The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of expenses during the period. Actual results and outcomes could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates, judgments, and assumptions. Significant estimates include the valuation of the Company’s common shares, share-based compensation, convertible notes, SIF contribution liabilities, SAFE liabilities, PIPE subscription liabilities, warrants and certain accruals. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income: Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which includes amendments to require the disclosure of certain specific costs and expenses that are included in a relevant expense caption on the face of the income statement. Specific costs and expenses that would be required to be disclosed include: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. Additionally, a qualitative description of other items is required, equal to the difference between the relevant expense caption and the separately disclosed specific costs. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and are applied either prospectively or retrospectively at the option of the Company. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities. This update establishes authoritative guidance on the accounting for government grants received by business entities. The standard is effective for our annual and interim reporting periods beginning in 2029, with early adoption permitted. The standard may be applied using a modified prospective, modified retrospective or full retrospective transition approach. We are currently evaluating the timing and method of adoption and assessing the impact of this ASU on our financial statements and disclosures.

3.Significant accounting policies:

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of expenses during the period. Actual results and outcomes could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates, judgments, and assumptions. Significant estimates include the valuation of share-based compensation, convertible notes, SIF contribution liabilities, SAFE liabilities, warrants and certain accruals. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash are composed of cash and short-term, highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less, which are readily convertible into a known amount of cash and subject to insignificant changes in value.

Restricted cash includes cash that has been pledged as security and is not available for immediate disbursement.

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3.Significant accounting policies: (continued)

Government assistance includes grants and investment tax credits. As U.S. GAAP lacks specific authoritative guidance for the accounting of government grants to for-profit entities, the Company has elected to apply IAS 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, by analogy. The Company receives government assistance from various government agencies. Government assistance is recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the Company has complied with, and will continue to comply with, all conditions specified in the agreement necessary to obtain the grant. Government assistance related to the acquisition of property and equipment are deducted against the carrying amount of the asset. Government assistance related to current expenditures are recorded into government assistance in the same period as the expenses are incurred for which the claim relates. Government assistance received in advance of expense recognition are recorded as deferred government contributions on the consolidated balance sheets. The ultimate realization of income is subject to government approval. Any adjustment to the amounts claimed will be recognized in the year in which the adjustment occurs or is known.

Property and equipment are recorded at cost including acquisition and installation costs, less government assistance where applicable. Depreciation and amortization is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The following represents the estimated useful lives of property and equipment as of December 31, 2025:

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Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period realized.

The Company evaluates long-lived assets or asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amounts of an asset or asset group to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is determined using discounted net cash flows, or other measures of fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.

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3.Significant accounting policies: (continued)

The Company determines if a contract is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract and reassesses that conclusion if the contract is modified. In accordance with ASC842 Leases, the Company accounts for a contract as a lease when the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset for a period of time while obtaining substantially all of the asset’s economic benefits. All leases are assessed for classification as an operating lease or a finance lease.

The Company’s lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments required to be paid over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) to discount the lease payments to present value. The estimated IBR is derived from information available at the lease commencement date. The Company’s right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are also recognized at the lease commencement date. The ROU asset equals the carrying amount of the related lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made prior to lease commencement and lease incentives provided by the lessor. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and do not factor into the measurement of the applicable ROU asset or lease liability.

The term of the Company’s leases equals the non-cancellable period of the lease, including any rent-free periods provided by the lessor, and includes options to renew or extend the lease (including by not terminating the lease) that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. The Company establishes the term of each lease at lease commencement and reassesses that term in subsequent periods when one of the triggering events outlined in Topic 842 occurs. Operating lease cost for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company’s lease contracts often include lease and non-lease components. The Company has elected the practical expedient not to separate the lease from non-lease components and accounts for them as a single lease component.

The Company has elected, for all classes of underlying assets, not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less. Lease cost for short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company has elected to classify and measure the entire hybrid convertible notes under the fair value option for convertible debt. The convertible notes are recorded at their estimated fair value on the balance sheet with gains and losses associated with changes in the fair value of the convertible debentures recorded in the statements of operations, except for changes in fair value attributable to changes in the credit risk of the liability, which must be presented in other comprehensive loss. The liability’s credit risk is represented by the difference between the discount rate associated with the liability and the risk-free rate.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences in the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. The Company considers many factors when assessing the likelihood of future realization of its deferred tax assets, including recent earnings experience by jurisdiction, expectations of future taxable income, and the carry forward periods available for tax reporting purposes, as well as other relevant factors. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely than not to be realized.

