Exhibit 99.23

 

 

 

Preliminary Economic

Assessment NI 43-101 Technical

Report

Moss Gold Project
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

 

Prepared for:

 

 

 

GOLD X2 MINING INC.
450 Commerce Place
400 Burrard Street
Vancouver, BC, V6C 3A6

 

Prepared by:

 

G MINING SERVICES INC.

Office 1010, 5025 Lapinière Blvd.

Brossard, QC, J4Z 0N5

 

Effective Date: January 26, 2026

Issue Date: March 12, 2026

Alexandre Dorval, P.Eng., G Mining Services Inc.

Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., G Mining Services Inc.

Carl Michaud, P.Eng., MBA, G Mining Services Inc.

Charles Taschereau, P.Eng., MBA, CPA, G Mining Services Inc.

Nicolas Vanier-Larrivèe, P.Eng., G Mining Services Inc.

Simon Shankie, M.Sc., P.Geo., CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Inc.

 

 

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

IMPORTANT NOTE

 

General Conditions and Limitations

 

Use of the report and its contents

 

This report has been prepared for the exclusive use of the Client or its agents. The factual information, descriptions, interpretations, comments, recommendations and electronic files contained herein are specific to the projects described in this report and do not apply to any other project or site. Under no circumstances may this information be used for any other purposes than those specified in the scope of work unless explicitly stipulated in the text of this report of formally interpreted when taken individually or out-of-context. As well, the final version of this report and its content supersedes any other text, opinion or preliminary version produced by G Mining Services Inc.

 

 

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report – Moss Gold Project

 

Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

 

GOLD X2 MINING INC.

 

450 Commerce Place

400 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC. V6C 3A6

Tel: 1-604-404-4335

E-mail: mhenrichsen@goldx2.com

Web Address: https://goldx2.com/

 

G MINING SERVICES INC.

 

5025 Lapinière Blvd.

Office 1010, Brossard, Québec

Canada J4Z 0N5

Tel: (450) 465-1950 • Fax: (450) 465-6344

E-mail: m.gignac@gmining.com

Web Address: www.gmining.com

 

March 12, 2026

 

 

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Qualified Persons

 

Prepared by:

 

(signed and sealed) “Alexandre Dorval”  Date: March 12, 2026
Alexandre Dorval, P. Eng.,    
Chief Mining Engineer – Open Pit Mining   
G Mining Services Inc.   
    
(signed and sealed) “Dominic Lussier”  Date: March 12, 2026
Dominic Lussier, P. Geo.   
Chief Geologist   
G Mining Services Inc.   
    
(signed and sealed) “Carl Michaud”  Date: March 12, 2026
Carl Michaud, P. Eng., MBA   
VP, Technical Services   
G Mining Services Inc.   
    
(signed and sealed) “Charles Taschereau”  Date: March 12, 2026
Charles Taschereau, P. Eng., CPA, MBA   
VP Metallurgy, Process, Commissioning and Operation   
G Mining Services Inc.   
    
(signed and sealed) “Nicolas Vanier-Larrivée”  Date: March 12, 2026
Nicolas Vanier-Larrivée, P. Eng.   
Earthworks and Study Manager   
G Mining Services Inc.   

 

 

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Prepared by:

 

(signed and sealed) “Simon Shankie”  Date: March 12, 2026
Simon Shankie, M. SC., P. Geo.   
Vice President Environmental Services   
CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Ltd.   

 

 

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Table of Contents

 

1.  SUMMARY 1-1
  1.1 Introduction   1-1
  1.2 Terms of Reference 1-2
  1.3 Reliance on Other Experts 1-2
  1.4 Property Description and Location 1-3
  1.5 Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure & Physiography 1-3
  1.6 History 1-4
  1.7 Geological Setting and Mineralization 1-4
    1.7.1 Geological Setting 1-4
    1.7.2 Mineralization 1-5
  1.8 Deposit Types 1-5
  1.9 Exploration 1-6
  1.10 Drilling   1-6
  1.11 Sampling Preparation, Analysis and Security 1-6
  1.12 Data Verification 1-6
  1.13 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing   1-7
  1.14 Mineral Resource Estimate 1-9
  1.15 Mineral Reserve Estimate 1-12
  1.16 Mining Methods 1-12
  1.17 Recovery Methods 1-14
  1.18 Project Infrastructure 1-15
  1.19 Market Study and Contract 1-16
  1.20 Environmental Studies, Permitting and Social or Community Impact 1-17
  1.21 Capital and Operating Costs: 1-18
  1.22 Economic Analysis 1-19
  1.23 Adjacent Properties 1-24
  1.24 Other Relevant Data and Information 1-24
  1.25 Interpretation and Conclusion 1-25
  1.26 Recommendations 1-25
2.  INTRODUCTION 2-1
  2.1 Scope of Work 2-2
  2.2 Site Visits 2-3

 

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Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

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  2.3 Effective Date  2-3
  2.4 Previous Technical Reports  2-4
  2.5 Sources of Information  2-4
  2.6 Agreements, Mineral Tenure, Surface Rights and Royalties  2-5
  2.7 Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures  2-5
  2.8 Units of Measure, Abbreviations and Nomenclature  2-5
3. RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS  3-1
  3.1 Introduction  3-1
  3.2 Taxation  3-1
  3.3 Mineral Tenure and Surface Rights  3-1
  3.4 Conclusion  3-2
4. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION  4-1
  4.1 Location  4-1
  4.2 Property Description  4-3
  4.3 Rights and Obligations Associated with Mining Titles  4-11
    4.3.1 Claims  4-11
    4.3.2 Other Tenure  4-12
  4.4 Property Ownership and Agreements  4-13
    4.4.1 Earn in Agreements  4-13
    4.4.2 Royalty Agreements  4-13
  4.5 Required Exploration Permits 4-25
    4.5.1 Water Permits and Liabilities  4-25
    4.5.2 Road Permit  4-26
    4.5.3 Exploration Permits  4-26
  4.6 Environmental Liabilities  4-29
5. ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY  5-1
  5.1 Accessibility  5-1
  5.2 Physiography  5-1
  5.3 Climate, Vegetation & Wildlife  5-1
  5.4 Local Resources & Infrastructure  5-2
    5.4.1 Airports, Rail Terminals, & Bus Services  5-2
    5.4.2 Local Labour & Support Services  5-3
    5.4.3 Power & Water  5-3
    5.4.4 Other Infrastructure  5-3
  5.5 Community  5-4
6. HISTORY  6-1

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

  6.1 Project History  6-1
  6.2 Exploration Activities  6-1
    6.2.1 Moss Claim Block  6-1
    6.2.2 Coldstream Claim Block  6-8
    6.2.3 Hamlin Claim Block  6-14
    6.2.4 Vanguard Claim Block  6-18
    6.2.5 Huronian Claim Block  6-22
  6.3 Historical Mineral Resource Estimates  6-26
    6.3.1 Moss Block  6-26
    6.3.2 Coldstream Claim Block  6-29
    6.3.3 Huronian Claim Block  6-30
7. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY AND MINERALIZATION  7-1
  7.1 Regional Geology  7-1
    7.1.1 Stratigraphy and Tectonic Setting  7-1
    7.1.2 Deformation Events  7-5
  7.2 Property Geology  7-8
    7.2.1 Moss Claim Block  7-14
    7.2.2 Coldstream Claim Block  7-22
    7.2.3 Hamlin Claim Block  7-30
    7.2.4 Vanguard Claim Block  7-31
    7.2.5 Huronian Claim Block  7-32
  7.3 Mineralization  7-35
    7.3.1 Moss Gold  7-35
    7.3.2 East Coldstream  7-37
    7.3.3 North Coldstream  7-38
    7.3.4 Other Occurrences  7-41
      7.3.4.1 Hamlin  7-41
      7.3.4.2 Vanguard  7-44
      7.3.4.3 Span Lake  7-45
      7.3.4.4 Boundary Zone and Kawawiagamak Lake  7-46
      7.3.4.5 Northwest Burchell (Sanders) Occurrences  7-46
      7.3.4.6 Goldie  7-47
      7.3.4.7 Iris  7-47
      7.3.4.8 Huronian  7-48
8. DEPOSIT TYPES  8-1
  8.1 Greenstone Deposits  8-1
  8.2 Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits  8-3
  8.3 Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposits  8-4
9. EXPLORATION  9-1
  9.1 Geophysics  9-2
    9.1.1 Moss, Coldstream, and Hamlin Survey 2021  9-2

 

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    9.1.2 Vanguard Block Survey 2022  9-3
    9.1.3 Ground IP Survey  9-4
    9.1.4 Survey Quality Assurance – Quality Control  9-4
    9.1.5 Results 9-5
    9.1.6 Exploration Targeting   9-11
  9.2 Surface Stripping   9-14
  9.3 Soil Sampling 2022  9-15
    9.3.1 Methodology  9-16
    9.3.2 Results  9-16
  9.4 Vegetation Sampling 9-17
    9.4.1 Results  9-17
  9.5 Geological Mapping and Rock Sampling  9-18
    9.5.1 Superion  9-19
    9.5.2 Moss Nose  9-20
    9.5.3 Bunker  9-20
    9.5.4 Deaty  9-20
    9.5.5 Wildwood  9-20
    9.5.6 Hood Stock  9-21
10. DRILLING  10-1
  10.1 Historical Drilling   10-1
    10.1.1 Coldstream Block  10-1
    10.1.2 Moss Block  10-3
    10.1.3 Hamlin Block  10-5
    10.1.4 Vanguard Block  10-6
    10.1.5 Huronian Block  10-7
  10.2 Recent Drilling 10-7
    10.2.1 Coldstream Block  10-7
    10.2.2 Moss Block  10-9
  10.3 Drilling and Sampling Procedures 10-11
    10.3.1 Drillhole Planning  10-11
    10.3.2 Core Logging and Sampling  10-12
  10.4 QP Conclusions and Recommendations 10-12

11. SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY 11-1
  11.1 Drill Samples 11-1
    11.1.1 Sample Preparation, Analysis and Security 11-1
      11.1.1.1 Moss Claim Block 11-1
      11.1.1.2 Coldstream Claim Block 11-2
    11.1.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Procedures 11-4
      11.1.2.1 Moss Claim Block 11-4
      11.1.2.2 Coldstream Claim Block 11-8
    11.1.3 QA/QC Results 11-10
      11.1.3.1 Historical; Moss Claim Block 11-10

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

  11.1.3.2 Historical: Coldstream Claim Block 11-13
  11.1.3.3 Gold X2 Sampling 11-14
  11.2 Geochemical Samples 11-30
  11.2.1 Sample Collection, Preparation and Security 11-30
  11.2.2 Analytical Procedures 11-31
  11.2.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 11-32
  11.3 QP Conclusions and Recommendations 11-32
12. DATA VERIFICATION 12-1
  12.1 Database Verification 12-1
  12.1.1 Validation Limitations 12-2
  12.1.2 Moss Gold Resampling 12-2
  12.1.3 Database Verification Conclusions 12-3
  12.2 Qualified Person (QP) Site Visit 12-3
  12.2.1 Field Visit 12-4
  12.2.2 Drill Core Cutting Facilities 12-6
  12.2.3 Core Shack and Core Logging 12-9
  12.2.4 Drill Core Review and Independent QP Samples 12-12
  12.2.5 QP Commentary and Conclusions 12-15
13. MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING 13-1
  13.1 Historical Metallurgical Testwork 13-1
  13.2 2022 Metallurgical Testwork 13-2
  13.3 2023 Metallurgical Test Program 13-3
  13.3.1 Overview 13-3
  13.3.2 2023 Metallurgical Samples 13-4
  13.3.3 Sample Characterization 13-5
  13.3.4 Mineralogy 13-7
  13.3.5 Comminution Testing 13-9
  13.3.6 Extended Gravity Recovery Gold (E-GRG) Testing 13-10
  13.3.7 Leach Testing 13-11
  13.3.7.1 Coarse Leach Tests 13-11
  13.3.7.2 Leach Grind Series 13-12
  13.3.8 Variability Sample Leach Tests 13-13
  13.3.9 Flotation Flowsheet Testing 13-14
  13.3.9.1 Flotation Testing 13-14
  13.3.9.2 Flotation – Leach Testing 13-15
  13.3.10 Cyanide Detoxification 13-16
  13.3.10.1 Flotation Concentrate Cyanide Destruction Testing 13-17
  13.3.10.2 Flotation Tailings Cyanide Destruction Testing 13-17
  13.3.11 Metallurgical Variability 13-18
  13.3.12 Deleterious Elements 13-18
  13.3.13 Recovery Estimates 13-18
  13.3.14 Heap Leaching 13-19
  13.4 2025 Metallurgical Test Program 13-19

 

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  13.4.1 Head Assaying 13-20
  13.4.2 Bond Ball Mill Work Index Testing 13-21
  13.4.3 Gravity Recoverable Gold Testing 13-21
  13.4.4 Flotation and Leaching Flowsheet Testing 13-22
  13.4.4.1 Flotation Conditions and Results 13-22
  13.4.4.2 Flotation Product Cyanidation 13-24
  13.4.5 Diagnostic Leach Results 13-26
  13.4.6 Whole Material Leach Testing 13-29
  13.4.7 Variability Composite Whole Material Leach Testing 13-30
  13.4.8 2025 Metallurgical Testwork Summary 13-31
14. MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES 14-1
  14.1 Moss Gold Deposit 14-4
  14.1.1 Estimation Methodology 14-4
  14.1.2 Resource Database 14-5
  14.1.3 Topography Surface 14-7
  14.1.4 Modelling 14-8
  14.1.4.1 Lithological Model 14-8
  14.1.4.2 Mineralization Model 14-9
  14.1.5 Assays, Capping, and Compositing 14-12
  14.1.5.1 Raw Assays 14-12
  14.1.5.2 Gold Assay Capping 14-12
  14.1.5.3 Silver Assay Capping 14-16
  14.1.5.4 Compositing 14-17
  14.1.6 Density Assignment 14-21
  14.1.7 Historic Underground 14-22
  14.1.8 Block Model 14-23
  14.1.9 Variography 14-24
  14.1.10 Gold Grade Interpolation 14-29
  14.1.11 Silver Grade Interpolation 14-31
  14.1.12 Block Model Validation 14-33
  14.1.12.1 Visual Validation - Composite Grades vs. Block Grades 14-33
  14.1.12.2 Global Statistics Validation 14-35
  14.1.12.3 Local Statistical Validation - Swath Plots 14-38
  14.1.12.4 Discussion on Block Model Validation 14-39
  14.1.13 Classification of Mineral Resources 14-39
  14.1.14 Reasonable Prospects of Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE) 14-41
  14.1.15 Mineral Resource Sensitivity to Cut-off Grade 14-42
  14.1.16 Comparison to Previous Resource Estimate 14-43
  14.2 East Coldstream Deposit 14-44
  14.2.1 Estimation Methodology 14-44
  14.2.2 Resource Database 14-45
  14.2.3 Topography Surface 14-47
  14.2.4 Modelling 14-48
  14.2.4.1 Lithological Model 14-48
  14.2.4.2 Mineralization Model 14-49
  14.2.5 Gold Assays, Capping, and Compositing 14-50

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

14.2.5.1 Raw Assays 14-50
14.2.5.2 Gold Assay Capping 14-50
14.2.5.3 Compositing 14-52
14.2.6 Density Assignment 14-54
14.2.7 Block Model 14-55
14.2.8 Variography 14-55
14.2.9 Gold Grade Interpolation 14-57
14.2.10 Block Model Validation 14-57
14.2.10.1 Visual Validation - Composite Grades vs. Block Grades 14-58
14.2.10.1 Global Statistics Validation 14-60
14.2.10.1 Local Statistical Validation - Swath Plots 14-60
14.2.10.2 Discussion on Block Model Validation 14-61
14.2.11 Classification of Mineral Resources 14-61
14.2.12 Reasonable Prospects of Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE) 14-63
14.2.13 Mineral Resource Sensitivity to Cut-off Grade 14-64
14.2.14 Comparison to Previous Resource Estimate 14-66
14.3 QP Conclusion 14-66

15. MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES 15-1
16. MINING METHODS 16-1
  16.1 Summary 16-1
  16.2 Mineral Resource Block Model 16-1
  16.3 Geotechnical Considerations 16-1
  16.3.1 Geotechnical Study and Slope Recommendations 16-1
  16.3.2 Hydrogeology 16-2
  16.4 Open Pit Optimization 16-2
  16.4.1 Mining Dilution and Mining Recovery 16-2
  16.4.2 Pit Optimization Parameters and Cut-off-Grade 16-3
  16.4.3 Optimization Results 16-4
  16.5 Waste Rock Storage Facilities 16-13
  16.6 Mineralized Material Stockpile 16-14
  16.7 Mine Haul Roads 16-15
  16.8 Open Pit Production Schedule 16-15
  16.8.1 Open Pit Mining Schedule 16-16
  16.9 Mine Operations and Equipment Selection 16-22
  16.9.1 Drilling and Blasting 16-22
  16.9.2 Loading 16-24
  16.9.3 Hauling 16-28
  16.9.4 Support Operation 16-29
  16.9.5 Mine Dewatering 16-30
  16.9.5.1 Initial Dewatering 16-30
  16.9.5.2 Dewatering During Operations 16-30
  16.9.6 Mining Fleet Requirements 16-31

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

    16.9.7 Open Pit Mine Manpower Requirements  16-37
    16.9.8 Mine Management & Technical Services  16-42
  16.10 Mobile Crushing Plant  16-42
  16.11 Pit Slope Monitoring  16-42
  16.12 Mine Maintenance  16-42
17. RECOVERY METHODS  17-1
  17.1 Introduction  17-1
  17.2 Process Design Criteria  17-3
  17.3 Process Plant Description  17-6
    17.3.1 Primary and Secondary Crushing  17-6
    17.3.2 Material Stockpiles  17-6
    17.3.3 Grinding  17-7
    17.3.4 Rougher Flotation and Concentrate Regrind  17-7
    17.3.5 Pre-Leach Thickening and Concentrate and Flotation Tailings CIL  17-8
    17.3.6 Cyanide Detoxification  17-8
    17.3.7 Acid Wash and Elution  17-8
    17.3.8 Carbon Regeneration  17-9
    17.3.9 Electrowinning and Gold Room  17-10
    17.3.10 Tailings Storage Facility  17-10
  17.4 Reagents  17-10
    17.4.1 Cyanide  17-11
    17.4.2 Sodium Hydroxide  17-11
    17.4.3 Hydrated Lime  17-11
    17.4.4 Sodium Iso-Butyl Xanthate  17-11
    17.4.5 Frother  17-11
    17.4.6 Sodium Metabisulfite  17-12
    17.4.7 Copper Sulfate  17-12
    17.4.8 Hydrochloric Acid  17-12
    17.4.9 Activated Carbon  17-12
    17.4.10 Flocculant  17-12
  17.5 Plant Services  17-13
    17.5.1 Plant & Instrumentation Air  17-13
    17.5.2 Oxygen Generation  17-13
    17.5.3 Treated and Fire Water  17-13
    17.5.4 Potable Water  17-14
    17.5.5 Gland Seal Water  17-14
    17.5.6 Process Water  17-14
  17.6 Metallurgical Accounting  17-14
  17.7 Plant Control System  17-15
  17.8 Plant Consumption  17-18
    17.8.1 Energy  17-18
    17.8.2 Reagents and Consumables  17-18

 

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  17.9 Process Plant Personnel 17-19
18. PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE 18-1
  18.1 General 18-1
  18.2 Site Layout 18-1
  18.3 Roads 18-2
  18.4 Drainage and Water Management 18-3
  18.5 Buildings Infrastructure 18-6
  18.5.1 Site Access Infrastructure 18-6
  18.5.2 Mine Infrastructure 18-7
  18.5.2.1 Mine Maintenance Facility & Warehouse 18-7
  18.5.2.2 Mine Administration Building 18-8
  18.5.2.3 Mine Dry 18-8
  18.5.3 Explosive Magazine Storage 18-8
  18.5.4 Process Infrastructure 18-8
  18.5.4.1 Mill Offices 18-8
  18.5.4.2 Assay Laboratory 18-9
  18.5.4.3 Reagent Storage 18-9
  18.5.5 Camp Accommodations 18-9
  18.5.5.1 Dormitories 18-9
  18.5.5.2 Kitchen & Lunchroom 18-10
  18.5.5.3 Camp Office, Welcome Centre, Laundry & Recreation 18-10
  18.5.6 Fire Protection 18-10
  18.5.7 Security 18-10
  18.6 Water 18-10
  18.6.1 Industrial / Fire Water 18-10
  18.6.2 Potable Water 18-11
  18.6.3 Sewage Treatment 18-11
  18.6.4 Oil-Water Separation 18-11
  18.6.5 Effluent Treatment 18-12
  18.7 Fuel 18-12
  18.8 Waste Rock Storage and Tailings Storage Facilities 18-12
  18.8.1 Waste Rock Storage Facility 18-12
  18.8.2 Tailings Storage Facility 18-13
  18.9 Power Supply and Distribution 18-14
  18.10 Communications 18-15
19. MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS 19-1
  19.1 Commodities Market 19-1
  19.2 Metal Price 19-1
  19.3 Contracts 19-2
       

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20. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT 20-1
20.1 Introduction 20-1
20.2 Environmental Assessment and Permitting 20-1
20.2.1 Environmental Assessment 20-1
20.2.2 Permits and Authorizations 20-2
20.2.2.1 Federal 20-2
20.2.2.2 Provincial 20-3
20.3 Environmental Studies 20-4
20.3.1 Hydrology 20-6
20.3.2 Surface Water Quality 20-7
20.3.3 Hydrogeology and Groundwater Quality 20-7
20.3.4 Air Quality and Climate 20-8
20.3.5 Noise and Vibration 20-9
20.3.6 Geochemical Assessment of Mined Materials 20-9
20.3.7 Terrain and Soils 20-10
20.3.8 Ecosystem Mapping and Vegetation 20-11
20.3.8.1 Vegetation 20-11
20.3.8.2 Wetlands 20-11
20.3.9 Aquatic Environment 20-12
20.3.10 Terrestrial Environment 20-13
20.3.10.1 Birds 20-13
20.3.10.2 Mammals 20-13
20.3.10.3 Reptiles and Amphibians 20-13
20.3.11 Species at Risk 20-14
20.4 Social and Community Considerations 20-14
20.4.1 Land and Resource Use 20-14
20.4.2 Archaeological Assessment 20-14
20.4.3 Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment 20-15
20.4.4 Socioeconomics 20-15
20.4.5 Social and Community Initiatives 20-17
20.5 Mine Closure, Decommissioning, and Reclamation 20-17
21. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS 21-1
21.1 Capital Expenditures 21-2
21.1.1 Infrastructure 21-3
21.1.2 Power Supply and Communications 21-4
21.1.3 Water Management 21-4
21.1.4 Surface Operations 21-5
21.1.5 Mining 21-6
21.1.6 Process Plant and Related Infrastructure 21-6
21.1.7 Construction Indirects 21-7
21.1.8 General Services – Owner’s Cost 21-8
21.1.9 Pre-Production, Commissioning and Contingency Expenditures 21-9
21.1.10 Sustaining Capital 21-10

 

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  21.2 Closure Costs & Salvage Value 21-12
  21.2.1 Closure Costs 21-12
  21.2.2 Salvage Value 21-12
  21.3 Operating Costs 21-12
  21.3.1 Mining Costs 21-15
  21.3.2 Processing Costs 21-17
  21.3.3 General and Administration 21-20
  21.3.4 Total Operating Costs 21-21
22. ECONOMIC ANALYSES 22-1
  22.1 Overview 22-1
  22.2 Cautionary Statements 22-2
  22.3 Assumptions 22-3
  22.3.1 Gold Price 22-3
  22.3.2 Exchange Rate 22-3
  22.3.3 Other Assumptions 22-3
  22.4 Metal Production and Revenues 22-3
  22.4.1 Royalties 22-6
  22.4.2 Taxes 22-6
  22.5 Capital Expenditures 22-6
  22.6 Initial Capital 22-7
  22.7 Sustaining Capital 22-7
  22.8 Working Capital 22-7
  22.9 Closure Cost and Salvage Value 22-7
  22.10 Operating Cost Summary 22-7
  22.11 Economics 22-10
  22.12 Sensitivity Analysis 22-15
  22.12.1 Long-term Price Sensitivity 22-15
  22.12.2 Spot Price Sensitivity 22-15
  22.12.3 Base Case Sensitivity Analysis 22-16
23. ADJACENT PROPERTIES 23-1
  23.1 Hillcrest – Gold X2 23-1
  23.2 Star Lake – Sky Gold / Gold X2 23-2
  23.3 Sungold – Strike Copper Corp. 23-2
  23.4 Powell-Clay Lake - Rainy Mountain Royalties 23-2
  23.5 Burchell – Bold Ventures Inc 23-3
  23.6 LaRose – Tashota Resources 23-3
  23.7 Watershed - Trojan Gold 23-3

 

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  23.8 Echo Ridge - Echo Ridge Resources 23-4
  23.9 Tabor – Big Gold Inc 23-4
24. OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION 24-1
  24.1 Project Execution Plan 24-1
25. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS 25-1
  25.1 Geology and Mineralization 25-3
  25.2 Current Issuer Previous Mineral Resource Estimates 25-4
  25.3 Mineral Resource Estimate 25-4
  25.4 Mining 25-5
  25.5 Metallurgy and Processing 25-5
  25.6 Infrastructure 25-7
  25.7 Environmental Permitting 25-8
  25.8 Capital Cost and Operating Cost 25-9
  25.9 Economic Analysis 25-10
  25.10 Risks and Opportunities 25-10
  25.10.1 Risks 25-10
    25.10.1.1 Geology and Mineral Resources 25-10
    25.10.1.2 Mining 25-11
    25.10.1.3 Processing 25-11
  25.10.2 Opportunities 25-12
    25.10.2.1 Geology and Mineral Resources 25-12
    25.10.2.2 Mining 25-12
    25.10.2.3 Processing 25-12
26. RECOMMENDATIONS 26-1
  26.1 Geology and Mineral Resources 26-1
  26.2 Mining 26-2
  26.3 Metallurgy and Recovery Methods 26-2
  26.4 Infrastructure 26-4
  26.5 Environmental, Permitting and Social Considerations 26-6
27. REFERENCES 27-1

 

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List of Figures

 

Figure 1.1: Open Pit Mine Production by Material Type (No Reclamation) 1-13
Figure 1.2: Open Pit Mineralized Material Production 1-13
Figure 4.1: Location of Moss Gold Project 4-2
Figure 4.2: Moss Gold Project Location - Regional Overview 4-3
Figure 4.3: Moss Gold Project Claim Blocks 4-4
Figure 4.4: Moss Claim Block 4-6
Figure 4.5: Hamlin Claim Block 4-7
Figure 4.6: Coldstream Claim Block 4-8
Figure 4.7: Fuego Claim Block 4-9
Figure 4.8: Huronian Claim Block 4-10
Figure 4.9: Vanguard Claim Block 4-11
Figure 4.10: Royalty Impact on Moss Mineralization 4-17
Figure 4.11: Underlying Royalties 4-24
Figure 4.12: Overprinting Royalties 4-25
Figure 4.13: Active Permits, 2023-2024 4-28
Figure 4.14: Active Permits, 2024-2025 4-29
Figure 5.1: Average Annual Temperature at Thunder Bay, ON 5-2
Figure 7.1: Regional Geological Map 7-2
Figure 7.2: Model for Tectonic Evolution of the Shebandowan Greenstone 7-4
Figure 7.3: Proposed Late Archean Tectonic Scenario for the SGB 7-6
Figure 7.4: Synthesis of Events in the West Central Shebandowan Belt with Relevance to the Moss Gold Project 7-7
Figure 7.5: Schematic Section Through the Western Shebandowan Greenstone Belt  7-10
Figure 7.6: Schematic Stratigraphy of the Western Shebandowan Greenstone Belt  7-11
Figure 7.7: Property Geology  7-12
Figure 7.8: Lithological Codes Used for the Moss Gold Drill Core  7-16
Figure 7.9: Jensen and Winchester-Floyd Geochemical Plots, Samples from DDH MMD-22-045  7-17
Figure 7.10: Shear Zone Network Modelled for Moss Gold Utilizing Oriented Core Measurements  7-19
Figure 7.11: Geological History for Moss Gold  7-20
Figure 7.12: Interplay Between Low-Fe and High-Fe Ferrodolomite Veins, Moss Gold Drill Core  7-21
Figure 7.13: Potassium Ferricyanide Stain-Testing Showing Fe-Carbonate within Zone of Silica-Carbonate Altered Dacites, ML-03-009  7-22
Figure 7.14: Shear Zone Network Modelled for East Coldstream  7-24
Figure 7.15: Logged Lithologies in East Coldstream Core, Additional to Rock Codes from the Moss Gold Deposit – North Coldstream Further Includes the Rock Code IAC (Anorthosite)  7-25

 

 

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Figure 7.16: Jensen and Winchester-Floyd Geochemical Plots for East Coldstream DDH CED-22-003 7-26
Figure 7.17:Geological History for East Coldstream 7-29
Figure 7.18: Tentative Deformed “Timiskaming-type” Clastics Northwest of Hamlin Lake 7-30
Figure 7.19: Spatial Relationship Between the Huronian, Fisher and McKellar Mineralized Zones 7-34
Figure 7.20: Silver-Coloured Telluride in MMD-22-032 (673.3-673.5 m) 7-36
Figure 7.21: Na/Al-K/Al Plot with Moss Core Samples, Coloured by Au Grade 7-37
Figure 7.22: Typical Mineralized Interval, 2022 East Coldstream Core 7-38
Figure 7.23: Mineralized Interval, North Coldstream, DDH MND-22-006 7-39
Figure 7.24: Interpreted Stratigraphy at North Coldstream from Farrow (1994) 7-40
Figure 7.25: Gold and Base Metal Prospects and Occurrences in the Moss Gold Project Area 7-42
Figure 7.26: Chalcopyrite-Magnetite Mineralization at Hamlin in DDH HAM-11-75 as Part of a Chlorite- Carbonate-Epidote Breccia and Overprinting Hematite Alteration 7-43
Figure 7.27: Gossanized Chalcopyrite-Magnetite Mass in Mineralized Shear, Main Hamlin Stripped Area 7-43
Figure 7.28: Stratigraphic Section of the Vanguard Area 7-44
Figure 7.29: Gossanized Quartz-Ankerite Alteration Zone, Vanguard West 7-45
Figure 7.30: IL-11-02 Core at Iris Showing 8.39 g/t Au Interval over 11.0 m, Focused on Two Quartz-Carbonate-Pyrite Shear Zones in Wider Interval of Silica-Carbonate-Altered Andesite 7-47
Figure 8.1: Schematic Illustration of Settings for Mesothermal Gold Deposits 8-2
Figure 8.2: Progression of Alteration in Typical IOCG Deposits 8-4
Figure 8.3: VMS Example – Amulet Deposit, Noranda Camp, Quebec 8-6
Figure 9.1: Airborne Magnetic and VTEM Survey Setup 9-3
Figure 9.2: Airborne VTEM Survey of the Moss, Coldstream and Hamlin Blocks 9-6
Figure 9.3: Airborne TMI Survey of the Moss, Coldstream and Hamlin Blocks 9-7
Figure 9.4: Airborne TMI Survey of the Vanguard Block 9-8
Figure 9.5: Conductivity Slice, 100 m Depth 9-9
Figure 9.6: Ground IP Chareability Slice, 400 m Depth 9-10
Figure 9.7: Random Forest Prediction for Gold Values Above 0.3 g/t 9-12
Figure 9.8: Prospectivity Map Using a Neural Network Trained on All Au Values in the Domain 9-13
Figure 9.9: Bunker Trench Surface Stripping 9-15
Figure 9.10: Rock Sampling Locations 9-19
Figure 9.11: Gold Prospectivity Map 9-21
Figure 10.1: Drillhole Locations for Coldstream Block, 2022 10-9
Figure 10.2: Gold X2 Drillhole Locations 2021 to 2025 – Moss Block 10-11
Figure 11.1: Au Results of Certified Standard OREAS 230 (2021 to August 12, 2025) 11-16
Figure 11.2: Au Results of Certified Standard OREAS 233 (2021 to August 12, 2025) 11-17

 

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Figure 11.3: Au Results of Certified Standard OREAS 240 (2021 to August 12, 2025)  11-17
Figure 11.4: Ag Results of Certified Standard OREAS 230 (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling) 11-18
Figure 11.5: Ag Results of Certified Standard OREAS 233 (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling) 11-18
Figure 11.6: Ag Results of Certified Standard OREAS 240 (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling) 11-19
Figure 11.7: Au Results of Coarse Blanks (2021 to August 12,  2025) 11-20
Figure 11.8: Ag Results of Coarse Blanks (2021 to August 12,  2025 – Moss Gold Drilling) 11-20
Figure 11.9: Quarter Core Field Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025) 11-22
Figure 11.10: Half Core Field Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025) 11-23
Figure 11.11: Quarter Core Field Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling) 11-24
Figure 11.12: Half Core Field Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)  11-25
Figure 11.13: Coarse Laboratory Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025)  11-26
Figure 11.14: Pulp Laboratory Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025)  11-27
Figure 11.15: Coarse Laboratory Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling) 11-28
Figure 11.16: Pulp Laboratory Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling) 11-29
Figure 11.17: Range / Mean Versus Normalized Assay Values for Key Analytes of Gold X2’s 2022 Ionic Leach Soil Sampling Campaign  11-32
Figure 12.1: Resample vs Historic Au Assays by Percentile – Moss Gold Deposit  12-3
Figure 12.2: Historic Moss Portal and Storage for Diamond Drilling Supplies  12-4
Figure 12.3: Veining and Alteration of a Shear Zone on an East Coldstream Outcrop  12-5
Figure 12.4: Moss Gold Core Pallet with Its Bag of Control Samples at DP Blades  12-7
Figure 12.5: Prepared Sample Bags and Laid-out Control Samples in One of the Cut Shacks  12-8
Figure 12.6: Bags of Cut Samples in the Crate Provided by the ALS Laboratory  12-8
Figure 12.7: Core Storage – Moss Gold Project  12-9
Figure 12.8: Core Logging Facility – Moss Gold Project  12-10
Figure 12.9: SG Station for Drying and Measuring SG by Archimedes method  12-11
Figure 12.10: Coarse Blank and CRM Material Currently Used by Gold X2  12-12
Figure 12.11: Drill Core with QP Sample Marked by Orange Flagging in Hole CED-22-012  12-12
Figure 12.12: Independent QP Sample Performance – Au ppm  12-13
Figure 12.13: Independent QP Sample Performance – Ag ppm  12-14
Figure 13.1: Moss Gold Samples Modal Mineralogy Analysis  13-9
Figure 13.2: Main Area Gold and Sulfur Rougher Kinetics  13-24
Figure 13.3: SW Area Gold and Sulfur Rougher Kinetics  13-24

 

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Figure 13.4: QES Area Gold and Sulfur Rougher Kinetics  13-24
Figure 13.5: Overall Combined Gold Extractions  13-25
Figure 13.6: Rougher Concentrate Gold Extractions  13-26
Figure 13.7: Rougher Tail Gold Extractions  13-26
Figure 13.8: Main Area WOL Gold Extractions  13-29
Figure 13.9: SW Area WOL Gold Extractions  13-30
Figure 13.10: QES Area WOL Gold Extractions  13-30
Figure 13.11: Variability Composite Whole Material Leach Results  13-31
Figure 14.1: Plan View of MRE Drillholes– Moss Deposit  14-7
Figure 14.2: Plan View of the Moss Gold Deposit Lithological Model  14-9
Figure 14.3: All Domain Au – Ag Scatter Plot  14-10
Figure 14.4: Plan View of the Moss Gold Deposit Mineralization Model  14-12
Figure 14.5: Au Histogram, Log Probability Plot, Mean and Variance Plot, and Cumulative Metal Plot – Main Principal Shears (Grouped) Mineralized Domains  14-15
Figure 14.6: Au Histogram, Log Probability Plot, Mean and Variance Plot, and Cumulative Metal Plot – Main Secondary Shears (Grouped) Mineralized Domains  14-16
Figure 14.7: Ag Histograms, Log Probability Plots, Mean and Variance Plots, and Cumulative Metal Plots – All Shear Domains  14-17
Figure 14.8: Histogram of Sample Lengths - Moss Gold Deposit  14-19
Figure 14.9: Southwest View of Density Model - QES Area  14-22
Figure 14.10: Plan View of Void Model – Moss Deposit (Main Area)  14-23
Figure 14.11: Experimental Variogram for M001  14-25
Figure 14.12: Experimental Variogram for Q003  14-26
Figure 14.13: Experimental Variogram for S001  14-27
Figure 14.14: Plan View of M001 Au Interpolation and Variable Orientation Search  14-31
Figure 14.15: Cross-Sectional View of Au Grades at Moss Gold  14-34
Figure 14.16: Cross-Sectional View of Ag Grades at Moss Gold  14-35
Figure 14.17: Au X, Y, Z and Cross Strike Swath Plots – Moss Gold Deposit  14-38
Figure 14.18: Ag X, Y, Z and Cross Strike Swath Plots – Moss Gold Deposit  14-39
Figure 14.19: Oblique View of Indicated and Inferred Material Within the Resource Pit – Moss Gold Deposit  14-41
Figure 14.20: Grade Tonnage Curve for Au (OK and ID2) – Moss Gold Deposit  14-43
Figure 14.21: Plan View of MRE Drillholes – East Coldstream Deposit  14-47
Figure 14.22: Plan View of the East Coldstream Deposit Lithological Model  14-49
Figure 14.23: Plan View of the East Coldstream Deposit Mineralization Model  14-50
Figure 14.24: Au Histogram, Log Probability Plot, Mean and Variance Plot, and Cumulative Metal Plot – All Domains  14-52

 

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Figure 14.25: Histogram of Sample Lengths in Shears - East Coldstream Deposit  14-53
Figure 14.26: Experimental Variogram for C001  14-56
Figure 14.27: Cross-Sectional View of Grades in East Coldstream  14-59
Figure 14.28: Au X, Y, Z and Cross Strike Swath Plots – East Coldstream Deposit  14-61
Figure 14.29: Oblique View of Indicated and Inferred Material Within the Resource Pit – East Coldstream Deposit  14-63
Figure 14.30: Grade Tonnage Curve for Au (OK) – East Coldstream Deposit  14-65
Figure 16.1: Moss Gold Pit-by-Pit Graph  16-10
Figure 16.2: Phase 1  16-11
Figure 16.3: Phase 2  16-12
Figure 16.4: Phase 3  16-13
Figure 16.5: Waste Rock Storage Facilities  16-14
Figure 16.6: Double and Simple Lane Hauling Roads for 320 t Trucks  16-15
Figure 16.7: Open Pit Mine Production by Material Type (without reclaiming)  16-16
Figure 16.8: Open Pit Mineralized Material Production  16-17
Figure 16.9: Open Pit Mineralized Material Milled  16-17
Figure 16.10: Mine Development: Year 1  16-19
Figure 16.11: Mine Development: Year 4  16-20
Figure 16.12: Mine Development: Year 9  16-21
Figure 16.13: Mine Development: Year 14 (End of LOM)  16-22
Figure 16.14: Cycle Time by Material Type  16-29
Figure 16.15: Truck Requirements  16-29
Figure 16.16: Dewatering Volumes and Quantity of Pumps  16-30
Figure 17.1: Moss Gold Project Process Flow Diagram  17-2
Figure 18.1: General Site Plan  18-2
Figure 19.1: Daily Gold Price  19-2
Figure 19.2: Daily Silver Price  19-2
Figure 22.1: Mill Production Schedule  22-5
Figure 22.2: Gold and Silver Production Schedule  22-5
Figure 22.3: Gold and Silver Payable Schedule  22-6
Figure 22.4: After-Tax Total Free Cash Flow Sensitivity (CAD M)  22-18
Figure 22.5: After-Tax NPV (5%) Sensitivity (CAD M)  22-19
Figure 22.6: After-Tax Internal Rate of Return Sensitivity  22-19
Figure 22.7: After-Tax Payback Period Sensitivity (Yr)  22-20
Figure 23.1: Adjacent Properties  23-1

 

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List of Tables

 

Table 1.1: Mineral Resource Estimate of Moss Gold Deposit – Effective January 16th, 2026  1-10
Table 1.2: Mineral Resource Estimate of East Coldstream Gold Deposit – Effective January 16th, 2026 1-10
Table 1.3: Capital Expenditure Summary  1-18
Table 1.4: Operating Cost  1-19
Table 1.5: Project Economics Results Summary  1-20
Table 1.6: Base Case, Long-term Price and Spot Price Sensitivity Financial Results Summary  1-22
Table 1.7: Gold Price Sensitivity  1-23
Table 1.8: OPEX Sensitivity  1-23
Table 1.9: Initial CAPEX Sensitivity  1-24
Table 1.10: Cost Estimate Associated with Recommendations  1-25
Table 2.1: Summary of Qualified Persons  2-2
Table 2.2: Site Visit Dates of Qualified Persons  2-3
Table 2.3: List of Main Abbreviations  2-6
Table 4.1: Active Royalties  4-21
Table 4.2: Active Exploration Permits and Plans  4-27
Table 6.1: Exploration History - Moss Block  6-3
Table 6.2: Exploration History - Coldstream Block  6-9
Table 6.3: Exploration History - Hamlin Claim Block  6-15
Table 6.4: Exploration History - Vanguard Claim Block  6-19
Table 6.5: Exploration History – Huronian Claim Block  6-24
Table 6.6: Previous MREs for the Moss Gold Deposit  6-27
Table 6.7: Historical Estimate for the Moss Gold Deposit (InnovExplo, 2013)  6-28
Table 6.8: Historical Estimate for the East Coldstream Gold Deposit (Tetra Tech, 2011)  6-29
Table 10.1: Coldstream Block Historical Drillhole Summary (after Reynolds et al., 2023)  10-2
Table 10.2: Moss Block Historical Drillhole Summary (after Reynolds et al., 2023)  10-4
Table 10.3: Hamlin Block Historical Drillhole Summary (from Reynolds, 2023)  10-5
Table 10.4: Vanguard Block Historical Drillhole Summary (after Reynolds et al., 2023)  10-6
Table 10.5: Drillhole Summary for Coldstream Block, 2022 (after Reynolds et al., 2023)  10-8
Table 10.6: Moss Block Drilling by Target Area (2021-August 12, 2025)  10-10
Table 11.1: Summary of Laboratories and Analytical Methods Utilized in Historical Moss Gold Drilling Campaigns  11-4
Table 11.2: Summary of Sample Preparation Procedures Used During the 2021 to 2025 Gold X2 Drill Campaigns  11-7

