company at the closing of the Business Combination. The Company issued 289,960 shares of common stock to the Sponsor on June 21, 2024. In connection with the Business Combination, FLFV engaged a third party financial advisor to assist FLFV in locating target businesses, holding meetings with its shareholders to discuss a potential business combination and the target business’ attributes, introduce FLFV to potential investors that are interested in purchasing securities, assist FLFV in obtaining shareholder approval for the business combination and assist with press releases and public filings in connection with a business combination. On June 21, 2024, the Company issued 1,200,000 shares of common stock to the financial advisor as service fees. The fair value of the 1,200,000 shares of common stock issued to the financial advisor was $3,072,000, calculated at $2.56 per share by reference to the Nasdaq closing price of the Company’s common stock on June 21, 2024. Upon closing of the Business Combination, the Company issued an aggregated 90,000 shares of common stock to three independent directors of FLFV. The fair value of these shares was $900,000 by reference to the per share price of $10.00. In March 2024, April 2024 and June 2024, the Company entered into certain private placement agreements with certain investors, pursuant to which the Company issued 1,310,740 shares of common stock, 44,940 shares of common stock and 1,155,513 shares of common stock, respectively. The Company raised an aggregated proceeds of $946,800 from these private placements. On July 2, 2024, the Sellers purchased and the Company issued additional 3,706,461 shares of the Company’s common stock to Meteora pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement and Subscription Agreement. The sellers made a prepayment shortfall of $150,000. On August 20, 2024, the Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) and a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with Westwood Capital Group LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Westwood”), pursuant to which Westwood has committed to purchase, subject to certain limitations, up to $100 million of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Total Commitment”). In addition, the Company has agreed to pay Westwood a commitment fee valued at $1,500,000 in the form of 150,000 shares of common stock (the “Commitment Shares”) or an amount of cash (up to $1,500,000), depending on various factors. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 150,000 shares of the Company’s stock as commitment shares to Westwood. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had 70,724,664 and 70,724,664 shares of common stock issued, respectively. Of these shares, 20,000,000 shares were issued and deposited into an escrow account in connection with the Business Combination and are subject to vesting conditions under the earnout arrangement. These escrowed shares are not considered outstanding until the applicable vesting conditions are satisfied. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had 50,724,664 and 50,724,664 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively. Preferred Stock The Company has 100,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock authorized with par value $0.0001 per share. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had nil and nil shares of Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. Warrants Warrants issued in connection with FLFV’s initial public offering (“IPO”) In connection with FLFV’s IPO on June 21, 2022, FLFV issued 9,775,000 warrants (“Public Warrants”). Substantially concurrently with the closing of the IPO, FLFV issued 478,875 warrants to FLFV’s Sponsor and 20,000 warrants to US Tiger (“Private Warrants”) (Public Warrants and Private Warrants collectively the “Warrants”). Each Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment, at any time commencing on the later of 12 months from the closing of the IPO or 30 days after June 21, 2024. The Warrants will expire five years after June 21, 2024. The Warrants became exercisable after the consummation of the Business Combination on June 21, 2024. No Warrants will be exercisable for cash unless the Company has an effective and current registration statement covering the common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and a current prospectus relating to such common stock. The Company may call the Warrants for redemption at a price of $0.01 per Warrant: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 24px;">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">in whole and not in part;</td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 24px;">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption (the “30-day redemption period”) to each warrant holder; and</td> </tr></tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;"> </td> <td style="width: 24px;">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the common stock equals or exceeds $16.50 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending three business days before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.</td> </tr></tbody> </table> The Company accounted for the Warrants as equity instruments in accordance with ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” and ASC 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging: Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity”. The Company accounted for the Warrants as an expense of the IPO resulting in a charge directly to stockholders’ equity. The Company estimates that the fair value of the Public Warrants and Private Warrants to be approximately $1.1 million and $0.05 million, respectively, or at $0.108 per warrant, using the Monte Carlo Model. The fair value of the Public Warrants and Private Warrant are estimated as of the date of grant using the following assumptions: (1) expected volatility of 10.3%, (2) risk-free interest rate of 2.92%, (3) expected life of 1.38 years, (4) exercise price of $11.50 and (5) stock price of $9.76. Other Warrants Upon closing of the Business Combination on June 21, 2024, the Sponsor had provided a total of $2,636,000 in working capital loans and elected to convert all such working capital loans into 263,600 working capital units, which include 263,600 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 263,600 warrants, each of which may be exercised into one share of common stock of the Company, and 263,600 rights, each of which entitles the holder to receive one-tenth of one share of common stock of the Company at the closing of the Business Combination. On December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company issued 263,600 warrants to the Sponsor. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company issued outstanding warrants to purchase 10,537,475 and 10,537,475 shares of common stock, respectively. Rights On June 21, 2022, FLFV issued 9,775,000 Rights (as defined below) in connection with the IPO. Substantially concurrently with the closing of the IPO, FLFV issued 478,875 Rights to the Sponsor and 20,000 rights to US Tiger. Except in cases where FLFV was not the surviving company in an initial business combination, each holder of a Right was automatically entitled to receive one-tenth (1/10) of common stock (the “Rights”) upon consummation of the initial business combination. On June 21, 2024, the Company issued 1,027,386 shares of common stock to settle the rights. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have outstanding rights.