The Company evaluates tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing tax returns to determine whether the tax positions have met a “more-likely-than-not” threshold of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits related to tax positions not deemed to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

3.Significant accounting policies: (continued)

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in business development, marketing, communications and government relations in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Advertising expenses were insignificant in the periods presented.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. These costs primarily consist of personnel and related expenses, contractor and consultant fees, stock-based compensation, prototype equipment and tie-ins to facility, supplies and materials, and corporate overhead allocations.

The Company capitalizes qualifying internal-use software development costs incurred during the application development stage for internal tools and cloud-based applications used to deliver its planned services, provided that management with the relevant authority authorizes and commits to the funding of the project, it is probable the project will be completed, and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Capitalized internal-use software development costs are included in property and equipment and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the applicable software’s estimated useful life once it is ready for its intended use. Costs incurred for enhancements that are expected to result in additional material functionality are capitalized.

Fair value accounting establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Fair value is defined as an exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified into the following categories based on the inputs used to measure fair value:

As required by accounting guidance, assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In addition to unobservable inputs, the valuation models for Level 3 financial instruments typically also rely on a number of inputs that are readily observable, either directly or indirectly. The Company’s assessment of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available in determining fair value. The Company recognizes transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy, if any, at the end of each period. There were no transfers between levels during the periods presented. The Company had no material non-financial assets valued on a non-recurring basis that resulted in an impairment in any period presented.

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3.Significant accounting policies: (continued)

The Company classifies redeemable convertible preferred shares as temporary equity due to the contingently redeemable attributes of the preferred shares. The Company records such redeemable convertible preferred shares at fair value upon issuance, net of any issuance costs and records this outside of shareholders’ deficiency. The redeemable convertible preferred shares are not redeemable currently, and the Company has determined it is not probable that they will become redeemable. As such, remeasurement is not necessary until the redeemable convertible preferred shares are redeemable, or it is probable that they will become redeemable.

Warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s Class E and Class F redeemable convertible preferred shares are classified as either temporary equity or liability. Warrants with a nominal exercise price are considered in substance outstanding shares since they can be exercised at any time for no consideration and are classified as temporary equity because these shares are contingently redeemable by the holder. Liability classification occurs for all other freestanding warrants on redeemable convertible preferred shares, as the underlying redeemable convertible preferred shares may require the Company to transfer assets, and because they have an exercise price denominated in a currency other then the functional currency of the Company.

The warrants are recorded at fair value upon issuance and the liability classified warrants are remeasured to their estimated fair value at each balance sheet date. Changes in fair value of the warrant liability are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company will continue to adjust the liability for changes in fair value until the earlier of the exercise or expiration of the warrants. At that time, the redeemable convertible preferred share warrant liability will be reclassified to redeemable convertible preferred shares or additional paid-in capital, as applicable.

Warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common shares are either classified as equity or liability. Warrants classified as equity are recognized within additional paid-in capital with no subsequent remeasurement. The amount recognized within additional paid-in capital is determined by allocating proceeds received and issuance costs incurred between the instruments issued based on their relative fair value. Certain warrants are liability classified because they have an exercise price denominated in a currency other then the functional currency of the Company. Consequently, they are not considered indexed to the Company’s own stock and thus are accounted for as derivative liabilities and remeasured to their estimated fair value at each balance sheet date. Changes in fair value of the warrant liability are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company recognizes a warrant obligation for Class B non-voting common share purchase warrants. The warrant obligation does not meet the criteria to be classified as equity as the number of warrants required to be issued at settlement is not fixed. Refer to note 12 for the accounting of the Class B non-voting common share purchase warrants.

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3.Significant accounting policies: (continued)

The Company accounts for funds received under the SIF Contribution Agreement by bifurcating the proceeds between a financial liability and government assistance. Under the terms of the SIF Contribution Agreement, the Company is subject to specific default clauses that could result in the Company being required to pay all or a portion of funding received under the agreement. As the resolution of certain default clauses is not solely within the Company’s control, the SIF warrants issued as part of the arrangement do not qualify for equity classification and are classified as liabilities in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity.