 

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Table 11.3: Summary of Sample Analysis Procedures Used During the 2021 to 2025 Gold X2 Drill Campaigns  11-8
Table 11.4: Summary of Laboratories and Analytical Methods Utilized in Historical Coldstream Drilling Campaigns  11-8
Table 11.5: Overview of the 2008 MLGM Field QA/QC Program  11-11
Table 11.6: Summary of Sample Types by Deposit  11-14
Table 11.7: Summary of Au Reference Material Results from 2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold and East Coldstream Deposits  11-15
Table 11.8: Summary of Ag Reference Material Results from 2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Deposit  11-15
Table 11.9: Variance of Quarter and Half Core Duplicate Samples  11-25
Table 11.10: Variance of Laboratory Coarse and Pulp Duplicate Samples  11-29
Table 11.11: Summary of Sample Analysis Procedures for the 2022 Gold X2 Reconnaissance Exploration Program  11-31
Table 12.1: Collar Coordinate Validation Results  12-5
Table 12.2: Variance of QP Samples  12-14
Table 13.1: Previous Test References  13-2
Table 13.2: Summary of 2022 Moss Gold Leach Test Program  13-3
Table 13.3: Moss Gold 2023 Metallurgical Testing Program Sample List  13-4
Table 13.4: Moss Gold Sample Screen Metallics Assays  13-5
Table 13.5: Moss Gold Samples Head Analysis  13-6
Table 13.6: Moss Gold Samples Bulk Mineralogy Analysis  13-8
Table 13.7: Summary of Moss Gold Comminution Test Results  13-10
Table 13.8: Moss Gold E-GRG Test Results  13-10
Table 13.9: Moss Gold Coarse Leach Test Results  13-11
Table 13.10: Moss Gold Baseline Leach Test Results  13-12
Table 13.11: Moss Gold Variability Leach Test Results  13-13
Table 13.12: Moss Gold Initial Flotation Test Results  13-14
Table 13.13: Moss Gold Flotation and Concentrate and Flotation Tailings Leach Test Results  13-16
Table 13.14: Comparison of Moss Gold Whole Material Leach and Flotation Leach Recoveries  13-16
Table 13.15: Moss Gold Flotation Concentrate Cyanide Destruction Testing Results  13-17
Table 13.16: Moss Gold Flotation Tailings Cyanide Destruction Testing Results  13-18
Table 13.17: Chemical Content Summary  13-20
Table 13.18: Bond Ball Work Index Test  13-21
Table 13.19: EGRG Result Summary  13-22
Table 13.20: Rougher Test Result Summary  13-23
Table 13.21: Diagnostic Leach Result Summary  13-28

 

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Table 14.1: Mineral Resource Estimate of Moss Gold Deposit – Effective January 16, 2026  14-1
Table 14.2: Mineral Resource Estimate of East Coldstream Gold Deposit – Effective January 16th, 2026  14-2
Table 14.3: Summary of Drillholes and Assays Used for the 2026 MRE - Moss Gold Deposit  14-6
Table 14.4: Au Assay Capping and Metal Loss by Domain Grouping - Moss Gold Deposit  14-14
Table 14.5: Ag Assay Capping Levels and Metal Cut by Domains for Moss Gold Deposit  14-17
Table 14.6: Impact of Compositing on Au Values – Moss Gold Deposit  14-20
Table 14.7: Summary of Bulk Density by Lithology – Moss Gold Deposit  14-21
Table 14.8: Block Model Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit  14-24
Table 14.9: Variogram Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit  14-27
Table 14.10: Au Interpolation Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit  14-30
Table 14.11: Ag Interpolation Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit  14-32
Table 14.12: Au Declustered Composites vs Block Model – Moss Gold Deposit  14-36
Table 14.13: Ag Declustered Composites vs Block Model – Moss Gold Deposit  14-37
Table 14.14: Resource Pit Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit  14-41
Table 14.15: Sensitivity to Au Cut-off Grade within the Resource Pit – Moss Gold Deposit  14-42
Table 14.16: Comparison of the 2024 versus 2026 MRE – Moss Gold Deposit  14-44
Table 14.17: Summary of Drillholes and Assays Used for the Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE, 2025) of the East Coldstream Deposit  14-47
Table 14.18: Au Assay Capping and Metal Loss by Domains - East Coldstream Deposit  14-51
Table 14.19: Impact of Compositing on Au – East Coldstream Deposit  14-54
Table 14.20: Summary of Bulk Density by Lithology – East Coldstream Deposit  14-54
Table 14.21: Block Model Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit  14-55
Table 14.22: Variogram Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit  14-56
Table 14.23: Au Interpolation Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit  14-57
Table 14.24: Declustered Composites vs Block Model – East Coldstream Deposit  14-60
Table 14.25: Resource Pit Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit  14-64
Table 14.26: Sensitivity to Au Cut-Off Grade within the Resource Pit –East Coldstream Deposit  14-64
Table 14.27: Comparison of the 2024 versus 2026 MRE – East Coldstream Deposit  14-66
Table 16.1: Rock Open Pit Slope Guidelines  16-2
Table 16.2: Waterfall Table  16-3
Table 16.3: Cut-off Grade Calculation Parameters  16-3
Table 16.4 Moss Gold Whittle Output  16-5
Table 16.5: Moss Gold Pit-by-Pit Analysis  16-7
Table 16.6: Moss Gold Final Pit Shell Selection  16-10
Table 16.7: Moss Gold Waste Storages  16-14
Table 16.8: Open Pit Schedule Overview  16-18

 

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Table 16.9: Drill and Blast Parameters  16-23
Table 16.10: Fleet Units  16-26
Table 16.11: Equipment Usage Assumption  16-31
Table 16.12: Major Equipment Purchase Schedule  16-32
Table 16.13: Support Equipment Purchase Schedule  16-33
Table 16.14: Major Equipment Requirement Schedule  16-34
Table 16.15: Support Equipment Requirement Schedule  16-35
Table 16.16: Mine Operation Workforces  16-38
Table 16.17: Mine Maintenance Workforces  16-39
Table 16.18: Technical Workforces  16-40
Table 17.1: Key Process Design Criteria  17-4
Table 17.2: Reagents Consumption  17-18
Table 17.3: Consumables Consumption  17-18
Table 17.4: Annual Process Plant Personnel Requirements  17-19
Table 18.1: Type of Roads, Length, and Design Parameters  18-3
Table 18.2: Thunder Bay Airport Climate (1981-2010)  18-4
Table 20.1 Expected Additional Federal Environmental Approvals and Relevant Project Component  20-2
Table 20.2 Expected Additional Provincial Environmental Approvals  20-3
Table 20.3 Summary of Existing Conditions Activities Completed since 2021  20-5
Table 21.1: Capital Expenditures Summary (CAD k)  21-2
Table 21.2: Infrastructure Capital Expenditures (CAD k)  21-3
Table 21.3: Power Supply and Communications Capital Expenditures  21-4
Table 21.4: Water Capital Expenditures (CAD k)  21-5
Table 21.5: Surface Operations Capital Expenditures (CAD k)  21-6
Table 21.6: Initial Mining Capital Expenditures (CAD k)  21-6
Table 21.7: Processing Capital Expenditures  21-7
Table 21.8: Construction Indirect Capital (CAD k)  21-7
Table 21.9: General Services Expenditures  21-8
Table 21.10: Pre-Production, Commissioning and Contingency Expenditures  21-9
Table 21.11: Sustaining Capital Costs (CAD k)  21-11
Table 21.12: Operating Costs Summary  21-12
Table 21.13: Total Operating Costs Summary by Year  21-14
Table 21.14: Open Pit Mining Cost Summary Total  21-16
Table 21.15: Grinding Media and Reagent Consumption  21-17
Table 21.16: Consumables Operating Cost  21-18
Table 21.17: Total Yearly Processing Costs  21-19
Table 21.18: Operating Cost Summary  21-21

 

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Table 22.1: Milling Production Schedule Summary  22-4
Table 22.2: Operating Cost Summary (CAD M)  22-8
Table 22.3: Operating Cost Summary per Tonne  22-9
Table 22.4: Project Economic Results Summary  22-10
Table 22.5: Base Case Economic Results, Annual Project Cash Flows and Production (CAD)  22-13
Table 22.6: Base Case and Long-Term Price Sensitivity Financial Results Summary  22-15
Table 22.7: Base Case and Spot Price Sensitivity Financial Results Summary  22-16
Table 22.8: Gold Price Sensitivity  22-17
Table 22.9: OPEX Sensitivity  22-17
Table 22.10: Initial CAPEX Sensitivity  22-18
Table 25.1: Technical Report PEA Life-of-Mine Results  25-1
Table 25.2: Initial and Sustaining Capital Expenditures Summary (CAD k)  25-9
Table 26.1: Cost Estimate Associated with Recommendations  26-1
Table 26.2: Testwork Program Budget  26-4
Table 26.3: Recommended Infrastructure Work Program  26-6

 

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List of Appendices

 

APPENDIX A – DISCIPLINE

 

Geology Moss Gold and Superion Drillholes as of August 12, 2025
   
Geology Resampling of Moss Gold Historic Drillholes as of August 12, 2025
   
Geology List of Claims as of January 26, 2026
   
Geology Mining Lands as of January 26, 2026

 

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SUMMARY

 

1.1Introduction

 

Gold X2 Mining Inc. (“Gold X2” or the “Company”) mandated G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”) as lead consultant along with CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Ltd. (“CSL”) to prepare a Preliminary Economic Assessment (“PEA”) under the supervision of the Qualified Persons (“QPs” or “QP”) for the Moss Gold Project (“Moss” or “Project”), located in Ontario, Canada about 100 km west of the city of Thunder Bay.

 

Gold X2 is a junior gold exploration company based in British Columbia, Canada. The Company’s common shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSXV:AUXX), OTCQB Market (OTCQB:GSHRF) and Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FWB:DF8). The Company holds full ownership of the Moss and East Coldstream gold deposits. The mining claims and patents are registered under Goldshore Mining Inc., a subsidiary of Gold X2. In December 2025, Gold X2 acquired 100% of the Huronian Gold Project claims by completing the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Kesselrun Resources Ltd.

 

This Technical Report (“Report”) is prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) and Form 43-101F1. The objective of this Report and the PEA is the evaluation of the potential technical and economic viability of the Project, notably the development of an open pit, processing facilities and related infrastructures. This Report provides operating and capital costs estimations and an economic analysis of the Project.

 

This Report declares a new Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE”) effective as of January 16, 2026.

 

The Moss Gold Project does not contain Mineral Reserves. The PEA is preliminary in nature and includes Inferred Mineral Resources. Inferred Mineral Resources are considered too geologically speculative to have economic considerations applied that would enable them to be categorized as Mineral Reserves, and there is no certainty that the PEA will be realized.

 

The Qualified Persons for this Technical Report are the following:

 

·Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., G Mining Services, Chief Geologist.

 

·Alexandre Dorval, P.Eng., G Mining Services, Chief Mining Engineer – Open Pit Mining.

 

·Charles Taschereau, P.Eng., CPA, MBA, G Mining Services, Vice-President Metallurgy, Process, Commissioning and Operation.

 

·Carl Michaud, P.Eng., MBA, G Mining Services, Vice President of Technical Services.

 

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·Nicolas Vanier-Larrivée, P.Eng., G Mining Services, Earthworks and Study Manager.

 

·Simon Shankie, M.Sc., P.Geo., CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Ltd., Vice President Environmental Services.

 

1.2Terms of Reference

 

The units of measure presented in this Technical Report, unless noted otherwise, are in the metric system. Currency is in Canadian dollars (“CAD”, “C$” or “$”), unless otherwise stated, and references to “US$” or “USD” are to US dollars. References, located at the end of this Technical Report, provide a complete list of the documents reviewed, all figures and tables cited, and other information sources used.

 

1.3Reliance on Other Experts

 

This Technical Report has been prepared by GMS, under the supervision of the QPs, for Gold X2 Mining. The information, conclusions, opinions, and estimates contained herein are based on:

 

·Information and documentation are available to GMS and other consultants at the time of the preparation of this Report.

 

·Assumptions, conditions, and qualifications as set forth in this Report.

 

·Data, reports, and opinions supplied by Gold X2 Mining and other third-party sources.

 

The QPs believe that the underlying assumptions in the information provided are factual and accurate and that the resulting interpretations are reasonable. To the extent applicable, the QPs have relied on such data and have no reason to believe that any material facts have been withheld. In their professional judgement, the QPs have taken appropriate steps to ensure that the information provided upon is sound and, accordingly, do not disclaim responsibility for the content of this Report. The QPs have not performed an independent verification of the land title and tenure information, as summarized in Section 4 of this Technical Report, nor have they verified the legality of any underlying agreement(s) that may exist concerning the permits or other agreement(s) between third parties, as summarized in Section 4 of this Technical Report. For this topic, the QPs of this Report have relied on information provided by Gold X2.

 

The QPs have relied on Gold X2 and their retained expert on taxes, royalties, permitting, other agreements or interests, as described in Section 3.

 

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1.4Property Description and Location

 

The Project is located approximately 100 km west of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, and is accessible via Highway 11 (Trans-Canada Highway), which runs along its northern boundary. The town of Atikokan lies 80 km to the west along Highway 11, while Winnipeg, Manitoba, is 500 km further west via the same route.

 

Situated within the Thunder Bay South Mining Division, the Project spans a total area of 19,708 hectares (197.08 km²). It is controlled through 573 mining claims covering 18,122 ha, two (2) mining leases totalling 216 ha, 48 patents covering 836 ha, and five (5) Mining Licences of Occupation (MLO) totalling 534 ha.

 

The Project falls within NAD83 UTM Zone 15 North and is centred around UTM coordinates 5,379,100 North and 668,860 West. It overlaps Moss and Ames Townships, as well as the unsurveyed areas surrounding Powell Lake, Nelson Lake, Burchell Lake, and Crayfish Lake.

 

Most of the Project is situated within the lands covered by Crown Treaty 3 and the Robinson-Superior Treaty, in the traditional territories of the Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation, Lac La Croix First Nation, Fort William First Nation, the Métis Nation of Ontario, and the Red Sky Métis Independent Nation.

 

1.5Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure & Physiography

 

Access to the Project site from Highway 11 is provided by Highway 802 and a network of gravel logging roads extending southward. Gold X2 maintains an operational base in Kashabowie, which includes a core logging and sampling facility, offices, and on-site accommodations for the exploration team.

 

The physiography of the property is characterized by northeast-running ridges separating a series of shallow lakes, muskeg swamp, and streams. Elevation is typically 430 to 450 m above mean sea level. The climate is humid continental with typical summer highs and winter lows of +30°C and -30°C, respectively.

 

The city of Thunder Bay, the rural communities of Kashabowie and Shebandowan, and the town of Atikokan are proximal to the Property and provide full services for exploration and mining, including a labour force experienced in mining. Thunder Bay has a full-service regional airport and a deep-water port on Lake Superior.

 

A power line traverses the Project east-west, passing through the Project’s northern edge.

 

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1.6History

 

The Moss Gold Property has a long history of exploration that started in the 1930s. The Property was divided into smaller properties, which were explored by multiple companies over the past decades; they were consolidated by Wesdome from 2014 through 2016. Gold X2 acquired the Moss Gold claims from Wesdome in May 2021. Acquisition of Kesselrun Resources Ltd. In December 2025 added the Huronian claim block to the package.

 

Historical exploration work conducted on the Property includes geophysical surveys, geochemical programs, geological mapping, outcrop stripping, trenching, sampling, and diamond drilling programs.

 

There are three (3) historical Mineral Resource Estimates for the Moss Gold Deposit and one for the East Coldstream Deposit that are supported by Technical Reports prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 and follow CIM Guidelines (2016). The current MRE disclosed in this Report supersedes all historical estimates for the Project.

 

1.7Geological Setting and Mineralization

 

1.7.1Geological Setting

 

The Project is located within the Archean Wawa Subprovince of the Superior Province, in the western part of the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt (“SGB”). The SGB is composed of three (3) principal supracrustal assemblages—Greenwater-Burchell, Kashabowie, and Shebandowan—interpreted to record an island arc setting that was subsequently accreted onto the Wabigoon Subprovince. Regional rock units have been metamorphosed mainly to greenschist facies, with metamorphic grade locally increasing to amphibolite facies in areas adjacent to large intrusive bodies. The northwestern sector of the Project extends into the Archean Quetico Subprovince, which is characterized predominantly by greywacke sequences intruded by minor mafic to intermediate bodies and metamorphosed to greenschist facies. The boundary between the Wawa and Quetico subprovinces is delineated by the Postans Fault, a major regional structure expressed as a prominent topographic depression.

 

The Moss Block is largely underlain by the Central Felsic Belt (“CFB”), a component of the Kashabowie Assemblage. The CFB consists mainly of andesitic, dacitic, and rhyolitic volcanic flows, accompanied by tuffs, lapilli tuffs, fragmental volcanic rocks, and subordinate chemical sedimentary units, including iron formations. This felsic volcanic package is bordered to the northwest and southeast by the Northern and Southern Mafic Belts (NMB and SMB), respectively, both of which are partially encompassed within the Moss Block.

 

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The Coldstream Block is underlain primarily by metasedimentary greywackes of the Quetico Subprovince, which are in faulted contact with the NMB. The NMB comprises narrow iron formation horizons and coarse clastic interflow sedimentary rocks and is offset by the Till Valley Fault. Farther east, the NMB exhibits a complex, and possibly unconformable, relationship with CFB lithologies comparable to those observed within the Moss Block.

 

1.7.2Mineralization

 

The Moss Gold Deposit is primarily hosted within anastomosing shears intersecting with diorite bodies. Mineralization is strongly correlated with dozens of parallel, anastomosing shear zones and occurs in small-scale veinlets, breccias, stockworks and shears. Alteration is extensive throughout the deposit. Zones of more intense shearing and veining with associated intense alteration, particularly near or within discreet shear zones, are generally associated with higher gold grades. Mineralization is believed to have developed during and after intense ductile deformation, with two (2) tectonic-hydrothermal events identified. The deposition of sulfides, mainly pyrite, occurred in shears and veinlets within and outside shear zones, exhibiting different fabric orientations. In addition to pyrite, chalcopyrite and rare tellurides are present, with the latter showing a spatial correlation with high-grade gold.

 

The East Coldstream Deposit is structurally controlled with higher-grade gold mineralization occurring in northeast-tending shear zones and lower-grade gold mineralization associated with more brittle-style veining in the felsic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks, gabbros, and porphyries between the primary shear zones. Mineralization occurs in sheared mafic to intermediate volcanic units near quartz and quartz-feldspar porphyry sills and distinctive brick-red syenites, potentially indicating a braided shear network on a scale of approximately 10 m. Pyrite disseminations, accompanied by lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, can be observed throughout silica hematite-altered shear zones.

 

1.8Deposit Types

 

The mineralization styles of the deposits present on the Project fall into three main categories: Greenstone / Orogenic deposits, Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (“IOCG”) deposits, and Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulfide (“VMS”) deposits.

 

The Moss Gold Deposit, East Coldstream Deposit, and the historic Huronian Mine are examples of Greenstone-hosted Gold deposits / Orogenic Gold deposits. Hamlin Lake mineralization shows similarities to IOCG deposits. The North Coldstream deposit and Vanguard prospects are interpreted by some to be VMS deposits

 

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1.9Exploration

 

Exploration at the Moss Gold Project has included geological mapping, prospecting, trenching, geophysical surveys, and extensive diamond drilling completed by multiple operators over several decades. Since 2021, modern exploration programs have focused on validating historical datasets, refining geological and structural interpretations, and expanding mineralized zones along the principal shear corridors.

 

Since initiating its involvement in 2021, Gold X2 has undertaken a range of exploration activities, including airborne and ground geophysical surveys, soil and vegetation sampling, detailed geological mapping and rock sampling, trenching, and diamond drilling programs. In addition, historical drill core has been relogged and resampled to support updated interpretations.

 

Collectively, this work has enhanced the geological understanding of the Moss Gold Project, strengthened the three-dimensional geological and structural models, and provided critical data supporting the current Mineral Resource Estimate.

 

1.10Drilling

 

The historical drillhole database for the Project consists of 2,213 drillholes (297,369 m of drilling) dating back to 1942 for the Coldstream, Moss, Hamlin and Vanguard blocks. Detailed compilation and validation of historical drilling in the Huronian block is still ongoing.

 

Between August 1, 2021, and August 12, 2025, Gold X2 completed a total of 424 drillholes (115,564 m) on the Project on the Moss and Coldstream claim blocks. No drilling has yet been conducted on the Hamlin, Vanguard, or Huronian blocks.

 

1.11Sampling Preparation, Analysis and Security

 

The current sample preparation, analysis, and security procedures implemented by Gold X2 follow best industry standards, and robust controls are in place to ensure the integrity of the assay database. The quality control data results from sampling programs did not expose any significant analytical issues.

 

1.12Data Verification

 

As part of the independent verification process, Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., Chief geologist of G Mining Services Inc. and Independent Qualified Person (QP) for the Moss Gold Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) and East Coldstream MRE, conducted a site visit on October 28, 2025. During the site visit, drilling

 

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methodology, sampling and quality control procedures, core logging, and data verification were reviewed. Independent QP sampling was carried out. 

 

Geological and assay data obtained from historical drilling campaigns, performed before Gold X2’s involvement on the Property, were validated with original documentation and certificates where available and via risk assessment, statistical review, and resampling data where original documentation was not available.

 

Select historical holes in the Moss Gold database were excluded from the modelling and MRE due to inadequate validation of key data. Mitigation measures were put in place for historic detection limits with overestimation risks.

 

Gold X2’s assay data from the 2021 to 2025 drilling campaigns were reviewed with the laboratory certificates and included in the MRE’s for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposits.

 

The data verification demonstrates that no material errors are present in the databases. The QP is confident that the Moss Gold and East Coldstream databases are reliable and suitable for inclusion in the MREs.

 

1.13Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

 

Continuing from previous testwork, a PEA-level metallurgical testwork program was completed between June and September 2025 at BaseMet Labs in Kamloops, BC, Canada. The objectives of the testwork program were to further define the metallurgical response of the main ore domains, generate sufficient metallurgical data to update the flowsheet and develop gold recoveries for the PEA study. The scope of the testwork included head assays, bond ball mill work index testing, gravity recovery testing, flotation and leaching flowsheet testing, whole material cyanidation, and variability composite testing.

 

Samples were selected from three (3) areas to produce composites: Main, Southwest, and QES, with each zone represented by three (3) variability composites of low, medium, and high gold grade. The composite samples are considered representative of the principal mineralized domains included in the PEA mine plan. Gold content in the samples varied from 0.7 to 1.7 g/t Au for the composites and 0.3 to 21 g/t Au for the variability samples, with silver present at similar levels to gold. Sulfur ranged from approximately 0.6% to 1.7%, with the majority occurring as sulfide sulfur. Carbon assayed between 0.4% and 1.2% in the composites. Only 0.02% to 0.03% measured as the potentially problematic organic carbon. At these levels preg robbing would not generally be anticipated.

 

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Bond Ball Mill Work Index tests were completed on each of the variability composites, and values ranged from approximately 17.4 to 20.5 kWh/t, indicating relatively hard material.

 

Gravity recoverable gold tests were performed on three (3) main composites through Extended Gravity Recoverable Gold Tests (EGRG). Gravity recovery ranged from 24% to 33% of the gold at a mass pull of approximately 1.6–1.8%. These results indicate a moderate gravity recovery component that could potentially be incorporated into the process flowsheet but would require additional testwork.

 

Bulk sulfide rougher flotation followed by leaching of the concentrate and tailings was performed on all three (3) main composites at primary grind size K80 of 35, 55 and 75 µm. Flotation gold recovery to concentrate ranged from 77 to 91%, and mass recoveries ranged from about 6 to 11% and did not consistently trend with primary grind size or flotation recovery of gold or sulfur.

 

Cyanidation leach tests were conducted on rougher concentrates and tails at grind sizes of 15, 35, 55 and 75 µm. The best overall extractions of gold of 90, 94 and 93% for the main, SW, and QES area composites, respectively, were obtained under conditions with a primary grind size of 55 µm and flotation concentrate regrind to 15 µm.

 

Diagnostic leach tests were conducted on cyanidation residues from flotation rougher concentrate leach tests performed at a primary grind of 55 µm K80, with and without regrinding of the concentrate to approximately 15 µm K80. Results indicated that 2–7% of flotation feed gold remained in the leach residues, with lower residual gold observed when concentrate regrinding was applied. The majority of unrecovered gold was associated with sulfide-hosted locked gold, representing approximately 4–6% of flotation feed gold without regrinding and 1–3% with regrinding, indicating that improved liberation through fine regrinding enhances cyanidation recovery. Diagnostic testing also indicated minimal preg-robbing behaviour in the flotation concentrates.

 

Whole-ore cyanidation tests conducted at primary grind sizes between 15 and 100 µm K80 produced gold extractions of approximately 77–94%, with improved recoveries observed at finer grind sizes. Overall, recoveries were generally comparable to, but slightly lower than, those achieved through the flotation-cyanidation flowsheet.

 

Diagnostic testing of nine (9) variability composites representing low, medium, and high-grade material from the Main, SW, and QES zones was completed using whole-ore cyanidation at a primary grind size of 75 µm K80. Gold extractions ranged from approximately 81% to 92% across the variability composites, comparable to or slightly higher than the extractions measured for the corresponding area composites under the same conditions. No consistent relationship was observed between feed gold grade and

 

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extraction performance, as high-grade composites did not consistently produce higher recoveries than medium or low-grade material. The variability results indicate relatively consistent metallurgical performance across grade ranges and ore domains.

 

Results support a flowsheet consisting of comminution with a primary grind size of 55 µm, followed by bulk sulfide flotation with cyanidation of flotation concentrate (reground to 15 µm) and tailings. Overall gold recoveries of approximately 90–94% were achieved under optimal test conditions.

 

1.14Mineral Resource Estimate

 

The current Mineral Resource Estimate for the Moss Gold Project, located in Ontario, Canada, and wholly owned by Gold X2 Mining Inc., represents an update to the previous mineral resource estimate completed in 2024. This updated MRE incorporates new geological, structural, and analytical information derived from an expanded drillhole database, including drilling completed during the 2024 and 2025 exploration programs up to the selected cut-off date of August 12, 2025.

 

The updated MRE includes both the Moss Gold deposit and the nearby East Coldstream deposit. The estimate reflects improved geological interpretation, refined mineralized domain modelling, updated density assignments, revised grade capping strategies, and updated grade estimation parameters. Drill results from the 2024 and 2025 campaigns have enhanced geological continuity and supported the conversion of portions of the Mineral Resources from the Inferred category to the Indicated category.

 

The updated MRE was prepared by Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., Chief Geologist at G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”), who is an independent Qualified Person (“QP”) as defined by National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”). The estimate has been prepared in accordance with the CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (May 19, 2014) and CIM Best Practice Guidelines (2019) and is reported in compliance with NI 43-101 requirements.

 

The effective date of the Mineral Resource Estimate is January 16, 2026. The Mineral Resource statements for the Moss Gold deposit and the East Coldstream deposit are summarized below.

 

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Table 1.1: Mineral Resource Estimate of Moss Gold Deposit – Effective January 16th, 2026

 

Deposit Resource
Category
Tonnage
(Mt)
Grade Contained Metal
Au
(g/t)
Ag
(g/t)
Au
(koz)
Ag
(koz)
Moss Gold Deposit Indicated 64.3 1.03 1.53 2126 3160
Inferred 125.9 0.97 1.55 3910 6273

*Note(s):

 

1)The mineral resources described above have been prepared in accordance with the CIM Standards (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 2014) and follow Best Practices outlined by the CIM (2019).
2)The Qualified Person, as defined by NI 43-101 (“QP”) for this MRE for both the Moss Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit, is Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., of G Mining Services Inc., who is responsible for the MRE. The effective date of the MRE is January 16, 2026, and the QP is not aware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other relevant factors that could materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate.
3)Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves have no demonstrated economic viability. No mineral reserves have been calculated for the Project. There is no guarantee that any part of the mineral resources discussed herein will be converted to a mineral reserve in the future.
4)The quantity and grade of reported Inferred Mineral Resources are uncertain, and there has not been sufficient work to define these Mineral Resources as Indicated or Measured. Further work may result in the upgrading of portions of the Inferred Mineral Resources. There is no certainty that Inferred Mineral Resources will be converted to Measured or Indicated Mineral Resources.
5)The estimate of mineral resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, market, or other relevant factors.
6)Known underground works at the Moss Deposit have been incorporated into the block model, and zero density has been assigned to the blocks located within the voids.
7)Tonnage estimates are based on individually measured and calculated bulk densities for geological units ranging from 2.69 to 2.725 g/cm³. Overburden density is set at 1.8 g/cm³.
8)A total of 122 mineralized zones for the Moss Deposit (used for both Au and Ag estimation) and 12 mineralized zones for the East Coldstream Deposit were modelled using Leapfrog Geo Leapfrog Edge™ 2025.3. High-grade capping for gold estimation of between 15.0 and 55.0 g/t (Moss Deposit) and 12 g/t (East Coldstream Deposit) was applied before compositing. High-grade capping for Ag estimation of 30.0 g/t (Moss Deposit) was applied before compositing.
9)The MRE was completed using Leapfrog Edge™ 2025.3 with a parent block size of 5 m x 5 m x 5 and a 1.25 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m minimum sub-block size for both the Moss Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit. The interpolation method used for the Moss Deposit is Ordinary Kriging for the principal shears modelled and ID2 for the secondary shears. The East Coldstream Deposit was interpolated using only Ordinary Kriging. Both estimations are using hard boundary between modelled domains.
10)Open pit Mineral Resources are reported within an optimized Geovia Whittle pit shell generated at a surface cut-off of  0.35  g/t Au using a gold price of USD 2,200/oz; a USD/CAD exchange rate of 1.33, a mining cost of 3.67/t and a G&A cost from $2.21/t, processing cost of $12.04/t, pit slope angles of 50° for bedrock and 27° for unconsolidated material. Mineral Resources are reported at a cut-off grade of 0.35 g/t Au within this pit shell and are reported as undiluted and in situ.
11)Tonnage has been expressed in the metric system, and gold metal content has been expressed in troy ounces.
12)The tonnages have been rounded to the nearest 1,000 tonne, and the metal content has been rounded to the nearest 1,000 ounce. Totals may not sum due to rounding.

 

Table 1.2: Mineral Resource Estimate of East Coldstream Gold Deposit –

Effective January 16th, 2026

 

Deposit Resource
Category
Tonnage
(Mt)
Grade Contained Metal
Au
(g/t)
Au
(koz)
East Coldstream Deposit Indicated 9.5 1.09 333
Inferred 8.8 1.06 299

*Note(s):

 

1)The mineral resources described above have been prepared in accordance with the CIM Standards (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 2014) and follow Best Practices outlined by the CIM (2019).
2)The Qualified Person, as defined by NI 43-101 (“QP”) for this MRE for both the Moss Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit, is Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., of G Mining Services Inc., who is responsible for the MRE. The effective date of the MRE is January 16, 2026, and the QP is not aware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other relevant factors that could materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate.

 

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3)Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves have no demonstrated economic viability. No mineral reserves have been calculated for the Project. There is no guarantee that any part of the mineral resources discussed herein will be converted to a mineral reserve in the future.
4)The quantity and grade of reported Inferred Mineral Resources are uncertain, and there has not been sufficient work to define these Mineral Resources as Indicated or Measured. Further work may result in the upgrading of portions of the Inferred Mineral Resources. There is no certainty that Inferred Mineral Resources will be converted to Measured or Indicated Mineral Resources.
5)The estimate of mineral resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, market, or other relevant factors.
6)Known underground works at the Moss Deposit have been incorporated into the block model, and zero density has been assigned to the blocks located within the voids.
7)Tonnage estimates are based on individually measured and calculated bulk densities for geological units ranging from 2.69 to 2.725 g/cm³. Overburden density is set at 1.8 g/cm³.
8)A total of 122 mineralized zones for the Moss Deposit (used for both Au and Ag estimation) and 12 mineralized zones for the East Coldstream Deposit were modelled using Leapfrog Geo Leapfrog Edge™ 2025.3. High-grade capping for gold estimation of between 15.0 and 55.0 g/t (Moss Deposit) and 12 g/t (East Coldstream Deposit) was applied before compositing. High-grade capping for Ag estimation of 30.0 g/t (Moss Deposit) was applied before compositing.
9)The MRE was completed using Leapfrog Edge™ 2025.3 with a parent block size of 5 m x 5 m x 5 and a 1.25 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m minimum sub-block size for both the Moss Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit. The interpolation method used for the Moss Deposit is Ordinary Kriging for the principal shears modelled and ID2 for the secondary shears. The East Coldstream Deposit was interpolated using only Ordinary Kriging. Both estimations are using hard boundary between modelled domains.
10)Open pit Mineral Resources are reported within an optimized Geovia Whittle pit shell generated at a surface cut-off of  0.35  g/t Au using a gold price of USD 2,200/oz; a USD/CAD exchange rate of 1.33, a mining cost of 3.67/t and a G&A cost from $2.21/t, processing cost of $12.04/t, pit slope angles of 50° for bedrock and 27° for unconsolidated material. Mineral Resources are reported at a cut-off grade of 0.35 g/t Au within this pit shell and are reported as undiluted and in situ.
11)Tonnage has been expressed in the metric system, and gold metal content has been expressed in troy ounces.
12)The tonnages have been rounded to the nearest 1,000 tonne, and the metal content has been rounded to the nearest 1,000 ounce. Totals may not sum due to rounding.

 

The database used for the Mineral Resource estimation was reviewed and validated by the QP. Based on this validation, the QP considers the drilling, geological interpretation, and assay data to be sufficiently reliable to support mineralized domain modelling, grade estimation, and classification of Mineral Resources for both the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposits.

 

Open pit Mineral Resources for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposit are reported as undiluted and in situ, within optimized pit shells generated using a gold price of USD 2,200/oz and a cut-off grade of 0.35 g/t Au. There are no underground Mineral Resources reported for the Project.

 

At this cut-off grade, the Moss Gold deposit contains an Indicated Mineral Resource of 64.3 million tonnes (Mt) grading 1.03 g/t Au and 1.53 g/t Ag, for 2,126 thousand ounces (koz) of gold and 3,160 koz of silver. The Inferred Mineral Resource at Moss Gold is estimated at 125.9 Mt grading 0.97 g/t Au and 1.55 g/t Ag, for 3,910 koz of gold and 6,273 koz of silver.

 

The East Coldstream deposit contains an Indicated Mineral Resource of 9.5 Mt grading 1.09 g/t Au, for 333 koz of gold. The Inferred Mineral Resource is estimated at 8.8 Mt grading 1.06 g/t Au, for 299 koz of gold.

 

These Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves as they have not demonstrated economic viability. The quantity and grade of reported Inferred Mineral Resources in this MRE are uncertain in nature, and there has been insufficient exploration to define these resources as indicated or measured; however, it is 

 

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reasonably expected that most Inferred Mineral Resources could be upgraded to Indicated Mineral Resources with continued exploration.

 

The QP, Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., is not aware of any factors or issues that materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate other than normal risks faced by mining projects in the province in terms of environmental, permitting, taxation, socioeconomic, marketing, and political factors, and additional risk factors regarding Inferred Resources.

 

1.15Mineral Reserve Estimate

 

This Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) of the Moss Gold Project is based on Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources. Because of the inclusion of Inferred Resources, it is not applicable to determine Mineral Reserves at this stage of the Project. Economic zones will be classified as Mineralized Material (“MM”) only.

 

1.16Mining Methods

 

The Moss Gold Project is planned as a conventional open pit mine. The mine plan considers only the Moss Gold Deposit and excludes the East Coldstream and Huronian Deposits.

 

The Project already has available power lines, water resources and is reachable via Highway 11. The milling rate is planned at 11 Mtpa with a 10-month ramp-up period. The mill will run for 13.2 years. Mineralized material (MM) will be stockpiled next to the crusher to ensure a steady flow of material to the mill. A PEA is preliminary in nature and is intended to provide only an initial, high-level review of the Project’s potential and design options. The PEA mine plan includes numerous assumptions and the use of Inferred Mineral Resources.

 

Open pit mining will be carried out using diesel-powered equipment, including drills, haul trucks, and hydraulic shovels. The Project comprises one (1) pit that will be developed in three (3) main phases. The peak mining rate is projected at 75 Mtpa over a 13.2-year mine life. A total of 139.0 Mt of mineralized material will be extracted at an average diluted gold grade of 0.88 g/t Au and 1.37 g/t Ag. The pit is divided into three (3) zones.

 

The mineralized material (MM) is composed of rock. The overall strip ratio of waste to MM for the Project is 5.3:1. The primary production equipment includes a 15 m³ diesel-hydraulic shovel coupled with 150 t off-highway mining trucks for the mineralized material, and 29 m³ diesel-hydraulic production shovels and 320 t off-highway mining trucks for the waste. Overburden mining is done using 6.3 m³ diesel-hydraulic excavators coupled with 100 t off-highway mining trucks.

 

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Figure 1.1 shows the total open pit production per material per period. Figure 1.2 shows the MM gold and silver ounces and grades mined per period.

 

Figure 1.1: Open Pit Mine Production by Material Type (No Reclamation)

 

 

Figure 1.2: Open Pit Mineralized Material Production

 

 

 

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1.17Recovery Methods

 

The proposed process plant design for the Moss Gold Project is based on a flotation and leaching flowsheet to treat gold-bearing material to produce doré. The flowsheet is based on metallurgical testwork, industry standards, and conventional unit operations.

 

The process plant is designed to nominally treat 11 Mtpa of fresh rock and will consist of comminution, flotation, cyanide leach and adsorption via carbon-in-leach (“CIL”), carbon elution, and gold recovery circuits. CIL tailings will be treated in a cyanide destruction circuit and pumped to a tailings’ storage facility.

 

The key Project design criteria for the process plant are listed below:

 

·Nominal throughput of 11 Mtpa.

 

·2-stage crushing.

 

·In-line coarse material stockpile and reclaim.

 

·Grinding consisting of semi-autogenous (“SAG”) mill and ball mills with hydrocyclones producing a final product P80 of 55 µm.

 

·Rougher Flotation.

 

·Flotation concentrate regrind to 15 µm.

 

·Pre-leach thickening of flotation concentrate and tailings.

 

·Cyanide leaching and carbon adsorption via Carbon-in-Leach (CIL) circuit for flotation concentrate with 48 hours residence time.

 

·Cyanide leaching and carbon adsorption via Carbon-in-Leach (CIL) circuit for concentrate CIL tailings and flotation tailings with 24 hours residence time.

 

·Carbon elution via a 6-t split pressure Zadra circuit.

 

·Carbon handling and regeneration.

 

·Electrowinning and smelting to produce doré.

 

·Cyanide destruction of CIL tailings using SO2 / air process to produce weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide levels of less than 1 ppm.

 

·Tailings pumping to a tailings storage facility.

 

·Air and oxygen circuits.

 

·Water systems (potable water, raw water, gland seal water, and process water).

 

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·Sufficient process plant control to minimize the need for continuous operator interface and to allow for manual override and control if and when required.

 

·Equipment selection based on suitability for the required duty, reliability, and ease of maintenance.

 

·Plant layout that provides ease of access to all equipment for operating and maintainability, while facilitating concurrent construction activities in multiple areas of the plant.

 

1.18Project Infrastructure

 

The Moss Gold Project infrastructure has been conceptually designed to support the operation of a conventional open pit mine supplying Mineralized Material to a process plant with a nominal throughput capacity of approximately 11 Mtpa. Mining and processing operations are planned to operate continuously, 24 hours per day and seven days per week. The infrastructure layout has been developed considering local topography, climatic conditions, access constraints, and environmental considerations to support safe and efficient operations throughout the mine life.

 

The proposed site layout includes the open pit mining area, process plant, run-of-mine (“ROM”) stockpile, waste rock storage facilities (“WRSFs”), tailings storage facility (“TSF”), maintenance facilities, and supporting infrastructure such as administration buildings, accommodation camp, explosives storage, fuel storage, and water management systems. The layout was developed to optimize operational efficiency while minimizing environmental disturbance and reducing haulage distances between major facilities.

 

Site access will be provided via Highway 11 and existing local gravel roads, with an internal network of service and haul roads connecting major operational areas. Approximately 15 km of internal service roads will link key infrastructure such as the process plant, camp, TSF and WRSFs. In addition, approximately 10 km of haul roads will support heavy mining equipment movement between the open pit, primary crusher, and waste rock storage areas.