1000000000

0.0001

5279673

2443750

548761

2227162

60000

2636000 263600

263600

0.0001

263600

289960

1200000

1200000 3072000

2.56

90000

900000

1310740

44940

1155513

946800

3706461

150000

100000000

0.0001

1500000

150000

1500000

150000

70724664

20000000

50724664

100000000

0.0001

9775000

478875

20000

11.5

P5Y

0.01

P30D P30D

16.5

P20D P30D

1100000

50000.00

0.108

10.3

2.92

1.38

11.5

9.76

2636000 263600

263600

0.0001

263600

10537475

9775000

478875

20000

1027386

8. INCOME TAXES Cayman Islands Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends to the shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed. British Virgin Islands Under the current and applicable laws of BVI, TP Holdings and TP NEV are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Hong Kong TPAI-HK is incorporated in Hong Kong and is subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax on the taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Hong Kong tax laws. The applicable tax rate for the first HKD$2 million of assessable profits is 8.25% and assessable profits above HKD$2 million will continue to be subject to the rate of 16.5% for corporations in Hong Kong. Taiwan TPAI-TW is incorporated in Taiwan and is subject to Taiwan corporate income tax on the taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Taiwan tax laws. The applicable tax rate for the first TW$120,000 of assessable profits is exempt from tax and assessable profits above TWD$120,000 (approximately $3,900) will be subject to the rate of 20% for resident companies in Taiwan. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not incur income tax expenses. Below is a reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">BVI statutory income tax rate</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">%</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Effect of different income tax rates in other jurisdictions</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.1</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.4</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Effect of changes in valuation allowance</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(1.1</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)%</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(0.4</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Effective tax rate</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;">%</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;">%</td> </tr></tbody></table> Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Net operating losses carryforwards</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32,885</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">9,701</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Less: valuation allowance</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(32,885</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(9,701</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Total deferred tax assets</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> As of December 31, 2025, the Company had net operating loss carrying forwards of $398,606 from the Company’s Hong Kong subsidiary, which will be carried forward indefinitely to offset future profits of the Company’s Hong Kong subsidiary. The Company evaluates its valuation allowance requirements at end of each reporting period by reviewing all available evidence, both positive and negative, and considering whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed. When circumstances cause a change in management’s judgement about the realizability of deferred tax assets, the impact of the change on the valuation allowance is generally reflected in income from operations. The future realization of the tax benefit of an existing deductible temporary difference ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character within the carryforward period available under applicable tax law. The Company reviews deferred tax assets for a valuation allowance based upon whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be fully realized. As of December 31, 2025, full valuation allowance of was provided against deferred tax assets arising from net operation losses carryforwards as the Company assessed that it was more likely than not that that the net operating losses would not be fully utilized before expiration. Uncertain tax positions The Company evaluates each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measures the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any unrecognized uncertain tax positions, and the Company does not believe that its unrecognized tax benefits will change over the next twelve months. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses.