Funds received under the agreement result in the recognition of a financial liability recorded at fair value and the recognition of government assistance. The portion of those funds related to the financial liability is equal to the fair value warrant liability when the cash is received and the remaining cash received is considered to be government assistance.

The fair value of the financial liability is estimated using both the estimated fair value of the SIF Warrants based on the underlying securities and the amount that would have to be repaid in the event of a default, including the probability of default. The financial liability is remeasured to is estimated fair value at each financial reporting date.

The reporting currency for these consolidated financial statements is USD. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the principal currency of the economic environment in which they operate. In accordance with ASC 830 Foreign Currency Matters, the Company translates assets and liabilities from an entity’s functional currency into the reporting currency using the rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses are translated at the average rate of exchange throughout the period. Foreign currency translation gains and losses are recognized within a separate component of equity through other comprehensive loss.

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the respective functional currencies of each operation using exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated to the functional currency using the exchange rate at that date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated to the functional currency using historical exchange rates. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions related to operating activities are included in net loss in the period.

The Company measures share-based payments in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. Equity-settled share-based payments to employees and others providing similar services are measured at the fair value of the underlying shares at the grant date with no subsequent remeasurement.

The fair value of stock option awards is measured at the grant date and is estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Share-based payments compensation expense of the equity-settled employee share-based payments is recognized in operating loss over the service period of the award, with the offset in additional paid-in capital within shareholders’ equity.

Share-based payments for liability-classified awards is determined using the same manner as equity-settled transactions, except that the fair value of liability-classified awards is remeasured to fair value at each reporting date through date of settlement, with changes in fair value recognized in the operating loss for the portion of the requisite service period rendered.

The Company records its share-based compensation expense over the requisite service period of employees and records forfeitures as they occur. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled and liability-classified share-based transactions are set out in note 14.

3.Significant accounting policies: (continued)

The Company’s Simple Agreements for Future Equity (“SAFEs”) are accounted for as freestanding financial instruments because they are legally detachable and separately exercisable from any other instruments issued by the Company. Although the SAFEs do not meet the definition of a liability under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, the Company determined that they do not qualify for equity classification under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Specifically, the SAFEs fail the indexation criteria in ASC 815-40 because the number of shares to be issued upon settlement is variable. In addition, the SAFEs include provisions that require cash settlement upon a change of control. As a change of control is considered an event outside the Company’s control, equity classification is precluded under ASC 815-40-25. Accordingly, the SAFEs are classified as liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets.

The SAFEs are initially recognized at fair value on the issuance date. The instruments are subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in within other expense (income) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Basic net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, inclusive of contingently issuable common shares issuable for no additional consideration Diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed in accordance with the treasury stock method.

For additional information on how the Company calculates net loss per share, refer to note 25.

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is considered to be the Chief Executive Officer. The Company has determined that it operates in one operating segment, as the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance. The significant segment expenses reviewed by the CODM are consistent the presentation of expenses as shown in note 20, 21 and 22 within these consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s operations are carried on in the following geographic locations:

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3.Significant accounting policies: (continued)

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, the title and position of the CODM, and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU is effective for the Company’s annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025. The guidance is applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The adoption of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s segment reporting.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU expands public entities’ income tax disclosures by requiring disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. This ASU will be effective for the Company’s annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. The Company adopted this standard prospectively on January 1, 2025, which resulted in expanded income tax disclosures in these consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income: Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which includes amendments to require the disclosure of certain specific costs and expenses that are included in a relevant expense caption on the face of the income statement. Specific costs and expenses that would be required to be disclosed include: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. Additionally, a qualitative description of other items is required, equal to the difference between the relevant expense caption and the separately disclosed specific costs. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and are applied either prospectively or retrospectively at the option of the Company. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, “Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities.” This update establishes authoritative guidance on the accounting for government grants received by business entities. The standard is effective for our annual and interim reporting periods beginning in 2029, with early adoption permitted. The standard may be applied using a modified prospective, modified retrospective or full retrospective transition approach. We are currently evaluating the timing and method of adoption and assessing the impact of this ASU on our financial statements.