 

Water management infrastructure has been incorporated into the conceptual site design to control surface runoff and protect operational infrastructure. The Project area experiences a net annual water surplus due to regional precipitation exceeding evaporation. A network of diversion channels, drainage ditches, culverts, and water management ponds will be constructed to manage runoff and direct flows toward designated collection areas. A diversion ditch will also be constructed to reroute the outlet of Moss Lake from its current eastern outlet toward the southern tip of the lake to maintain drainage continuity while accommodating the proposed mine layout. In addition, diversion structures are proposed to redirect the outlet of Burchell Lake toward Kawawagamak Lake through a series of engineered dikes and diversion channels designed to convey flows in a controlled manner while maintaining hydraulic connectivity with downstream drainage

 

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systems. These works, in combination with the Moss Lake diversion, will also enable the controlled drainage of Snodgrass Lake, which lies within the footprint of the proposed Southwest Pit. Collectively, the proposed diversion structures are intended to maintain regional hydrological connectivity and ensure that surface water flows continue to be conveyed safely to downstream receiving water bodies while allowing for the development of the proposed mine infrastructure.

 

Waste rock generated from open pit mining will be stored in two (2) designated Waste Rock Storage Facilities located north and southwest of the open pit area. Tailings generated from the processing plant will be stored in a Tailings Storage Facility located south of the primary mine infrastructure area within a natural topographic depression. The TSF embankments are expected to be constructed primarily from waste rock generated during mining operations. At the conceptual design stage, starter dams have been evaluated at approximately 10 m in height, with ultimate embankment heights expected to remain below approximately 20 m.

 

Electrical power for the Project is expected to be supplied via a new approximately 12 km power line connecting the site to the proposed Hydro-One transmission line located along Highway 11. The regional power corridor is currently being expanded through the Waasigan Transmission Line, which is expected to increase transmission capacity in northwestern Ontario.

 

The infrastructure described in Chapter 18 has been developed at a conceptual level appropriate for the current stage of the study. Further engineering, including geotechnical investigations, hydrological studies, and detailed facility design, will be undertaken during subsequent stages of Project development, including the Feasibility Study.

 

1.19Market Study and Contract

 

The Moss Gold Project is expected to produce gold and silver in doré bars. Metal price assumptions for the PEA were developed using a combination of historical pricing data and long-term consensus estimates from mining industry analysts. The long-term metal prices applied in the economic analysis include gold priced at USD 2,750/oz Au, and silver priced at USD 35.00/oz Ag.

 

There are no refining agreements or sales contracts currently in place for the Project that are relevant to this Technical Report.

 

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1.20Environmental Studies, Permitting and Social or Community Impact

 

Environmental, permitting, and community considerations for the Project are supported by a coordinated regulatory framework and an extensive baseline data program initiated in 2021. This work provides the foundation for federal and provincial environmental assessments and establishes the existing biophysical and socio-economic conditions relevant to project planning.

 

The Project is expected to undergo environmental assessment under both the federal Impact Assessment Act and the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act. A comprehensive suite of permits will be required throughout construction, operations, and closure, including authorizations related to fish habitat, water taking, air and noise emissions, waste management, land use, and mine closure. Federal approvals include those for activities that may result in “harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish habitat” under the Fisheries Act, while provincial approvals include Environmental Compliance Approvals for water, air, and waste systems.

 

A multi-year program of baseline studies has been completed and is ongoing across hydrology, surface water quality, hydrogeology, air quality, noise and vibration, geochemistry, terrain and soils, vegetation, wetlands, and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The hydrology and surface water programs have been expanded in conjunction with the entire current development plan from the initial phase which was focused on the open pit. A comprehensive hydrogeological investigation inclusive of monitoring wells, deep bedrock boreholes has been implemented focused on delivering technical information for the development of a conceptual site model as well as numerical and impact models.

 

Air and climate characterization is underway using regional datasets and an on-site meteorological station, with a full air quality monitoring program planned. Noise and vibration assessments will follow provincial and international standards. Geochemical testing to date indicates low acid-rock-drainage potential, with ongoing kinetic testing to refine long-term predictions.

 

Vegetation surveys have identified diverse plant communities across 47 ecosites. Wetlands represent a major landscape component, including the 1,861-ha Snodgrass Wetland complex, which contains “marsh, fen, and swamp communities” and has been evaluated as Provincially Significant. Additional wetland studies have expanded characterization across the broader Project footprint.

 

In 2021, a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the entire study area for the Project, in accordance with the Ontario Mining Act, the Ontario Heritage Act, and the applicable Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. Based on these findings and current Project footprint, Stage 2 Archaeological Assessments will be required in areas where Project components intersect zones of archaeological

 

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potential. Stage 2 work will be completed in accordance with provincial standards, protocols of potentially affected Indigenous Nations, as identified through ongoing engagement

 

1.21Capital and Operating Costs:

 

Life-of-mine Project capital costs are estimated to total CAD 2,889 million, consisting of the following three (3) distinct phases:

 

·Initial Capital Expenditure – This phase includes all costs to develop the property with a process plant designed to nominally treat 11 Mtpa of fresh rock. Initial capital costs total CAD 2,001 million (including CAD 303 million of contingency). The initial capital excludes pre-production revenue of CAD 321 million. The construction phase extends over a 30-month design, construction, pre-production and commissioning period.

 

·Sustaining Capital Costs – This phase includes all costs related to the acquisition, replacement, or major overhaul of assets during the mine life required to sustain operations. Sustaining capital costs are estimated to be CAD 839 million and do not include contingency.

 

·Closure Costs – This phase includes all costs related to the closure and reclamation of the mine. Closure costs are estimated to be a total of CAD 49 million.

 

The capital cost estimates have been developed to support the economic analysis of the Project and are consistent with the level of accuracy expected at the current stage of study, typically within the -30% +50% range for a Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA).

 

The Initial and Sustaining Capital are summarized in Table 1.3 according to the level 1 work breakdown structure (WBS).

 

Table 1.3: Capital Expenditure Summary

 

Capital Expenditures (CAD k)   Initial
Capital Cost
Sustaining
Capital Cost
Total
Capital Cost
100 – Infrastructure 124,267   124,267
200 – Power and Electrical 135,833 5,000 140,833
300 – Water Management 180,002 30,000 210,002
400 – Surface Operations 29,140   29,140
500 – Mining 347,736 804,352 1,152,088
600 – Process Plant 352,821   352,821
700 – Construction Indirect 225,800   225,800

 

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Capital Expenditures (CAD k) Initial
Capital Cost
Sustaining
Capital Cost
Total
Capital Cost
800 – General Services / Owner’s Cost 83,500   83,500
900 – Pre-production, Start-up, Comm. 219,090   219,090
990 – Contingency 302,654   302,654
Total 2,000,843 839,352 2,840,196

  

A salvage value of CAD 32 million was estimated for the major process plant equipment and open pit major equipment. This residual value is excluded from Capital Expenditure.

 

The operating costs (“OPEX”) include mining, processing, general services and administration (“G&A”), royalties and power cost which are included within each area. The average LOM operating cost is $34.44/t milled, excluding transportation and refining. Operating Costs are summarized in Table 1.4.

 

Table 1.4: Operating Cost

 

Item Unit Cost ($/t milled)
Open Pit Mining 18.88
Processing 12.29
General Services & Administration 3.16
Total Site Cost 34.33
Royalty Cost 0.11
Total OPEX Cost 34.44

  

1.22Economic Analysis

 

The PEA is preliminary in nature and includes Inferred Mineral Resources, which are considered too geologically speculative to be categorized as Mineral Reserves with economic considerations. Therefore, there is no certainty that the PEA will be realized.

 

All economic figures are presented in real terms (i.e., excluding the effects of inflation) and are denominated in 2025 Canadian dollars (CAD), unless otherwise indicated. The economic model excludes any Project debt or equipment financing.

 

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The principal economic metrics used to evaluate the Project include net undiscounted after-tax cash flow, net discounted after-tax cash flow (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period. The economic analysis was conducted using a discount rate of 5% and metal price assumptions of gold at $2,750/oz Au, and silver at 35.00 $/oz Ag. Cash flows were discounted from the start of construction, and all costs before this period were considered as sunk costs.

 

A summary of the Project economic results is presented in Table 1.5. The total after-tax cash flow over the Project life is $4,035M, and NPV 5% is $3,390M pre-tax and $2,232M after-tax. The after-tax Project cash flow results in a 3.2-year payback period from the commencement of commercial operations with an IRR of 27.5% pre-tax and 22.1% after-tax.

 

Table 1.5: Project Economics Results Summary

 

Assumptions Unit Base Case
Gold Price USD/oz 2,750
Silver Price USD/oz 35
Exchange Rate USD:CAD 0.75
Fuel Price CAD/L 1.10
Mine Life Yr 13
Open Pit
Total Tonnage Mt 879
Waste Rock Mined Mt 668
Overburden Mined Mt 72
Mineralized Material Mined Mt 139
Strip Ratio W:MM 5.3
Mill Feed
Average Milling Throughput Mtpa 11
Average Daily Throughput tpd 30,137
Total Mill Feed Tonnes Mt 139
Gold Head Grade g/t 0.88
Silver Head Grade g/t 1.37
Contained Gold koz 3,923
Contained Silver koz 6,101
Average Gold Recovery (%) % 92%

 

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Assumptions Unit Base Case
Average Silver Recovery (%) % 83%
Total Gold Production koz 3,589
Total Silver Production koz 5,053
Total Payable Gold koz 3,587
Total Payable Silver koz 4,548
Average Annual Gold Production koz 265
Average Annual Silver Production koz 374
Operating Costs (LOM average)
Mining Cost - OP $/t milled 18.88
Processing Cost $/t milled 12.29
G&A Cost $/t milled 3.16
Total Site Cost $/t milled 34.33
Royalty $/t milled 0.11
Total OPEX Cost $/t milled 34.44
Cash Cost CAD/oz 1,339
AISC CAD/oz 1,592
Cash Cost USD/oz 999
AISC USD/oz 1,188
Capital Costs
Initial Capital Costs CAD M 2,001
Sustaining Capital CAD M 839
Closure Costs CAD M 49
Total Capital Cost CAD M 2,889
Construction Working Capital CAD M 26
Salvage Value CAD M 32
Financial Evaluation Pre-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M 5,860
Pre-Tax NPV 5% CAD M 3,390
Pre-Tax IRR % 27.5%
Payback Yr 2.6
Financial Evaluation After-Tax

 

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Assumptions Unit Base Case
Free Cash Flow CAD M 4,035
After-Tax NPV 5% CAD M 2,232
After-Tax IRR % 22.1%
Payback Yr 3.2

 

A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the Base Case pre-tax and after-tax Cash Flow, NPV (5%), IRR and payback of the Project using the following variables:

 

·Metal prices.

 

·Operating cost.

 

·Initial capital cost.

 

Table 1.6 to Table 1.9 summarize Long-term price, Spot price and Base Case pre-tax and after-tax sensitivity analysis.

 

Table 1.6: Base Case, Long-term Price and Spot Price Sensitivity Financial Results Summary

 

Assumptions Unit Base Case Long-term Price Spot Price
Gold Price USD/oz $2,750 $3,137 $4,600
Silver Price USD/oz 35.00 37.74 90
Exchange Rate USD:CAD 1.34 1.35 1.35
Financial Evaluation Pre-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M $5,860 $7,849 $15,247
Pre-Tax NPV 5% CAD M $3,390 $4,731 $9,718
Pre-Tax IRR % 27.5% 35.1% 60.9%
Payback Yr 2.6 1.9 0.9
Financial Evaluation After-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M $4,035 $5,396 $10,466
After-Tax NPV 5% CAD M $2,232 $3,152 $6,578
After-Tax IRR % 22.1% 28.1% 48.6%
Payback Yr 3.2 2.5 1.0

 

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Table 1.7: Gold Price Sensitivity

 

Gold Price
  -30% -20% -10% Base Case +10% +20% +30%
Before-Tax
NPV 0% ($M) 1,899 3,219 4,540 5,860 7,181 8,501 9,822
NPV 5% ($M) 717 1,608 2,499 3,390 4,281 5,171 6,062
IRR (%) 10.5% 16.6% 22.3% 27.5% 32.6% 37.5% 42.3%
Pay Back (Yr) 6.4 4.4 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.5
After-Tax Cash Flow
NPV 0%($M) 1,330 2,232 3,133 4,035 4,938 5,843 6,748
NPV 5%($M) 388 1,008 1,620 2,232 2,843 3,455 4,067
IRR (%) 8.3% 13.3% 17.8% 22.1% 26.1% 30.0% 33.8%
Pay Back (Yr) 6.9 5.06 3.85 3.1 2.7 2.0 1.8

 

Table 1.8: OPEX Sensitivity

 
OPEX Cost
  -30% -20% -10% Base Case +10% +20% +30%
Before-Tax
NPV 0%($M) 7,323 6,835 6,348 5,860 5,372 4,885 4,397
NPV 5% ($M) 4,379 4,049 3,720 3,390 3,060 2,730 2,400
IRR (%) 33.2% 31.3% 29.5% 27.5% 25.6% 23.6% 21.6%
Pay Back (Yr) 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.4
After-Tax Cash Flow
NPV 0% ($M) 5,037 4,703 4,369 4,035 3,702 3,368 3,035
NPV 5% ($M) 2,912 2,685 2,458 2,232 2,005 1,778 1,551
IRR (%) 26.7% 25.1% 23.6% 22.1% 20.5% 18.9% 17.3%
Pay Back (Yr) 2.6 2.78 2.96 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9

 

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Table 1.9: Initial CAPEX Sensitivity

 

Initial CAPEX
  -30% -20% -10% Base Case +10% +20% +30%
Before-Tax
NPV 0% ($M) 6,460 6,260 6,060 5,860 5,660 5,460 5,260
NPV 5% ($M) 3,960 3,770 3,580 3,390 3,199 3,009 2,819
IRR (%) 40.7% 35.3% 31.0% 27.5% 24.7% 22.2% 20.1%
Pay Back (Yr) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7
After-Tax Cash Flow
NPV 0% ($M) 4,635 4,435 4,235 4,035 3,835 3,635 3,435
NPV 5% ($M) 2,802 2,612 2,422 2,232 2,041 1,851 1,661
IRR (%) 34.5% 29.3% 25.3% 22.1% 19.4% 17.1% 15.2%
Pay Back (Yr) 1.7 2.0 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6

 

1.23Adjacent Properties

 

Adjacent properties include the Hillcrest, Star Lake, Sungold, Powell-Clay Lake, Burchell, LaRose, Watershed, Echo Ridge and Tabor properties. This information is included for regional context only and does not imply any geologic continuation between adjacent properties and the Moss Gold Project.

 

1.24Other Relevant Data and Information

 

An integrated project management team (IPMT) is expected to oversee the engineering, procurement, and construction phases of the Moss Gold Project. The Project execution strategy will involve a combination of owner-managed activities and contractor support for specialized work packages. A structured quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) program will be implemented throughout engineering, procurement, construction, and commissioning to ensure compliance with applicable standards and Project specifications. Operations personnel will be progressively integrated during the later stages of construction to facilitate commissioning and transition to operations. As the Project is currently at a conceptual study stage, further engineering studies, geotechnical investigations, and permitting activities will be required to refine the Project design and confirm the assumptions used in this Technical Report.

 

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1.25Interpretation and Conclusion

 

This Technical Report is prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1. The objective of this PEA Report is the evaluation of the potential technical and economic viability of the Project, notably the development of an open pit and a processing facility of a design capacity of 11 Mtpa and related infrastructures. This NI 43-101 Technical Report confirms the technical and economic viability of the Project with an annual average gold production of 265 Au koz and silver production of 374 Ag koz over 13 years of the life-of-mine (“LOM”). It is recommended to advance the Project to the Feasibility Stage.

 

1.26Recommendations

 

The results of the financial analysis presented in this Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) indicate positive Project economics. It is recommended to carry out additional work that will lead to the generation of a Feasibility Study (“FS”) for the Project. Certain tasks need to be completed in advance, as they are required inputs for the FS. The proposed budget total discussed in Section 26 is $131.6M and is summarized in Table 1.10.

 

Table 1.10: Cost Estimate Associated with Recommendations

 

Description Amount
($M)
Infill and Extension Drilling 86
Resource Estimation Update 0.2
Metallurgical Testing Program 0.9
Geotechnical Program 5
Hydrogeological Program 4.5
Environmental Baseline and Permitting 7.7
Infrastructure Investigation Program 3.6
External FS Engineering 6.5
Contingency (15%) 17.2
Total 131.6

 

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2.INTRODUCTION

 

Gold X2 Mining Inc. (“Gold X2” or the “Company”) mandated G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”) as the lead consultant along with CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Ltd. (“CSL”) to prepare a Preliminary Economic Assessment (“PEA”) under the supervision of the Qualified Persons (“QPs” or “QP”) for Moss Gold Project (“Moss” or “Project”) located in Ontario, Canada about 100 km west of the city of Thunder Bay.

 

Gold X2 Mining Inc. (formerly Goldshore Resources Inc) is a gold-focused Canadian mineral exploration company advancing its 100% owned Moss Gold Property in Ontario. The Company holds full ownership of the Moss and East Coldstream gold deposits. The Company’s common shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSXV:AUXX), OTCQB Market (OTCQB:GSHRF) and Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FWB:DF8).

 

The head office of Gold X2 is located at:

 

450 Commerce Place, 400 Burrard Street,

Vancouver, British Columbia,

V6C 3A6, Canada

 

This Technical Report (“Report”) is prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) and Form 43-101F1. The MRE was prepared following the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (2014), and in accordance with CIM Guidelines (2019) for Estimation of Mineral Resources and Reserves.

 

The objective of this Report and the PEA is the evaluation of the potential technical and economic viability of the Project. This Report declares a new Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE”) effective as of January 16, 2026.

 

The Report has been compiled to include all information pertinent to the Moss Gold Project, comprising gold deposits such as the Moss Gold, East Coldstream, and Huronian Deposits. The Report includes only current mineral resources for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream Deposits.

 

The mine plan and economic model rely on numerous assumptions and include Inferred mineral resources, which are too geologically speculative to support economic evaluation. The Moss Gold Project does not contain Mineral Reserves.

 

The mine plan and economic model only consider the Moss Gold Deposit and exclude the East Coldstream and Huronian Deposits.

 

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This Technical Report intends to provide sufficient, clear, and unambiguous scientific and technical information relating to the Project as of the Effective Date. The Qualified Persons (QPs) understand that a copy of this Report will be filed with the Canadian Securities Commissions and made publicly available.

 

As of the Effective Date of this Report, the QPs are not aware of any litigation potentially affecting the Project. The QPs did not verify the legality or terms of underlying agreements related to ownership, agreements, permits, licences, royalties or other contracts between Gold X2 Mining Inc. and third parties.

 

2.1      Scope of Work

 

GMS and CSL are independent consultants who contributed to this Report within their respective areas of expertise. This PEA consolidates their results to provide a comprehensive overview of the Moss Gold Project.

 

The QPs are entirely independent of the issuer (Gold X2) as described in Section 1.5 of the NI 43-101 Standard of disclosure for mineral projects. The QPs involved in this mandate do not hold an interest in the issuer or its related entities.

 

The QPs responsible for each section of the Technical Report are detailed in Table 2.1

 

Table 2.1: Summary of Qualified Persons

 

Qualified Person Company Title Report Sections
Dominic Lussier, P.Geo. (OGQ 1448) G Mining Services Inc. Chief Geologist 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.14, 1.23, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 23, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.10.1.1, 25.10.2.1, 26.1, 27
Alexandre Dorval, P.Eng. (OIQ No. 5027189, PEO No. 100214598, PEGNL No. 11042) G Mining Services Inc. Chief Mining Engineer — Open Pit Mining 1.16, 15, 16, 21.3.1, 21.3.4, 25.4, 25.10.1.2, 25.10.2.2, 26.2, 27
Charles Taschereau, P.Eng., CPA, MBA (OIQ No. 111386) G Mining Services Inc. Vice-President Metallurgy, Process, Commissioning and Operation 1.13, 1.17, 13, 17, 21.3.2, 25.5, 25.10.1.3, 25.10.2.3, 26.3, 27
Carl Michaud, P.Eng., MBA (OIQ No. 117090) G Mining Services Inc.   Vice President of Mining Engineering 1.22, 21.2, 21.3.3, 19, 22, 25.9
Nicolas Vanier-Larrivée, P.Eng. (OIQ No. 143023, G Mining Services Inc. Earthworks and Study Manager 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.18, 1.21, 1.24 to 1.26, 2, 3, 18, 21.1, 24, 25.6, 25.8, 26.4, 27

 

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Qualified Person Company Title Report Sections
APEGS No. 78043, EY No. 4551)      
Simon Shankie, M.Sc., P.Geo. (PGO No. 2436) CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Ltd. Vice President, Environmental Services 1.20, 20, 25.7, 26.5, 27

 

2.2Site Visits

 

Due to the early-stage nature of the Preliminary Economic Assessment, site visits were not conducted by all Qualified Persons, who instead relied on third-party data.

 

Table 2.2: Site Visit Dates of Qualified Persons

 

Qualified Person Company Site Visit Scope Dates
Dominic Lussier, P.Geo. G Mining Services Inc. Geology & Resources October 28, 2025
Alexandre Dorval, P.Eng. G Mining Services Inc. Mining July 23, 2024
Nicolas Vanier-Larrivée, P.Eng. G Mining Services Inc. Infrastructure July 23, 2024
Simon Shankie, P.Geo. CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Ltd. Environment July 23, 2024

 

The site visit covered the following aspects in relation to mineral resources:

 

·Drill core inspection and comparison with assay values.

 

·Identification of drilling locations and validation of drill collar coordinates.

 

·Audit of logging, sampling, and QA/QC protocols.

 

·Acquisition of 1/2 core duplicates for independent analysis (“QP” samples).

 

2.3Effective Date

 

The PEA is derived using the Company’s Mineral Resources Estimate effective as of January 16, 2026 (the “MRE”). The Effective date of the PEA is January 26, 2026. The Issue date of the Technical Report is March 12, 2026.

 

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2.4Previous Technical Reports

 

Previous Technical Reports filed by Gold X2 (Goldshore Resources) include:

 

·NI 43-101. Technical Report on the Moss Lake Project, Ontario, Canada; Report for NI 43-101. Prepared by SLR Consulting (Canada) Ltd. Effective Date: April 6, 2021.

 

·NI 43-101. Technical Report Mineral Resource Estimate for The Moss Lake Project, Ontario, Canada. Prepared by CSA Global Consultants Canada Ltd. Effective Date: December 9, 2022.

 

·NI 43-101. Technical Report Mineral Resource Estimates for The Moss Gold and East Coldstream Deposits, Ontario, Canada. Prepared by CSA Global Consultants Canada Ltd. Effective Date: May 5, 2023.

 

·NI 43-101. Technical Report and Updated Mineral Resource Estimate for the Moss Gold Project, Ontario, Canada. Prepared by APEX Geoscience. Effective Date: January 31, 2024.

 

·NI 43-101. Technical Report, Geological Introduction to Gold X2 Mining Inc.’s Huronian Gold Project, Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Prepared by APEX Geoscience. Effective Date: September 12, 2025.

 

2.5Sources of Information

 

This Report is based in part on internal company reports, previous study reports, maps, published government reports and memorandum and public information, as listed in Section 27. Sections from reports authored by other consultants may have been directly quoted or summarized in this Report and are so indicated where appropriate.

 

The QPs have no known reason to believe that any of the information used to prepare this Report and evaluate the Mineral Resources presented herein is invalid or contains misrepresentations.

 

Sources of information include:

 

·Discussions with GMS and Gold X2 personnel.

 

·Inspection of the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposit areas, including drill collars, drill core, and ground conditions.

 

·Drilling database exported from the MX Deposit database software.

 

·Geological Interpretations, provided by Gold X2.

 

·Exploration data, compiled and provided by Gold X2.

 

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·Technical and scientific reports by previous operators, publicly available.

 

·All figures and tables cited using references in Section 27.

 

2.6Agreements, Mineral Tenure, Surface Rights and Royalties

 

The issuer provided details regarding mining titles, royalty agreements, environmental liabilities, mineral agreement and permits. The QPs are not qualified to offer any legal opinion on property titles, ownership, or potential litigation.

 

2.7Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 

Certain financial measures referred to in this Technical Report are not measures recognized under International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and are referred to as non-GAAP financial measures or ratios. These measures have no standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. These measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared in accordance with IFRS.

 

The non-GAAP financial measures used in this Technical Report and common to the gold mining industry are defined below:

 

·Free Cash Flow is a non-IFRS financial measure. Undiscounted and net of Initial and Sustaining Capital Expenditures (CAPEX), and Operating Costs (OPEX).

 

·Sustaining Capital is a non-IFRS financial measure. Sustaining capital is defined as required capital spent in existing operations to maintain production levels, such as equipment replacement, power generation, raising of the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) and water management.

 

·All-in Sustaining Costs (AISC) is a non-GAAP financial measure that includes cash costs plus sustaining CAPEX and closure.

 

2.8Units of Measure, Abbreviations and Nomenclature

 

The units of measure presented in this Technical Report, unless noted otherwise, are in the metric system. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to “$”, “C$” or “CAD” in this Report are to Canadian dollars and references to “US$” or “USD” are to US dollars. A foreign exchange rate of USD/CAD 1.34 has been applied over the LOM.

 

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A list of the main abbreviations and terms used throughout this Technical Report is presented in Table 2.3.

 

Table 2.3: List of Main Abbreviations

 

Abbreviations Full Description
AA Atomic-Absorption
Ag Silver
amsl Above Mean Sea Level (metres)
APEX APEX Geoscience
As Arsenic
Au Gold
C Carbon
CAD Canadian Dollar
CIL Carbon-in-leach
CoG Cut-off Grade
CRISCO Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards
CRM Certified Reference Material
Cu Copper
DD Diamond Drilling
DDH Diamond Drillhole
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
F Degrees Fahrenheit
FA Fire Assay
Fe Iron
FS Feasibility Study
G Giga – (000,000,000’s)
g Gram
gpt or g/t Grams per tonne
g/L Grams per litre
G&A General & Administration
GMS G Mining Services Inc.
gpm Gallons per minute (US)
GPS Global Positioning System

 

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Abbreviations Full Description
ha Hectares
h Hour
h/d Hours per day
h/y Hours per year
h/wk Hours per week
hp Horsepower
Hz Hertz
ISO International Organization for Standardization
k Kilo – (000’s)
kg Kilograms
kg/t Kilograms per tonne
kV Kilovolts
km Kilometre
km/h Kilometres per hour
kPa Kilopascal
kW Kilowatts
kWh Kilowatts per hour
L Litre
M Mega or Millions (000,000’s)
m Metre
m/min Metre per minute
m/s Metre per second
m2 Square metre
m3 Cubic metre
mg Milligram
mg/L Milligram per litre
mm Millimetre
ml Millilitre
min Minute
Mo Month
MRE Mineral Resource Estimate

 

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Abbreviations Full Description
Mt Million tonnes
Mtpd Metric tonnes per day
Mtpy Metric tonnes per year
NI 43-101 National Instruments 43-101- Canadian Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects
NQ Drill Core Diameter (47.6 mm)
Ø Diameter
OK Ordinary Kriging Methodology
oz Troy Ounce (31.10348 grams)
PEA Preliminary Economic Assessment
Pb Lead
ppb Parts per Billion
ppm Parts per Million
psi Pounds per square inch
PV Present Value
RC Reverse Circulation
RoM Run-of-mine
rpm Revolutions per minute
S Sulfur
SD Standard Deviation
Sec Second (time)
t Tonnes (1,000 kg) (metric ton)
t/y or tpy Tonnes per year
t/d or tpd Tonnes per day
t/h or tph Tonnes per hour
t/m3 Tonnes per cubic metre
USD United States Dollar
V Volt
wk Week
XRF X-ray Fluorescence
Y Year

 

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Abbreviations Full Description
Yr Year

 

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3. RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS

 

3.1       Introduction 

 

This Technical Report has been prepared by GMS, under the supervision of the QPs, for Gold X2. The information, conclusions, opinions, and estimates contained herein are based on:

 

·Information and documentation available to GMS at the time of the preparation of this Report.

 

·Assumptions, conditions, and qualifications as set forth in this Report.

 

·Data, reports, and opinions supplied by Gold X2 and other third-party sources.

 

The QPs of this Technical Report believe that the basic assumptions contained in the information indicated above are factual and accurate and that the interpretations are reasonable. The QPs of this Technical Report have, to the extent applicable, relied on this data and have no reason to believe that any material facts have been withheld. The QPs of this Technical Report have taken all appropriate steps, in their professional judgment, to ensure that the work, information, or advice derived from the above -indicated information is sound, and the QPs do not disclaim any responsibility for this Technical Report.

 

In preparing this Report, the QPs have fully relied upon certain work, opinions and statements of experts concerning environmental, legal, political or tax matters. The authors consider the reliance on other experts, as described in this section, as being reasonable based on their knowledge, experience and qualifications.

 

3.2       Taxation

 

The QP has fully relied on, and disclaims responsibility for, information supplied by Gold X2 staff and the retained expert by Gold X2 regarding taxation as applied to the financial model. This information is used in support of Section 1, Section 22 and Section 25.

 

3.3       Mineral Tenure and Surface Rights

 

The QPs have not performed an independent verification of the land title and tenure information, as summarized in Section 4 of this Technical Report, nor have they verified the legality of any underlying agreement(s) that may exist concerning the permits or other agreement(s) between third parties, as summarized in Section 4 of this Technical Report. For this topic, the QPs of this Report have relied on information provided by Gold X2 and express no opinion as to the ownership status of the Property or the validity of the underlying exploration agreements pertaining to the Property.

 

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3.4       Conclusion

 

The results and opinions expressed in this Technical Report are conditional upon the information provided by the Experts listed as being current, accurate and complete as of the effective date of the Technical Report. The authors wish to emphasize that they are QPs only in respect of the areas in this Technical Report identified in their “Certificates of Qualified Persons” submitted with this Technical Report to the Canadian Securities Administrators. Except for the purposes legislated under Canadian provincial and territorial securities law, any other use of this Technical Report by any third party is at the party’s sole risk.

 

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4. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION

 

4.1       Location

 

The Moss Gold Project lies to the south of Highway 11 and the town of Kashabowie, approximately 100 kilometres west of Thunder Bay in northwest Ontario (Figure 4.1). Thunder Bay is a regional transportation hub with deep water port access to the Atlantic Ocean through Lake Superior and the St. Lawrence Waterway. It is also a rail and road hub, sitting on the Trans-Canada Highway (Highways 11 and 17).

 

Highway 11 and the Hydro One power corridor pass through the northern part of the Project. The small town of Atikokan is located 80 km to the west. The city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, is also reachable via the Trans-Canada Highway, approximately 500 km to the west.

 

The Project is located within UTM NAD83 Zone 15N and centred at UTM coordinates 668860 m East, 5379100 m West. It is marked on NTS sheets 52B/10 and, at the southern and eastern extremes respectively, 52B/07 and 52B/09. Administratively, the Project overlaps with the Moss, Ames and Haines Townships, and the unsurveyed areas of Powell Lake, Nelson Lake, Burchell Lake, Crayfish Lake, Greenwater Lake and Kashabowie Lake in the Thunder Bay District (Figure 4.2).

 

The Moss Gold Project is situated within the North-West Angle Treaty #3 (1873) and the Robinson Superior Treaty (1850), in the traditional territories of the Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation, Gakijiwanong Anishinaabe Nation (formerly known as Lac La Croix First Nation), Fort William First Nation, and the Métis people represented by the Métis Nation of Ontario and Red Sky Métis Independent Nation.

 

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Figure 4.1: Location of Moss Gold Project

 

 

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Figure 4.2: Moss Gold Project Location - Regional Overview

 

 

 

 

4.2       Property Description

 

The Project comprises a combination of Multi-Cell (“MCMC”), Single Cell (’SCMC’), and Boundary Mining Claims (“BMC”) as well as Leases, Patents and Mining Licences of Occupation (“MLO”) in the Thunder Bay South Mining Division. Less than 10% of the Project is held through Leases, Patents and MLOs with permanent subsurface and/or surface rights. The entire contiguous Project area is controlled through one thousand and fifty-nine (1,059) mining claims totalling 26,987 ha, five (5) Mining Licences of Occupation (MLO) totalling 534 ha, two (2) mining leases totalling 216 ha, and 61 patents totalling 2,179 ha, for a total Project area of 29,916 ha (Figure 4.3).

 

The Company also controls three (3) additional blocks of 1,325 mining claims totalling 27,726 ha – Bluff Point, Hillcrest and Star Lake – that are referred to in Chapter 23 and are not the subject of this Technical Report.

 

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Figure 4.3: Moss Gold Project Claim Blocks

 

 

Historically, the Project has been divided into blocks. A combined five hundred and sixty-eight (568) mining claims, two (2) leases, 48 patents and five (5) MLOs comprise the “Moss Block”, “Coldstream Block”, “Hamlin Block” and “Fuego Block” (Figure 4.4 to Figure 4.7), which are held 100% by Goldshore Mining Inc. (see Moss Lake Gold Project Inc.).

 

The “Huronian Block” contains 293 claims and four (4) patents held 100% by Kesselrun Resources Ltd., which was acquired by Gold X2 and closed on December 1, 2025. It includes an additional nine (9) patents acquired from SPG Royalties on October 20, 2025 (Figure 4.8).

 

The “Vanguard Block” contains 168 claims held 100% by Thunder Gold Corp. and 30 claims held 100% by Goldshore Mining Inc. (Figure 4.9). The Thunder Gold Corp claims are subject to an earn-in agreement described in Section 4.4.1.

 

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Gold X2 holds both the surface and subsurface rights to the Leases and Patents in the vicinity of the Moss Gold Deposit, the North Coldstream Mine and East Coldstream Deposit. Gold X2 holds the subsurface rights to most Patents surrounding Burchell Lake, while the surface rights to these patents are held by private third parties. Four patents on the northeast shore of Burchell Lake retain third-party subsurface rights and are not part of the Moss Gold Project, though they are surrounded by it.

 

In the northeastern part of the Vanguard Block, several claims overlap with the Kashabowie community, where a set of patents retains a combination of surface and subsurface rights. Additionally, in the southwestern portion of the Vanguard Block, claims 316139 and 166445 overlap with private patents PAT-16067 and PAT-16066 on the shore of Upper Shebandowan Lake, where subsurface rights are retained by the patent holders.

 

Within the Moss Block near Snodgrass Lake, Gold X2 inherited two (2) mining leases, LEA-108107 and LEA-107488, from the Tandem Resources Ltd. and Storimin Exploration Ltd. Joint Venture (“Tandem-Storimin JV”). These leases are under 100% ownership of Goldshore Mining Inc., granting them Mining and Surface Rights, thereby establishing rights for related surface infrastructure and extracting minerals.

 

There are five (5) Mining Licences of Occupation, MLO-13291, MLO-13260, MLO-13251, MLO-13443 and MLO-13250, within the Coldstream Block neighbouring Burchell Lake. These MLOs are held 100% by Goldshore Mining Inc. and allow for the extraction of minerals located under waterbodies. Gold X2 has inherited these legacy licences from the former North Coldstream mine.

 

There are partial overlaps with alienated lands, which are areas of crown land that have been withdrawn from any prospecting, mining claim registration, sale or lease until the Ministry determines the status of the lands. Claims along the northern extent of the Coldstream and Vanguard Blocks exhibit overlap with Alienation WK 59/20, establishing an approximately 500-metre buffer along the Hydro One power line corridor. Alienation WNCR 06/8, a registered garbage disposal site, is located within a minor portion of claims 106448 and 251473.

 

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Figure 4.4: Moss Claim Block

 

 

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Figure 4.5: Hamlin Claim Block

 

 

 

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Figure 4.6: Coldstream Claim Block

 

 

 

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Figure 4.7: Fuego Claim Block

 

 

 

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Figure 4.8: Huronian Claim Block

 

 

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Figure 4.9: Vanguard Claim Block

 

 

4.3 Rights and Obligations Associated with Mining Titles

 

4.3.1 Claims

 

The majority of the Moss Gold Project consists of mining claims. In northern Ontario, mining claims can be acquired by any person or entity possessing a Prospector’s Licence. Claims can be acquired on provincially owned Crown Land in addition to lands covered by third-party private surface rights, subject to limits outlined in the Ontario Mining Act and to the discretion of the Provincial Mining Recorder and Minister for Northern Development and Mines. The holder of a mining claim has the exclusive right to search for all minerals, which are defined by the Ontario Mining Act as base and precious metals, coal, salt and “quarry and pit material”. This definition of minerals does not include unconsolidated aggregate material, peat or oil and gas.

 

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Ownership of a mining claim does not confer any rights to surface occupation. The holder of a claim is required to notify and consult with any surface rights holders and come to arrangements regarding such factors as access and surface disturbance. To advance a project to development, the holder must apply for a Mining Lease.

 

Mineral claims in Ontario are acquired and managed within the online Mining Lands Administration System (MLAS). Individual unpatented mining claims are referred to as a Boundary Cell Mining Claim or a Single Cell Mining Claim (referred to collectively as “mining claims” within this report). In 2018, Ontario moved to an online claim registration system based on a provincial grid. All mining claims in Ontario, which existed prior to the modernization (now known as “legacy claims”), were converted to cell claims or boundary claims. A cell claim is a mining claim that relates to all the land included in one or more cells on the provincial grid. A boundary claim is a claim that is made up of only part, or parts, of one or more cells. Boundary claims were created in two (2) circumstances: if the holder of record applied to keep the legacy claims separate from each other, or if there were two (2) legacy claims held by separate owners within one (1) cell.

 

Claims are built from individual claim cells, which are 16 hectares in area and square in shape. The tenure over a claim lasts for two (2) years and can be renewed by filing evidence of exploration expenditure with the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, which meets the required minimum value for assessment credits. At the time of writing, this value is set at $200 for Boundary Cell claims and $400 for Single Cell mining claims. To keep the claims in good standing, an assessment report supporting the expenditure must be submitted by the expiry date. Approved credits can be distributed to contiguous mining claims to maintain those claims in good standing. Payment in lieu of work equivalent to the current year’s required assessment work may be made to maintain a claim in good standing for one year. Payment must be made on or before the due date of the claims.

 

4.3.2       Other Tenure

 

 

A total of 48 Gold X2 patents cover the Coldstream block. There are 45 Patents with mining only legal rights, and three (3) patents with both mining and surface rights. The patents defined exclusively for mining purposes are inherited historical grants of surface and/or subsurface rights obtained from the former North Coldstream Mine. The area that defines a patent mining claim is determined by Ontario Parcel (PIN) data and may be different from the claim outline defined in the available MLAS shapefiles.

 

Within the Coldstream Block, certain areas underneath Burchell Lake are covered by MLOs, which allow for the extraction of minerals located under waterbodies. These are five (5) legacy licences inherited by Gold X2 from the former North Coldstream Mine. Gold X2 pays annual taxes to keep the MLOs in good standing.

 

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Certain areas around Snodgrass Lake are covered by two (2) Mining Leases, which allow for the extraction of minerals and for related surface infrastructure to be established. These Mining Leases were inherited by Gold X2 from the Tandem / Storimin JV and the development of the Moss and QES Zones in the 1980s. As of the effective date of this Report, no mining activities are occurring in the Moss Gold Project area.

 

4.4Property Ownership and Agreements

 

4.4.1Earn in Agreements

 

The Vanguard Block claims are subject to an Earn-In Agreement executed between Goldshore and White Metal Resources Corp. that was amended on July 25, 2025. Under the amended agreement, Gold X2 can earn up to 75% into the subject claims upon meeting the following terms.

 

In addition to payments made under the original agreement, which have been fully met, Gold X2 is to make a final payment of $100,000 on signing of the amendment. Furthermore, it is required to make additional exploration expenditures of $4,989,000 at any time, at the sole discretion of Gold X2, with no prescribed deadline for incurring such Expenditures.

 

The Vanguard Earn-In agreement is in good standing with all commitments met as of the date of this report.

 

4.4.2       Royalty Agreements

 

Parts of the Moss Gold Project are subject to the following royalty agreements, most of which are incomplete copies of copies.

 

·Option Agreement for a 90% interest over the 23 original staked claims (now represented by two (2) leases) and an additional 19 claims covering the Moss Deposit, dated January 18, 1980, between Stanley G. Hawkins and Donald J. Kemp (Optionors) and Belore Mines Limited, Huronian Mines Limited, Harry Lundmark, John Woynarski, and John E. Halonen (Optionees), as amended several times, for the greater of $25,000 per year or 10% of net profits of production or net profits interest (NPI). Purchasers have the right of first refusal to purchase the vendor’s remaining 10% interest. Wesdome verbally advised that the 1.25% position held by Belore Mines was purchased, reducing the NPI percentage and minimum cash payment to 8.75% and $21,875, respectively. Wesdome also verbally advised that the 10% option to purchase the remainder of the property that is subject to this agreement was exercised and that Moss Lake is the 100% registered owner of said property. A further 1.5% NPI was purchased on May 1, 2025, reducing the NPI over the 42 claims to 7.25% and the minimum cash payment to $18,750.

 

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·Letter agreement covering three (3) legacy claims north of Snodgrass Lake, dated July 30, 1998, and effective as of September 30, 1998, between Moss Lake Gold Mines Ltd, Benton Resources Corp. and Berland Resources Ltd., for a 1.0% NSR. If, for any reason, any of the claims are forfeited or cancelled, the said royalty shall apply to any claims re-staked on behalf of the purchaser within three (3) years of such forfeiture or cancellation. The 1.0% NSR could be purchased outright for $5,000 prior to October 15, 1998.