2000000

0.0825

2000000

0.165

120000

3900

0.20

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not incur income tax expenses. Below is a reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">BVI statutory income tax rate</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">%</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Effect of different income tax rates in other jurisdictions</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.1</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.4</td> <td style="text-align: left;">%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Effect of changes in valuation allowance</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(1.1</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)%</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(0.4</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)%</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Effective tax rate</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;">%</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">0</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;">%</td> </tr></tbody></table>

0.011

0.004

-0.011

-0.004

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">For the Years Ended December 31,</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Net operating losses carryforwards</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">32,885</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">9,701</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Less: valuation allowance</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(32,885</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(9,701</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Total deferred tax assets</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">—</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

32885

9701

32885

9701

398606

9. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES a. Nature of relationships with related parties: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td style="width: 50%;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 49%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center;">Relationship with the Company</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"><td style="text-align: justify;">Thunder Power Hong Kong Limited (“TP HK”)</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Over which the spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham, the Company’s controlling shareholder, exercises significant influence</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White;"><td style="text-align: justify;">Thunder Power Electric Vehicle (Hong Kong) Limited (“TPEV HK”)</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Over which the spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham, the Company’s controlling shareholder, exercises significant influence</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"><td style="text-align: justify;">Mr. Wellen Sham</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Controlling shareholder of the Company</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White;"><td style="text-align: justify;">Ms. Ling Houng Sham</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"><td style="text-align: justify;">Feutune Light Sponsor LLC (“FLFV Sponsor”)</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Shareholder of the Company</td> </tr></tbody> </table> b. Related party transactions: For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, TP HK charged operating lease expenses of $17,137 and $27,681, respectively. For year ended December 31, 2025, the Company borrowed $1,349,264 from Mr. Wellen Sham to support the Company’s operations. The borrowings bear interest rate of 8% per annum and are payable through December 2026. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company borrowed $100,000 from Ms. Ling Houng Sham to support the Company’s operations. The borrowings bear interest rate of 8% per annum and is payable through March 2026. For the year ended December 31, 2025, Mr. Wellen Sham also made payments of $24,000 on behalf of the Company. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company borrowed $991,560 from Mr. Wellen Sham to support the Company’s operations. The borrowings bear interest rate ranging between 8% per annum and 10% per annum and is payable through December 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the Company repaid borrowings of $25,000 to Mr. Wellen Sham. c. Balance with related parties: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Nature</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">December 31, 2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 40%;">TP HK(1)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">113,498</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">96,236</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Mr. Wellen Sham(2)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,823,585</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,271,415</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left;">Ms. Ling Houng Sham (2)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">330,751</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">208,636</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;">FLFV Sponsor(3)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">190,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">190,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">3,457,834</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">1,766,287</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(1)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">The balance due to TP HK represented the payments made by TP HK on behalf of TP Holdings regarding the office rental fee and employee salary expenses. The balance is interest free and is repayable on demand.</td> </tr></tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(2)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">The balance due to Mr. Wellen Sham represented the promissory notes of $560,000 for extension of FLFV, promissory notes of $2,575,824 for the daily operation of the Company, other payable of $28,000 for payment of operating expenses on behalf of the Company and interest payable of $219,761. The balance due to Ms. Ling Houng Sham represented promissory notes of $300,000 for extension of FLFV and interest payable of $30,751.</td> </tr></tbody> </table> The promissory notes issued to Mr. Wellen Sham matured through December 2026 with interest rate ranging between 8% and 10%. The promissory notes issued to Ms. Wellen Sham matured through March 2026 with interest rate of 8%. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(3)</td> <td>In May and June 2024, FLFV issued three promissory notes to the FLFV Sponsor in exchange for an aggregated loans of $190,000 from the FLFV Sponsor, among which $50,000 was payable on closing of the Business Combination, and $140,000 was payable on June 21, 2024. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has not settled the promissory notes with FLFV Sponsor.</td> </tr></tbody> </table>