 

·NSR royalty agreement covering 97 legacy claims south of Moss Lake and Wawiag River, dated September 20, 1999, between Moss Lake Gold Mines Ltd and John Edward Ternowesky (1.25%), Eugene Omer Belisle (0.625%), and Noel Belisle (0.625%). The owner retains the right to buy back 40% of the royalties for $1,000,000 at any time.

 

·Letter agreement covering five (5) legacy claims east of East Coldstream, dated August 1, 2002, between Alto Ventures Ltd and Larry Mealey for a 1.0% NSR and cash payment of $5,000. The owner has the right to purchase the royalty for $500,000 at any time.

 

·Letter agreement covering 120 claims since converted to 74 patents over and to the east of Burchell Lake, dated August 1, 2002, between Alto Ventures Ltd and Hidefield plc, represented by John Prochnau. The agreement gives Alto a three-year option to purchase the property for a $100,000 work commitment and 2.0% NSR. This agreement supersedes an earlier agreement dated August 11, 1999, between Newhawk Gold Mines Ltd and John Prochnau for a cash payment of $75,000 over one (1) year and a 1.0% NSR. This latter NSR had a 0.5% NSR buyback clause for $250,000.

 

·Property option agreement covering three (3) legacy claims, dated January 20, 2003, between East West Resource Ltd and Costy Bumbu (50% interest holder) and James A. Martin (50% interest holder), for a 100% interest in return for cash payments, the issuance of 100,000 common stock, and a 2.0% NSR. This included the right for the Optionee to buy back 1.0% of NSR. On December 29, 2023, Prospector Royalty Corp acquired the Bumbu-Martin 1.0% NSR, triggering the right of first refusal on the remaining 1.0% NSR. Moss Lake Project Inc, Goldshore’s subsidiary, exercised this right for $7,000. The original agreement mentions four (4) additional claims that were either never staked or staked elsewhere. Prospector acknowledges that these claims are not part of the current agreement.

 

·Property option agreement covering five (5) legacy claims west of Hamlin and two (2) legacy claims north of Wawiag River, dated March 3, 2003, between East West Resource Corp and Maple Minerals Corp (Optionees) and Ken Kukkee (Optionor) for a 100% interest in return for cash and share payments over a five-year period and a 2.0% NSR. The owner has a right to purchase a 1.0% NSR for $1,000,000 at any time and a right of first refusal over the remaining 1.0% NSR.

 

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·Assets purchase agreement covering three (3) legacy claims south of Burchell Lake, dated May 8, 2006, between Alto Ventures Ltd and Dino D’Angelo (50% holder) and Peter G.F. Young (50% holder), for a total of 100% interest in return for cash and share payments, and a 2.0% NSR. The owner has the right to buy 1.0% NSR at any time for $1,000,000 and a right of first refusal to purchase all or any part of the NSR.

 

·Property option agreement covering 11 legacy claims east of East Coldstream, dated May 3, 2006, between Alto Ventures Ltd and Canadian Golden Dragon Resources Ltd and amended April 6, 2009, for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment before the two-year anniversary, the issuance of shares and a 1.0% NSR that includes the right of first refusal. The page containing the precise terms of the right of first refusal is missing. Canadian Golden Dragon subsequently became Trillium North and is now Thunder Gold Corp.

 

·Property option agreement covering two (2) legacy claims north of Burchell Lake, dated July 20, 2009, between Alto Ventures Ltd and Ken Kukkee, for 100% ownership interest in return for cash payments and a 2.0% NSR. The owner has the right to buy 1.0% NSR at any time for $1,000,000 and a right of first refusal to purchase all or any part of the NSR.

 

·Settlement agreement covering 65 legacy claims over the Coldstream area, dated October 7, 2014, between Canoe Mining Ventures Corp and Coldstream Mineral Ventures Corp (Buyers) and Alto Ventures Ltd (Seller), for 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $768,942 and $250,000 in common shares. Alto retains a 1.5% NSR on the portion of the Coldstream Property that is not otherwise subject to underlying royalties recorded in Schedule A of that Agreement, with the right to repurchase 1.0% for $1,000,000. Alto retains a 0.5% NSR on the portion of the Coldstream Property that is otherwise subject to one or more underlying royalties as set out in Schedule A of that agreement and does not have the right to repurchase. On May 27, 2021, Empress Royalty Corp. acquired the NSR position held by Alto Ventures.

 

·Royalty agreement covering 11 legacy claims over Hamlin and Deaty, dated May 1, 2014, between Canoe Mining Ventures Corp (Grantor) and Glencore Canada Corporation (Grantee along with Mega Uranium Ltd and Rainy Mountain Royalty Corp) in the amount of a 1.0% NSR. The owner grants Glencore an offtake right of first refusal to purchase or toll process all or any portion of minerals.

 

·Royalty agreement covering three (3) patents south of the North Coldstream Mine, dated April 23, 2015, between Canoe Mining Ventures Corp and Coldstream Mineral Ventures Corp (Buyers) and SPG Royalties represented by J. Patrick Sheridan in the amount of a 2.0% NSR. A 1.0% NSR can be bought for $1,000,000 before a decision to mine or $2,000,000 on and after a decision to mine.

 

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·Purchase agreement covering 167 claims, dated April 6, 2016, between Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd and Canoe Mining Ventures Corp, for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $400,000. There is no NSR in favour of Canoe, but the agreement acknowledges the underlying royalties held by Alto Ventures, Canadian Golden Dragon (now Thunder Gold), D’Angilo and Young, John Prochneau (Hidefield), Patrick Sheridan (SPG), Larry Mealy, Ken Kukkee, Glencore, and Bumbu and Martin.

 

·Royalty agreement covering 321 claims, dated May 31, 2021, between Goldshore Resources Inc. and Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd, for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $12,500,000 and share issuance of on closing and the issuance of 30,085,000 Goldshore common shares. Term payments include $20,000,000 worth of Goldshore common shares over 48 months. Wesdome also received a 1.0% NSR that may be bought back for $3,000,000 in cash and 3.3 million shares within 30 months or $5,500,000 in cash and 3.3 million shares between 30 and 48 months. Gold X2 exercised its rights and purchased the 1.0% NSR on July 21, 2025.

 

Following the purchase of Wesdome’s 1.0% NSR, most of the Moss Gold Deposit is unencumbered by NSRs. Exceptions are shown in Figure 4.10 and include:

 

·A small portion of the September 20, 1999, Ternowesky, Belisle and Belisle 2.5% NSR, which covers the eastern edge of the Southwest Zone mineralization, and small portions on the southern and eastern limits of the QES Zone mineralization.

 

·A portion of the October 7, 2024, 1.5% NSR acquired by Empress Royalty that covers the Superion Zone and the eastern tip of the QES Zone mineralization.

 

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Figure 4.10: Royalty Impact on Moss Mineralization

 

 

The Vanguard Block is covered by two (2) royalty agreements, which, again, are incomplete:

 

·Property option agreement covering 36 legacy claims, dated August 23, 2002, between Canadian Golden Dragon Resources (Optionor now Thunder Gold) and Costy Bumbu, James Martin, Mike N. Fogen and Mike Fogen Jr (Optionees), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $150,000, the issuance of 200,000 shares and a 2.0% NSR (0.5% NSR per Optionee). On January 9, 2024, Prospector Royalty Corp bid for the 2.0% NSR, which triggered Thunder Gold’s right of first refusal. Thunder Gold negotiated a final position with Prospector holding a 0.75% NSR, Thunder Gold holding a 0.75% NSR, and Mike Fogen Jr retaining his 0.5% NSR. This agreement extends into Moss Lake’s claims and underlies the area covered by the May 3, 2006, Canadian Golden Dragon agreement with Alto Ventures.

 

·Letter agreement covering 12 claims over Shebandowan Lake, dated December 14, 2016, between White Metal Resources Corp (now Thunder Gold) and Benton Resources Inc, for a 100% ownership interest in return for cash and share payments, and a 2.0% NSR. A further payment of $500,000 in cash and/or shares will be due to Benton on publishing of an NI 43-101 compliant mineral resource.

 

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The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $1,000,000. Since this agreement, White Metals (Thunder Gold) has relinquished some of the cell claims over Shebandowan Lake.

 

The Huronian Block is covered by sixteen (16) royalty agreements, including:

 

·Purchase agreement (known as the Bel-Hur Agreement) covering two (2) patents and 12 staked claims, dated May 31, 1993, between Theodore John Aho (Purchaser), in Trust for International Geo-Ventures Ltd, and Belore Mines Ltd and Huronian Mines Ltd (collectively known as “Bel-Hur”; Vendors), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $25,000 and a 2.0% NSR. There is no buy-back clause. This purchase agreement supersedes a purchase agreement dated June 15, 1988, and amended on August 31, 1990, between International Geo-Ventures Ltd and “Bel-Hur”. This agreement is the Bel-Hur Claims referred to in the purchase agreement dated June 3, 1997, summarized below.

 

·Purchase agreement covering seven (7) legacy claims (four (4) are listed in the Huronian Block), dated September 18, 1996, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc., (Purchaser) and Costy Bumbu (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $15,000, the issuance of 75,000 shares and a 2.0% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $250,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering ten (10) legacy claims, dated September 18, 1996, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and David Franklin Petrunka (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $15,000, the issuance of 75,000 shares and a 2.0% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $250,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering four (4) legacy claims, dated September 18, 1996, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and Eino Wilbert Ranta (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $15,000, the issuance of 75,000 shares and a 2.0% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $250,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering 25 legacy claims, dated September 18, 1996, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and James Alan Martin (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $15,000, the issuance of 75,000 shares and a 2.0% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $250,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering five (5) legacy claims, dated October 23, 1996, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and

 

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Manfred Schoor (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $15,000 and a 1.5% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $500,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering four (4) legacy claims, dated October 24, 1996, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and Michael Fogen (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $5,000. There is no NSR.

 

·Purchase agreement covering eight (8) legacy claims (three (3) are listed in the Huronian Block), dated February 7, 1997, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc., (Purchaser) and Cost Bumbu and James Alan Martin (Vendors), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $70,000. There is no NSR.

 

·Purchase agreement covering 16 legacy claims, dated February 7, 1997, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and Ken Kukkee (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $15,000, the issuance of 80,000 shares and a 1.5% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $500,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering two (2) legacy claims, dated February 7, 1997, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and Mark Kukkee (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $8,000, the issuance of 15,000 shares and a 1.5% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 1.0% NSR for $500,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering 24 legacy claims, dated March 25, 1997, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and Wawiag Resources (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for the issuance of 25,000 shares and a 1.75% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 0.75% NSR for $500,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering 13 legacy claims, dated March 27, 1997, between 1200157 Ontario Inc., a 100%-owned subsidiary of Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and Wayne Holmstead (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $10,000, the issuance of 10,000 shares and a 1.5% NSR. The owner has a right to buy back 0.5% NSR for $334,000.

 

·Purchase agreement covering 36 legacy claims and two (2) patents, dated June 3, 1997, between Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser), and International Geo-Ventures Ltd., 1013968 Ontario Limited, Theodore John Aho, Sr. and Zofia Eliza Jeffs (Vendors), for a 100% ownership interest in four (4) blocks in return for a total cash payment of $100,000 and the issuance of 200,000 shares. Each block has separate NSR terms as follows:

 

oAho Claims – a 0% NSR.

 

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oBel-Hur Claims – a 2.0% NSR (this is the area covered by the agreement dated May 31, 1993, above).

 

oGeoVentures Claims – a 2.0% NSR; no buy-back clause.

 

oJoint Claims – a 0% NSR.

 

·Purchase agreement covering three (3) legacy claims, dated July 4, 1997, between Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and George James Wallace (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $12,500 and a 1.5% NSR. There is no buy-back clause.

 

·Purchase agreement covering two (2) patents, dated October 8, 1997, between Pele Mountain Resources Inc. (Purchaser) and the Estate of Charles Ritchie (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return for a cash payment of $17,500 and a 1.5% NSR. There is no buy-back clause.

 

·Purchase agreement covering 153 legacy claims and four (4) patents, dated October 8, 1997, between Kesselrun Resources Ltd (Purchaser), Coventry Resources Ontario Inc. and Pele Gold Corp. (Vendor), for a 100% ownership interest in return the issuance of 4,000,000 shares and a two-stage NSR where the Vendor has an NSR equivalent to 2% less the NSR owed through underlying agreements (First NSR). Where the underlying NSR is already 2%, and the Vendors have a 0% NSR under the First NSR, a Second NSR of 0.5% shall apply, such that the combined NSR does not exceed 2.5%.

 

All active net profits interest (NPI) and net smelter return (NSR) royalties are summarized in Table 4.1, Figure 4.11 and Figure 4.12. Gold X2 and the Qualified Persons are not aware of any other royalty agreements or encumbrances related to the Project.

 

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Table 4.1: Active Royalties

 

Block Holder NSR Buy Back Buy Back NSR after
Buy Back
Agreement Date Comment
Moss Halonen, Lundmark, Woynarski & Huronian 7.25%     7.25% Hawkins-Kemp and Belore Mines et al 18/1/1980

Original 10% NPI; 2.75% purchased over time

Huronian Bumbu, Martin, Petrunka, Ranta 2.00% 1.00% $1,000,000 1.00% Pele and Bumbu, Martin, Petrunka, Ranta 8/9/1996 Buy-back is purchasable for $250,000 to each holder
Huronian Schoor 1.50% 1.00% $500,000 0.50% Pele and Schoor 23/10/1996  
Huronian Ken Kukkee 1.50% 1.00% $500,000 0.50% Pele and Ken Kukkee 7/2/1997  
Huronian Mark Kukkee 1.50% 1.00% $500,000 0.50% Pele and Mark Kukkee 7/2/1997  
Huronian Wawiag 1.75% 0.75% $500,000 1.00% Pele and Wawiag 25/3/1997  
Huronian Holmstead 1.50% 0.50% $334,000 1.00% Pele and Holmstead 27/3/1997  
Huronian IGL, 1013968, Aho, Jeffs 2.00%     2.00% Pele and IGL, 1013968, Aho, Jeffs 3/6/1997 Applies to Ben-Hur and IGL claims only; other claims have 0% NSR
Huronian Wallace 1.50%     1.50% Pele and Wallace 4/7/1997  
Huronian Ritchie 1.50%     1.50% Pele and Ritchie 8/10/1997  
Moss Benton & Berland 1.00%     1.00% Berland-Benton and Moss Lake Gold 30/9/1998 Buy back expired
Moss Ternowesky, Belisle & Belisle 2.50% 1.00% $1,000,000 1.50% Ternowesky et al and Moss Lake Gold 20/9/1999  
Coldstream Mealey 1.00% 1.00% $500,000 0.00% Mealey and Alto 1/8/2002  

 

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Block Holder NSR Buy Back Buy Back NSR after
Buy Back
Agreement Date Comment
Coldstream Hidefield 2.00% 0.50% $250,000 1.50% Prochnau (Hidefield) and Alto 1/8/2002  
Moss Hamlin Kukkee 2.00% 1.00% $1,000,000 1.00% Kukkee and East West-Maple 3/3/2003  
Coldstream D’Angelo & Young 2.00% 1.00% $1,000,000 1.00% D’Angelo-Young and Alto 8/5/2006  
Coldstream Thunder Gold 1.00%   ROFR 1.00% Trillium North (Canadian Golden Dragon) and Alto 6/4/2009

Amends May 3, 2003, Canadian Golden Dragon and Alto agreement. Golden Dragon is now Thunder Gold

Coldstream Kukkee 2.00% 1.00% $1,000,000 1.00% Kukkee and Alto 20/7/2009  
Hamlin Glencore 1.00%     1.00% Canoe and Glencore 23/10/2014

Glencore off-take ROFR

Coldstream SPG Royalties 2.00% 1.00% $1,000,000 1.00% SPG-Sheridan and Canoe-Coldstream 23/4/2015  
Huronian Pele and Coventry 0.25%     0.25% Kesselrun, Pele and Coventry 28/6/2016 First and second NSRs based on underlying NSRs
0.50%     0.50%
2.00%     2.00%
Vanguard Benton 2.00% 1.00% $1,000,000 1.00% Benton and White Metals 14/12/2016  
Coldstream Empress Royalty 1.50% 1.00% $1,000,000 0.50% Empress and Alto 27/5/2021

Empress acquired Alto’s Oct 7, 2014, agreement with Canoe and underlying royalty holders 

0.50%     0.50%

 

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Block Holder NSR Buy Back Buy Back NSR after
Buy Back
Agreement Date Comment
Hamlin Prospector Royalty 1.00%     1.00% Prospector and Moss Lake 29/12/2023 Supersedes Jan 20, 2003, Bumbu-Martin and East West Resources agreement
Vanguard Prospector, Thunder Gold, Fogen 2.00%     2.00% Prospector and Thunder Gold 9/1/2024 Reduces to 1.25% in the area of the Vanguard earn-in agreement
Huronian SPG Royalties 2.00% 1.00% $500,000 1.00% SPG and Gold X2 20/10/2025  

 

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Figure 4.11: Underlying Royalties

 

 

 

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Figure 4.12: Overprinting Royalties

 

 

4.5     Required Exploration Permits

 

4.5.1     Water Permits and Liabilities

 

On December 16, 2025, Gold X2 received a permit from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP) to take surface water (Permit number 5254-DP6R7C). The permit entitles Gold X2 to draw up to 260,000 litres of water daily from the connected Wawiag River and Snodgrass Lake water system, provided certain flow rates and water levels are maintained as outlined within the permit. The permit is valid until December 16, 2035.

 

Gold X2 notes that water takings are solely used for the purpose of drilling and, as such, the water is returned to the water table via drillholes. Consequently, there is no net taking of water from the Project. Gold X2 maximizes the recycling of water using drill sumps as part of its environmental protection mandate.

 

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4.5.2     Road Permit

 

In November 2021, Gold X2 received a permit from the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) to complete road maintenance and repairs, as well as a 70-metre road bypass installation, on the Project effective from November 9, 2021, to November 30, 2023 (Permit number: TB-2021-PLA-00062-WP-001).

 

A second permit was granted on September 5, 2024, by MNDM to complete road maintenance and repairs, and road construction of a 9-kilometre section of continuous road from East Hermia Lake Road to Snodgrass Lake Road. This permit expires on September 4, 2026 (Permit number: THBI-2024-PLA-07324-WP-001).

 

4.5.3     Exploration Permits

 

Gold X2 holds seven active exploration permits in Ontario issued by the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM). Among these permits, three (3) are designated for mechanical drilling, mechanical stripping and trails, identified as PR-23-000294, PR-23-000295 and PR-25-000113, covering targets in the Moss, Hamlin, Coldstream, Vanguard and Huronian claim blocks; and two (2) are designated for mechanized drilling and trails, identified as PR-24-000077 and PR-24-000085, covering targets in the Moss and Vanguard claim blocks. There are also two (2) exploration plans, PL-24-000064 and PL-25-000042, covering geophysical surveys and mechanical stripping, respectively, in the Moss claim block.

 

The specific locations of these permits are outlined in Figure 4.13 to Figure 4.14 and summarized in Table 4.2.

 

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Table 4.2: Active Exploration Permits and Plans

 

Number Type Status Activity Type Township Issue Date Expiry Date
PR-23-000295 Permit Active Mechanized Drilling (Assembled Weight > 150 kg), Mechanized Stripping (> 100 m² in 200 metre radius), Trails (TS) Coldstream, Moss, Hamlin Friday, 1 December, 2023 Monday, 30 November, 2026
PR-23-000294 Permit Active Mechanized Drilling (Assembled Weight > 150 kg), Mechanized Stripping (> 100 m² in 200 metre radius), Trails (TS) Vanguard Tuesday, 12 December, 2023 Friday, 11 December, 2026
PR-24-000077 Permit Active Mechanized Drilling (Assembled Weight > 150 kg), Trails (TS) Vanguard Friday, 26 July, 2024 Sunday, 25 July, 2027
PR-24-000085 Permit Active Mechanized Drilling (Assembled Weight > 150 kg), Trails (TS) Moss Sunday, 23 June, 2024 Tuesday, 22 June, 2027
PL-24-000064 Plan Active Geophysical Survey Requiring Generator Type, Line Cutting (< 1.5 m width) Moss Friday, 13 December, 2024 Saturday, 12 December, 2026
PR-25-000113 Permit Active Mechanized Drilling (Assembled Weight > 150 kg), Mechanized Stripping (> 100 m² in 200 metre radius), Trails (TS) Huronian Tuesday, 12 August, 2025 Friday, 11 August, 2028
PL-25-000042 Plan Active Mechanized Stripping (< 100 m² in 200 metre radius) Moss Saturday, 27 September, 2025 Sunday, 26 September, 2027

 

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Figure 4.13: Active Permits, 2023-2024

 

 

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Figure 4.14: Active Permits, 2024-2025

 

 

As exploration activities progress, further permits will be acquired for the Moss Gold Project.

 

4.6     Environmental Liabilities

 

Gold X2 and G Mining are not aware of any environmental liabilities with respect to the Project.

 

Historical dumps left by previous explorers have been cleaned up and remediated by Gold X2. Similarly, two (2) accidental spills of small volumes of hydrocarbons have been reported, cleaned and remediated. All remediation efforts have been documented and shared with MECP and the First Nations.

 

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5.  ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

 

The information in this section was modified from or taken directly from previous technical reports.

 

5.1     Accessibility

 

The Moss Gold Project is accessed via Highway 11 (Trans-Canada Highway) from the regional center of Thunder Bay, Ontario. From Highway 11, the Project is accessible using Highway 802 as well as a network of gravel logging roads that run south of Highway 11, mainly the Burchell Road and Swamp Road. The Moss Gold site is accessed using Swamp Road before turning east onto Hermia Lake East Road, followed by Snodgrass Road. Gold X2 maintains an operational base at Kashabowie, including a core logging and sampling facility with offices and on-site accommodation for the exploration team.

 

5.2     Physiography

 

The Project terrain is characterized by ridges that generally run northeastward to east northeastward. Most areas are at an elevation of 430 to 450 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.). The highest hills reach about 500 m a.m.s.l. to the immediate south of the North Coldstream mine site and in the southeast in the Hood Lake granitoid.

 

Across the Project area, ridges separate a series of shallow lakes and areas of muskeg swamp and streams. The main lakes in the area are Burchell and Shebandowan lakes in the north and Hamlin and McGinnis lakes in the south. Moss and Kawawiagamak lakes exist to the west and east of the Moss Gold Deposit, respectively. Bathymetric surveys show these to average 6.0 m and 3.4 m, respectively, with maximum depths of 15 m and 16 m, respectively, though this varies with the seasons. The Wawiag River runs along the axis of the Moss Gold Deposit and widens over the Main Zone to form Snodgrass Lake, which averages 1.7 m deep and reaches a maximum depth of 4 m.

 

5.3     Climate, Vegetation & Wildlife

 

The Project region is under the influence of a continental climate marked by cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers. The Project has a Koppen Dfb climate (humid continental) with typical summer highs and winter lows of +30°C and -30°C, respectively. Annual precipitation is approximately 700-750 mm, of which 550-600 mm is rainfall. Rainfall is broadly consistent from June to September, while snowfall is likewise consistent from November to January. Exploration can be conducted all year round, with much of the drilling required to in winter to better protect the muskeg swamps.

 

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Higher ground typically has poplar, birch and white / red pine coverage while spruce, fir and alder cover the lower ground. Wetland types include black spruce muskeg as well as cedar and alder swamps, particularly close to larger lakes. Jackpine is common in sandy terrain, typically as plantations. The area has a long history of forestry activity up to the present, and most areas are at some stage of regrowth.

 

Wildlife studies, conducted in 2021 and 2022, identified the occurrence of 129 bird and seven (7) mammal species in the study area. These records include species common in the Lake Nipigon and Pigeon River Ecoregions of Ontario, such as bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Canada warbler (Cardellina canadensis), moose (Alces), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). However, additional efforts could increase the number of records by documenting other regionally common species, such as the American black bear (Ursus americanus) and Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis).

 

Figure 5.1: Average Annual Temperature at Thunder Bay, ON

 

 

 

5.4     Local Resources & Infrastructure

 

5.4.1     Airports, Rail Terminals, & Bus Services

 

Thunder Bay has a full-service regional airport and a deep-water port on Lake Superior.

 

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5.4.2     Local Labour & Support Services

 

According to 2021 census data, Thunder Bay Metropolitan, “Thunder Bay”, the nearest large city, has a population of approximately 120,000 people. The local economy and workforce are accustomed to mining and mineral exploration work. Equipment and fieldwork contractors are also available in the unincorporated rural communities close to the Project, such as Kashabowie and Shebandowan. The town of Atikokan has a population of approximately 2,600, which provides additional resources, including contractors, a workforce, a hospital, and essential government services.

 

5.4.3     Power & Water

 

Three 115 kV and 230 kV electrical transmission line traverses the Project area in an east-west corridor, passing through the Project’s northern edge. Hydro One can maintain a backup diesel generator at Kashabowie to serve the community if power outages occur. Highway 802 extends southwest from Kashabowie into the Project area, leading to the former North Coldstream mine and town site. Plans are underway to upgrade the transmission line from Thunder Bay to Atikokan to a 350 MW, 230 kV line in 2027 to enhance support for mining activities in the region. A CN rail line runs east-west through the area about 4 km north of the Project, with a rail siding at Kashabowie.

 

There are ample water supplies on the Project site. The Wawiag River runs southwest through the Project from Burchell Lake through Snodgrass Lake and ultimately drains into the Hudson Bay watershed. A drainage divide runs through the northeast portion of the Project, and some areas around Iris Lake ultimately drain into the Great Lakes via Shebandowan Lake. The largest lake in the Project area is Burchell Lake at about 1,000 ha, about 90% of which is within the Project confines.

 

5.4.4     Other Infrastructure

 

Forestry is the main land use within the bounds of the Project. There are recreational cottages on the shores of Burchell Lake and Upper Shebandowan Lake. Historical infrastructure at the North Coldstream Mine included a company town. This area has been reclaimed alongside the historical mine workings by the Ontario Ministry of Environment.

 

There is some surface infrastructure at the Moss Gold Deposit, including an exploration drive developed by the Tandem-Storimin joint venture in the mid-1980s and an associated historical pile. Gold X2 conducted a site clean-up to remove all plastic and building waste in July 2021. The old laboratory cement pad is now used as a secure pad for bunded fuel storage. A weather station is installed on a nearby hill.

 

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Gold X2 uses a converted garage building in Kashabowie as a core logging facility and administrative building for the Project. Accommodation is available at fishing lodges in the Kashabowie area. Fladgate Exploration, an exploration contractor, operates a camp at Rainbow Lake, about 4 km northwest of Snodgrass Lake, which can also be used for accommodation, core logging and other exploration activities.

 

5.5     Community

 

The Moss Gold Project is situated within the North-West Angle Treaty #3 (1873) and the Robinson Superior Treaty (1850), in the traditional territories of the Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation, Gakijiwanong Anishinaabe Nation (formerly known as Lac La Croix First Nation), Fort William First Nation, and the Mètis people represented by the Mètis Nation of Ontario and Red Sky Mètis Independent Nation.

 

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6.   HISTORY

 

The following sections have been modified or reproduced from previous technical reports prepared by Reynolds et al. (2023), Dufresne and Black (2024), and Dufresne and Eccles (2025). The relevant chapters in those reports were originally prepared by Gold X2 Mining and incorporated by the previous consultant. The Authors have reviewed the prior technical reports and the supporting information and consider them to contain the relevant historical exploration information for the Project area. There has been no production from the Project.

 

6.1     Project History

 

Gold X2 fully acquired the Moss Gold Project claims held by Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (“Wesdome”) in May 2021 as part of a corporate transaction leading to a back-door listing of the Company’s shares on the Toronto Venture Exchange through Sierra Madre Developments Inc.

 

Wesdome assembled the claim package through two (2) transactions. The first transaction was through a business combination agreement in 2014, where Wesdome purchased all shares in Moss Lake Gold Mines Ltd (Wesdome, 2014, 2016). This gave Wesdome 100% control of the Moss claim block containing the Moss Gold Deposit. In a second transaction with Canoe Mining in 2016, Wesdome acquired the Coldstream and Hamlin claim blocks by issuing shares in Wesdome and providing cash payments.

 

Gold X2 is earning up to a 75% equity stake in the Vanguard claim block. The earn-in agreement with White Metal was signed in 2022. White Metal changed its name to Thunder Gold Corp. in 2022.

 

In December 2025, Gold X2 acquired 100% of the Huronian Gold Project claims by completing the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Kesselrun Resources Ltd.

 

6.2Exploration Activities

 

6.2.1Moss Claim Block

 

Gold mineralization was first discovered in the Moss claim block in 1936 via prospecting activities. Through to the mid-1980s, the area was subject to sporadic exploration activities consisting of various airborne and ground-based geophysical surveys, geological mapping programs, and limited diamond drilling programs to test selected targets for the presence of gold mineralization.

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Intensive exploration at Moss Lake began in the 1970s when Falconbridge and later Camflo Mines revisited the historic showing at Snodgrass Lake. Starting in the mid-1980s, the area received increased exploration activities following increases in the gold price. During the mid- to late-1980s, a significant amount of work was carried out by a joint venture that was formed between Tandem Resources Ltd. and Storimin Exploration Ltd. (Tandem / Storimin JV). From 1986 to 1989, the Tandem / Storimin JV completed 204 surface holes totalling 164,743 ft (50,213.6 m). The objective of these drilling campaigns was to define the Main Zone along strike and down-dip from the original showing. In 1987 and 1988, the JV carried out an underground exploration program via a decline and drifts. The underground development included 2,217 ft (675.7 m) of decline, 183 ft (55.8 m) of crosscuts, and 904 ft (275.5 m) of drifting on the Main Zone. This development reached a vertical depth of 316 ft (96.3 m). The JV drilled 32 underground holes totalling 4,967 ft (1,513.9 m) and carried out extensive muck, face and back sampling.

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Table 6.1: Exploration History - Moss Block

 

Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Moss Main 1936 Mining Corporation Prospecting   Discovery of Moss Lake Deposit. MDC013
Moss Main 1945-50 Lobanor Gold Mines Trenching, 12 DDH 1,431   MDC013, R085
Kawa 1947 Chas Emery Prospecting   Initial discovery of occurrences on Fountain Lake. 52B10SE0237
Kawa 1953-57 Great Lakes Copper Mines EM, 15 DDH 1,669.4 Minor Cu, Zn occurrences drill-tested (logs not located). 52B10SE0237
Kawa 1954 Newkirk Mining Corp EM     52B10SE0156
Kawa, Waverly 1957 Mining Corporation of Canada 7 DDH 737 Program partly overlaps with Fountain Lake portion of Moss Lake Project. 52B10SE0258, 52B10SE0259, 52B10SE0262, 52B10SE0263
Span 1957 Teck Exploration, Martin-McNeely Mines EM, 2 “packsack” DDH 15.9 Very short DDH to test bedrock close to conductors. 52B10SE0256, 52B10SE0257
Moss Main, QES, Kawa 1963-66 Inco Airborne EM, 6 DDH 592   52B10SE0166
QES 1964 Mining Corporation of Canada EM, Mag     52B10SE0245
Kawa, Waverly 1966 Cominco 7 DDH 205.7 Part of regional reconnaissance program. Several DDH inadvertently drilled into Hermia Lake Stock. 52B10SE0247, 52B10SE0248, 52B10SE0249, 52B10SE0251, 52B10SE0252, 52B10SE0253

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Moss Nose 1972 Conwest Exploration VLF, mag     52B10SE0241
Moss Main 1972-76 Falconbridge Mapping, EM, mag, 9 DDH 1,493.5 52B10SE0242, 52B10SE0260, 52B10SE0266
Moss Main 1979 Camflo Mines 4 DDH 581   52B10SE0240
Kawa 1979-82 Mountainview Exploration DDH   Small DDH programs, poorly documented. 52B10SE0235, 52B10SE0238, 52B10SE0239
Moss Main 1982-89 Tandem Resources, Storimin Mag, VLF, 204 surface DDH, 32 UG DDH, underground development 50,213.6 surface, 1,513.9 UG The most intensive stage of development is at Moss Main. Limited work at QES. 52B10SE0198, 52B10SE0201, 52B10SE0203, 52B10SE0223, 52B10SE0230
Span, Burchell 1982-87 Inco, Canico VLF, airborne mag, EM, radiometrics, mapping, DDH   Detailed mapping at Span Lake. 52B10SE0215, 52B10SE0233, 52B10SE0117
Kawa, Waverly 1987-88 Ternowesky / Belisle 9 DDH 1,348   52B10SE0220, 52B10SE0206, 20000005146
Boundary Zone, SW Zone, Kawa 1987-88 Tamavack Resources, International Maple Leaf Resource Corp 21 DDH, mag, VLF, IP, trenching, soil surveys 3,660 Detailed exploration contemporaneous to Tandem / Storimin work at Moss Main. Exploration hampered by positioning of Boundary Zone relative to tenure. 52B10SE0047, 52B10SE0049, 52B10SE0207
Span 1987-89 Inco 39 DDH, VLF, mag, channel sampling 6,764 482 m of channel sampling at Span Lake. 52B10SE0175
Span, Kawa, QES, Moss Nose 1988 Jet Mining Exploration Airborne EM, VLF, mag     52B10SE0226, 52B10SE0054

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
 
Details Reference
Kawa 1988 ELE Energy Airborne mag, VLF, IP, soil, mapping   Limited overlap with claim group. 52B10SE0091, 20000005389  
Span 1988-89 Newmont VLF, 14 DDH 635 (5 DDH entirely within Property)   Partial overlap with claim group. 52B10SE0074, 52B10SE0212, 52B10SE0057
Moss Main, SW Zone, Span, QES 1990-91 Noranda, Central Crude Ltd 69 DDH 24,505.7 First advanced drill program at QES Zone. 52B10SE0170, 52B10SE0174, 52B10SE0183, 52B10SE0185
Moss Nose 1990-91 Noranda IP, HLEM, Mag, prospecting, 3 DDH 879 Partial overlap with claim group. 52B10SW0892, 52B07NE0037, 20000005141  
Moss Nose 1993 Akiko Gold Resources 5 DDH 845 Thinly sampled, DDH are not well located. 52B10SE8605
Moss Nose, Deaty Creek 1993 Costy Bumbu Prospecting, Trenching   First detailed exploration at Deaty Creek.   52B10SE0020
Kawa 1993-95 Ternowesky / Belisle VLF, mag, mapping     52B10SE0006, 52B10SE0007
Moss Main 1995 Kukkee Thesis: Study of Moss Lake Stock   Rock magnetic and structural investigation of the Moss Lake stock and local area: western Shebandowan belt. Kukkee 1995
Moss Main, QES, Moss Nose, Kawa 1995-2010   Moss Lake Resources, Moss Lake Gold Mines Compilation work, IP, mapping, 39 DDH 9,443.5 Twinning, infill and exploratory drilling. Good quality geologic mapping in Moss Nose area. 52B10SE2009, 20000000054, 52B10SE2016, 52B10SE2020, 20000001085, 20000003849 
QES, Kawa 1998 Ternowesky Mapping, compilation     52B10SE2005

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Boundary Zone, Kawa 1998-99 Landis Mining 4 DDH 506.1 DDH have same name system as older Cominco program. 52B10SE2004, 52B10SE2006, 52B10SE2007
Span 2004 Maple Minerals Prospecting     52B10SE2024
Waverly 2005 East-West Resources, Mega Uranium Ltd Airborne EM, mag   Limited overlap with claim group. 20000001377
East Coldstream, Sanders, Span, Burchell 2006-07 Alto Ventures Some prospecting and petrographic coverage at Span Lake     20000002602
Span 2010-13 Foundation Resources 16 DDH 3,692.7 Poorly documented drill program. Core is available. Detailed channel sampling. Part of larger programs based around Coldstream. Foundation files, 20000006200, 20000013648  
Moss Main 2013 Moss Lake Gold Mines PEA     InnovExplo 2013
Moss Main, QES, Moss Nose, Span, Kawa 2016-17 Moss Lake Gold Mines, Wesdome Gold Mines IP, EM, 32 DDH 18,697.3 DDH focused at Moss SW Zone and Span Lake 20000015777, 20000015778, 20000017161  

 

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In 1987, Tamavack Resources Inc. (Tamavack) and International Maple Leaf Resource Corp. were granted an option to acquire a 100% interest in the southwest extension of the Moss Gold Deposit (Gold X2’s Southwest Zone, at the time termed the Corner Zone) and satellite prospects to the southeast, including the Boundary Zone and Fountain prospects at Kawawiagamak Lake. Tamavack subsequently carried out various exploration surveys and completed a total of 25,038 ft (7,632 m) of core drilling in 41 drillholes that tested gold targets near Fountain Lake and targets located just south of the Moss Gold Deposit.

 

At the same time, lnco / Canico mapped and drilled the Span Lake gold prospect further to the northeast of the Moss Gold Deposit area. They completed 39 core holes (6,764 m).

 

In September 1990, Central Crude Limited (CCL) and Noranda optioned the 42-claim Moss Deposit Property, consolidating the Tandem / Storimin and Tamavack holdings. An intensive surface exploration program began in January 1990 following the signing of a letter of intent. Sixty-nine (69) holes totalling 80,399 ft (24,506 m) in total length were completed by June 1991, largely on the QES Zone found by Noranda while testing for an east-northeast extension of the Main Zone. In late 1992, an additional seven (7) holes totalling 14,380 ft (4,383.0 m) were completed, testing the depth extent of the QES Zone.

 

Exploration slowed dramatically in the 1990s due to unfavourable market conditions. From the mid-1990s onwards, Moss Lake Resources acquired the CCL option, while Inco’s Span Lake claims became part of Alto and later Foundation’s Coldstream claim block.

 

Beginning in 2000, Moss Lake Gold Mines carried out exploration activities consisting of airborne and ground-based geophysical surveying, geological mapping, and diamond drilling programs. This work led to the preparation of a Mineral Resource estimate by Watts, Griffis, and McOuat (WGM) in 2010, the results of which are summarized in Risto and Breed (2010).

 

Moss Lake Gold Mines engaged InnovExplo to complete an updated Mineral Resource estimate and a Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) in 2013 (InnovExplo, 2013). The scope of the PEA included excavation of the mineralized material by means of open pit mining methods and recovery of the gold using conventional cyanidation processing technologies. The study scope considered all necessary infrastructure items such as power, access roads, worker accommodation camp, shops, administration building, a Tailings Storage Facility (TSF), water treatment plants, and waste rock and overburden storage areas.

 

Following Wesdome’s acquisition, Moss Lake Gold Mines completed additional geophysical surveying and diamond drilling programs in 2016 and 2017. The geophysical surveys consisted of IP surveys carried out along the northeastern strike extension of the Moss Deposit toward Span Lake, and the southwestern strike

 

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extension (known as the South grid). The drilling programs were carried out to test selected targets identified by the IP surveys for their potential to host gold mineralization.

 

The Moss claim block was subsequently left dormant until Gold X2’s acquisition of the Project from Wesdome.

 

6.2.2     Coldstream Claim Block

 

The North Coldstream Deposit was discovered in the 1870s. Scant records of mapping and prospecting exist for the area’s peripheral to North Coldstream through to the early 20th century (Table 6.2). The deposit saw four (4) periods of production, first as the Tip-Top Mine 1900-1908, two (2) minor periods of production in the 1920s alongside underground development, and the most productive period under Noranda 1957-1967. Very little work took place at North Coldstream following its last period of production.

 

Sporadic exploration took place in other areas of the claim block throughout these periods. Gold-focused exploration picked up in the 1980s, driven by Noranda Lacana, who discovered the Goldie occurrence and later the East Coldstream (Osmani) deposit. Peripheral parts of this system were worked by prospector Todd Sanders. Lacana, alongside Freeport, also discovered the Iris prospect around this time. Exploration efforts at East Coldstream dwindled in the 1990s.