Nature of relationships with related parties:<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td style="width: 50%;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 49%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center;">Relationship with the Company</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"><td style="text-align: justify;">Thunder Power Hong Kong Limited (“TP HK”)</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Over which the spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham, the Company’s controlling shareholder, exercises significant influence</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White;"><td style="text-align: justify;">Thunder Power Electric Vehicle (Hong Kong) Limited (“TPEV HK”)</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Over which the spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham, the Company’s controlling shareholder, exercises significant influence</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"><td style="text-align: justify;">Mr. Wellen Sham</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Controlling shareholder of the Company</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White;"><td style="text-align: justify;">Ms. Ling Houng Sham</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham</td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"><td style="text-align: justify;">Feutune Light Sponsor LLC (“FLFV Sponsor”)</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">Shareholder of the Company</td> </tr></tbody> </table>Balance with related parties:<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Nature</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">December 31, 2024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 40%;">TP HK(1)</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">113,498</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">96,236</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Mr. Wellen Sham(2)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,823,585</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,271,415</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-align: left;">Ms. Ling Houng Sham (2)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">330,751</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">208,636</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;">FLFV Sponsor(3)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;">Amount due to the related party</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">190,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">190,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">3,457,834</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">1,766,287</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(1)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">The balance due to TP HK represented the payments made by TP HK on behalf of TP Holdings regarding the office rental fee and employee salary expenses. The balance is interest free and is repayable on demand.</td> </tr></tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(2)</td> <td style="text-align: justify;">The balance due to Mr. Wellen Sham represented the promissory notes of $560,000 for extension of FLFV, promissory notes of $2,575,824 for the daily operation of the Company, other payable of $28,000 for payment of operating expenses on behalf of the Company and interest payable of $219,761. The balance due to Ms. Ling Houng Sham represented promissory notes of $300,000 for extension of FLFV and interest payable of $30,751.</td> </tr></tbody> </table> The promissory notes issued to Mr. Wellen Sham matured through December 2026 with interest rate ranging between 8% and 10%. The promissory notes issued to Ms. Wellen Sham matured through March 2026 with interest rate of 8%. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 24px;">(3)</td> <td>In May and June 2024, FLFV issued three promissory notes to the FLFV Sponsor in exchange for an aggregated loans of $190,000 from the FLFV Sponsor, among which $50,000 was payable on closing of the Business Combination, and $140,000 was payable on June 21, 2024. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has not settled the promissory notes with FLFV Sponsor.</td> </tr></tbody> </table>

Over which the spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham, the Company’s controlling shareholder, exercises significant influence

Controlling shareholder of the Company

Spouse of Mr. Wellen Sham

Shareholder of the Company

17137

27681

1349264

0.08

100000

0.08

24000

991560

0.08

0.10

25000

113498

96236

2823585

1271415

330751

208636

190000

3457834

1766287

560000

2575824

28000

219761

300000

30751

0.08

0.10

0.08

190000

50000

140000

10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION Share options In October 2014, TP Holdings adopted a Thunder Power Holdings Limited Share Option Plan (the “2014 Plan”), As of December 31, 2024, the 2014 Plan existed to the extent that there are options/awards outstanding thereunder. On June 17, 2024, the stockholders of the Company voted to approve the 2024 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”), which became effective at the closing of the Business Combination. All outstanding options to purchase share of TP Holdings granted under the 2014 Plan have rolled over into the 2024 Plan and became options to purchase share of Common Stock of the Company. Such options granted under the 2014 Plan will continue to be subject to the terms and conditions as set forth in the agreements evidencing such stock options and the terms of the 2024 Plan (including the terms of the Prior Plan attached as an exhibit to the 2024 Plan). The total number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock reserved and available for grant and issuance pursuant to awards under the 2024 Plan equals 10% of the total number of outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock immediately following the Business Combination, the full amount of which may be issued pursuant to incentive stock options. In addition, annually on the first trading day of the calendar year, beginning with the 2025 calendar year, the share reserve (but not the incentive stock option limit) will automatically increase by 5% of the total number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock outstanding as of the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year, unless the administrator of the 2024 Plan acts prior to January 1 of such calendar year to provide that there will be no increase or a lesser increase in the share reserve for that year. Under the 2024 Plan, non-employee directors, employees and consultants, and any individual to whom the Company and the affiliates have extended a formal offer of employment, are eligible to receive awards under the 2024 Plan. There is no limit on the number or class of directors, employees or consultants that are eligible to receive awards. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the transaction activities of share options were as below: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Number of options</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Weighted average exercise price per option</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2023</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">590,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1.02</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Forfeited</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(212,500</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right;">1.00</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2024</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">377,500</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.02</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Forfeited</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(197,500</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right;">1.03</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">180,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: right;">1.00</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> The following table summarizes information with respect to outstanding share options to employees as of December 31, 2025. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Number of options</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%;">Outstanding at December 31, 2025</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">180,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0.00</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> As of December 31, 2025, the 180,000 outstanding options had no intrinsic value because the exercise price is higher than the strike price as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Company did not have outstanding exercisable options. No share-based compensation expense was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 as the remaining outstanding options were fully vested. Other share-based compensation In June 2024, the Company issued 90,000 shares of common stock to three independent directors of FLFV for their past services. The grant date fair value of the common stock was $900,000, calculated at $10 per share. The Company recorded share-based compensation expenses in the “general and administrative expenses” with corresponding accounts to equity.