 

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Table 6.2: Exploration History - Coldstream Block

 

Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
N Coldstream 1870s Unk. Discovery     Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)
Skimpole Early 20th Century Galloway Chibougamau Mines   Mapping     Presacco et al., 2021  
N Coldstream 1900-08 NY and Can. Cu Co. Operations   1,312,000 lb Cu produced. Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)  
N Coldstream 1916-19 NY and Can. Cu Co. Underground development, operations   Limited production. Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)
N Coldstream 1928-29 Shield Dev.Co Underground development, operations   Limited production. Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)
N Coldstream 1942 Frobisher Ltd 17 DDH 872.6 Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)
Iris 1950s Rio Canada Mapping, VLEM, SP, 3 DDH Unk. Drill-testing of widely spaced SP targets. 52B10NE0027
N Coldstream, Burchell 1952-53 Coldstream Copper Mines Mapping, mag, EM   Detailed geologic maps of former Coldstream property available to Gold X2.   52B10SE0150, 52B10SE0151, 52B10SE0157, original maps  
E Coldstream, Goldie 1952-55 Coldstream Copper Mines 5 DDH 978   52B10SE0143, 52B10SE0145, Farrow, 1994
Burchell 1954 Newkirk Mining Corp EM     52B10SE0149
Broadhurst 1956 Burchell Lake Mines 6 DDH 1,637.39   52B10SE0130

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Burchell 1956-57 New Alger Mines EM, SP, mapping     52B10SE0158, 52B10NE0324
Burchell, Broadhurst 1956 Goldora Mines EM     52B10SE0152
Burchell, Quetico 1957 Arcadia Nickel Corp EM, mag, 4 DDH 405.08 Drill-tested Postans Fault (Wawa / Quetico contact). Poorly located and some DDH possibly outside Project area. 52B10SE0264, 52B10SE0265
Iris 1957 New Jack Lake Uranium Mines 11 DDH 2,052.37 Minimal sampling of core. 52B10NE0020, 52B10SE0146
N Coldstream 1957-67 Noranda Operations   103 Mlb Cu, 22 kOz Au, 440 kOz Ag produced. Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)
Skimpole, Goldie, Broadhurst, Lacombe 1960s Coldstream Copper Mines 6 DDH, mapping, VLEM, mag 227.74  Minor Cu, Ni, Au occurrences identified. 52B10SE0014, 52B10SE0140, 52B10SE0141, 52B10SE0144, 52B10SE0160, 52B10SE0165
N Coldstream, Vanguard 1969 MNDM Property / deposit summaries   Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc Deposits of Ontario. Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)
Anvil, Iris 1970 Cominco EM, 2 DDH 62.5 Aimed at conductive targets. Partial overlap with property. 52B10NE0023
Iris 1980s Lacana, Freeport McMoran Mag, VLF, 2 DDH, mapping 651   52B10NE0010
Kawa, Span, Burchell 1982 Canico, Inco  Airborne mag, EM, radiometrics   52B10SE0117
Burchell, Broadhurst 1983 Tenajon Silver Corp Historic compilation, EM, soil     52B10SE0108, 52B10SE0115
Goldie 1985 Noranda Soil, trenching   Discovery of Goldie zone. 52B10SE0095

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Burchell 1985-91 Todd Sanders Geophysics, VLF, mapping, prospecting, DDH   Discovery of numerous Au occurrences west of Burchell Lake. Few notable DDH intervals. 52B10SE0001, 52B10SE0022, 52B10SE0025, 52B10SE0033, 53B10SE0077, 52B10SE0040, 52B10SE0112, 20000005143, 20000005144, 52B10SE0096
Burchell 1986 Jurate Lukosius-Sanders VLF     52B10SE0101
E Coldstream, Goldie 1987-91 Noranda, Lacana Detailed drill program, soil, mapping, trenching, IP, VLF, mag 6,138.5 Discovery of East Coldstream / Osmani deposit. 52B10SE0093, 52B10SE0100, 52B10SE0019, 52B10NE0007, 53B10SE0080
Schoor 1987-88 Noranda Mapping, trenching, soil, airborne VLF, mag   Thorough exploration program on Quetico contact leads to discovery of Schoor Au occurrence. 52B10SE0184, 52B10SE0188, 52B10SE0197, 52B10SE0053
Burchell 1988 Discovery West 13 DDH 2,118   52B10SE0073, 52B10SE0210
Shebandowan 1988 Golden Myra Resources Airborne mag, VLF     52B09SW0005
Skimpole 1988 Grey Owl Resources VLF     52B10SE0064
Burchell, Quetico, Schoor 1988 McChristie Airborne VLF, mag     52B10SE0083
Burchell, Quetico, Schoor 1988 Jet Mining Exploration Airborne VLF     52B10NE0011

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Sanders, Goldie 1989-92 Todd Sanders, Corona Corporation Prospecting, 7 DDH 1,116.49 Discovery and drill-testing of Sanders occurrence (subparallel to E Coldstream). 52B10SE0360, 52B10SE8105, 52B10SE0010, 52B10SE8111, 52B10SE0059, 52B10SE0043  
Skimpole, Shebandowan, Lacombe 1990-91 Todd Sanders Prospecting, airborne EM     Discovered minor Au showings east of Skimpole. 52B10NE0004, 52B09SW0002, 52B10SE8606, 52B09SW0315
Iris 1990 Independence Mining Co Soil     52B10NE0005
Iris, Lacombe 1991 Jurate Lukosius- Sanders Prospecting     52B10SE0035
N Coldstream 1997-98 Newhawk Gold Mines Vertical Boreholes     52B10SE2002, 52B10SE2003
E Coldstream 2002 Alto Ventures, Kinross Gold 7 DDH 1,668 Property acquired from Noranda. 20000002602
Lacombe 2003 Ken Kukkee Prospecting     52B10SE2018
Quetico 2005 East-West Resources, Maple Minerals Corp IP, airborne mag, EM   Limited overlap with property. 20000000830, 20000000849  
Iris, Shebandowan   2005-07 Trillium North IP, 18 DDH 1,257.6 Program mostly targets same anomalies as New Jack Lake program (east of Iris). No assays available. 20000003401
Anvil, Lacombe, Iris   2005-07 Canadian Golden Dragon Resources IP, VLF, 2 DDH 363.5   20001678, 20000001328, 20000001947, 20000001836

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
E Coldstream, Skimpole, Broadhurst, Goldie, Sanders, Span, Burchell 2004-08 Alto Ventures IP, 13 DDH, prospecting, mapping, airborne TDEM, petrographic study 2,062   20000001255, 20000002602, 20000003754, 20000003195, 52B10SE2023
Shebandowan 2009 Trillium North Prospecting     20000004233
E Coldstream, Burchell, Iris, Span, Goldie, Skimpole 2010-13 Foundation Resources DDH, mapping, channel sampling, IP, soil, metallurgy, Resource Estimate   12,173 Property acquired from Alto. Successful East Coldstream and Iris drill programs. Detailed channel sampling at Goldie. Broad prospecting coverage across much of Coldstream block.   20000006200, 20000013648  
E Coldstream, N Coldstream 2016-17 Wesdome Gold Mines Mapping, IP, EM, 9 DDH 5,101.95   Wesdome acquire Coldstream and Moss properties. 20000015779, 20000017146  

 

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Throughout the 1980s, exploration west of Burchell Lake was largely conducted by various prospectors who discovered numerous occurrences of gold mineralization.

 

Exploration at East Coldstream picked up with intensive geophysical and prospecting work by Alto and Foundation Resources in the late 2000s. Wesdome acquired the former Foundation property from Canoe Mining in 2016.

 

Following Wesdome’s acquisition, Wesdome completed an additional diamond drilling program from 2016 to 2017. The program focused on exploring the corridor between the historic North Coldstream mine and the East Coldstream deposit.

 

6.2.3     Hamlin Claim Block

 

Noranda and MacLeod-Cockshutt completed localized geophysically-targeted exploration in the 1950s (Table 6.3). Prospector Ray Smith discovered the Hamlin Cu-Mo-Au occurrence around this time. Falconbridge explored a minor ultramafic belt east of Hamlin in the 1970s. Most work in the fervent 1980s period was focused on gold targets in the west of the claim block; most of these work programs were focused on gold occurrences outside the current Gold X2 claim group in the Pearce Lake area. The Deaty Creek gold prospect was discovered and explored by Noranda in the early 1990s. Intensive exploration, including modern geophysics and geochemistry, began in the mid-2000s and was initially focused on gold targets towards the west. The Hamlin occurrence itself attracted more attention in the late 2000s (including an Xstrata option) when its IOCG affinity was first theorized.

 

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Table 6.3: Exploration History - Hamlin Claim Block

 

Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Hamlin 1956 Noranda EM, mapping, trenching, 7 DDH 716.68   52B07NW0071, 52B07NW0057
Hamlin, Deaty Creek 1956 MacLeod- Cockshutt Gold Mines EM, mag, 2 DDH     R085
Hamlin 1956-1957 Ray Smith Prospecting, 2 DDH 265.18   52B07NW0070
Hamlin 1965-66 Cominco Airborne EM, 1 DDH Unknown 52B10SE0166, 52B07NW0005
Hamlin, Deaty Creek, McGinnis 1970-1973 Falconbridge Mag, 15 DDH (3 in Project area) 448.06 m on the Project area Drill-testing of ultramafic units along flank of Hood Lake Stock. Mostly outside Project area. 52B07NW0072, 52B07NE0008, 52B07NE0005
Hamlin 1984 Grand Portage Resources Compilation report     52B07NW0035
Hamlin, Deaty Creek, Junction 1984-85 Kennco Explorations Mag, VLF, soil, mapping   Partial overlap with claim group. Good quality geologic maps. 52B07NW0042, 52B10SE0229
Powell 1986 Gunflint Resources Soil, mapping, VLF, IP, mag     Partial overlap with claim group. 52B07NW0032, 52B07NW0033
McGinnis 1984-1987 Wolf River Resources IP, soil, mapping, compilation   Partial overlap with claim group. 52B07NW8281, 52B07NW0034
Junction, Hamlin 1987-1990 Grand Portage Resources IP, mapping, trenching, soil, 17 DDH (2 in Project area) 284.07 Limited overlap with claim group. 52B07NW0031, 52B07NW0012
Powell 1988 Great Fortress Resources Inc Mag, VLF, IP, mapping, 8 DDH 1,160.67 Limited overlap with claim group. 52B10SW0011, 52B10SW0893

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Hamlin, Powell 1988-89 Mingold Resources Mapping, VLF, IP, mag, 12 DDH 1,361 Partial overlap with claim group. 52B07NW0015, 52B07NW0016, 52B07NW0017, 52B07NW0020, 52B07NW0022
Hamlin, Powell 1990-1991 Noranda Mapping, 3 DDH, IP, EM, mag 879   52B07NW0003, 52B10SE0004, 52B07NW0005
Deaty Creek / Moss Nose   1991-1992 Noranda IP, 7 DDH 929 First substantial drill program at Deaty Creek. 52B10SW8106, 52B10SE0026, 52B10SE0177, 20000005147
McGinnis 1992 Martin Prospecting   Partial overlap with claim group. 52B07NE0002
McGinnis 1992 Poirier Mapping, Trenching   Partial overlap with claim group. 52B07NE0003
Moss Nose, Deaty Creek 1993 Costy Bumbu Prospecting, Trenching   First detailed exploration at Deaty Creek.   52B10SE0020
Powell 1996 Ken Kukkee, Kwiatowski   Prospecting, Trenching   Discovery of new Au occurrences close to Nelson Road. 52B07NW0007
Deaty Creek, Hamlin, Powell 2003-2006 East-West Resources, Mega Uranium Ltd, Maple Minerals Corp   Airborne mag, VLF, IP, EM, gravity, 50 DDH 9,306.92 Intensive, geophysics-heavy exploration initially focused west of Hamlin and at Deaty Creek before moving to Hamlin. Numerous modestly elevated Au, Cu, Zn intervals.   20000001527, 20000001488, 20000000664, 20000001531, 20000000875, 20000000752, 52B07NW2013, 20000002415, 20000001115, 20000001032, 20000001021, 52B10SW2016  

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Hamlin, Deaty Creek, McGinnis 2007-2011 Xstrata Copper Soil, mapping, channel sampling, 26 DDH   9,531.5 Option from East-West. Detailed Hamlin exploration based on IOCG interpretation. 20000007598, 20000013643, 20000006351  
Hamlin, Deaty Creek, McGinnis 2012 Forslund Master’s thesis     Forslund, 2012

 

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6.2.4     Vanguard Claim Block

 

The Vanguard East and West prospects were first discovered in the 1920s (Table 6.4). Few documents survived of the early exploration programs, save for what is mentioned in ODM reports, but in the 1940s-50s, drill programs were undertaken densely enough to calculate historic resource estimates. The Copper Island occurrence was drilled during this time period. In the 1980s, the western portion of this claim block fell within the Lacana / Freeport (and later Newmont) Iris property. Key targets in that period included sodium-depleted footprints in the volcanic sequence used as VMS proxies, as well as a stratigraphically interpreted “Storimin Horizon” representing a potential strike continuation of Moss deposit. The original Vanguard stripped areas were mapped in detail by OGS geologists in the 1990s. Modern geophysically-driven exploration was done by a number of companies from the early 2000s and led to the discovery of new gold occurrences.

 

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Table 6.4: Exploration History - Vanguard Claim Block

 

Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Vanguard 1923   Discovery     OFR5938
Vanguard 1943 Alderman Copper Corp Trenching, SP, Mag survey     OFR5938
Vanguard 1946 Andowan Mines Ltd 33 DDH 3,000 Property summary. 52G03SE0028
Vanguard 1949-1956 Northpick Gold Mines DDH, geophysics   Historic Resource calculation. OFR5938
Vanguard 1952-1956 Frank Anderson Stripping     Referred to in 20000007391  
Iris 1955-1956 Rio Canadian Exploration EM, 4 DDH     52B10NE0027
Vanguard 1956 Bandowan Mines Ltd 39 DDH 7,529   Referred to in 20000007391  
Vanguard 1956-1957 Montco Copper Corp Geophysics, DDH   Poorly documented. Historic Resource possibly updated. OFR5938
Shebandowan 1957 Jellicoe Mines Ltd DDH   Exploration of “Copper Island” prospect. 52B09SW0307, 52B10SE0129
Vanguard 1966 Tinex Development Mapping, EM, DDH     Referred to in 20000007391  
North Coldstream, Vanguard   1969 MNDM Property / deposit summaries   Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc Deposits of Ontario. Shklanka, 1969 (MDC012)
Vanguard 1970 Cominco Mapping, HLEM, 2 DDH     52B10NE0022

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Iris, Lacombe 1987-1991 Lacana, Freeport McMoran Airborne mag, EM, VLF, mapping, 17 DDH 4,000   52B10SE0042, 52B10NE0010, 52B10NE0308, 52B09NW0069
Vanguard, Iris 1988-1989 Newmont Mapping, 10 DDH     52B09NW0003, 52B10NE0006, 52B10NE0008, 52B10SE0055, 20000005140
Vanguard 1988-1990 Minnova Airborne and ground EM, mag, mapping, 14 DDH 4,868   52B09NW0002, 52B09NW0006
Shebandowan 1988 Golden Myra Resources Airborne mag, VLF     52B09SW0005
Shebandowan 1990 Todd Sanders Prospecting     52B10NE0004
Vanguard 1992 Noranda 2 DDH, HLEM 1,006   52B09NW8102
Vanguard, Shebandowan 1994-1996 Petrunka Mapping, mag     52B09NW0046, 52B09NW0072
Vanguard 1996 OGS Mapping   Detailed mapping of main Vanguard stripped areas. P3358, P3359
Vanguard 1997-1998 Allegheny Mines Corp EM, mag, IP, DDH     52B09NW2002, 52B09NW2007
Vanguard 1999 Martin and Fogen Trenching     52B09NW2009
Vanguard 2003-2006 Canadian Golden Dragon Resources Mapping, IP, airborne VTEM, 20 DDH     52B09NW2024, 52B09NW2025
Vanguard, Iris 2005-2007 Everett Resources Ltd   IP, 20 DDH 1,258   20000000666, 20000000667, 20000003401  

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Vanguard, Iris, Shebandowan   2010-2012 Benton Resources Mapping, soil, IP, mag, 7 DDH 1,280 Comprehensive program identified new geophysical and soil anomalies across claim group. Discovery of “Benton” Au showing and minor PGE occurrences. 20000007772
Vanguard 2012 Trillium North 4 DDH 501   20000007391
Vanguard 2015 1401385 Ontario VLF     20000008449
Shebandowan 2017-2018 White Metal Resources

Prospecting, soil, 3 DDH

494   20000015500, 20000015497, White Metal Resources datasets

 

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6.2.5     Huronian Claim Block

 

Information for this subsection was summarized from the recent Technical Report for the Huronian Gold Project (Dufresne and Eccles, 2025).

 

Historical work has identified several structurally controlled, gold-mineralized zones, including:

 

·The Huronian Zone (also described as the Ardeen Zone due to the association with the Ardeen Mine).

 

·The Fisher Zone and subzones: Main Fisher Zone, Fisher North Hanging wall A and B zones, and Fisher Footwall B A and B zones.

 

·The McKellar Zone (described historically as the Pele Zone).

 

·Trench 2 Zone.

 

·Minoletti prospect (described historically as the Pele North Zone).

 

·The Span North and Span South prospects.

 

The Ardeen mine was discovered in 1871, operated intermittently between 1882 and 1936, with prime production between 1932 and 1936. The mine was closed in 1936. A total of 143,724 tons was milled, and a total of 29,948 ounces of gold and 172,617 ounces of silver were produced during mine life (Pele Mountain Resources Inc., 1998; Ontario Ministry of Mines, 2025a). A Qualified Person has not verified the information related to the historic Ardeen Mine, and therefore, the Ardeen Mine information presented is not necessarily indicative of mineralization present within the Huronian block.

 

Parts of the Huronian block have been explored and held by multiple owners in the subsequent period. Between 1957 and 1996, a total of 158 Mineral Assessment Reports were submitted to the Ontario Ministry of Energy and Mines (Dufresne and Eccles, 2025). The types of work completed include geological mapping, overburden stripping, prospecting, grab rock and trench channel sampling, geophysical surveys (including airborne electromagnetic / magnetometer, ground induced polarization, and downhole pulse electromagnetic surveys), diamond drilling, and rock and core geochemical analyses. The assessment reports include information that is not strictly within the current Huronian block; further review will be required to catalogue the relevant work.

 

From 1996 through 2025, the claim area was owned and explored by four (4) companies: Pele Mountain (1996-2009), Coventry–Pele Mountain joint-venture (2011-2014), Chalice (2014-2016), and Kesselrun (2016-2025).

 

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Historical exploration work within the boundaries of the Huronian claim block is summarized in Table 6.5 below. Due to the recent acquisition of the Huronian block, a detailed review of all historical work has not been completed at this time; more information on the state of the data review can be found in the 2025 Technical Report written by Dufresne and Eccles (2025).

 

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Table 6.5: Exploration History – Huronian Claim Block

 

Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
Various 1957-1996 Various Various Work has not been reviewed in detail.  
  1996-97 Pele Mountain Mapping, Overburden stripping, Geochem samples, Compilation work, 117 DDH     52B10SW0037, 52B10SW2002,
  1997 Pele Mountain Geochemistry, 43 DDH, mapping   1-1:4000 geological map. 52B10SW2004, 52B10SW0034, 52B10SW0035, 52B10SW2009
  1997 Pele Mountain Downhole geophysics, IP, Mag, 2 DDH, VLF-EM     52B10SW0033
  1997 Pele Mountain Mag, VLF-EM     52B10SW2001
  1998 Pele Mountain Till and rock samples     52B10SW2008
  2003 Pele Mountain Rock samples, Prospecting, 4 DDH   52B10SW2017, 52B10SW2014
  2004-05 Pele Mountain 8 DDH 2,950   20000000840
  2006 Pele Mountain Airborne EM     20000002919
  2009-11 Coventry Resources Ltd. 70 DDH, Relog / reanalysis of 62 historic DDH, Till and humus sampling 7,846   20000006762, 20000009747
  2016-17 Kesselrun Resources Ltd. Channel sampling, Prospecting, Trenching, Rock sampling     20000015344
  2017 Kesselrun Resources Ltd. Geochem sampling, Channel sampling, Prospecting, Overburden stripping, Rock sampling     20000017914

 

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Target Year Company Work Done Total DDH
(m)
Details Reference
  2020 Kesselrun Resources Ltd. Channel sampling, Mapping, Overburden stripping, Rock sampling, 29 DDH 3,119   20000019193, 20000019098
  2021 Kesselrun Resources Ltd. 102 DDH 19,256   20000020443
  2022 Kesselrun Resources Ltd. 55 DDH, Rock sampling 12,802   20000021855
  2022-23 Kesselrun Resources Ltd. Airborne EM, Airborne Mag     20000021700
  2023 Kesselrun Resources Ltd. Prospecting, Rock sampling, Channel
sampling, Airborne EM
    20000022259, 20000022337, 20000022339

 

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6.3        Historical Mineral Resource Estimates

 

Historical mineral resource estimates were completed for mineralized zones found within the Moss and Coldstream claim blocks. Many of these historical estimates were completed prior to the introduction of CIM and NI 43-101 standards and guidelines. 

 

A Qualified Person (QP) has not completed sufficient work to classify these historical estimates as current Mineral Resources; the QP Authors of this report and Gold X2 are not treating these historical estimates as current Mineral Resources. The current MRE disclosed in this Report supersedes all historical mineral resource estimates for the Moss Gold Deposit and the East Coldstream Gold Deposit.

 

6.3.1     Moss Block

 

Historical mineral resource estimates for the Moss Gold Deposit are summarized in Table 6.6. A previous NI 43-101 compliant Mineral Resource estimate for the Moss Gold Deposit was disclosed in a Technical Report with an effective date of January 31, 2024 (Dufresne and Black, 2024). Previous historical MRE’s completed for the current issuer are summarized in Section 14.

 

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Table 6.6: Previous MREs for the Moss Gold Deposit

 

Company Year 43-101
Compliant
Cutoff
(g/t Au)
Mining
Method
Category Tonnes Grade
(g/t Au)
Metal
(oz Au)
Martan Explorers Ltd. 1988 No 3.43 Open Pit Unclassified 338,722 5.35 58,262
Noranda (Bidwell) 1991 No None Open Pit Unclassified 60,637,758 1.06 2,064,000
Noranda (Reedman) 1991 No 0.47 Open Pit Unclassified 83,746,585 0.91 2,443,000
Central Canada Potash 1991 No 0.47 Open Pit Unclassified 77,994,332 0.93 2,341,000
Noranada (Jarvi) 1992 No 0.47 Open Pit Unclassified 60,433,584 1.03 2,087,000
WGM (Sullivan et al.) 2006 Yes 0.48 Open Pit Inferred 50,920,000 0.93 1,515,000
WGM (Breed) 2010 Yes 0.3 Open Pit Indicated 36,569,769 0.93 1,107,000
Open Pit Inferred 18,783,976 0.86 525,000
InnovExplo 2013 Yes 0.5 Open Pit Indicated 39,795,000 1.1 1,377,300
0.5 Open Pit Inferred 48,904,000 1 1,616,300
5 Underground Inferred 1,461,000 2.9 135,400

 

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The 2013 InnovExplo estimate was prepared using three-dimensional (3D) block modelling and the inverse distance squared (ID2) interpolation method for a corridor of the Moss Project with a strike length of 3.2 km and a width of approximately 1.2 km, down to a vertical depth of 750 m below surface. Eighteen (18) mineralized zones were interpreted in transverse sections spaced 50 ft (approximately 15 m) apart and confirmed / adjusted in plan views spaced 100 ft (approximately 30 m) apart. The Geovia GEMS software package was used to prepare the historical estimate from a drillhole database containing a total of 352 drillholes.

 

The estimate contained mineralization located within a potential open pit operating scenario as well as mineralization that is located within an underground mining scenario. A pit surface was created as a criterion in preparing the estimate using the following parameters:

 

·Gold price: USD 1,500/oz.

 

·Exchange rate: 1.00 USD: 1.00 CAD.

 

·Overall slope angle: 50°.

 

·Mining cost (rock): CAD 2.28/t moved.

 

·Mining recovery: 95%.

 

·Mining dilution: 5%.

 

·Processing cost: CAD 9.55/t milled.

 

·Mill recovery: 80% to 85%.

 

The InnovExplo underground-scenario estimate (Table 6.7) was completed using different gold cut-off grades and a minimum width of 5.0 m (true width). The selected underground cut-off grade of 2.0 g/t Au allowed the mineral potential of the deposit to be outlined for the underground mining option, outside the Whittle-optimized pit shell.

 

Table 6.7: Historical Estimate for the Moss Gold Deposit (InnovExplo, 2013)

 

Zone Indicated Inferred
Tonnes Grade Metal Tonnes Grade Metal
(g/t Au) (oz Au) (g/t Au) (oz Au)
Open Pit 39,795,000 1.1 1,377,300 48,904,000 1.0 1,616,300
Underground 0 0 0 1,461,000 2.9 135,400
Total 39,795,000 1.1 1,377,300 50,365,000 1.1 1,751,700

 

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The QPs of this report have not completed sufficient work to classify this historical MRE as a current Mineral Resource. The QPs and Gold X2 are not treating this historical estimate as a current Mineral Resource. The current MRE disclosed in this Report supersedes all historical estimates for the Project.

 

6.3.2     Coldstream Claim Block

 

A historical estimate for the East Coldstream Gold Deposit was prepared for Foundation Resources in 2011 and was disclosed in a Technical Report with an effective date of December 12, 2011 (Tetra Tech, 2011). The East Coldstream Gold Deposit is located approximately 2 km east of the past producing Coldstream Mine (Table 6.8).

 

The historical estimate was prepared using available drillhole and assay information as of April 5, 2011. Wireframe interpretations were prepared of the mineralization using a threshold grade of 0.2 g/t Au and a minimum horizontal width of 2 m. Gold grades were estimated with the Datamine Studio software package and using the nearest neighbour (NN), ID2 and ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation algorithms.

 

Table 6.8: Historical Estimate for the East Coldstream Gold Deposit (Tetra Tech, 2011)

 

Zone Indicated Inferred
Tonnes Grade Metal Tonnes Grade Metal
(g/t Au) (oz Au) (g/t Au) (oz Au)
EC-1 1,371,900 0.89 39,376 20,732,000 0.77 515,454
EC-2 2,144,800 0.83 57,024 9,801,000 0.79 247,822
Total 3,516,700 0.85 96,400 30,533,000 0.78 763,176

 

The historical estimate was not constrained by an open pit and is considered to be an unconstrained estimate of the total mineral inventory. It used a cut-off grade of 0.4 g/t Au and the following parameters:

 

·Stripping ratio: 4:1.

 

·Operating cost: $15.00/t at 5,000 tpd.

 

·Gold price: USD 1,139/troy oz.

 

·USD to CAD conversion: 1.00.

 

·Gold recovery: 95%.

 

·Overall slope angle: 50°.

 

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The QPs of this report have not completed sufficient work to classify this historical MRE as a current Mineral Resource. The QPs and Gold X2 are not treating this historical estimate as a current Mineral Resource. The current MRE disclosed in this Report supersedes all historical estimates for the Project.

 

A previous NI 43-101 compliant Mineral Resource estimate for the East Coldstream gold deposit was disclosed in a Technical Report with an effective date of January 31, 2024 (Dufresne, 2024). Previous historical MREs completed for the current issuer are summarized in Section 14.

 

6.3.3     Huronian Claim Block

 

Pele Mountain completed historical mineral resource estimations that included five (5) mineralized zones historically documented within the boundaries of the Huronian claims (Pele Mountain Resources Inc., 1998).

 

The historical estimates were completed prior to the introduction of CIM definition standards and best practice guidelines (2014, 2019) and the disclosure rule NI 43-101.

 

The QPs of this report have not completed sufficient work to classify this historical MRE as a current Mineral Resource. The QPs and Gold X2 are not treating this historical estimate as a current Mineral Resource.

 

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7.           GEOLOGICAL HISTORY AND MINERALIZATION

 

The following sections have been modified or reproduced from previous technical reports prepared by Reynolds et al. (2023), Dufresne and Black (2024), and Dufresne and Eccles (2025). The relevant chapters in those reports were originally prepared by Gold X2 Mining and incorporated by the previous consultant. The Authors have reviewed the prior technical reports and the supporting information and consider them to contain the relevant historical exploration information for the Project area.

 

7.1        Regional Geology

 

7.1.1     Stratigraphy and Tectonic Setting

 

The Moss Gold Project is located in the western portion of the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt (SGB), within the Wawa-Abitibi Subprovince of the Superior Province (Figure 7.1). All units are late Archean in age and are metamorphosed to greenschist grade, tending towards amphibolite with proximity to the larger plutons. The SGB consists of three (3) supracrustal assemblages, which are distinguished by their age and their tectonic affinity as inferred from geochemical and structural interpretations:

 

·The Greenwater Assemblage: tholeiitic mafic and ultramafic volcanics to calc-alkaline basalts, including layered mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes and chemical sediments (iron formations) (~2,720 Ma).

 

·The Kashabowie Assemblage: calc-alkaline intermediate-felsic volcanics and associated intrusives (~2,695 Ma).

 

·The Shebandowan Assemblage: “Timiskaming-type” trachytic and shoshonitic volcanics and immature clastic sediments (~2690-2680 Ma) (Corfu and Scott, 1998).

 

Some earlier authors invoked a Burchell Assemblage; there is some confusion as to whether this referred to a structurally distinct subset of the Greenwater Assemblage based on younging directions (as described by Lodge and Chartrand, 2013) or as a synonym for the Kashabowie Assemblage (Sotiriou et al., 2018). Lodge (2015) resurrected the term “Burchell Assemblage” for an intermediate package of the late “Greenwater age”.

 

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Figure 7.1: Regional Geological Map

 

 

 

The Greenwater Assemblage consists of northern and southern fringes of calc-alkaline basalts and a core consisting of Fe-tholeiite basalts and Fe-tholeiite komatiitic basalts, with minor felsic volcanics (Lodge and Chartrand, 2013). The different geochemical assemblages are all broadly the same age. Nd isotope evidence from the Haines gabbroic complex and the gabbro-anorthosite suites around Upper Shebandowan Lake implies incipient spreading in an intra-arc setting with at least some input from a depleted mantle source (Sotiriou et al., 2018). This diversity in tectonic setting is supported by Gold X2 surface samples from the Coldstream area, which plot on a continuous trend through island-arc tholeiites and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) on most discrimination plots.

 

Soutriou et al. (2018) suggested a subduction polarity to the south, but this is difficult to reconcile with the wealth of evidence from the Wabigoon subprovince that suggests the opposite (e.g. Percival et al., 2006). This may instead represent slab rollback on a second northward subduction zone on the southern limb of the SGB – now buried by Proterozoic rocks – cognate with the subduction scenario theorized for the

 

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Abitibi / Pontiac subprovinces. Lodge et al. (2014) noted that felsic lenses close to the Vanguard and Wye Lake VMS prospects have FII-type REE profiles with LREE enrichment (based on the method of Lesher et al., 1985), which is shared by some VMS-fertile camps such as Sturgeon Lake.

 

The calc-alkaline, andesitic to rhyolitic Kashabowie Assemblage represents renewed, more evolved activity on the SGB arc after a hiatus of tens of millions of years. Field relationships suggest that the Kashabowie units are partly contemporaneous with the D1 event, the first major compressive event which thrust-stacked and interleaved panels of Kashabowie and Greenwater units (Figure 7.2; Beakhouse et al., 1996). This imparted a subvertical foliation and gently westward / southwestward-plunging lineations throughout the entire SGB. Younging directions in Kashabowie and Greenwater units across the belt vary but are predominantly to the north / northwest, suggesting a combination of tight folding and northward thrusting.

 

Dacitic Kashabowie units in Moss Gold drill core have strongly adakitic Sr/Y signatures, which suggest that relatively young oceanic crust was subducted. Calc-alkaline, adakitic andesitic volcanic packages are rare in the Wawa-Abitibi subprovince, and their local prevalence suggests a different, more continental, tectonostratigraphic setting for the SGB in comparison to the more oceanic arc-like setting of the Abitibi volcanics. Using REE and HFSE data, Lodge and Chartrand (2013) classified most Kashabowie felsics as FI or FII, which supports a predominantly compressional tectonic regime. The granodiorite Shebandowan Pluton was emplaced contemporaneously with the Kashabowie Assemblage, after the peak of the D1 event (Corfu and Stott, 1998).

 

The SGB is separated from the Wabigoon subprovince by the Quetico subprovince, the latter consisting of turbidite sequences at high metamorphic grade. The Quetico subprovince is interpreted as a fore-arc accretionary prism developed along the southern margin of the Wabigoon subprovince and developed into a basin receiving material from both the Wabigoon and Wawa-Abitibi subprovinces as the two converged (Percival, 1988). This explains the reported absence of a faulted contact between parts of the Quetico subprovince and the SGB in Ames Twp (Chorlton, 1987). A porphyry dyke, presumed to have Kashabowie affiliation, intruded into the Quetico sediments at the La Rose Shear at 2693.45 ±0.81 Ma (Hart, 2007) and provides a time constraint on the closure of the Quetico basin. Based on seismic interpretations, the SGB is interpreted to be juxtaposed with the Wabigoon subprovince beneath the Quetico wedge (Percival et al., 2006). Variation and reversals in graded bedding way-up indicators in the Quetico subprovince suggest tight or isoclinal folding (Kukkee, 1995).

 

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Figure 7.2: Model for Tectonic Evolution of the Shebandowan Greenstone

 

 

 

The Shebandowan Assemblage consists of coarse, immature clastic sediments interfingered with hornblende-phyric, calc-alkalic to alkalic volcanic units, deposited in transtensional basins or on the flanks

 

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of transpressional uplifts during activity on the “Timiskaming-aged” structures. Alkalic volcanism began around 2690 Ma when the Tower Stock was emplaced in Conmee Twp (Corfu and Stott, 1998).

 

More mature, distal greywacke sequences are present in the Gold Creek area in the center-east of the SGB (referred to by some authors as the Duckworth Group); these form relatively shallow drapes across older Greenwater assemblage rocks, highly unlike the classic “Timiskaming-type” basin setting and suggest a move towards a more mature lower-energy depositional environment. These contain at least some clastic material derived from the Wabigoon subprovince.

 

To the south, the SGB abuts the Northern-Lights-Perching-Gull (NLPG) complex of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorites and supracrustal-derived gneisses, representing the basement of the SGB. Strings of sanukitoidal intrusives are emplaced close to crustal-scale faults. Similarly, the emplacement of Alaska-type ultramafic bodies within the Quetico subprovince was driven at this time by movement on the Quetico Fault (Pettigrew and Hattori, 2006). Both scenarios demonstrate connectivity to an enriched mantle source.

 

Towards the east and southeast, the SGB and NLPG are covered by the Proterozoic sedimentary sequence of the Animikie Basin as well as the Nipigon and Logan intrusive complexes of the Midcontinent Rift at 1,100 Ma. Based on the association of Proterozoic chonolith intrusions with the Quetico Fault at Sunday Lake and Escape Lake (north of Thunder Bay), it is possible that Archean structures were partly reactivated or utilized during Midcontinent Rift activity.

 

7.1.2     Deformation Events

 

Two (2) deformation events are observed in rocks in the western SGB (Figure 7.3 and Figure 7.4). The D1 event affects Greenwater and Kashabowie units in the SGB but does not pass into Shebandowan units nor adjacent subprovinces. It represents a shearing event that took place prior to collision with the Wabigoon subprovince, and manifests as a gently westward-dipping lineation.

 

The D2 event is the manifestation of the collision between the Wawa-Abitibi and Wabigoon subprovinces. The major east-west, crustal-scale deformation zones were active at this time, driven by oblique tectonic stress along a roughly northwest-to-southeast axis. Present throughout the northern limb of the SGB, parts of the Wabigoon, and all the Quetico subprovinces, the D2 fabric is a gently eastward-dipping lineation and is the only tectonic event recorded by the Shebandowan Assemblage.

 

The D2 strain was domained around two (2) blocks in the centre of the SGB: the Haines Gabbro / Shebandowan Pluton block to the north, and the Greenwater mafic-ultramafic-iron formation

 

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terrane in Begin Township. The D2 fabric is particularly notable in areas closer to the northern margin of the SGB, along the eastern half of the Crayfish Fault in the centre of the SGB, and close to the NLPG (Stott and Schneiders, 1983).

 

Figure 7.3: Proposed Late Archean Tectonic Scenario for the SGB

 

 

 

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Figure 7.4: Synthesis of Events in the West Central Shebandowan Belt with Relevance to the Moss Gold Project

 

 

  

Stott and Schwerdtner (1981) used magnetic susceptibility anisotropy to infer that the D1 event was noticeably more prolate than D2, i.e. the D1 event had a greater transpressional-transtensional component, and D2 was comparatively more compressive.

 

Shebandowan Assemblage units (including the Knife Lake Group) are distinctly more common in the eastern and southwestern “wings” of the SGB. Gold X2’s working hypothesis is that, towards the wings of the belt, fault-bounded blocks were downthrown during “Timiskaming-aged” activity, in more dilational environments away from the suspected zone of maximum compressive stress in the Burchell Lake to Kashabowie area. It has been observed by several authors (e.g. Brown, 1985) that gold-bearing systems in the eastern SGB have an overwhelmingly brittle structural setting, in contrast with the highly ductile deformation style in the Moss Township area. Consequently, it is believed that the effective erosional level is relatively shallower to the east and southwest of the Moss Township / Burchell Lake area.

 

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The western half of the Crayfish Fault joins the Quetico Fault to the centre of the Shebandowan Belt and exhibits a dextral offset of about 2 km, bisecting the Vanguard VMS occurrence and truncating the Till Valley Fault. The absence of any “Timiskaming-type” basin along this portion of the Crayfish Fault, and clear offset of D2 structures such as the Till Valley Fault, may suggest latest-stage D2 or D3 activity. Most of the major intrusives in the SGB date to the latest periods of D2 “Timiskaming-type” activity or are post-tectonic; the alkalic Burchell Stock and Moss Lake Stock are unfoliated. Kukkee (1995) studied magnetic susceptibility anisotropy throughout the Moss Lake Stock, concluding that magnetite close to the intrusion margin exhibits an alignment with the regional foliation (presumed D2), supporting an age of intrusion in the closing stages of D2 activity. Both D1 and D2 are rotated by, and do not penetrate, the Burchell Stock, giving a minimum age for D2 of 2684 +6/-3 Ma (Corfu and Stott, 1998).

 

Several authors mention a D3 event which produced S and Z asymmetrical kink folds in the northern parts of the SGB, attributed to east-west compression (Forslund, 2012); this event has been given little attention to date. The Crayfish Fault reactivation may have been a D3 event (Figure 7.4).

 

Evidence for belt-scale folding is inconclusive. A review of way-up indicators in the literature suggests that the influence of kilometre-scale isoclinal folding is dominant. The spatial distribution of the Kashabowie Assemblage may offer a clue. The center and west of the SGB may outline an outer syncline and inner anticline, with the Kashabowie Assemblage occupying the core of the outer syncline, and the Greenwater Lake granodiorite intruded into a pre-existing anticline with an easterly plunge as suggested by Schwerdtner et al. (1983).

 

7.2        Property Geology

 

In the immediate Project area, the supracrustal rocks of the SGB strike southwesterly and consist of a central folded sequence of intermediate-felsic volcanics and related sedimentary rocks of the Kashabowie Assemblage intruded by elongated dioritic stocks (here termed the Central Felsic Belt or “CFB”) (

 

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Figure 7.5, Figure 7.6, Figure 7.7). The CFB is flanked by Greenwater Assemblage mafic-intermediate volcanics to the southeast and northwest (here termed the Northern and Southern Mafic Belts or “NMB” and “SMB”). The Greenwater units include basaltic to andesitic flows, amygdaloidal and variolitic basalts, pillows and minor magnetite-bearing cherts and gabbroic intrusions. In the NMB, these are largely calc-alkaline, but the SMB includes tholeiitic mafic to ultramafic volcanics and a gabbro-anorthosite suite. These “belts” are theorized to trace out a syncline, with kilometre-scale parasitic isoclinal folds, with the CFB in the centre.

 

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Figure 7.5: Schematic Section Through the Western Shebandowan Greenstone Belt

 

 

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Figure 7.6: Schematic Stratigraphy of the Western Shebandowan Greenstone Belt

 

 

 

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Figure 7.7: Property Geology

 

 

 

The CFB is 2.5 km to 3.0 km wide. The package is at least partly bounded by major regional faults (the Till Valley and Knife Lake faults). However, to the immediate west of the Moss Gold deposit, there is a sudden foliation change and a magnetic break, likely associated with the Till Valley Fault system, however faults delineated in drill core do not fully explain the event.

 

Pillow morphologies in the NMB have been used to infer a younging direction to the northwest. The diorite and feldspar porphyry sills are also present within the mafic belts, though to a lesser degree, within the CFB.

 

The main intrusions in the Project area are all late-tectonic and alkalic. These include the monzonitic-syenitic Burchell Lake, Moss Lake and Hermia Lake Stocks, and the microcline-megaphyric shonkinite-syenite Hood Lake Stock.

 

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In the SMB, south of North and East Coldstream, anorthosites and certain other mafic intrusions appear to have acted as rigid bodies around which strain was domained. Consequently, they have highly sheared margins.

 

Major faults in the Project area include the Till Valley Fault and the Knife Lake Fault, which form part of the boundaries of the CFB. These strike ~NNE through the Project area and can be traced in geophysical images and cause ~2 km sinistral offsets to the intrusive stocks. A review of Moss Gold drill data suggests a possible downthrow of several hundred metres on the western side of the Till Valley Fault, as evidenced by the form of narrow sub-horizontal IGF and IDP units. This agrees with Gold X2’s tentative belt-wide interpretation of erosional levels. The Knife Lake Fault cuts the Hermia Lake Stock (2684 +6/-4 Ma), suggesting that these faults were active at a relatively late stage of the D2 event (Corfu and Stott, 1998). The Knife Lake Fault is associated with sedimentary wedges in Minnesota and, tentatively, in two (2) locations on the Moss Gold Project.

 

The D2 event manifests in the CFB units as a shear zone-bounded to penetrative foliation with shallow southwesterly plunge, accompanied by sericite and chlorite alteration. Deformation is domained around larger intrusive bodies within the CFB, such as the Snodgrass diorite, and constrained to relatively well-defined shear zones within it, but in dacitic units, such as at QES, the shearing is penetrative. The earlier phases of D2 in the CFB resulted in intense, dominantly sinistral shearing, which utilized reactivated D1 structures and destroyed deposit-scale folds to create a lenticular fabric at the property-scale, striking broadly northeast, which is visible in magnetic data. Dextral, east-northeast structures are conjugate to the sinistral northeast-striking fabric and are probably mostly a later D2 phenomenon.