0.10

0.05

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the transaction activities of share options were as below: <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Number of options</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Weighted average exercise price per option</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2023</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">590,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">1.02</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Forfeited</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(212,500</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right;">1.00</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2024</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">377,500</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.02</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White;"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Forfeited</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right;">(197,500</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right;">1.03</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-indent: -9pt; padding-left: 9pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right;">180,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt;"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;">$</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: right;">1.00</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2pt; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

590000

1.02

212500

377500

1.02

197500

1.03

180000

The following table summarizes information with respect to outstanding share options to employees as of December 31, 2025. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"><td> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Number of options</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid;">Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold;"> </td> </tr><tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255);"> <td style="width: 76%;">Outstanding at December 31, 2025</td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">180,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%;"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right;">0.00</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

180000

P0Y

180000

90000

900000

11. CONTINGENT CONSIDERATION On June 21, 2024, the Company entered into an escrow agreement (the “Escrow Agreement”) with Mr. Wellen Sham, Yuanmei Ma and CST, pursuant to which, among other things, (1) CST will act as the escrow agent under the Escrow Agreement; (2) at the closing of the Business Combination, the Company deposited with CST 20,000,000 shares of common stock as Earnout Shares, to be held by CST in a segregated escrow account (“Earnout Escrow Account”); and (3) if any portion of the Earnout Shares becomes eligible for release in accordance with the terms of the Escrow Agreement, CST will release the applicable portion of the Earnout Shares from the Earnout Escrow Account in accordance with the terms of the Escrow Agreement and disburse to each eligible recipient the applicable portion of Earnout Shares therefrom. The Earnout Shares shall be released or otherwise forfeited as follows: (i) an aggregate of 5,000,000 Earnout Shares (the “Tranche 1 Earnout Shares”) will be vested, if and only if, on the occurrence that the amount of sales/revenues of the Company for any of the fiscal years (such fiscal year is referred to as “Tranche 1 Fiscal Year”) ending from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2025 is no less than $42,200,000 as evidenced by the audited financial statements of the Company prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for the Tranche 1 Fiscal Year that is contained in an annual report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the SEC (the “Tranche 1 Annual Report”); (ii) an aggregate of 15,000,000 Earnout Shares (the “Tranche 2 Earnout Shares”) will be vested, if and only if, on the occurrence that the amount of sales/revenues of the Company for any of the fiscal years (such fiscal year is referred to as “Tranche 2 Fiscal Year”) ending from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2026 is no less than $415,000,000 as evidenced by the audited financial statements of the Company prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for the Tranche 2 Fiscal Year that is contained in an annual report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the SEC (the “Tranche 2 Annual Report”); (iii) Within five (5) business days following the determination that all or any portion of the Tranche 1 Earnout Shares or Tranche 2 Earnout Shares become vested, the Company, together with Mr. Sham and Ms. Ma, shall instruct the Escrow Agent to irrevocably and unconditionally release the vested tranche of Earnout Shares from the Escrow Account in accordance with the terms of the Escrow Agreement to certain of the Company’s shareholders. Each tranche of Earnout Shares may be released only once, but more than one tranche can be released in any year in accordance with the Escrow Agreement. The Earnout Shares were issued in connection with the Business Combination and are classified as equity instruments. The Earnout Shares were measured at their grant-date fair value on June 21, 2024 and recorded within additional paid-in capital. Because the Earnout Shares are classified as equity instruments, they are not subsequently remeasured. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the revenue performance conditions required for vesting were not achieved. Accordingly, no Earnout Shares were released from escrow as of December 31, 2025. The Earnout Shares are classified as equity instruments. Because the Earnout Shares are subject to vesting conditions, the Company evaluated the appropriate grant-date measurement basis in accordance with applicable U.S. GAAP and recorded the Earnout Shares within equity. The Earnout Shares are not subsequently remeasured.