 

Most units dip subvertically to steeply southward and, especially in the volcanic units of the CFB, exhibit strong ductile foliation along two (2) azimuths approximately 20° apart. This has been interpreted variously as an overlap of the D1 and D2 fabrics and/or as a property-scale C-S shear fabric system resulting from reactivation of D1 shears during the D2 event (Figure 7.4). There is little convincing evidence for isoclinal folding, and it is anticipated that extensive transposition would have destroyed evidence for folding on the ~10-100 m scale. Anastomosing bands of stronger foliation and alteration have been identified in drill data in the CFB.

 

The more strongly foliated units in the CFB are typically the strongest altered and are represented by silica-ferrodolomite-sericite schists. Local pervasive hematite alteration is occasionally present in these units. Weak epidote alteration is frequently present in the larger porphyritic diorite intrusions. Very fine biotite alteration with as-yet unknown controls has been identified in several units in drill core in the Moss Gold area.

 

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A reanalysis of Moss Lake Gold Mines drill core by Gold X2 has identified a fault-bounded wedge of mudstone sediments beneath Kawawiagamak Lake. The assemblage affinity is yet to be determined.

 

The northwest extremes of the Property form part of the Quetico subprovince, which is here represented by greywackes with minor mafic-intermediate intrusives at greenschist grade. The metamorphic grade increases rapidly towards the west and north, developing into quartz-feldspar-biotite paragneisses and migmatites within a few kilometres in the Project area. To the east of the Crayfish Fault, the contact with the Wawa subprovince is marked by a major regional-scale fault (the Postans Fault) and a significant topographic low. To the west of the Crayfish Fault, the Wawa / Quetico subprovinces contact is interleaved.

 

7.2.1     Moss Claim Block

 

The majority of the Moss Block is underlain by CFB andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic flows, tuffs, lapilli tuffs and fragmental units, and minor chemical sediments and are presumed to be of the Kashabowie Assemblage. The fragmental volcanic units have been interpreted by some historic explorationists as sedimentary (e.g. on Noranda maps).

 

These units are intruded by numerous lenticular sills of diorite to gabbro, and generally narrower and more elongate sills of intermediate-felsic feldspar and quartz-feldspar porphyry and minor syenite and lamprophyres, the latter two (2) of which plot as shoshonitic on a Th-Co plot (from Hastie et al., 2007) and trachytic on Winchester-Floyd plots and are interpreted to be affiliated with the “Timiskaming-type” Shebandowan Assemblage. The largest single body is a diorite that runs from Snodgrass Lake to Span Lake and was referred to as the Wawiag Sill by Tandem / Storimin.

 

The affinity of the intermediate units at Moss Gold and the relationship of the dioritic intrusives to their host andesites-dacites is not entirely clear. No absolute age data is available. Generally, the intermediate units are all assumed to be part of the Kashabowie Assemblage, and thus the intrusives are closely related to the volcanic package into which they are intruded. However, this may be oversimplistic. A review of drillhole data trace element ratios suggests that two (2) distinct clades are present in the Moss area: VDA and part of the IGD intrusives have distinctly lower Th values than the VAN and other associated intrusives, plotting as arc tholeiites on a Hastie plot. They may represent an earlier stage in the development of Kashabowie arc activity and/or a “Burchell Assemblage” sequence that was thrust-interleaved with superficially similar Kashabowie units.

 

Geochemically, most units in the vicinity of the Moss Gold deposit occupy a classic calc-alkaline trend on Jensen and AFM plots. Most of the diorite and gabbro phases (termed IDM, IDP, IGD in Gold X2’s litho codes; Figure 7.8) form overlapping but largely distinct geochemical clusters; though on a Winchester-Floyd

 

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plot, the coarse diorite (IDC) has a distinct cluster but covers a broad swath encompassing mafic-intermediate to intermediate-felsic subphases. On the same axes, the intrusives overlap with andesites (VAN), but units logged as dacites in the core (VDA) form a very distinct cluster. All units occupy a classic calc-alkaline trend on a Jensen plot (Figure 7.9).

 

Deformation is overwhelmingly ductile but overprints precursor brittle structures to varying degrees. Evidence of relict breccia textures is unsurprisingly more common in rheologically more competent lithologies and/or alteration zones, the strongest predictor being a low proportion of phyllosilicate minerals. Multiple phases of brecciation, or ongoing brecciation, must have occurred within broadly similar stress regimes, as evidenced by sulfidic fracture sets which commonly cut across earlier breccias at low angles in drill core (Davis, 2022).

 

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Figure 7.8: Lithological Codes Used for the Moss Gold Drill Core

 

 

 

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Figure 7.9: Jensen and Winchester-Floyd Geochemical Plots, Samples from DDH MMD-22-045

 

 

 

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Ductile deformation was protracted and has resulted in subparallel veining, foliation, zones of shearing and sulfide grain orientation. This, along with the paucity of suitable marker horizons, is believed to explain the lack of evidence for folding at the outcrop scale. Folds have been tentatively but not conclusively identified using magnetic data at the claim block scale. Features on the core scale support the property-scale interpretation whereby the ductile deformation style is a hybrid of a C-S shear regime with a braided, strain-domained shear set with shears bounding asymmetrical lozenges of low strain. A collection of structural measurements from oriented core has allowed for the development of a macro-scale shear zone model depicting the deposit-scale ductile deformational patterns (Figure 7.10).

 

Shears are primarily near vertical, anastomosing between 50-70 degrees through the Moss Main and QES zones. A late regional bend in the belt locally alters the orientation of the Southwest Zone to 30-50 degrees with wide zones of brittle brecciation noted along the curvature axis before returning to 50-70 degrees orientation. A second regional bend occurs at the eastern end of the QES zone associated with the QES Extension Fault, but it is unclear how this has altered shear orientations, as no orientated core has been drilled in the area.

 

Davis (2022) has inferred two (2) major periods of fluid ingress via structurally focused permeability networks inferred from the geological history and denoted as the light orange columns in the geological history chart (Figure 7.11). The first period lacked precious metal mineralization and was associated with tectonic-hydrothermal brecciation that was overprinted by intense coeval ductile deformation. A major coeval period of igneous intrusions is envisaged. Similarly, the fluid budget, deformation style, and development of structural architecture used in subsequent events were likely intimately linked to a second major stage of intrusive igneous activity.

 

Iron carbonates (ferrodolomite, ferrocalcite or ankerite) are near-ubiquitous in the CFB, often overlapping with sericite and hematite alteration, and their role as a chemical trap for gold-bearing hydrothermal fluids is actively being explored by Gold X2 (Figure 7.12). Ongoing work with carbonate stain solutions on Moss Gold drill core has illustrated a complex relationship between low-iron and high-iron carbonates in groundmass and in veins (Figure 7.13). There appear to be numerous carbonate events which fluctuate between low Fe and high Fe, and some level of ongoing metamorphism alters the Fe content of earlier carbonate. High Fe carbonates are the primary carbonate in the presumed gold-rich sulfide veining (pyrite, chalcopyrite, telluride-bearing) but have frequently been partially replaced by later low Fe carbonate events.

 

Rocks at Moss Gold commonly exhibit pink to red colouration, which is presumed to be hematite and/or hematite inclusions in albite. The exact nature of and the timing of the hematite alteration, and its potential relationship to the iron carbonate, is a topic of active investigation.

 

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Several generations of chlorite alteration appear to be associated with the two (2) major fluid events, occurring as ground mass alteration, vein selvedges, strain shadows, replacement of phenocrysts, and fracture infill in volumes of crackle brecciation. Sericite is nearly ubiquitous and is interpreted to mostly derive from alteration of chlorite due to significant potassic input during the second hydrothermal event (see Section 7.3 - Mineralization). Biotite appears to be largely an early-stage alteration product dating from prior to the first hydrothermal event, later overprinted by chlorite and sericite.

 

Figure 7.10: Shear Zone Network Modelled for Moss Gold Utilizing Oriented Core Measurements

 

 

 

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Figure 7.11: Geological History for Moss Gold

 

 

 

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Figure 7.12: Interplay Between Low-Fe and High-Fe Ferrodolomite Veins, Moss Gold Drill Core

 

 

 

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Figure 7.13: Potassium Ferricyanide Stain-Testing Showing Fe-Carbonate within Zone of Silica-Carbonate Altered Dacites, ML-03-009

 

 

7.2.2       Coldstream Claim Block

 

From west to east, the Coldstream Block is underlain by a wedge of Quetico greywackes, in faulted contact with the NMB. This belt contains narrow iron formations and coarse clastic interflow sediments and is bifurcated by the Till Valley Fault, which sinistrally bisects the Moss Lake Stock and can be seen to sinistrally drag-fold the mafic stratigraphy in magnetic data (Figure 7.7 and Figure 7.20). Moving east, the NMB has an intricate, presumed unconformable contact with CFB units like those in the Moss Block. Much of the CFB in this area lies beneath Burchell Lake but is well-exposed west and north of Iris Lake, where quartz-sericite schists are developed in higher-strain zones close to the Knife Lake Fault. Near North Coldstream, the CFB is in sharp faulted contact (Knife Lake Fault) with the SMB, which here incorporates a voluminous suite of tholeiitic mafic-to-ultramafic intrusives, including gabbro, leucogabbro, quartz gabbro, pegmatitic gabbro, anorthosite, and greenschist equivalents of pyroxenite and peridotite. The voluminous Haines Gabbro, to the east of the Property, may have been the locus of this regional-scale intrusive

 

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complex. Possible magnetite cumulus phases have been mapped near Skimpole Lake. Deformation zones are developed in the ultramafic bodies, notably at East Coldstream and beneath Shebandowan Lake. Historic drilling at Iris Lake has tentatively mapped subhorizontal, metre-scale bodies of peridotite. The North Coldstream Fault runs broadly east-west, immediately south of the North Coldstream deposit, controlled by a mafic / ultramafic contact, and is truncated by the Knife Lake Fault. Some SMB mafic units in the Iris Lake area have a distinctive “quartz eye” quartz-filled vesicular texture.

 

Narrow horizons of dacite-rhyolite have been mapped in the SMB. A date of 2723.1 Ma for a rhyolitic lapilli tuff on the north shore of Greenwater Lake places at least some of these horizons within the Greenwater Assemblage (Easton, 1986). In the East Coldstream drill core, these units may be present but not adequately identified; geochemically, the “VAN” (andesite) lithocode (Figure 7.15) plots as two (2) distinct clusters, one of which falls in the rhyolite field on a Jensen-Winchester-Floyd plot (Figure 7.16).

 

Some intermediate-felsic intrusives are present throughout the Coldstream Block, notably metre-scale syenite and quartz porphyry dykes, which are known from the SMB around the East Coldstream deposit (logged as IQP and believed to belong to the Shebandowan Assemblage). Diorites similar to those at Snodgrass Lake are largely restricted to the CFB. Most intrusive and volcanic lithologies in the East Coldstream drill core plot on a komatiitic and tholeiitic trend.

 

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Figure 7.14: Shear Zone Network Modelled for East Coldstream

 

 

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Figure 7.15: Logged Lithologies in East Coldstream Core, Additional to Rock Codes from the Moss Gold Deposit – North Coldstream Further Includes the Rock Code IAC (Anorthosite)

 

 

 

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Figure 7.16: Jensen and Winchester-Floyd Geochemical Plots for East Coldstream DDH CED-22-003

 

 

 

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As in the Moss Block, all units dip subvertically and exhibit two (2) foliations about 20° apart, particularly in the CFB. Jutras and Osmani (2010) note that the south-southwest-trending foliation has a more brittle expression or is overprinted by a later brittle deformation event. D2 lineations in the East Coldstream area (in the SMB) show a shallow northeast plunge, as do mineralized zones at North Coldstream (Osmani, 1997).

 

The Till Valley and Knife Lake Faults bifurcate the Moss Lake and Hermia Lake Stocks, respectively. Both have sinistral displacements, in the order of 1,500 m and 3,000 m, based on the outlines of the stocks. The circular Burchell Stock covers the northern fringe of the Coldstream Block. Burchell Lake may obscure another sizeable granitoid, based on inferences from lakeshore outcrops and magnetic signatures.

 

A rare example of a Proterozoic diabase dyke cuts through the East Coldstream deposit with a north-northwesterly strike.

 

Gold X2 has put considerable and ongoing effort into ascertaining the timing of the gold mineralization event and its relationship to the structural and alteration events that preceded, were coeval with, and post-dated it. A geological paragenesis was proposed by Davis (2022) based on overprinting relationships in diamond drill core, and from petrology and geochemical signatures (Figure 7.20). The paragenesis is in constant evolution as more data is gathered.

 

The mineralized zones tightly correlate with silica, carbonate and hematite alteration (Figure 7.16). They are visually obvious, given their paler pink colour as well as the destruction of the otherwise ubiquitous cleavage in the volcanic host units. Strong iron carbonate alteration is present proximal to at least some mineralized zones, and some of the pyrite in the mineralized zones may be a sulfidized alteration product. Gold X2 is actively investigating the role of carbonate at Coldstream.

 

Both silica and hematite were active over longer periods before the mineralizing event, as evidenced by core hints at a pre-mineralization hematite event as well as multiple pulses of silica alteration and quartz vein stockworking of previously silicified material.

 

The mineralizing event is overprinted by tightly fractured / joint-controlled chlorite alteration, which crosscuts the foliation. Davis (2022) notes rare kink-like micro-offsets along some of these joint structures, perhaps related to the D3 event of Forslund (2012) and others. Rare metre-scale brittle faults and drag folds post-date the chlorite episode. As described under Section 7.2, the deposit is bisected by a Proterozoic diabase dyke. Gold X2 is investigating the potential presence of pre-existing structures which the dyke may have exploited.

 

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A set of extensional, brittle-ductile quartz-chlorite-carbonate veins is present within the zones, as well as a boudinaged, foliation-subparallel quartz-only vein set. Both predate mineralization; these veins may have imparted a more brittle rheology on the packages that were later mineralized. Formation-parallel semi-massive pyrite bands also predate the gold mineralization and may represent a volcanogenic exhalative-type environment.

 

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Figure 7.17:Geological History for East Coldstream

 

 

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7.2.3       Hamlin Claim Block

 

The Hamlin Cu-Au-Mo occurrence lies in the centre of the Hamlin claim block, close to the southern claim boundary, where it is contiguous with a mineralized system being explored by Strike Copper. It is hosted by alternately brecciated and sheared, hematized intermediate to felsic flows, tuffs and auto-breccias with minor chert-magnetite and chert-pyrrhotite iron formations. The volcanics include at least some units with shoshonitic chemistry (Hart and Metsaranta, 2009) as well as possible immature volcanogenic clastic sedimentary rocks (Forslund, 2012), perhaps suggesting a “Timiskaming-type” (Shebandowan Assemblage) tectonic affiliation for at least some of the units present (Figure 7.18). Conversely, Forslund (2012) suggested that the “shoshonitic” geochemical signature represents sodic-altered Greenwater or Kashabowie Assemblage units, while Shute (2006) found only calc-alkaline signatures in the country volcanic units.

 

Figure 7.18: Tentative Deformed “Timiskaming-type” Clastics Northwest of Hamlin Lake

 

 

 

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Work by Brett Davis and Gold X2 personnel has identified a dextral chloritic shear set which predates the conjugate sinistral / dextral brittle-ductile structures and might represent a regional, early D2 phase (or early D1, depending on timing) where the principal stress acted on an ESE-WNW axis.

 

In the area of the Hamlin occurrence, the ductile deformation of the volcanosedimentary package is overprinted by multiple episodes of brecciation and jointing with distinctive emplacement of magnetite ± chalcopyrite as breccia infill and along displaced joints. Southeast of, and beneath, Hamlin Lake, a tongue of granite extends from larger granitoid bodies to the southwest. Fragments of this granite are locally incorporated into the Hamlin breccias (Forslund, 2012). The breccia zone is approximately 1,200 x 200 m in size and aligned with regional foliation, extends subvertically to at least 350 m depth (as traced in drilling), and has highly gradational contacts with its surroundings, grading into a “crackle breccia”. The age of this granite is yet to be established, but it is crucial to the relative and absolute dating of the Hamlin mineralized system.

 

To the west, the claim group overlies an intricate, presumed-thrust-stacked mix of Greenwater and Kashabowie mafic and intermediate to felsic volcanics with tholeiitic and calc-alkaline examples of each assemblage. Sills and lenses of diorite and intermediate to felsic porphyry are common, particularly in the western third of the claim block. Shear zones are evident in topography and magnetic data broadly following the same two (2) shear fabrics as are seen in the CFB in the Moss claim block. Sericite and hematite alteration are common in the intermediate to felsic units.

 

The eastern half of the Hamlin claim block is not well mapped, but historic authors and explorationists noted serpentinized mafic-to-ultramafic volcanics and intrusive suites which form a belt running northeasterly close to the Knife Lake Fault and are traceable in magnetic data (Chataway and Manchuk, 1973). These may be related to the intrusive complexes at Lower Shebandowan Lake and around Coldstream; hornblende syenites mapped along the margins of the Hood Lake Stock may, in turn, represent contaminated, higher-grade alteration products of this suite. Alternatively, these units may have a late-tectonic affinity similar to the Alaska-type ultramafic plugs along the Quetico Fault. Additionally, some maps (e.g. Harris et al., 1967; M2204) show significant greywacke-type sedimentary packages in the wedge between the Knife Lake Fault, the Hood Lake Stock and the large granitoid masses to the south. The sediments may belong to the “Knife Lake Assemblage,” which is better studied in the Saganaga area and may be cognate with the Shebandowan Assemblage (Lodge et al., 2012).

 

7.2.4       Vanguard Claim Block

 

The geology of the Vanguard claim block is similar to that of the eastern half of the Coldstream claim block. It is dominated by the tholeiitic mafic-ultramafic sill complex of the SMB with minor sills of diorite, quartz

 

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diorite, feldspar porphyry and aplite. Significant ultramafic units, often strongly sheared and schistose, have been outlined by drilling beneath Shebandowan Lake. Minor interbeds of cherty felsic volcanics are present, including the horizon which hosts the mineralization at Vanguard East and West, within a broader package of silica, chlorite and sericite-altered mafics (Osmani, 1996). The overwhelmingly tholeiitic signature of the volcanics in OGS data for the Vanguard area supports an extensional regime, as does the presence of the VMS system at Vanguard. Mafic flows are variously massive, pillowed, autobrecciated, hyaloclastic, variolitic and quartz-amygdaloidal. Felsic units of the CFB are present in the northwest of the Vanguard claim block near Iris Lake, where the contact takes the form of a ~400 m wide zone of shearing.

 

Formation-parallel shearing is common in all units and may represent a lower-intensity continuation of the strong, foliation-subparallel ductile deformation which marks the Upper Shebandowan Shear system beneath Upper Shebandowan Lake. Chlorite schists beneath and on the shores of Upper Shebandowan Lake appear to be derived from the gabbros (Giblin, 1964); anastomosed shear-gabbro textures represent strain-domaining rather than shearing around pre-existing gabbro lenses.

 

The Crayfish Creek Fault runs west-northwest through the Vanguard claim block. A short distance north of the Property, this fault clearly offsets the Postans Fault dextrally by about 2 km. This fault and its anastomosed splays are relatively well mapped in the Kashabowie area and bisect the Vanguard prospect into its East and West portions.

 

7.2.5       Huronian Claim Block

 

The older and younger suites of the SGB comprise over 95% of the Huronian block; the Quetico metasedimentary rocks comprise the remainder. The area is predominantly underlain by intercalated felsic to mafic metavolcanic rocks with lesser intercalated horizons of coarse-grained flows or gabbro sills. The northeasterly trend of the units abruptly changes to an easterly trend in the northern section of the property. The central portion of the claim block is bounded by the Moss Lake Syenite Batholith.

 

Known gold-bearing veins are associated with shear zones or fault zones. Two (2) to four (4) fault zones are reported east of the Ardeen Mine, with numerous offset structures splaying off. The offset shears dip 70 degrees to the northeast and 60-70 degrees to the southwest.

 

The Ardeen Fault is the most prominent structure, averaging 10 to 30 m in width. Discontinuous gold-bearing vein systems have been found in relation to the contact areas. The Ardeen Fault and associated quartz veins dip steeply at 70 degrees to the north, with a more moderate 50–70-degree dip to the south at depth.

 

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The Fisher Zone and McKellar Zone fault systems run parallel to the Ardeen Fault. Narrower than the Ardeen, they are characterized by high chlorite and carbonate content. A series of sub-parallel iron formation units up to 10 m in width is intercalated with the volcanic rocks.

 

Historical work identified gold-mineralized zones at the Project, which include:

 

·The Huronian Zone (also known as the Ardeen Mine area).

 

·The Fisher Zone and subzones, Main Fisher Zone, Fisher North Hanging wall A and B zones, and Fisher Footwall B A and B zones.

 

·The McKellar Zone (also known as the Pele Zone).

 

·Trench 2 Zone.

 

·Minoletti prospect (also known as the Pele North Zone).

 

·The Span North and Span South prospects.

 

Select mineralized zones – the Huronian, Fisher, and McKellar zones (Figure 7.19) – are described in the text that follows.

 

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Figure 7.19: Spatial Relationship Between the Huronian, Fisher and McKellar Mineralized Zones

 

 

Huronian Zone

 

The Huronian Zone hosts the past-producing Ardeen Mine (or Huronian Mine) and its associated underground workings. The main ore body lies within a 30 to 45 m wide shear-controlled contact between gabbro intrusives to the north and pillow basalt flows and breccias to the south. The mafic volcanics host most of the gold-bearing quartz veins within and along the contact zones of the Ardeen Fault, as well as along the contact of a feldspar porphyry unit.

 

The orebody was mined from two (2) quartz vein systems, the Ardeen No. 1 vein and the No. 2 vein. The No. 1 vein strikes N030° and dips 75° to the northwest, becoming sub-vertical from the 375-foot level downward. The No. 1 vein has been proven for a length of 762 m on the 375-foot level and to a depth of 305 m. The vein is long, has an average width of 0.91 to 1.21 m with widths up to 3.35 m (Dufresne and Eccles, 2025).

 

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The Ardeen No. 2 vein develops at the 750-foot level. Connecting with the No. 1 vein to the west, it crosscuts the strike and dip of the schistosity with a dip of 60° to the southeast. Little is known about the No. 2 vein since its discovery in 1935 (Dufresne and Eccles, 2025).

 

McKellar Zone

 

The McKellar Zone is the continuation of the Ardeen No. 1 Vein to the southwest (Figure 7.19). The 4 to 6 m-wide shear zone trends N055° and crosscuts both mafic metavolcanic rocks and iron formation. Lineations display a gentle southwest plunge, and rare crenulations display a moderate northeast plunge.

 

Fisher Zone (and Sub-Zones)

 

The main Fisher Zone is an east-northeast-trending shear zone with multiple northeast-trending splays that make up the subzones. It lies southeast of the Huronian zone.

 

7.3Mineralization

 

7.3.1Moss Gold

 

Pyrite is the most common sulfide on the Property, and several phases have been recognized. Chalcopyrite is a small part of the sulfide inventory and is possibly slightly younger than pyrite in the principal mineralizing phase. Molybdenite is rare, and pyrrhotite has not been recognized but is likely present. The age of gold is inferred, based on the assumption that it was introduced with sulfides during the main mineralizing event.

 

Gold has been observed as rare yellow nuggets up to 2 mm in diameter in close association with complex sulfides, including pyrite, chalcopyrite and tellurides, in quartz-carbonate veinlets within shear zones.

 

Sulfides are most commonly deposited in areas of low mean stress within highly sheared zones, such as in the necks and strain shadows of quartz-carbonate boudins but also occur in dilatory fractures at high angles to foliation and vein margins. Sulfide and coeval chlorite show lineations, interpreted to be syn-mineralization, with a low to subhorizontal plunge, both to the southwest and northeast.

 

Sulfidic structures at Moss frequently overprint earlier brittle and ductile structures and suggest that sulfides were emplaced structurally late, as part of the shearing event. In Gold X2’s deposit models, these are represented by higher-grade shear domains (Section 14). This is distinct from the less sheared and sulfide-poor wall rocks with commensurately lower gold grades. The distinction of the two (2) gold domains is reflected in the metallurgy (Section 13).

 

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Tellurides, where present, are found in quartz-ferrocalcite veinlets and have a strong spatial correlation with gold grades above 30 g/t Au. Two (2) distinct species, as-yet-unidentified, can be distinguished visually, a gold-coloured phase and a silver-coloured phase, which is observed to partially replace pyrite (Figure 7.20). Geochemistry suggests three (3) species: Te-Bi, Te-Au-Ag, and Te-Au-Ag-Cu. PGEs have not been included in the assay suite at Moss, so the potential for PGE tellurides is not known. The telluride-bearing veins are seen cross-cutting earlier phases of sulfide emplacement, implying the gold mineralization was associated with a second, later sulfidation event. Chalcopyrite may be slightly younger than pyrite and often correlates with higher gold assays, as does rare molybdenite. Spatial zones of chalcopyrite mineralization do not contain elevated gold values, suggesting either a spatial zonation or a continuation of chalcopyrite mineralization beyond the gold event.

 

Figure 7.20: Silver-Coloured Telluride in MMD-22-032 (673.3-673.5 m)

 

 

Bourassa (2023) showed that Moss core samples plot tightly along the albite-muscovite line on a Na/Al vs K/Al plot (Figure 7.21). Higher gold grades trend towards the muscovite pole, suggesting a close spatial

 

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link between elevated gold and sericite alteration. Furthermore, there is a minor cluster of mineralized samples at the albite pole. In core, this corresponds with hematite-dusted IGD units (e.g. MMD-22-025).

 

Figure 7.21: Na/Al-K/Al Plot with Moss Core Samples, Coloured by Au Grade

 

 

7.3.2       East Coldstream

 

The East Coldstream gold mineralization is found as distinct cream-coloured zones within a ductile deformation zone along the margin between a gabbroic intrusion to the north and a mafic-intermediate suite to the south. Mineralization at East Coldstream is subdivided into the North and South Zones, which reach up to 60 m in true width at the centre of the deposit.

 

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Mineralization is found within sheared mafic to intermediate volcanic units, proximal to sills of quartz and quartz-feldspar porphyries and distinctive, brick-red (hematite) syenites (Figure 7.22). The alteration-mineralization zones may map out a braided shear network at the ~10 m scale; this is being actively investigated.

 

Fine dissemination of pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite throughout silica-hematite altered shear zones, as well as individual grains within quartz-carbonate veinlets and lenticular clots and disseminated bands, are conformable with foliation. Hydrothermal fluids have infiltrated into the quartz / quartz-feldspar porphyries and the proximal gabbroic intrusions, but these lack the intensity and textural destructive alteration and mineralization seen in the sheared volcanic units.

 

Figure 7.22: Typical Mineralized Interval, 2022 East Coldstream Core

 

 

 

7.3.3       North Coldstream

 

The North Coldstream mineralization is situated on the south side of a gabbro-to-anorthosite sill, which itself follows the CFB / SMB contact. The southern contact of the gabbro is sheared (the North Coldstream Shear) and is in contact with a magnetite-bearing cherty unit approximately 120 m thick. The southern contact is marked by sheared mafic and felsic volcanics. Dykes of diorite, lamprophyre and intermediate to felsic feldspar porphyry cut the mineralized zones clearly indicating that this deposit is considerably older than the Moss and East Coldstream Gold Deposits. The mineralized zones themselves are lenticular and consist of massive, disseminated and stringer chalcopyrite, pyrite and lesser pyrrhotite (Shklanka, 1969; Figure 7.23).

 

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Figure 7.23: Mineralized Interval, North Coldstream, DDH MND-22-006

 

 

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Figure 7.24: Interpreted Stratigraphy at North Coldstream from Farrow (1994)

 

 

The North Coldstream deposit does not easily match any deposit type. Lodge (2012) considered North Coldstream to be a magmatic deposit similar to the Shebandowan Ni-Cu deposit east of the Property, or perhaps a highly deformed magmatic system similar to the Thierry Cu-Ni deposit at Pickle Lake. Lodge et al. (2014) noted highly divergent lead isotope ratios when compared to other magmatic systems and considered that this model is not a good fit for North Coldstream.

 

Some authors consider North Coldstream to be an IOCG deposit, citing the association of copper mineralization and magnetite, which they consider to be metasomatic rather than exhalative.

 

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Others have considered North Coldstream to have more of a VMS affinity. Gold X2 provisionally considers North Coldstream to represent a sheared VMS system based on a halo of elevated zinc values around the main mineralized zone and the interpretation of magnetite as an exhalative component of the chert unit.

 

7.3.4       Other Occurrences

 

7.3.4.1       Hamlin

 

The Hamlin occurrence has a distinctive structural and geochemical signature, which many authors have suggested is reminiscent of IOCG mineralized systems. Cu, Mo and Bi sulfides and tellurides of Ag and Bi are emplaced alongside magnetite, chlorite and epidote as breccia welds as well as within slightly earlier D2 shears. Examples of chalcopyrite-magnetite mineralization found at the Hamlin occurrence are shown in Figure 7.26 and Figure 7.27. The mineralogy of the gold is not known at present.

 

Forslund (2012) mapped out halos of sodic (albite-epidote), potassic-iron (biotite-chlorite-magnetite), calcic-iron (epidote-chlorite-apatite-magnetite-sphene) and late potassic alteration, in that chronologic order, centred on the breccia system. Gold X2 has identified a hematite event which predates the above sequence.

 

The mineralization formed during the late potassic alteration phase and the later part of the calcic-iron phase, coinciding with D2 shearing and the onset of a conjugate brittle-ductile fault-shear-joint set, which offsets the earlier mineralized D2 shears, forming distended lenses of mineralization.

 

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Figure 7.25: Gold and Base Metal Prospects and Occurrences in the Moss Gold Project Area

 

 

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Figure 7.26: Chalcopyrite-Magnetite Mineralization at Hamlin in DDH HAM-11-75 as Part of a Chlorite-Carbonate-Epidote Breccia and Overprinting Hematite Alteration

 

 

Figure 7.27: Gossanized Chalcopyrite-Magnetite Mass in Mineralized Shear, Main Hamlin Stripped Area

 

 

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7.3.4.2       Vanguard

 

The Vanguard (historically Andowan) prospect is a Cu-Zn-Au-Ag polymetallic system with a clear stratigraphic control, indicative of a VMS-type system. Mineralization consists of a subvertical 3-15 m wide zone of disseminated to semi-massive pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite set in what Hodgkinson (1968) describes as silicified mafic volcanic flows. To the north (inferred to be stratigraphic “up”), the capping felsic volcanic breccias are strongly chlorite-quartz-sericite-iron carbonate altered, while a package of mafic-intermediate breccias and tuffs lies in the stratigraphic footwall (Figure 7.28; Henderson and Escarraga, 2012). MacDougall (1992) noted a zone of sodium depletion in the volcanic package through whole-rock analysis of Noranda core – frequently interpreted as an indicator of “VMS-type” hydrothermal systems. Chloritoid alteration was noted by Lodge and Chartrand (2013) and mentioned as evidence for CO2 devolatilization from the hydrothermal system in a relatively shallow marine environment and is compared to the Mattabi VMS camp at Sturgeon Lake (Lodge et al., 2014). Interestingly, this is matched by the FII-type REE profiles noted for the Vanguard felsic horizons by Lodge et al. (2014).

 

Figure 7.28: Stratigraphic Section of the Vanguard Area

 

 

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The prospect is divided into two (2) zones (East and West, corresponding to the two (2) historic stripped areas) by the Crayfish Lake Fault and post-mineralization intrusions of anorthosite. Similar chert-sulfide (pyrite) horizons are interbedded with volcanics elsewhere throughout the Vanguard claim block.

 

Figure 7.29: Gossanized Quartz-Ankerite Alteration Zone, Vanguard West

 

 

7.3.4.3       Span Lake

 

The overall setting of the Span Lake mineralization is similar to Moss Main and the QES Zones and is hosted by shared CFB dacite to rhyolite flows and intrusions with the same silica-sericite-carbonate-hematite alteration package. Clear evidence for conjugate shearing was mapped by Debicki (1992) in the Inco stripped areas at Span, where ENE-striking dextral shears interfere with the NE-striking, overwhelmingly sinistral fabrics. Debicki (1992) also noted chlorite and albite alteration as well as blades of tourmaline hosted by rhyolite units close to the zones. Disseminated magnetite (a potential chemical trap) has been noted in outcrops of diorite to the northeast of Span.

 

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Nine (9) mineralized zones were identified by Inco; these consist of stringer pyrite with minor chalcopyrite, malachite, and azurite and are tightly controlled by anastomosing shear fabrics. Unlike at Moss, the mineralization appears to strongly favour the volcanic units over the diorites; however, Gold X2 notes that there has been relatively little drilling into the main diorite intrusions, likely represented by magnetic lows in the geophysical dataset.

 

7.3.4.4       Boundary Zone and Kawawiagamak Lake

 

A number of gold occurrences were explored historically around Kawawiagamak Lake, the most notable of which are Tamavack / International Maple’s A, B and C zones on the southwest shore, as well as the Boundary Zone, between Snodgrass and Kawawiagamak lakes. Cavey et al. (1988) described the Boundary Zone as a sheared, silicified and sericitized felsic package “in close proximity to diorite intrusives” which hosts pyrite in association with narrow chlorite-chalcopyrite veins. They also noted that in the Tamavack / International Maple drill programs of the late 1980s, there is little appreciable correlation between gold grade and pyrite content, strongly suggesting multiple sulfidation events. Drilling at the A, B and C zones outlined a broadly similar pattern of narrow gold intervals within or close to diorite contacts, where all units are silica-sericite altered. Recent Gold X2 grab sampling in the vicinity of the A, B and C zones shows isolated high-grade gold values from strongly foliated mafic and felsic volcanics with highly variable disseminated and stringer pyrite mineralization, proximal to a body of diorite which itself hosts disseminated pyrite.

 

7.3.4.5       Northwest Burchell (Sanders) Occurrences

 

For the Northwest of Burchell Lake, there is a series of poorly characterized gold occurrences. The structural, lithologic and mineralogic setting is superficially similar to Moss Gold with abundant outcrops of silicified, hematized and/or sericitized andesites to dacites, diorites and feldspar porphyries with higher gold values (in the 10 g/t range in grab samples) often associated with carbonate-chlorite-chalcopyrite shears. This area was prospected and drilled by prospector Todd Sanders in the 1980s-90s; while drilling failed to recreate surface grab assays, it did reveal that elevated gold values (50-100 ppb Au) are common across a considerable area and in most lithologies (Sanders, 1988). Foundation Resources replicated the surface grab sample results and noted that the surface mineralization and Sanders’ elevated gold zones coincide with a sinuous IP chargeability anomaly, which broadly runs west-southwest from the peninsula on the northern shore of Burchell Lake (Osmani and Zulinski, 2013).

 

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7.3.4.6       Goldie

 

The Goldie mineralization appears to be broadly similar to East Coldstream. Gold is associated with disseminated pyrite within strongly silicified zones amongst zones of ductile deformation in a predominantly mafic package of volcanics, gabbros and feldspar-phyric gabbros with minor lamprophyres. The “Altered Horizon” mapped by Foundation hosts the majority of the mineralization and consists of silicified and intermittently hematized and sericitized sheared mafic volcanics and gabbros, bounded by zones of stronger shearing. Shear deformation appears to be slightly oblique to the formational strike and cuts across a volcanic / gabbro contact (Jutras and Osmani, 2010).

 

7.3.4.7       Iris

 

Gold mineralization at Iris is spatially associated with the northeast-striking sheared contact between CFB andesites to rhyolites and SMB mafic units. This contact may be a secondary splay off the Knife Lake Fault, which runs within CFB units about 600 m to the northwest. Foundation referred to this contact zone as the Iris Lake Deformation Zone and noted that it consists of variably schistose to sheared laths of mafic and felsic volcanics with lenses of porphyry with silica, chlorite, sericite, albite, iron carbonate, potassic, magnetite and hematite alteration (Osmani and Zulinski, 2013). Drilling has intersected numerous mineralized intercepts (Figure 7.30). These tentatively outline an en-echelon set or extensional array of quartz-carbonate-pyrite shear veins, but, due to a relative lack of exploration, to date, there is no definitive model of the structural and alteration controls on mineralization at Iris.

 

Figure 7.30: IL-11-02 Core at Iris Showing 8.39 g/t Au Interval over 11.0 m, Focused on Two Quartz-Carbonate-Pyrite Shear Zones in Wider Interval of Silica-Carbonate-Altered Andesite

 

 

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7.3.4.8       Huronian

 

Most gold and base metal occurrences in the claim block are associated with felsic metavolcanics (rhyolite-feldspar porphyry), mafic metavolcanics (basalts), and gabbro (coarse-grained flows). Gold-bearing systems are shear-controlled and coincide with feldspar porphyry (altered rhyolite) and iron formation. Four (4) principal gold and metalliferous mineralization styles have been identified: shear-parallel quartz vein systems; gold hosted in silicified, brecciated, and reworked iron formations; thermally influenced intrusive settings associated with gabbroic or syenitic complexes; and polymetallic base-metal systems occurring along felsic–mafic metavolcanic contacts.

 

There are two (2) generations of quartz. The older quartz is milky white with a glassy appearance and has mainly pyrite mineralization. The younger generation of quartz veining, the darker refractory or complex variety, is enriched with chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, tellurides, and native gold (Watson, 1929; Harris, 1970). Telluride minerals occur as irregular, bluish grey masses enclosed in the quartz, or as dark brown scales filling seams in the quartz (Watson 1929). Telluride minerals observed include:

 

·Petzite: Ag3AuTe2.

 

·Hesite: Ag2Te.

 

·Tellurobismuthite: Bi2Te3.

 

·Sylvanite: (Ag, Au)2Te4.

 

·Nagyagite: Pb5Au(Te,Sb)4S5-8.

 

·Acanthite: Ag2S.

 

The gold-bearing quartz veins typically contain iron carbonate and albite as secondary gangue minerals. Host rock alteration adjacent to veining consists of iron carbonate, sericite, and chlorite with local disseminated pyrite.

 

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8.  DEPOSIT TYPES

 

The following sections have been modified or reproduced from previous technical reports prepared by Reynolds et al. (2023), Dufresne and Black (2024), and Dufresne and Eccles (2025). The relevant chapters in those reports were originally prepared by Gold X2 and incorporated by the previous consultant. The Authors have reviewed the prior technical reports and the supporting information and consider them to contain the relevant historical exploration information for the Project area.

 

The styles of mineralization at the various deposits present on the Project discovered to date are considered to fall into three (3) main categories: Greenstone / Orogenic deposits, Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits and Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposits.

 

8.1       Greenstone Deposits

 

The Moss Gold Deposit, East Coldstream Deposit, and the historic Huronian Mine are examples of Greenstone-hosted Gold deposits / Orogenic Gold deposits. Greenstone-hosted, mesothermal gold deposits are mainly associated with Paleoproterozoic and Archean domains and typically have a close spatial relationship with regional-scale, brittle-ductile transpressional shear zones or high-strain corridors and are commonly hosted by second and third-order splays within the structural corridors. The deposits usually consist of a system of gold-bearing quartz-carbonate veins with halos of silica, carbonate, micaceous and/or tourmaline alteration, though deposits also exist that are predominantly within sheared host rock with limited veining. The following general description of Archean-aged mesothermal gold deposits is synthesized from Dubé and Gosselin (2007).

 

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits typically occur in deformed greenstone belts of all ages, especially those with variolitic tholeiitic basalts and ultramafic komatiitic flows intruded by intermediate to felsic porphyry intrusions, and in some cases with swarms of albitite or lamprophyre dikes (Figure 8.1). They are distributed along major compressional to trans-tensional crustal-scale fault zones in deformed greenstone terranes, commonly marking the convergent margins between major lithological boundaries, such as along subprovince boundaries of the Superior Province, or between volcano-plutonic and/or sedimentary domains flanked by granitoids.

 

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Figure 8.1: Schematic Illustration of Settings for Mesothermal Gold Deposits

 

 

 

The large greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are commonly spatially associated with fluvio-alluvial conglomerate (e.g. Timiskaming conglomerate) distributed along major crustal fault zones (e.g. Dextor-Porcupine Fault). This association suggests an empirical time and space relationship between large-scale deposits and regional unconformities.

 

Orogenic gold deposits are most abundant and significant in terms of total gold content in Archean-aged greenstone terranes. However, a significant number of world-class gold deposits are also found within Proterozoic and Paleozoic greenstone terranes. In Canada, these types of deposits represent the main source of gold and are mainly located in the Archean greenstone belts of the Superior and Slave provinces. They also occur in the Paleozoic greenstone terranes of the Appalachian orogen (i.e. Central Newfoundland Gold Belt) and in the oceanic terranes of the Cordillera in western North America.

 

These greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits (Figure 8.1) correspond to structurally controlled complex epigenetic deposits characterized by simple to complex networks of gold-bearing, laminated quartz-carbonate fault-fill veins. These veins are hosted by moderately- to steeply-dipping, compressional brittle to ductile shear zones and faults with locally associated, shallowly dipping extensional veins and hydrothermal breccias. These deposits are hosted by greenschist to locally amphibolite facies metamorphic

 

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rocks of dominantly mafic composition and formed at intermediate depth (5-10 km). The mineralization is syn- to late-deformation and typically post-peak greenschist facies or peak amphibolite facies metamorphism. These deposits are typically associated with iron-carbonate alteration. Gold is largely confined to the quartz-carbonate-vein network but may also be present in significant amounts within iron-rich, sulfidized wall-rock selvages or within silicified and arsenopyrite-rich replacement zones.

 

There is a general consensus that the greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are related to metamorphic fluids from accretionary processes and generated by prograde metamorphism and thermal re-equilibration of subducted volcano-sedimentary terranes. The deep-seated, gold transporting metamorphic fluid has been channelled to higher crustal levels through major crustal faults or deformation zones. Along its pathway, the fluid has dissolved various components – notably gold – from the volcano-sedimentary packages, including a potential gold-rich precursor source. The fluid then precipitated as vein material or wall-rock replacement in second and third-order structures at higher crustal levels through fluid-pressure cycling processes and temperature, pH, and other physicochemical variations.

 

8.2       Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits

 

Several similarities between the Hamlin Lake mineralization and IOCG deposits have been noted, for example, by Bennett (2007) and Forslund (2012). Zoned alteration in and around the breccia host rock is very similar to that seen in many IOCG deposits in South America.

 

IOCG deposits exhibit an extreme diversity of deposit styles, controlled by age, host rocks, mineralogy, geochemical signatures, and even geological settings (Williams et al., 2005). Despite such a broad definition, some common characteristics between IOCG deposits still make them worthy of their own classification. The most notable feature that is common to these deposits is the association of iron oxides with copper and gold mineralization. Other elements that are commonly enriched in these deposits include silver, uranium, barium, fluorine, and light rare earth elements (LREE). Other common features include a strong spatial and temporal relationship with regional I-type to A-type granitic suites, and proximity to crustal-scale faults or shear zones (Williams et al., 2005). Respectively, these are responsible for driving and channelling the fluids involved, and they produce extensive alteration signatures, brecciation, and ore systems. In some cases, syn-mineralization intrusive suites appear to be absent, and it is thought that fluid flow may have been triggered by magmatic events in the mantle or lower crust. For this reason, the exposure of coeval, regional-scale intrusive bodies is not regarded as an essential characteristic for IOCG deposits.

 

Magnetite-dominant IOCG deposits, of which Hamlin may be an example, are thought to form in deeper crustal environments and at higher temperatures than hematite-dominant IOCGs (Williams, 2010). The

 

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alteration seen in the magnetite class of IOCG deposits can be zoned with respect to fluid pathways and heat sources but often displays complex overprinting alteration. Figure 8.2 illustrates an alteration in IOCG systems. Regional sodic to calcic halos, typically caused by pervasive albitization, are the most widespread alteration, can extend tens to hundreds of kilometres, and form early in the mineralization history in moderate to high temperature environments (Oliver et al., 2004). As IOCG systems retrogress, the fluids concentrate along fault zones or breccias, and the alteration transitions to calcic and iron enrichment with iron oxides and calc-silicate minerals (pyroxenes, amphiboles, and epidote). These systems can evolve into polymetallic magnetite-rich IOCG deposits where copper and gold mineralization is associated with potassium silicates (K-feldspar, biotite, sericite), which usually overprint the earlier stages of iron oxide alteration.

 

Figure 8.2: Progression of Alteration in Typical IOCG Deposits

 

 

8.3       Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposits

 

The North Coldstream deposit and Vanguard prospects are interpreted by some authors to be VMS deposits. VMS deposits are syn-volcanic accumulations of sulfide that occur in geological domains characterized by submarine volcanic rocks. The associated volcanic rocks are commonly relatively primitive (tholeiitic to transitional in composition) and bimodal (Galley et al., 2007). The spatial relationship of VMS deposits to syn-volcanic faults, rhyolite domes, or paleo-topographic depressions, caldera rims, or

 

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subvolcanic intrusions suggests that the deposits were closely related to particular and coincident hydrologic, topographic, and geothermal features on the ocean floor (Lydon, 1990).

 

In many cases, it can be demonstrated that the sub-seafloor fluid convection system was driven by a large, 15-25 km long, mafic to composite, high-level subvolcanic intrusion. The distribution of syn-volcanic faults relative to the underlying intrusion determines the size and areal morphology of the camp alteration system and ultimately the size and distribution of the VMS deposit cluster. The idealized, undeformed and unmetamorphosed Archean VMS deposit typically consists of a concordant lens of massive sulfides, composed of 60% or more sulfide minerals stratigraphically underlain by a discordant stockwork or stringer zone of vein-type sulfide mineralization. The upper contact of the massive sulfide lens with hanging wall rocks is usually extremely sharp, while the lower contact is gradational into the stringer zone. It is thought that the stockwork zone represents the near-surface channel ways of a submarine hydrothermal system. The morphology of a single massive sulfide lens can vary from a steep-sided cone to that of a tabular sheet. The majority of cone-shaped deposits appear to have accumulated on the top or flanks of a positive topographic feature, such as a rhyolite dome, whereas the majority of sheet-like deposits appear to have accumulated in topographic depressions (Lydon, 1990).

 

In Canada, VMS deposits (Figure 8.3) are commonly found in Precambrian volcano-sedimentary greenstone belts in extensional arc environments. Archean VMS deposits are typically grouped according to their Cu-Zn or Zn-Cu content and usually have modest gold and/or silver values and little or no lead content.

 

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Figure 8.3: VMS Example – Amulet Deposit, Noranda Camp, Quebec

 

 

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9.  EXPLORATION

 

The following sections have been modified or reproduced from previous technical reports prepared by Reynolds et al. (2023), Dufresne and Black (2024), and Dufresne and Eccles (2025). The relevant chapters in those reports were originally prepared by Gold X2 Mining and incorporated by the previous consultant. The Authors have reviewed the prior technical reports and the supporting information and consider them to contain the relevant historical exploration information for the Project area.

 

Extensive historical exploration has been completed on the Moss Project and is summarized in Section 6. Since acquiring the Project in 2021, Gold X2 has completed airborne geophysical surveys, soil sampling, vegetation sampling, geological mapping, and rock sampling.

 

The 2021 exploration program consisted of airborne total magnetic intensity (TMI) and versatile time domain electromagnetic (VTEM) surveys from May to June over the Moss, Coldstream, and Hamlin blocks. Interpretation of the geophysical survey data identified targets for future exploration programs.

 

The 2022-2023 exploration program consisted of soil sampling, rock sampling, vegetation sampling, geological mapping, and an airborne geophysical survey. The sampling program was based on 11 target areas derived, in part, from the geophysical surveys completed in 2021. Exploration work began in July with soil sampling, rock sampling, vegetation sampling, and geological mapping. The Vanguard Block was acquired in September, and the ground exploration, including sampling, mapping and geophysics, was expanded to cover this new claim block. Geotech Ltd. (“Geotech”) was engaged to complete a VTEM and magnetic survey to cover the Vanguard Block.

 

The 2024-2025 exploration program consisted of a ground geophysics IP program and a systematic surface geochemistry sampling program. The IP survey consisted of a combined pole-dipole and gradient array program over the Moss Claim block and was conducted by Abitibi Geophyscis The systematic surface geochemistry program consisted of systematic grid sampling of out of surface outcrop exposures across the Moss Claim block covering the remaining areas not previously sampled in the 2021-2023 program and a subsequent top of bedrock drilling campaign to collected samples in areas of significant overburden coverage. The top of bedrock campaign was conducted through sonic drilling via FTE Drilling Inc to collect soil profiles and glacial till samples, and diamond drilling via Laframboise Drilling Inc, which focused solely on the collection of the bedrock samples.

 

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9.1       Geophysics

 

Between May and June 2021, Gold X2 commissioned Geotech of Aurora, Ontario, to complete magnetic and VTEM surveys. These surveys were completed over the Moss, Coldstream, and Hamlin Blocks. In September 2022, following the acquisition of the Vanguard Block, Geotech expanded the magnetic and VTEM survey to cover the area. TechnoImaging LLC (TechnoImaging) of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, was contracted to process and perform quality control on the data.

 

9.1.1       Moss, Coldstream, and Hamlin Survey 2021

 

The magnetic – VTEM survey was flown on a grid with 50–100 m line spacing, with 1 km tie-lines. The survey totalled 2,149 line-km. The 50 m line spacing was completed over priority targets: the Moss Gold and East Coldstream Gold deposits and their surrounding areas, along with the Hamlin area. Gridlines were oriented at 135° perpendicular to the general structural trend. The grid was flown at a mean altitude of 107 m and a speed of 94 km/h. The survey was flown at an altitude that resulted in mean terrain clearances of 55 m for the VTEM receiver loop and 65 m for the magnetometer. Elevation was controlled by a radar altimeter affixed to the helicopter. A global positioning system (GPS) antenna was mounted to the helicopter tail while a second GPS antenna and inclinometer were installed on the leading edge of the magnetic loop to measure tilt in the apparatus (Figure 9.1).

 

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Figure 9.1: Airborne Magnetic and VTEM Survey Setup

 

 

9.1.2       Vanguard Block Survey 2022

 

Upon acquisition of the Vanguard Block by Gold X2, Geotech was engaged to complete an expansion of the VTEM and magnetic survey to cover the Vanguard Block. The survey was flown by Nuvia Dynamics between September 1st and 11th, 2022, using a NuTEM system. Lines were flown at a mean altitude of 100 m with a mean speed of 90 km/h, with terrain clearances for all instruments comparable to the Geotech flight. The surveys covered 396 line-km over the Vanguard Block and 106 line-km over newer claims in the Hamlin Block (Killin, 2023). TechnoImaging planned the grid and the flight and data specifications to ensure it was compatible with the preexisting dataset.

 

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9.1.3       Ground IP Survey

 

The IP pole-dipole and gradient array data were collected and compiled by Abitibi Geophysics over the February to May 2025 period and processed by Invert Geophysics. Abitibi Geophysics was engaged to carry out an OreVision® and a gradient-induced polarization survey on the Moss Gold property, focusing on the Moss claim block. The survey encompassed 97 NW/SW-oriented profiles, spaced ~50 m apart, covering 244.45 line-kilometres. The entirety of the survey grid was read using the gradient configuration, with eleven (11) grids in total, each with a degree of overlap. Eight (8) of the grids were completed during the 2025 winter season. The survey was paused for two (2) weeks in April to accommodate spring break-up conditions, and the remaining three grids were read afterwards (Abitibi, 2025).

 

9.1.4       Survey Quality Assurance – Quality Control

 

The VTEM was a Geotech Time Domain EM VTEM Plus system consisting of a horizontal transmitter loop and three (3) receiver coils, which measure magnetic field gradient (dB/dt) as horizontal and vertical vector components. The VTEM system utilized 43-time gates ranging from 0.021 ms to 8.083 ms (numbered 4-46). The vertical component was measured during all time gates, while the horizontal component was measured from time gate 20 to 46. The off-time sampling scheme was defined based on the time at which the current gradient over time falls to half of its peak value.

 

TechnoImaging undertook quality control on the VTEM data, using an automated process to establish noise levels in each data channel. The X component data was noisy away from conductors, potentially because of electrical storm activity, and it was requested that Geotech re-fly a number of lines to improve the dataset.

 

The magnetic system consisted of two (2) Geometrics split-beam total field magnetic sensors affixed orthogonally on a loop 12.5 m apart. The horizontal magnetic gradients were measured as inline and crossline vector components. The sampling interval was 0.1 seconds. TechnoImaging used a second-degree polynomial to highlight and remove outlying high anomalies as well as regional-scale trends. TechnoImaging considered the data to be of high quality, and no other processing was deemed necessary.

 

A total of 25 samples of drill core from the Moss Gold Deposit were provided to TechnoImaging for measurement of magnetic susceptibility and conductivity with a KT-10 handheld metre at a 10 kHz frequency. Thirteen (13) of these core samples were also used in time-domain induced polarization (IP) tests using a core IP tester manufactured by Instrumentation GDD Inc. This data was used to guide the inversion and interpretation.

 

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Quality control (QC) was performed on the collected OreVision® data, and the gradient data validated 93% and 95% of the recorded readings, respectively. The gradient data were gridded and levelled using the suture method in Oasis Montaj’s Gridknit extension. To ensure consistent and efficient quality control, Abitibi Geophysics has developed InteractiveAnomaly®. This Geosoft GX analyses the normalized decay curve for each reading within the data set. Only readings that successfully pass quality control will be used to calculate the final chargeability. Following this automated procedure, the apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability pseudosections are reviewed, and further manual QC is conducted (Abitibi, 2025).

 

9.1.5       Results

 

Results for the Moss, Coldstream, and Hamlin Blocks for the VTEM and TMI surveys are presented in Figure 9.2 and Figure 9.3, respectively. Results for the Vanguard block TMI survey are shown in Figure 9.4 (Killin, 2023). TechnoImaging inverse-modelled the magnetic and electromagnetic data using their Glass Earth and EMVision software. Both 1D and 3D inversions were created; the 1D inversion was used as a quality control procedure and to guide the 3D inversion.

 

For the VTEM data, a lower conductivity floor of 10,000 Ωm was used. Conductivity, chargeability, and time constant were modelled. Each datapoint was weighted according to the inverse of two (2) errors: an absolute error calculated from the survey noise and a relative error calculated from altitude and tilt variations. The VTEM inversion revealed several broad areas of shallow conductivity and chargeability, which are interpreted as lake and wetland sediments. Numerous narrow subvertical conductors were revealed in the centre and south of the Property and can be interpreted as sulfidic zones and/or graphitic horizons, as shown in Figure 9.5 (Zhdanov, 2023). More substantial conductors are present in the north of the Project, including one that clearly corresponds to the North Coldstream deposit, serving as an excellent confirmatory test for the inversion.

 

For the IP ground survey, the Moss Gold Deposit does not correspond to a single high or low geophysical anomaly (e.g., a distinctive chargeability high, as was thought by previous explorers) as shown in Figure 9.6, but instead aligns with specific levels observed across the IP datasets. Specifically, gold mineralization at Moss corresponds with a trend line of signatures that occur in chargeability-resistivity space from 10 mV/V and 1,000 Wm to 20 mV/V and 100,000 Wm, respectively. This geophysical “fingerprint” was highlighted across the survey area as prospective geophysical targets for Moss-style mineralization. This approach was successfully tested against the Moss Nose target area, where surface gold mineralization is hosted in a similar stratigraphic environment to the Moss Gold Deposit (Abitibi, 2025).

 

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Figure 9.2: Airborne VTEM Survey of the Moss, Coldstream and Hamlin Blocks

 

 

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Figure 9.3: Airborne TMI Survey of the Moss, Coldstream and Hamlin Blocks

 

 

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Figure 9.4: Airborne TMI Survey of the Vanguard Block

 

 

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Figure 9.5: Conductivity Slice, 100 m Depth

 

 

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Figure 9.6: Ground IP Chareability Slice, 400 m Depth

 

 

The magnetics data indicate a series of elongated high and low features, which for the most part follow regional structural trends. Two (2) sub-parallel trends are present in most areas, creating a lozenge visual effect. The contrast between high and low magnetic anomalies is far higher in the mafic-dominated domains, which is easily distinguished from the central intermediate-felsic belt.

 

In the inversion model, the Moss Gold Deposit sits at the contact of a broad, elongate magnetic low and a narrower, subvertical folded magnetic high. This is interpreted as diorite stock and an iron formation sequence interbedded with an andesitic-dacitic volcanic sequence. The “QES” Zone continues to the northeast on the north flank of the folded magnetic high.

 

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The “Moss-style” geophysical signature, with broad magnetic lows adjacent to narrow magnetic highs, is repeated throughout the central intermediate-felsic belt. This may represent repetition from folding or may be a primary stratigraphic phenomenon.

 

The IP survey results highlighted two (2) late fault structures along the east and west of the Moss Gold Deposit, believed to be sinistrally offsetting mineralization approximately 1 kilometre. The location of these structures suggests that mineralization trends extend further along strike but not in the direct extensions targeted by historical exploration.

 

The shear-hosted mineralization at East Coldstream lies on the north flank of a broad magnetic high zone corresponding to a highly magnetic package in the mafic volcanic-plutonic belt. The magnetic contrast across the mineralized shears may suggest some lithological contrast within the mafic units, which developed into a shear during regional deformation.

 

9.1.6       Exploration Targeting

 

Invert Geophysics analyzed the relationship between gold in drilling and the physical properties in the various 3D Inversion models, which demonstrated some relationships between the physical properties and gold mineralization. The inversion statistics show the gold mineralization of the Moss Gold Deposit is clustered in a narrower region in the chareability versus the resistivity. These relationships were identified elsewhere in the inversion model through the development of a random forest prospectivity prediction (Figure 9.7). and a convolutional neural network prospectivity map based on all the gold values from drilling and surface samples in the 3D inversion domain (Figure 9.8).

 

The interpreted data and prospectivity maps will be vetted using field-based observations, which will guide the surface exploration programs and exploratory drill programs in the future.

 

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Figure 9.7: Random Forest Prediction for Gold Values Above 0.3 g/t

 

 

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Figure 9.8: Prospectivity Map Using a Neural Network Trained on All Au Values in the Domain

 

 

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9.2       Surface Stripping

 

A new mineralized system was discovered off the southwest tip of Kawawiagamak Lake along the Deaty Trend, a 5 km long trend of anomalous mineralization. Along the Deaty trend, an area of approximately 1,880 m² was stripped, washed, mapped and channel-sampled (Figure 9.9). The target area was the centre of a ~100 x 400 m ridge, which offers a relatively isolated exposure of a shear-hosted gold-bearing system surrounded by muskeg.

 

The crest of the ridge consists of Greenwater tholeiitic gabbros, in places exhibiting deformed and sinistrally rolled feldspar glomerophenocrysts, subjected to sinistral “belt-parallel” shearing followed by later dextral ~ENE shearing. The latter controls the emplacement of a ~5 m-wide “Moss-like” diorite dyke. The east flank of the stripped area shows the gabbros in sheared contact with a sequence of andesites with cherty exhalites. A microdiorite is exposed in the north wing, which, geochemically, is very reminiscent of subhorizontal late “IDF” dykes known from the Moss Gold drilling.

 

Previously known gold mineralization (from grab samples and limited channels) was centred on pyrite-ankerite-fuchsite pods controlled by the interaction of dextral ENE shears with a foliation-parallel sinistral shear. Eight (8) channels (MKC-24-07 to 14) were cut to cover as much of the exposed stratigraphy as possible, with a focus on the ankeritic zone and the oxidized exhalites in the andesite.

 

Channel assays at Bunker included 1.32 g/t Au over 1.0 m in MKC-24-12 (ank-py zone on gabbro-diorite contact), 1.41 g/t Au over 2.0 m in MKC-24-11 (sulfidic chert exhalite in andesite), and 1.59 g/t Au over 1.7 m in MKC-22-01 (sheared quartz-phyric diorite). Grab samples returned up to 33.7 g/t Au and 2.79 g/t Au.

 

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Figure 9.9: Bunker Trench Surface Stripping

 

 

9.3       Soil Sampling 2022

 

A total of 2,354 ionic leach soil samples and 150 field duplicates were collected on five (5) grids. The grids were oriented perpendicular to the general structural trend of the area. The grids were designed with 200 m line spacings and samples stationed every 25 m. Parallel sample sets are collected at each point; a fixed-depth auger sample for ionic leach assay and a “conventional” humus sample were collected. The humus samples are yet to be assayed and are archived at the Gold X2 field office.

 

Four (4) grids were planned to surround the Moss Gold Deposit to capture parallel systems and strike extensions, while testing for the signature of the deposit itself at QES. The fifth grid tested for eastward strike extensions of East Coldstream. Soil coverage at the QES zone proved poor, but the surveys did cover known Au occurrences at Span Lake and Kawawiagamak Lake, enabling known Au-mineralized signatures to be identified.

 

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Samples were delivered to ALS Laboratories in Thunder Bay, Ontario, by Gold X2 personnel and were internally forwarded to ALS Laboratories in Loughrea, Ireland, for ME-MS23 Ionic Leach analysis.

 

9.3.1       Methodology

 

Ionic soil samples were collected using hand augers from two (2) auger depths below the organic layer, i.e. the sample represents a column covering 15–30 cm depth. This material was typically humus, although the methodology calls for sampling at a fixed depth irrespective of soil medium. Rock particles and significant undecomposed organic material were carefully removed by hand and/or with the aid of a plastic sieve. A sample size of 200–250 g was desired. After augering and removing contaminant material, the samples were double-bagged in sandwich bags alongside a unique sample tag identifier. All tools were wiped clean and washed with demineralized water between samples.

 

Humus samples were collected by hand, using trowels, or using hand augers, depending on the terrain type. The organic layer was removed or augered through, and a humus sample of 200–250 g was obtained from as shallow a depth as possible. In muskeg terrain, this usually meant that, after augering through sphagnum moss, the first auger full of soil was used for the humus sample and the second auger was used for the ionic leach sample. Undecomposed organic material and rock particles were removed. Samples were double-bagged in sandwich bags alongside a unique sample tag identifier. All tools were wiped clean and washed with demineralized water between samples.

 

9.3.2       Results

 

The soil data was interpreted by Russell Birrell alongside Gold X2 staff. Due to the highly variable topography, drainage and cover sequences, raw assay plots were not used. Analyte values were normalized against standard deviation by a standard “Z-score” statistical method according to both assay batch and terrain type. Several secondary datasets were created by cross-referencing the normalized soil dataset with nearby surface rock samples and testing for soil-rock correlations, summing normalized values for key indicator analytes, and deriving further factors to improve anomaly clarity through thicker cover-10. Other elements, particularly alkali metals Mg, Sr, Cs, Rb, demonstrated good rock-to-soil correlation; however, they correlated negatively with Au in both soil and rock, and so could be used to trace unmineralized zones or flanking anomalies. Individual analytes were also compared spatially and qualitatively against known Au occurrences, lithologies and structures.

 

Elements such as tellurium correlated relatively well with both soil and bedrock Au; however, elements such as bismuth (Bi) and lead (Pb) were discordant. The use of summed indices of known indicator metals improved correlation. Prominent intercorrelations in the soil data included Li-Ca-Mg-Ni, the REEs+Sn and

 

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a “peraluminous suite” of Nb-Ta-Th-W. Gold and some other key analytes returned below-detection values in certain muskeg areas, which reduced the effectiveness of statistical methods to “boost the signal” through muskeg cover and raised questions around the effectiveness of the Ionic Leach method to detect bedrock signatures through thick muskeg cover.

 

Drill testing of the soil anomalies returned mixed results. As a result, the soil anomalies were factored into the design of the IP ground geophysics grid and the systematic bedrock sampling program to raise confidence in the anomalies prior to further drill testing.

 

9.4       Vegetation Sampling

 

Vegetation samples were collected along the soil sampling grids. Spruce, fir and alder were trialled on the initial grid, and alder was used on subsequent grids. A total of 353 alder twig samples were collected. Alder samples were not collected on the Coldstream (CEE) grid.

 

9.4.1       Results

 

Inter-analyte correlations with Au were weak for all elements (coefficient <0.20) except tantalum (0.64). Alder-to-rock correlations were also completed, albeit with a smaller dataset than for the soil (just 11 suitable rock samples for many analytes). The “peraluminous suite” proved to have the most effective correlation from bedrock to alder, with a tungsten coefficient of 0.88 and Cs, Zr, Hf, Al and Sn having coefficients from 0.42 to 0.65. Tungsten is the only gold indicator with any realistic use. There were no meaningful correlations with bedrock Au nor any other established Au indicators.

 

Analytes were compared spatially to the soil anomaly grids. The spatial responses for most analytes were strongly kurtotic, with low numbers of highly anomalous, non-contiguous datapoints. A rare exception is palladium, which returns a multi-sample anomaly in a fault-bounded basin on the Moss Nose grid. Alder test samples were taken at the Snodgrass Lake adit (Moss Main zone) and above the East Coldstream mineralization. These were reviewed for “Moss signature” and “Coldstream signature” analyte patterns, which were then applied to the whole alder dataset. Three (3) tight sample clusters returned “Moss signature” anomalies, two (2) in the Moss Nose grid (at the Pd anomaly) and one (1) in the Kawa-Deaty Gap area. At first glance, these corroborate some of the Ionic Leach soil anomalies but given the poor rock-to-alder correlations described previously, these anomalies are unlikely to be reliable.

 

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9.5       Geological Mapping and Rock Sampling

 

A total of 3,898 rock samples, including 148 QA/QC field duplicate samples, were collected across the Project. Samples were collected by trained prospectors or geologist-assistant teams to follow up on targets from anomalous historical data. From 2024-2025, the focus of rock sampling shifted to completing a systematic geochemistry grid across the ground IP grid. Where applicable, results of the 2021-2023 campaigns were utilized with the new sampling focused on infilling areas not covered by previous mapping and sampling campaigns, shown in Figure 9.10. Areas with no outcrop exposure were sampled through a “top of bedrock” drilling campaign, which was designed to collect 3 m of core from the bedrock in each hole. The program comprised 141 holes, 39 holes completed through sonic drilling via FTE Drilling Inc to collect overburden profiles and glacial till samples and the remaining 102 holes completed through traditional diamond drilling via Laframboise Drilling Inc, which focused solely on the collection of the bedrock samples. The initial use of a Sonic drilling rig aimed to recover the basal till for gold in till testwork as a secondary exploration technique. However, the overburden profiles indicated a wider than expected influence of an esker running parallel across much of the drilling area, with no basal till recovered. The program was shifted to diamond drilling as a more timely and cost-effective method of recovering the bedrock samples. Detailed mapping and channel sampling were conducted around high Au assays or anomalous soil samples as assays were received. Field samples were described in detail in the field as well as at the Gold X2 site office. Mapping and geochemical data were used to refine the property geology map and, alongside a compilation of historical data, were used to map zones of alteration. The systematic drilling geochemistry grid was combined with the results of the IP survey to develop a gold prospectivity map shown in Figure 9.11.

 

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Figure 9.10: Rock Sampling Locations

 

 

9.5.1       Superion

 

Mapping and grab sampling results from 2023 identified a mineralized trend north of the QES deposit, extending towards the Span gold showing. Sampling identified sheared hematite-sericite altered dacitic volcanics and weakly sheared sericite-chlorite altered porphyric diorite dykes. Sampling results returned up to 3.18 g/t Au north of QES and up to 15.4 g/t Au west of Span. The area was infilled by additional surface sampling as part of the systematic geochemistry grid, which identified additional anomalous mineralization along the trend; however, no top of bedrock testing was performed to fill in the sizeable overburden-covered portions of the trend.

 

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9.5.2       Moss Nose

 

A mapping exercise targeted the 1,300 m gap between historical exploration drilling, which had noted wide zones of anomalous mineralization, including 55.96 m of 0.26 g/t Au from 264.72 m in ML-02-002 and 58.5 m of 0.33 g/t Au from 290.0 m in ML-17-05 along the Southwest extension of the Moss trend. Mapping identified multiple narrow 1-2 m scale shears in sericite-silica altered dacitic volcanics and sericite-chlorite altered weakly to moderately foliated diorites. Samples in this area returned results up to 3.39 g/t Au and 9.59 g/t Au. The systematic geochemistry sampling program further infilled this area, establishing a continuous area of anomalous mineralization over the 1,300 m gap.

 

9.5.3       Bunker

 

Expanded mapping and sampling surrounding the Bunker showing was conducted as part of the systematic geochemistry grid. Outcrop grab samples and top of bedrock drilling samples identified an expanded zone of anomalous mineralization with samples up to 0.64 g/t. The mapping highlights a more sedimentary-dominated package south of the Bunker target intruded by additional Greenwater tholeiitic gabbros, which continue to demonstrate anomalous mineralization.

 

9.5.4       Deaty

 

The Deaty target was previously discovered by Noranda Inc. Mapping and channel sampling were conducted at historical trenches, which had uncovered silicified and hematite felsic volcanics with localized gold mineralization. The historical trenches were reopened by hand by the Gold X2 field teams, with the channels cut returning up to 0.92 g/t Au over 2.85 m in HDC-23-02. The systematic geochemistry grid uncovered a wider area of anomalous mineralization surrounding the historical drilling through the top of bedrock sampling.

 

9.5.5       Wildwood

 

The main target in this area was a prominent, isolated conductive body west of the Hamlin prospect, as well as poorly documented historic gold occurrences in the wider area. No obvious cause for the conductor was identified. Nevertheless, Au mineralization was uncovered at scattered sites through the andesite-dacite sequence along the Nelson Road in this area:

 

·4.31 g/t Au from pyrite-carbonate veinlets in andesite (F781586).

 

·1.11 g/t Au from chlorite-sericite-pyrite-altered diorite (F782389).

 

·2.82 g/t Au from sheared, pyritic andesite (F781055).

 

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·3.76 g/t Au from a quartz-veined andesite (F781049).

 

9.5.6       Hood Stock

 

Mapping and localized field sampling were conducted over the Hood Stock, which contains the proposed TMF facility. The program was conducted as an initial condemnation program to inform the requirements of future exploration in the area. The mapping recorded various phases of the syenite stock with no significant mineralization or structures.

 

Figure 9.11: Gold Prospectivity Map

 

 

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10.  DRILLING

 

The following sections have been modified or reproduced from previous technical reports prepared by Reynolds et al. (2023), Dufresne and Black (2024), and Dufresne and Eccles (2025). The relevant chapters in those reports were originally prepared by Gold X2 Mining and incorporated by the previous consultant. The Authors have reviewed the prior technical reports and the supporting information and consider them to contain the relevant historical exploration information for the Project area.

 

10.1 Historical Drilling

 

The historical drillhole database (not including Huronian block drilling data) for the Project consists of 2,213 drillholes (297,369 m drilled) with drillholes dating from 1942. A breakdown of historical drilling completed on the Coldstream, Moss, Hamlin, and Vanguard blocks is presented in the tables below. Detailed compilation of historical drilling in the Huronian Block is still ongoing by Gold X2; the compilation to date is summarized in Section 10.1.5. Additional details are described in Section 6 (History).

 

All historical drilling included in the Project database has been assigned risk factors to reflect the reliability of the data. Risk factors for assay data are based on the availability of original assay certificates, while risk factors for surveys are based on the survey method originally recorded.

 

10.1.1 Coldstream Block

 

The current Project database contains details for 1,458 historical drillholes totalling 124,353 m of drilling within the Coldstream Block (Table 10.1). Much of this work was completed in the 1950s and 1960s and contributed to the development of the North Coldstream mine. Following the closure of North Coldstream, the area saw minimal drilling until the discovery of the East Coldstream occurrence in the 1980s. East Coldstream was drilled and abandoned in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Noranda. The bulk of the drilling contributing to the historical mineral resource at East Coldstream was conducted between 2010 and 2017 by Foundation and Wesdome.

 

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Table 10.1: Coldstream Block Historical Drillhole Summary (after Reynolds et al., 2023)

 

Year Company Area Core Size No. of
Holes
Total
(m)
Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
1942 Frobisher NCS - 17 872 - -
1946 CS Copper Mines NCS - 16 2,048 746 36.43%
1948 CS Copper Mines NCS - 12 2,601 330 12.69%
1951 CS Copper Mines NCS - 9 722 39 5.40%
1952 CS Copper Mines NCS - 25 1,359 391 28.77%
1953 CS Copper Mines NCS - 47 3,352 1,602 47.79%
Moneta Porcupine NCS - - 1,524 - -
1954 CS Copper Mines NCS - 6 478 196 41.00%
1955 CS Copper Mines   NCS - 63 3,653 1,664 45.55%
ECS - 5 978 - -
1956 CS Copper Mines NCS - 162 11,345 4,998 44.05%
Riocanex Iris - 7 1,064 13 1.22%
Burchell Lake Mines Broadhurst - 6 1,637 - -
1957 CS Copper Mines NCS - 78 3,551 1,873 52.75%
Arcadia Nickel Corp. Burchell, Quetico - 4 405 - -
Iris   NJL Uranium Mines - 11 2,052 - -
1958 CS Copper Mines NCS - 31 3,004 349 11.62%
1959 CS Copper Mines NCS - 23 1,515 617 40.73%
1960 CS Copper Mines   NCS - 94 4,500 2,349 52.20%
- 1 98 - -
1961 CS Copper Mines NCS - 330 13,101 7,417 56.61%
1962 CS Copper Mines   NCS - 141 6,670 3,187 47.78%
- 2 153 - -
1963 CS Copper Mines   NCS - 34 2,593 600 23.14%
- 2 88 - -
1964 CS Copper Mines NCS - 57 2,700 664 24.59%
1966 CS Copper Mines NCS - 5 86 56 65.12%
1965 CS Copper Mines NCS - 20 577 197 34.14%

 

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Year Company Area Core
Size
No. of
Holes
Total
(m)
Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
1966 NC Mines Burchell - 2 75 - -
1988 Noranda ECS NQ 16 1,206 365 30.27%
Todd Sanders   Burchell - 1 161 - -
NQ 13 2,118 1,094 51.65%
1989 Noranda ECS NQ 6 922 385 41.76%
Todd Sanders Burchell / ECS - 9 1,117 237 21.22%
1990 Lacana Crayfish - 6 2,292 614 26.79%
Noranda ECS NQ 4 1,241 752 60.60%
Freeport McMoran Crayfish - 2 651 - -
1991 Noranda ECS NQ 12 2,618 1,669 63.75%
1997 Todd Sanders NCS HQ 7 154 22 14.29%
2002 Kinross ECS NQ 7 1,669 649 38.89%
2005 Can Golden Dragon Vanguard NQ 5 732 150 20.49%
2006 Alto Ventures ECS NQ 13 2,060 1,284 62.33%
2007 Trillium North Iris NQ 18 1,258 433 34.42%
2010 Foundation ECS NQ 36 9,741 9,028 92.68%
2011 Foundation   Goldie NQ 7 718 590 82.17%
ECS NQ 35 8,327 7,724 92.76%
Iris NQ 20 3,850 3,776 98.08%
2016 Wesdome ECS NQ 8 3,319 2,320 69.90%
2017 Wesdome ECS NQ 23 7,398 3,937 53.22%
Total   1,458 124,353 62,317  

 

10.1.2 Moss Block

 

The current Project database contains details for 485 historical drillholes totalling 128,437 m of drilling within the Moss Block (Table 10.2). The large majority of this is focused on the area around Snodgrass Lake and the Wawiag River, where it enters Snodgrass and defines the historical mineral resource reported as the Moss Gold Deposit, as discussed in Section 6 of this Report. This drilling occurred in two (2) main phases by Storimin and Noranda in the late 1980s and early 1990s, then by Moss Lake Resources in the 2000s. The remainder of the exploration drilling in the Moss Block targeted the gold occurrences at Span Lake, Fountain Lake and the “Boundary Zone” between Snodgrass and Fountain Lakes.

 

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Table 10.2: Moss Block Historical Drillhole Summary (after Reynolds et al., 2023)

 

Year Company Area Core
Size
No. of
Holes
Total
(m)
Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
1976 Falconbridge Snodgrass AQ 5 1,016 417 41.04%
1983 Storimin Snodgrass BQ 5 661 580 87.75%
1985 Inco Span AQ 2 183 - -
1986 Storimin Snodgrass BQ 30 4,543 3,833 84.37%
1987 TML QES / Fountain BQ 14 2,605 2,488 95.51%
Storimin Snodgrass BQ 105 24,685 21,515 87.16%
Inco Span BQ 8 1,348 768 56.97%
1988 TML QES / Fountain BQ 8 1,226.30 1,158 94.43%
Storimin Snodgrass BQ 63 19,399 17,300 89.18%
Inco Span BQ 18 3,407 3,061 89.84%
1989 Storimin   Snodgrass UG BQ 32 1,514 1,512 99.87%
Snodgrass / QES BQ 6 2,059 1,927 93.59%
Inco Span BQ 13 2,133 1,743 81.72%
1990 Noranda Snodgrass / QES NQ 70 24,534 21,776 88.76%
1992 Noranda QES NQ 7 4,375 1,822 41.65%
1993 Akiko Gold Moss Nose NQ 5 845 - -   
1996 Moss Lake Resources Snodgrass / QES   NQ 17 4,835   4,606 95.26%
1999 Landis Mining Boundary NQ 3 379 238 62.80%
2002 Moss Lake Resources Snodgrass NQ 7 1,951 652 33.42%
2003 Moss Lake Resources Snodgrass NQ 7 1,506 574 38.11%
2004 Pele Mnt Resources Pearce NQ 1 500 267 53.40%
Moss Lake Resources Snodgrass NQ 9 1,601 958 59.84%
2005 East West Resources Pearce NQ 1 184 8 4.35%
2008 Moss Lake Resources Snodgrass NQ 15 3,878 3,156 81.38%
2010 Alto Span NQ 2 373 357 95.71%

 

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Year Company Area Core
Size
No. of
Holes
Total
(m)
Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
2017 Moss Lake Resources Snodgrass / Span NQ 32 18,697 16,859 90.17%
Total   485 128,437 107,575  

 

10.1.3 Hamlin Block

 

The current Project database contains details of 141 historical drillholes totalling 29,854 m of drilling within the Hamlin Block (Table 10.3). The most significant drill campaigns in the area were directed at the main Hamlin copper occurrence in the 2000s by first East West Resources, and later Xstrata.

 

Table 10.3: Hamlin Block Historical Drillhole Summary (from Reynolds, 2023)

 

Year Company Area Core
Size
No. of
Holes
Total
(m)
Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
1956 Noranda Hamlin - 7 708 - -
1957 Noranda Hamlin - 2 265 - -
1966 Cominco Hamlin - 1 81 - -
1972 Falconbridge Hamlin / Deaty - 2 244 - -
1988 Grand Portage Hamlin / Junction - 4 518 - -
1990 Mingold Powell Lake - 6 671 91 13.56%
1991 Noranda Powell Lake - 2 544 73 13.42%
Deaty Creek - 2 1,198 399 33.31%
2004 East West Resources West Hamlin NQ 3 499 216 43.29%
2005 East West Resources Hamlin NQ 35 5,661 2,394 42.29%
Ardeen NQ 4 459 32 6.97%
2006 East West Resources Hamlin NQ 15 3,279 2,102 64.10%
Deaty Creek NQ 19 2,925 984 33.64%
2008 Xstrata Hamlin NQ 3 1,403 1,202 85.67%
2009 Xstrata Hamlin NQ 2 732 585 79.92%
2010 Xstrata Hamlin NQ 4 1,461 967 66.19%
2011 Xstrata Hamlin NQ 13 4,664 3,911 83.86%
Deaty Creek NQ 2 546 304 55.68%

 

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Year Company Area Core
Size
No. of
Holes
Total
(m)
Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
    Sungold NQ 15 3,996 2,249 56.28%
Total   141 29,854 15,509  

 

10.1.4 Vanguard Block

 

The current Project database contains details for 129 holes totalling 14,725 m of drilling within the Vanguard Block (Table 10.4). Most of the drilling consisted of minor campaigns via numerous companies targeting the Vanguard VMS showings and the Iris East gold showing. The first recorded drilling was from Norpick in 1950, which discovered the Vanguard showings, but very limited information is available for these holes.

 

Table 10.4: Vanguard Block Historical Drillhole Summary (after Reynolds et al., 2023)

 

Year Company Area   Core
Size
No. of
Holes
Total
(m)
Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
1950 Norpick Gold Mines Vanguard - 22 - - -
1955 Bandowan Mines Limited Vanguard - 11 - - -
1956 Jack Lake Mines Limited Crayfish Lake - 5 742 - -
1957 Jack Lake Mines Limited Iris East - 4 977 - -
1970 Cominco Exploration Crayfish Lake - 2 62 - -
1988 Newmont Iris East NQ 6 1,361 770 56.58%
1989 Minova /Deak Resources Vanguard BQ 6 2,562 16 0.62%
1989 Newmont Iris East NQ 8 2,121.5 853.73 40.24%
1990 Lacana Ex Inc Iris East NQ 2 1,112 291.9 26.25%
1992 Noranda Iris East - 2 - - -
1993 Shear Gold Iris East - 6 - - -
1997 Allegheny Mines Corp Vanguard - 10 292 87.9 30.10%
2002 Canadian Golden Dragon Vanguard - 2 - - -
2003 Canadian Golden Dragon Vanguard West NQ 11 1,872.64 822.73 43.93%

 

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Year Company Area Core
Size
No. of
Holes
Total (m) Total Sampled
(m)
%
Sampled
2004 Canadian Golden Dragon Vanguard East NQ 2 343.36 67.81 19.75%
2005 Canadian Golden Dragon Crayfish Lake BQ 1 224.3 21.92 9.77%
2007 Everett Resources Ltd Vanguard NQ 18 1,258 432.5 34.38%
2011 Benton Resources Shebandewan NQ 7 1,296.08 347.04 26.78%
2012 Trillium Gold Mines Vanguard East NQ 4 501 130.28 26.00%
Total 129 14,725 3,842  

 

10.1.5   Huronian Block

 

A drillhole data compilation completed by MacDonald (2004), on behalf of Pele Mountain, summarizes historical drilling at the Huronian Gold Project between approximately 1905 and 2003. The MacDonald (2004) compilation contains 301 historical drillholes (31,542 m), including 152 Pele Mountain holes and 149 holes drilled by other companies. A total of 35 holes (12%) were drilled adjacent to the Huronian claim block, as it is currently defined.

 

A drillhole compilation by Dufresne and Eccles (2025) spans 1935 to 2022 drillhole data. A total of 660 historical diamond drillholes were reviewed; 583 of those drillholes (80,679 m) occur within the boundaries of the Huronian claim block.

 

10.2   Recent Drilling

 

Between August 1, 2021, and August 12, 2025, Gold X2 completed a total of 424 drillholes (115,564 m) on the Project on the Moss and Coldstream claim blocks. No drilling has yet been conducted on the Hamlin, Vanguard, or Huronian blocks. A total of 402 diamond drillholes (105,639 m) were completed on the Moss block and 22 diamond drillholes (9,925 m) on the Coldstream block. Drilling on the Moss block is ongoing.