20000000 5000000 42200000 15000000 415000000

12. COMMITMENT AND CONTINGENCIES The Company’s principal shareholder was involved in 11 legal proceedings that went to first trial, among which six cases were ended in acquittals, and five cases were in process of second trial. Currently, the outcome of the five cases cannot be reasonably estimated. Brown Neri, Smith & Khan LLP (‘BNSK”) was engaged to represent the Company as a defendant in a lawsuit that was filed by plaintiff Sam Yu (“Yu”) on or about June 11, 2025 (the “Lawsuit”). The Lawsuit pertains to allegations by Yu against the Company and other individual defendants pertaining to a Special Purchase Acquisition Company and various Securities Purchase Agreements and related claims of fraud, breach of contract and negligence. The matter remains pending and is in the discovery phase, with the Company’s Demurrer and Motion to Strike set for hearing in August 2026. It is too early to make a precise determination regarding potential damages. It is premature to assess the likelihood of an outcome, but BNSK intends to aggressively defend the matter, while continually assessing the possibility and favorability of informal resolution. From time to time, the Company may be subject to certain legal proceedings, claims and disputes that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcomes of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted, the Company does not believe these actions, in the aggregate, will have a material adverse impact on its financial position, results of income or liquidity.

13. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS The Company evaluated all events and transactions from December 31, 2025 up to the report date, which is the date that these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued. There are no material subsequent events that require disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

The balance due to Mr. Wellen Sham represented the promissory notes of $560,000 for extension of FLFV, promissory notes of $2,575,824 for the daily operation of the Company, other payable of $28,000 for payment of operating expenses on behalf of the Company and interest payable of $219,761. The balance due to Ms. Ling Houng Sham represented promissory notes of $300,000 for extension of FLFV and interest payable of $30,751. The promissory notes issued to Mr. Wellen Sham matured through December 2026 with interest rate ranging between 8% and 10%. The promissory notes issued to Ms. Wellen Sham matured through March 2026 with interest rate of 8%. The difference between issued and outstanding shares relates to 20,000,000 earnout shares held in escrow that will vest upon achievement of certain performance milestones. Before entering into a Merger Agreement with FLFV, TP Holdings entered into a letter of intent with Aetherium Acquisition Corp. (“GMFI”) to explore a potential business combination. TP Holdings paid extension loans in an amount of $300,000 and working capital loans in an amount of $15,000 on behalf of GMFI. In March 2024, the letter of intent with GMFI was terminated. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company provided full allowance for credit losses against the balance due to liquidation of GMFI. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of accrued professional expenses incurred for business combination consisted of expenses payable to a financial advisor, the counselor, public relation service providers and transfer agent. On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was signed into federal law. The IRA provides for, among other things, a new U.S. federal 1% excise tax on certain repurchases (including redemptions) of stock by publicly traded domestic (i.e., U.S.) corporations and certain domestic subsidiaries of publicly traded foreign corporations. In connection with share redemptions that occurred in June 2024, the Company initially recorded an excise tax payable of $411,491. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company reversed this liability as additional share issuances during the period reduced the net excise tax obligation under the provisions of the IRA. The balance due to TP HK represented the payments made by TP HK on behalf of TP Holdings regarding the office rental fee and employee salary expenses. The balance is interest free and is repayable on demand. In May and June 2024, FLFV issued three promissory notes to the FLFV Sponsor in exchange for an aggregated loans of $190,000 from the FLFV Sponsor, among which $50,000 was payable on closing of the Business Combination, and $140,000 was payable on June 21, 2024. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has not settled the promissory notes with FLFV Sponsor.