 

10.2.1   Coldstream Block

 

Between May and July 2022, 22 drillholes (99,245 m of drilling) were completed within the Coldstream block of the Project, targeting the East Coldstream and North Coldstream targets (Table 10.5 and Figure 10.1). Drillholes were designed to verify historical drilling data and expand areas of known gold mineralization. All

 

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drillhole collars were either surveyed using differential GPS survey equipment or handheld GPS and are reported in the UTM NAD83 Zone 16 coordinate system.

 

North Coldstream drilling consisted of six (6) drillholes (1,955 m) and had the dual purpose of testing the potential for cobalt and gold mineralization within, and at the periphery of the historical North Coldstream Mine. Results have been received.

 

East Coldstream drilling consisted of 16 drillholes (7,974 m) designed to verify the historical drilling data, and test extensions to the mineralized zone both along strike and down dip. All core has been sampled by Gold X2, and all results have been received.

 

Table 10.5: Drillhole Summary for Coldstream Block, 2022 (after Reynolds et al., 2023)

 

Hole

Number

End

Depth

(m)

Azimuth

Dip

Size

Survey

East 

North

Elevation

Total

Sampled

(m)

CED-22-001 483 337 -50.5 NQ DGPS 681114 5386561 477 481
CED-22-002 494.85 335 -49.8 NQ DGPS 681432 5386626 484 494
CED-22-003 360 336 -50 NQ DGPS 680510 5386471 481 359
CED-22-004 302.8 155 -59.9 NQ DGPS 680012 5386428 476 300
CED-22-005 810.1 342 -60.4 NQ DGPS 680563 5386330 484 809
CED-22-006 600 140 60 NQ DGPS 680015 5386586 476 599
CED-22-007 657.05 138 -58.8 NQ DGPS 680088 5386592 474 656
CED-22-008 603 340 -50 NQ DGPS 680563 5386330 484 579
CED-22-009 599.95 340 50 NQ DGPS 680767 5386281 484 598
CED-22-010 315 161 -52.7 NQ DGPS 679897 5386419 475 313
CED-22-011 642 155 -56.8 NQ DGPS 679942 5386523 475 641
CED-22-012 600 180 -50 NQ DGPS 679942 5386523 475 599
CED-22-013 300 340 -50 NQ DGPS 680560 5386569 485 298
CED-22-014 450 340 -65 HQ DGPS 680561 5386569 485 449
CED-22-015 300 340 -50.1 NQ DGPS 680598 5386576 486 297
CED-22-017 456 341 -49.1 NQ DGPS 680641 5386434 478 451
CND-22-001 257.9 1 -59.8 NQ DGPS 678042 5385960 460 256
CND-22-002 390.15 3 -59.4 NQ DGPS 678325 5385898 470 387
CND-22-003 549.25 2 -59.8 NQ DGPS 678405 5385881 477 548

 

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Hole

Number

End

Depth

(m)

Azimuth Dip Size Survey East North Elevation

Total

Sampled

(m)

CND-22-004 397.58 185 -49.8 NQ DGPS 678079 5386088 459 396
CND-22-005 56 180 -49.5 NQ DGPS 678059 5385971 460 54
CND-22-006 300.2 180 -55 NQ DGPS 678060 5385953 461 298
Total 9,925   9,862

 

Figure 10.1: Drillhole Locations for Coldstream Block, 2022

 

 

10.2.2   Moss Block

 

Between August 2021 and August 12, 2025, 105,639 m (402 drillholes) of diamond drilling and sonic drilling were completed within the Moss block of the Moss Gold Property, targeting the Moss Gold, Superion, Span Lake, Kawawiagamak, and Deaty Creek areas (Table 10.6 and Figure 10.2). The Moss Gold drillholes were designed to verify historical drilling data and expand areas of known gold mineralization for the purpose of

 

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Mineral Resource estimation described in Section 14 (Mineral Resource Estimates) of this Report, while the other areas represent exploration targets. The Superion exploration target has been combined with the Moss Gold deposit due to proximity.

 

A total of five (5) HQ diameter drillholes completed by Gold X2 were direct twins of historical Moss Gold drillholes with the purpose of verifying the historical database results and assessing the increased sample size with larger diameter core on the gold grade. Four (4) of the twin holes were drilled in the Main zone, and one (1) was drilled in the QES Zone.

 

A complete list of the Moss Gold and Superion holes can be found in Appendix A.

 

 

Table 10.6: Moss Block Drilling by Target Area (2021-August 12, 2025)

 

Target Hole Type No. Holes Total Metres
Moss Gold / Superion DDH 245 100,833
Span Lake DDH 35 1,326
Kawawiagamak Sonic 75 2,159
Deaty Creek* DDH 47 1,321
Total   402 105,639

 

*Note: Deaty Creek is primarily in the Hamlin block but crosses into the Moss block.

 

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Figure 10.2: Gold X2 Drillhole Locations 2021 to 2025 – Moss Block

 

 

 

 

10.3   Drilling and Sampling Procedures

 

10.3.1   Drillhole Planning

 

All drillholes were planned by a Gold X2 geologist and assigned an alphanumeric abbreviation defining the area, year, and sequential hole number. Drill pads were spotted in the field by Gold X2 personnel, marked with a collar stake, fore and back sight, and approved by the drilling foreman. Drilling rigs were aligned at the specified azimuth and dip by the drilling contractor using a Reflex, or equivalent, DGPS-based APS or TN-14 instrument.

 

The drilling was completed by several drilling contractors, including: Missinaibi Drilling Services, an aboriginally owned and operated contractor based in Timmins, Ontario; Laframboise Drilling Inc., based in Earlton, Ontario; Fusion Forage Drilling Ltd., based in Hawkesbury, Ontario; Forage GeoNord Inc., based in Dolbeau-Mistassini, Quebec; and Forage Lamontagne Fortier Inc., based in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec.

 

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Drill core was oriented at the drill using a Reflex Act III orientation tool, with the bottom mark indicated at the end of the core run by a red wax crayon line. The drill core was then sealed in a core box and transported by the drilling contractor to a specified location to be picked up by Gold X2 personnel and transported to the core shack. Upon completion of the drillhole, a downhole survey was conducted using a Reflex Sprint IQ tool with measurements taken every 3 m or 5 m. The survey data was collected by a Gold X2 geologist directly from the survey tablet.

 

Upon completion of the hole, casing was left in the hole, the hole was marked with a numbered cap, and the site was inspected by Gold X2 personnel. The drillhole collars were later surveyed by an accredited surveying contractor using a differential GPS. The surveyors also checked that each drill site had been cleaned up and remediated.

 

10.3.2   Core Logging and Sampling

 

Drill core was unpacked at the core shack, meterage checked and reconciled, and 1 m marks were written onto the core using a marker. The core was oriented, and orientation lines were marked on the bottom of the core in wax crayon using a three-tiered orientation quality assignment. Rock quality designation, recovery, and geological data were collected. Bulk density data were collected every 20 m, with an oven used to dry samples before using the Archimedes method to take the density measurement.

 

All cores were sampled with sample intervals marked onto the cores in wax crayon, and sample tags inserted at the beginning of each sample interval. All cores were cut using Husqvarna core saws, with cuts made 5 mm below the orientation mark, and the piece of core with the orientation mark was retained in the core box. Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA/QC) samples, such as certified reference materials (CRM), blanks, and duplicates, were inserted into the sample stream by Gold X2 geologists. QA/QC is discussed further in Section 11 (Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security) of this Report.

 

The Authors are not aware of any drilling, sampling, or recovery factors that could materially impact the accuracy and reliability of the Gold X2 drilling results up to the effective date of this Report and used in the current MRE for the Project.

 

10.4   QP Conclusions and Recommendations

 

Based on a review of the drilling procedures, core handling, sampling protocols, survey methods, and quality control practices implemented by Gold X2 at the Moss Gold Project, the QP concludes that the exploration and drilling programs were conducted in accordance with generally accepted industry best practices and are appropriate for use in Mineral Resource estimation.

 

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11.   SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY

 

This section describes the sample preparation, analysis, and security procedures for the diamond drilling programs performed by previous owners and by Gold X2, including results of QA/QC samples inserted by Gold X2 as part of the assaying process. The historical information contained in this section was sourced from previous Technical Reports on the Property.

 

11.1   Drill Samples

 

11.1.1   Sample Preparation, Analysis and Security

 

11.1.1.1   Moss Claim Block

 

Drilling on the Moss Block dates back to 1945; however, while many historical drilling programs have been carried out, very little information regarding sample collection, preparation, and security has been made available to the public. Programs are discussed in greater detail below where sufficient information is available.

 

Central Crude Ltd. (1990 and 1992)

 

In 1990 and 1992, on behalf of Central Crude Ltd. (“Central Crude”), Noranda Exploration Co. Ltd. (“Noranda”) conducted diamond drilling on the Moss Block. Sample intervals were allegedly constrained by lithology and mineralization boundaries; however, a review of historical data performed by Gold X2 personnel reported that samples frequently crossed these recorded boundaries. Samples were routinely up to one meter in length and were split with a mechanical splitter. During this period, Noranda also carried out assay checks of samples from the Tandem Resources Ltd. (“Tandem”) and Storimin Exploration Ltd. (“Storimin”) 1986 and 1989 drilling campaigns. Initial results seemed to indicate some upgrading of gold values, which led to an extensive resampling program (discussed in Section 12.1.2 below). All samples were transported by Noranda personnel to Kashabowie, ON by truck and then sent by bus or transport to the laboratory in Winnipeg or further transported by Noranda personnel to the laboratory in Thunder Bay, ON.

 

Moss Lake Gold Mines Ltd. (1996 to 2008)

 

For various years throughout the period 1996 to 2008, Moss Lake Gold Mines Ltd. (“MLGM”) conducted diamond drilling on the Moss Block. Core was boxed and sealed at the drill rigs prior to transport by drilling personnel to the logging facility, where MLGM representatives then took over the core handling. The logging geologist was responsible for selecting the sample intervals, which were marked on the core box and

 

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directly on the core along with the sample number. Sample intervals were constrained by lithology and mineralization boundaries and varied from 0.3 to 2.0 m in length. Two (2) parts of a three-part sample tag were placed in the core box at the end of each sample interval. Basic information was recorded on the sample tags, including the sample number and analytical instructions. For security reasons, neither drillhole number nor meterage were marked on the two (2) tags, but on the third part of the tag only, which remained in the sample tag book. Samples were generally split with a mechanical splitter, with the exception of core drilled in 2008, which was halved longitudinally with a core saw. One half of each sample was placed in a sample bag, sealed with tin ties, and stored in a secure core shack until transport by MLGM personnel to the analytical facility. The chain-of-custody (“COC”) was maintained and supervised by MLGM representatives up to the point of arrival at the laboratory.

 

Information on the Wesdome sampling procedures is not available.

 

Gold X2 Mining Inc. (2021 to 2025)

 

From 2021 to August 12, 2025, Gold X2 completed a total of 402 diamond drillholes within the Moss Gold claim block. Core was transported to the Gold X2 logging facility in Kashabowie, ON for geological review and sampling. Logging personnel identified the intervals to be sampled, which were marked directly on the core with grease pen and assigned a unique sample number. Sample lengths were allowed to vary from 0.3 to 2.0 metres. As of September 2025, logging personnel draw a cut line on the core. Core cutting primarily took place at the logging facility from 2021-2023; overflow core was sent to DP Diamond Blades and Core Cutting Services (“DP Diamond Blades”) in Thunder Bay, ON. From 2024 onwards, the majority of the core was cut at DP Diamond Blades. Both facilities operated under the same procedures: technicians cut the core in half longitudinally, approximately 2 cm clockwise (when looking downhole) from the orientation line. The righthand side of the core (when looking downhole) was then placed into a labelled sample bag and sealed, and the lefthand side of the core was returned to the core box in its original position and orientation.

 

In 2025, a resampling program was carried out on historic core in the Moss Gold deposit area. The samples consisted of all remaining core (½ or ¼) for each interval.

 

GMS considers that the core sampling, security of samples, sample preparation and analysis programs applied for Moss Gold Project were conducted following the industry standards.

 

11.1.1.2   Coldstream Claim Block

 

Drilling on the Coldstream Block dates to 1942; however, while many historical drilling programs have been carried out, very little information regarding sample collection, preparation, and security has been made

 

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available to the public prior to 2010. Programs are discussed in greater detail below where sufficient information is available.

 

Foundation Resources Inc. and Alto Ventures Ltd. (2010 to 2011)

 

From 2010 to 2011, the Foundation Resources Inc. (“Foundation”) and Alto Ventures Ltd. (“Alto”) joint venture conducted diamond drilling at the Coldstream East prospect on the Coldstream claim block. Sample intervals were selected, marked, numbered, recorded in an assay booklet, and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet by a supervising geologist. Sample intervals were not to cross lithological breaks unless a unit was less than 0.5 m wide. Within lithological units, sample breaks were selected based on variation in mineralization and alteration. Maximum sample lengths were up to 3 m, while minimum lengths were as little as 0.5 m. Where significant mineralization was present, sample lengths were kept to a maximum of 1 m. No samples were taken in isolation.

 

Core was halved longitudinally with a stationary core saw at the field camp in Kashabowie, ON. Care was taken to ensure that the two (2) halves were as equally perpendicular to the rock fabric as possible. One half of the core was placed into a sample bag with a corresponding sample tag, while the other half was retained in the core box for future reference. Sample bags were pre-labeled with a sample number and sample tags were inserted at the bottom of each bag before the core was added. Sample bags were then sealed with a cable tie.

 

Upon loading the sample bags into rice bags for transport, an inventory list was checked off and double-checked against the laboratory submittal form. A record of samples contained in each rice bag was kept for each shipment. Rice bags were labelled with the sample numbers that they contained as well as the company’s contact information. Samples awaiting dispatch were stored in a secure location in camp at all times. Samples were transported directly to the analytical facility by Coast Mountain Geological Ltd. (“Coast Mountain”) personnel, and the remaining core was stored at the residence of Joe Hackyl.

 

Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (2017)

 

During the 2017 drilling campaign carried out by Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (“Wesdome”), samples were sent to the ALS Minerals laboratory in Thunder Bay, ON for preparation. Samples were crushed to 70% passing a 2 mm sieve and pulverized to a further 85% passing a 75 μm sieve. Pulps were then sent to ALS Minerals in Vancouver, BC for gold and multi-element analysis. All samples underwent gold analysis by 30 g fire assay with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (“ICP-AES”) finish (ALS code Au-ICP21) and multi-element analysis by aqua regia digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (“ICP-MS”) finish. Those samples that returned gold values greater than 3.0 g/t were subject to fire assay and AAS finish (ALS code Au-AA23), and samples that returned gold values greater than 10.0 g/t were subject to re-assay by fire assay with gravimetric finish (ALS code Au-GRA21).

 

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At the time, ALS Minerals was accredited by the SCC for specific tests listed in its Scope of Accreditation No. 579. This accreditation was based on International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 17025:2005 international standards and involved extensive site audits and performance evaluations.

 

Gold X2 Resources Inc. (2022)

 

In 2022, Gold X2 completed a total of 16 diamond drillholes at the East Coldstream prospect and a total of six (6) diamond drillholes at the North Coldstream prospect, both within the Coldstream claim block. Sample collection, preparation, and security protocols were identical to those described for Gold X2 in Section 11.1.1.1 above.

 

11.1.2   Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Procedures

 

11.1.2.1   Moss Claim Block

 

Few details are available from publicly available sources regarding the sample preparation and analytical procedures for historical drilling programs on the Moss Gold claim block. Table 11.1 presents the laboratories and analytical methods used in each program, where available. Programs are discussed in greater detail below where possible.

 

Table 11.1: Summary of Laboratories and Analytical Methods Utilized in Historical Moss Gold Drilling Campaigns

 

Year Company Lab Analysis
1945 Lobanor Gold Mines Unknown Unknown
1947 Airways Exploration Unknown Unknown
1954 Great Lakes Copper Mines / Newkirk Mining Unknown Unknown
1956-1957 McLeod-Cockshutt Gold Mines / Kenogamisis Gold Mines Unknown Unknown
1957 The Mining Corporation of Canada Unknown Unknown
1966 Consolidated Mining and Smelting / Inco Unknown Unknown
1974-1976 Falconbridge Nickel Mines Unknown Unknown
1979 Camflo Mines Unknown Unknown
1980-1982 Mountainview Exploration Unknown Unknown
1983-1987 Tandem Resources / Storimin Exploration Bell-White Analytical FA/AAS


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Year Company Lab Analysis
1987 Tamavack Resources / International Maple Leaf Resources Technical Service FA/AAS
1987 Belisle; Ternowsky Unknown Unknown
1987 Inco C.C. Exploration Geochem FA/AAS
1988 Tandem Resources / Storimin Exploration Internal FA/AAS
    Bell-White Analytical MA/AAS
    Assayers (Ontario) Unknown
1988 Tamavack Resources / International Maple Leaf Resources Technical Service FA/AAS
1988 Inco C.C. Exploration Geochem FA/AAS
1989 Tandem Resources / Storimin Exploration Warnock Hersey FA/AAS
1989 Inco C.C. Exploration Geochem FA/AAS
1990-1992 Central Crude Warnock Hersey MA/AAS; FA/Grav
    Accurassay Screen; CN
1993 Akiko Gold Resources Accurassay FA/AAS
1996 Moss Lake Gold Mines Accurassay FA/AAS
1999 Landis Mining Accurassay FA/AAS
2002-2004 Moss Lake Gold Mines Accurassay FA/AAS
2004-2005 Pele Mountain Resources Accurassay FA/AAS
2007-2008 Moss Lake Gold Mines Accurassay FA/AAS
2010-2011 Foundation Resources / Alto Ventures ALS FA/ICP; 4A/ME
2017 Wesdome Gold Mines ALS FA/ICP-ES; FA/AAS;
FA/Grav; AR/ICP-MS
    Wawa Lab (Internal) FA/Grav

 

Tandem Resources Ltd. and Storimin Exploration Ltd. (1988)

 

During the 1988 underground drilling campaign carried out by Tandem-Storimin, an on-site laboratory was set up to provide rapid sample turnaround to direct exploration activities. A considerable amount of check assaying was also completed at the independent laboratories Bell-White Analytical Laboratories (“Bell-White Analytical”) in Haileybury, ON and Assayers (Ontario) Ltd. (“Assayers (Ontario)”) in Toronto,

 

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ON. At the on-site laboratory, samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (“AAS”) following multi-acid digestion. Details regarding the sample preparation and analytical procedures performed at Bell-White Analytical and Assayers (Ontario) are unavailable.

 

Central Crude Ltd. (1990 and 1992)

 

During the 1990 and 1992 drilling campaigns carried out by Central Crude / Noranda, samples were generally sent to the independent laboratory Warnock Hersey Laboratories (“Warnock Hersey”) in Winnipeg, MB (no longer in existence) for preparation and analysis. Gold assays were by multi-acid digestion and AAS finish, with overlimit samples analyzed by fire assay and gravimetry. Check assays from the 1986 and 1989 drilling programs were sent to the independent laboratory Accurassay Laboratories (“Accurassay”) in Thunder Bay, ON for screened metallics and cyanidation analysis.

 

Moss Lake Gold Mines Ltd. (1996 to 2008)

 

During the drilling campaigns carried out by MLGM between 1996 and 2004, samples were sent to the independent laboratory, Accurassay, in Thunder Bay, ON for preparation and analysis. Samples were analyzed for gold by 30 g fire assay and finished by AAS. At the time, Accurassay Thunder Bay held a Standards Council Canada (“SCC”) scope of accreditation 434.

 

During the 2008 drilling campaign carried out by MLGM, samples were once again prepared and analyzed at Accurassay Thunder Bay. Samples were dried and then jaw crushed to approximately eight (8) mesh before a 250 to 500 g subsample was pulverized to 90% passing 150 mesh and matted to ensure homogeneity. Silica sand was used to clean the pulverizing dishes between samples to prevent cross-contamination. The homogenized samples were then analyzed for gold by 30 g lead fire assay and finished by AAS. At the time, Accurassay Thunder Bay held a Standards Council Canada (“SCC”) scope of accreditation 434.

 

Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (2017)

 

During the 2017 drilling campaign carried out by Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (“Wesdome”), samples were generally sent to the independent laboratory ALS Minerals in Thunder Bay, ON for preparation, except for the rush samples sent to Wawa as described below. Samples were crushed to 70% passing a 2 mm sieve and pulverized to a further 85% passing a 75 μm sieve. Pulps were then sent to ALS Minerals in Vancouver, BC for gold and multi-element analysis. All samples underwent gold analysis by 30 g fire assay with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (“ICP-AES”) finish (ALS code Au-ICP21) and multi-element analysis by aqua regia digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (“ICP-MS”) finish. Those samples that returned gold values greater than 3.0 g/t were subject to fire assay

 

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and AAS finish (ALS code Au-AA23), and samples that returned gold values greater than 10.0 g/t were subject to re-assay by fire assay with gravimetric finish (ALS code Au-GRA21).

 

Results from ALS Minerals were often delayed by a three-week turn-around period. The dynamic drill program often required results much faster than this to prioritize targets. In such cases, samples were sent to Wesdome’s internal laboratory (Wawa Lab) in Wawa, ON for analysis by fire assay with gravimetric finish. Turn-around times at this laboratory were in the order of one (1) or two (2) days; however, the laboratory was not accredited. Therefore, pulps from one in 20 samples were sent to ALS Minerals Vancouver for an external gold check by the methods described above.

 

At the time, ALS Minerals was accredited by the SCC for specific tests listed in its Scope of Accreditation No. 579. This accreditation was based on International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 17025:2005 international standards and involved extensive site audits and performance evaluations.

 

Gold X2 Mining Inc. (2021 to 2025)

 

During the 2021 to 2025 drilling campaigns carried out by Gold X2 on the Moss claim block, samples were sent to the independent laboratory ALS in Thunder Bay, ON for preparation. Samples were crushed to 70% passing a 2 mm sieve and a 1,000 g riffle split subsample was pulverized to a further 85% passing a 75 μm sieve before being sent to ALS in Vancouver, BC for gold and multi-element analysis. A comprehensive list of laboratory codes utilized during the sample preparation phase is presented in Table 11.2.

 

Table 11.2: Summary of Sample Preparation Procedures Used During the 2021 to 2025 Gold X2 Drill Campaigns

 

ALS Code Description
LOG-21 Log raw sample into global tracking system
LOG-23 Log pulp sample into global tracking system
WEI-21 Weigh received sample
CRU-31 Fine crushing of drill samples to 70% passing 2 mm
SPL-21 Split sample using a riffle splitter
PUL-32 Pulverize a 1,000 g split to 85% passing 75 microns

 

All samples underwent gold analysis by fire assay with an AAS finish and multi-element analysis by four (4) acid digestion and ICP-MS finish. Those samples that returned gold values greater than 10.0 g/t were subject to re-assay by fire assay with a gravimetric finish. A comprehensive list of laboratory codes utilized during the sample analysis phase is presented in Table 11.3 below.

 

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Table 11.3: Summary of Sample Analysis Procedures Used During the 2021 to 2025 Gold X2 Drill Campaigns

 

ALS Code Analyte Aliquot (g) Range (ppm) Description
Au-AA23 Au 30 0.005 - 10 Au by fire assay and AAS
Au-GRA21 Au 30 0.05 - 10,000 Au by fire assay and gravimetry
ME-MS61 Multi 0.25 Ag: 0.01 - 100  
Cu: 0.2 - 10,000        
Mo: 0.05 - 10,000 Four (4) acid digestion and ICP-MS                  
(+)-OG62 Multi 0.4 Ag: 1 - 1,500  
Cu: 10 - 50,000        
Mo: 10 - 10,000 Four (4) acid overlimit methods                  

 

At the time of sampling, ALS Minerals was accredited by the SCC for specific tests listed in its Scope of Accreditation No. 579. This accreditation is based on ISO 17025:2005 international standards and involves extensive site audits and performance evaluations.

 

11.1.2.2   Coldstream Claim Block

 

Few details are available from publicly available sources regarding sample preparation and analytical procedures for historical drilling programs on the Coldstream Block. Table 11.4 presents the laboratories and analytical methods used in each program, where available. Programs are discussed in greater detail below where possible.

 

Table 11.4: Summary of Laboratories and Analytical Methods Utilized in Historical Coldstream Drilling Campaigns

 

Year Company Lab Analysis
1942 Frobisher Unknown Unknown
1946-1953 Coldstream Copper Mines Unknown Unknown
1953 Moneta Porcupine Unknown Unknown
1954-1956 Coldstream Copper Mines Unknown Unknown
1956 Riocanex Unknown Unknown
1956 Burchell Lake Mines Unknown Unknown
1957 Coldstream Copper Mines Unknown Unknown

 

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Year Company Lab Analysis
1957 Arcadia Nickel Unknown Unknown
1957 Iris Unknown Unknown
1958-1966 Coldstream Copper Mines Unknown Unknown
1966 NC Mines Unknown Unknown
1988 Noranda Unknown Unknown
1988 Todd Sanders Unknown Unknown
1989 Noranda Unknown Unknown
1989 Todd Sanders Unknown Unknown
1990 Noranda Unknown Unknown
1990 Lacana Unknown Unknown
1990 Freeport McMoran Unknown Unknown
1991 Noranda Unknown Unknown
1997 Todd Sanders Accurassay Unknown
2002 Kinross Unknown Unknown
2005 Can Golden Dragon Unknown Unknown
2006 Alto Ventures Accurassay FA
2007 Trillium North ALS Unknown
2010-2011 Foundation Resources / Alto Ventures ALS FA/ICP-AES; 4A/ICP-AES
    Acme Analytical Unknown
2016 Wesdome Gold Mines ALS FA/ICP; 4A
2017 Wesdome Gold Mines ALS FA/ICP-AES; FA/Grav; AR/ICP-MS

 

Foundation Resources Inc. and Alto Ventures Ltd. (2010 to 2011)

 

During the 2010 to 2011 drilling campaigns carried out by Foundation-Alto, samples were sent to the independent laboratory ALS Chemex in Thunder Bay, ON, for preparation. Samples were weighed (WEI-21), dried (DRY-21), crushed to 90% passing a 2 mm sieve (CRU-32), split with a riffle splitter (SPL-21), and pulverized to a pulp (PUL-32). Pulps were then shipped to ALS Chemex in Vancouver, BC, where they underwent gold analysis by fire assay with ICP-AES finish (Au-ICP21), and multi-element analysis for 33 elements by four (4) acid digestion and ICP-AES finish (ME-ICP61). Those samples that returned gold values greater than 10 ppm were subject to re-assay by fire assay with gravimetric finish. A selection of pulps returning values greater than 0.15 g/t Au were submitted to Acme Analytical Labs Ltd. (“Acme”) for check assays by a similar analytical method. In 2011, ALS Chemex was registered to


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ISO 9001:2000 for the “provision of assay and geochemical analytical services” by QMI Management Systems Registrars, providing evidence of a quality management system covering all aspects of the laboratory. Information regarding the accreditation of Acme during this period is unavailable.

 

Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (2017)

 

During the 2017 drilling campaign carried out by Wesdome, samples were sent to the independent laboratory ALS Minerals in Thunder Bay, ON for preparation. Samples were crushed to 70% passing a 2 mm sieve and pulverized to a further 85% passing a 75 μm sieve. Pulps were then sent to ALS Minerals in Vancouver, BC for gold and multi-element analysis. All samples underwent gold analysis by 30 g fire assay with ICP-AES finish (ALS code Au-ICP21) and multi-element analysis by aqua regia digestion and ICP-MS finish. Those samples that returned gold values greater than 3.0 g/t were subject to fire assay and AAS finish (ALS code Au-AA23), and samples that returned gold values greater than 10.0 g/t were subject to re-assay by fire assay with gravimetric finish (ALS code Au-GRA21).

 

At the time, ALS Minerals was accredited by the SCC for specific tests listed in its Scope of Accreditation No. 579. This accreditation was based on International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 17025:2005 international standards and involved extensive site audits and performance evaluations.

 

Gold X2 Mining Inc. (2022)

 

The analytical procedures carried out by Gold X2 during their 2022 drilling campaign on the Coldstream claim block were identical to those described for Gold X2 in Section 11.1.1.1 above.

 

11.1.3   QA/QC Results

 

Overall, historical quality assurance and quality control (“QA/QC”) information is limited. Programs are discussed in greater detail below where possible.

 

11.1.3.1   Historical; Moss Claim Block

 

Tandem Resources Ltd. and Storimin Exploration Ltd. (1988)

 

In 1988, the Tandem-Storimin JV performed a considerable amount of check assays at two (2) external analytical facilities to verify the results of their on-site laboratory. Both facilities allegedly supported the on-site results. Information regarding commercial laboratory QA/QC is unavailable. As discussed below, Noranda carried out a variety of checks on Tandem-Storimin results and were satisfied that the results were valid.

 

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Moss Lake Gold Mines Ltd. (2008)

 

In 2008, MLGM submitted a total of 2,525 samples for assay, including 102 field-inserted QA/QC samples. Of the 102 QA/QC samples, 35 were certified standards, 33 were coarse blanks, and 34 were half-core duplicates (Table 11.5). QA/QC materials were rarely inserted into the sample stream during the earliest phases of the drilling campaign. As a result, most QA/QC data was associated with drillholes ML-08-06 to ML-08-15.

 

Standards were inserted into the sample sequence at a frequency of 1 in 60. The standards utilized were AUG1 (1.125 g/t Au, n = 13), AUG2 (1.103 g/t Au, n = 13), and AUQ1 (1.33 g/t Au, n = 8), which were provided by the laboratory. Results were reviewed by Watts, Griffis and McOuat Ltd. (“WGM”) in a 2010 technical report and standards were deemed to be reasonable, with the exception of one instance of AUG1, which reported inexplicably low (sample 562680), and one instance of AUG2, which reported low due to a likely sample mix-up (sample 562522). WGM also concluded that the standards were poorly selected for the project as the expected values for all three (3) were close to 1 g/t Au. It was recommended for future work to choose a set of standards with a more variable range of expected values.

 

Table 11.5: Overview of the 2008 MLGM Field QA/QC Program

 

Sample Type

Sample Count
n % of Total
Standard 34 1.3
AUG1 13  
AUG2 13  
AUQ1 8  
Blank (Coarse) 33 1.3
Duplicate 34 1.3
Total QA/QC 101 4.0
Core 2,423 96.0
Total Samples 2,524 100.0

 

Blanks were inserted into the sample sequence at a frequency of 1 in 60. The material used for the blanks consisted of unmineralized drill core from previous drilling programs. All blanks returned low values with an average of 0.011 g/t Au. One sample, 562293, returned an anomalous value of 0.044 g/t Au, which was concluded to represent minor carry over contamination or inherent mineralization. Another blank, sample 740140, reported an average grade of 0.033 g/t Au from two (2) anomalous assays (original and

 

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check), which remained unexplained. Duplicates were inserted into the sample sequence at a frequency of 1 in 60. Results of the duplicate pairs were correlated, but not as well as expected. Poor correlation was concluded to be a result of the “nugget effect”.

 

In addition to the QA/QC program described above, the laboratory (Accurassay) conducted internal QA/QC consisting of analytical duplicates (assay on a second 30 g duplicate charge from the same pulp) every ten (10) routine samples and preparation duplicates (assay on a second pulp) every 60 routine samples. The results of these duplicate assays were not reviewed by WGM. Accurassay also tracked a combination of certified reference standards purchased from the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (“CANMET”), standards created in-house and certified through round robin, and ISO certified calibration standards. If any of the standards fell outside the warning limits (±2SD), re-assays were to be performed on 10% of the samples analyzed in the same batch and compared against the original values. If the values from the re-assays matched the original assays, the data was certified; if they did not match, the entire batch was re-assayed. If any of the standards fell outside the control limit (±3SD), all assay values were rejected and all of the samples in that batch were re-assayed. The results of the internal laboratory standards were not reported on the certificates of analysis and consequently have not been reviewed by WGM. It is unknown whether Accurassay performed any re-assays based on performance of its QA/QC program.

 

Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (2017)

 

In 2017, Wesdome submitted a total of 21,212 samples for assay from drilling activities within the Moss Gold claim block, including 2,254 QA/QC and check samples. Of the 2,254 QA/QC samples, 1,051 were certified standards, 1,054 were coarse blanks, and 149 were cross-laboratory check assays.

 

The primary standards utilized were CDN-GS-1P5P (1.59 g/t Au) and CDN-GS-P4F (0.498 g/t Au), which were provided by CDN Resource Laboratories (“CDN”). Standards sent to ALS generally passed at a higher rate than those sent to Wawa Lab, although the sample population was much larger for ALS. Of the 414 CDN-GS-1P5P standards sent to ALS, 374 (~90%) passed within the reported error range, while those analyzed at Wawa Lab returned 53 of 75 (~71%) samples within the accepted range. Of the 436 CDN-GS-P4F standards sent to ALS, 312 (~72%) passed, while only 19 of 73 (~26%) passed at Wawa Lab.

 

Blanks were inserted into the sample sequence at a frequency of 1 in 20. The material used was described as diabase sourced from an outcrop near the Terry Fox Monument on Highway 11/17. Of the 1,054 blanks, 146 were sent to Wawa Lab and the remaining 908 were analyzed at ALS Vancouver. Of the 146 samples sent to Wawa, 145 returned gold values <0.01 g/t Au, and of the 908 samples sent to ALS, 901 returned gold values <0.01 g/t Au.

 

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A total of 1,045 sample pulps were re-analyzed at ALS, and a further 156 pulps were re-analyzed internally at Wawa Lab. Both sets of internal duplicates (ALS and Wawa Lab) correlated well with the original data. R2 values were 0.9973 and 0.9868, respectively. External duplicates were also completed for the holes originally sent only to Wawa Lab, as it was not accredited facility. Drillholes MLS-17-09, MLS-17-10, MLS-17-16, MLS-17-18, and MLS-17-20 were originally assayed at Wawa Lab, so 149 pulps were sent to ALS Vancouver for testing.

 

11.1.3.2   Historical: Coldstream Claim Block

 

Foundation Resources Inc. and Alto Ventures Ltd. (2010 to 2011)

 

From 2010 to 2011, Foundation-Alto submitted a total of 9,481 samples for assay, including 834 QA/QC samples. Of the 834 QA/QC samples, 250 were certified standards, 254 were coarse blanks, 169 were coarse reject duplicates, and 161 were pulp duplicates. Additionally, five (5) percent of pulps from the 2010 winter drilling program were submitted to a secondary laboratory for check assays.

 

Standards and coarse blanks were randomly inserted into each batch of 20 samples. All standards were sourced from WCM Minerals of Burnaby, BC, and consisted of 100 g sachets of material with certified values ranging from 0.29 to 4.75 g/t Au. The standards utilized were PM197, PM404, PM410, PM427, PM428, PM431, PM434, PM438, PM439, PM441 and PM443. Blanks were comprised of 750 g of white marble and were inserted before, within, or immediately after a mineralized zone.

 

Coarse reject duplicates and pulp duplicates were incorporated into each batch of 20 samples (winter 2010) or into each batch of 40 samples (summer 2010 and winter 2011). Coarse duplicates were typically selected within mineralized zones. The duplicates were assayed in separate batches (different furnace loads) from their parent samples. Additionally, five (5) percent of pulps from the 2010 winter drilling program were submitted to a secondary laboratory for check assays. These pulps were selected randomly from samples containing >0.15 g/t Au.

 

Detailed results from this QA/QC program are unavailable; however, Tetra Tech Wardrop concluded that the data was sufficiently reliable to support the resource estimation generated for East Coldstream in 2011.

 

Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. (2017)

 

In 2017, Wesdome submitted a total of 4,585 samples for assay from drilling activities within the Coldstream claim block, including 680 QA/QC samples. Of the 680 QA/QC samples, 340 were certified standards and 340 were coarse blanks.

 

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The primary standards utilized were CDN-CM-26 (0.372 g/t Au) and CDN-CM-39 (0.687 g/t Au), which were provided by CDN. Of the 197 CDN-CM-26 standards analyzed, 182 (~92%) passed within the reported error range for gold and 194 (~98%) passed for copper. Of the 129 CDN-CM-39 standards analyzed, 113 (~88%) passed within the reported error range for gold and 101 (~78%) passed for copper. Blanks were inserted into the sample sequence at a frequency of 1 in 20. The material used was described as diabase sourced from an outcrop near the Terry Fox Monument on Highway 11/17.

 

11.1.3.3   Gold X2 Sampling

 

From 2021 to August 12th, 2025, Gold X2 submitted a total of 133,727 samples for assays from drilling and resampling activities within the Moss Gold and East Coldstream Deposits, including 13,021 QA/QC samples including standards, blanks, and field duplicates. Field duplicates were not taken for historic resampling to ensure that sample volumes remained representative. The laboratory performed an additional 713 preparation (coarse) duplicates and 4,072 pulp duplicates. The breakdown of each sample type by deposit can be seen in Table 11.6. A summary of resampled holes can be found in Appendix A.

 

Table 11.6: Summary of Sample Types by Deposit

 

Sample Type

Count

(Moss Gold)

Count

(East Coldstream)

Total Count

Core - Original 97,980 6,879 104,859
Core - Resample 15,847 0 15,847
Standard 6,267 469 6,736
Blank - Coarse 2,603 196 2,799
Duplicate - Field (1/2 core) 638 0 638
Duplicate - Field (1/4 core) 2,556 292 2,848
Duplicate - Lab (Coarse) 713 70 783
Duplicate - Lab (Pulp) 4,072 351 4,423
Total 130,676 8,257 138,933

 

The QA/QC program was actively monitored by Orix Geoscience Inc. (“Orix”) on behalf of Gold X2, with batches of samples undergoing re-analysis in the event of any QA/QC failures. Comprehensive reports written by Orix are available, which describe the methodology employed and the program results. Orix’s failure threshold for blanks is ten (10) times the background value and failure threshold of CRMs is when the value is greater than three (3) standard deviations outside the accepted mean. It was concluded that standards and blanks typically fell within acceptable ranges; however, duplicates (particularly field

 

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duplicates) generally had low repeatability, likely because of the inherent “nuggety” nature of the gold deposit.

 

GMS has carried out an analysis of the QA/QC results obtained from the Gold X2 drilling campaigns, which are summarized in Table 11.7 and

 

Table 11.8 and discussed in detail below. The failure criterion selected for certified standards is three (3) standard deviations from the expected value. For coarse blanks, gold values up to ten (10) times the lower detection limit (“LDL”) of a given analytical method are considered acceptable.

 

Table 11.7: Summary of Au Reference Material Results from 2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold and East Coldstream Deposits

 

Reference Material Certified Au
Value
Standard
Deviation
Sample
Count
Fails
(ppm) (ppm) n %
OREAS 230 0.337 0.013 3,958 15 0.4%
OREAS 233 1.050 0.029 2,111 1 0.0%
OREAS 240 5.510 0.139 612 0 0.0%
OREAS Coarse Silica Blank <0.05   2,799 0 0.0%
Total 8,870 16 9,480

 

Table 11.8: Summary of Ag Reference Material Results from 2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Reference
Material
Certified Ag
Value
Standard Deviation Sample
Count
(Moss
Gold)
Fails
(ppm) (ppm) n %
OREAS 230 0.128 0.014 3,636 0 0.0%
OREAS 233 0.295 0.016 2,039 33 1.6%
OREAS 240 1.350 0.077 592 0 0.0%
OREAS Coarse Silica Blank <0.005*   2,603 37 1.4%
Total 8,870 70 0.8%

 

*Note: The blank has an upper recommended value of 1 ppm Ag. It has not been evaluated in previous QA/QC reports.

 

Certified standards were inserted into the sample sequence by Gold X2 personnel with a target rate of 1:20. Logging personnel selected the type of standard based on the expected grade of neighboring samples and

 

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the need to rotate through various standards. All standards were sourced through OREAS, which included OREAS 230, 233 and 240 (Table 11.7,

 

Table 11.8). All labels on the sachets were removed prior to being placed in a sample bag.

 

OREAS gold ore standards are certified by 15 to 40 g fire assay and AAS, ICP-AES, or ICP-MS finish. The material is described as a blend of gold-bearing ore and barren greenstone. The ore was sourced from the Frogs Leg Gold Mine in Western Australia, and the Cambrian-aged greenstone was sourced from a quarry in the Australian state of Victoria.

 

In Gold X2’s 2021 to 2025 Moss Project drilling campaigns, these standards were analyzed for gold by 30 g fire assay and AAS (ALS laboratory code Au-AA23). Of the 6,681 standards analyzed, 16 were failures (0.4%). (Figure 11.1 to Figure 11.3).

 

Figure 11.1: Au Results of Certified Standard OREAS 230 (2021 to August 12, 2025)

 

 

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Figure 11.2: Au Results of Certified Standard OREAS 233 (2021 to August 12, 2025)

 

 

Figure 11.3: Au Results of Certified Standard OREAS 240 (2021 to August 12, 2025)

 

 

Silver analysis was by four (4) acid digestion (ALS laboratory code ME-MS61). Only the Moss Gold deposit results are provided since silver was only reported for this deposit. Of the 6,267 standards analyzed for silver, 33 were failures (1.6%). (Figure 11.4 to Figure 11.6).

 

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Figure 11.4: Ag Results of Certified Standard OREAS 230 (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

 

Figure 11.5: Ag Results of Certified Standard OREAS 233 (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

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Figure 11.6: Ag Results of Certified Standard OREAS 240 (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

Certified blanks (OREAS Coarse Silica Blank Material) were inserted into the sample sequence at a target frequency of approximately 1 in 40 or immediately following a mineralized zone. Between 0.5 and 1.2 kg of blank material was placed into a sample bag by Gold X2 logging personnel. The material was sourced from the Cassidy Lake occurrence in New Brunswick, which is described as an unconsolidated deposit of nearly pure silica sand of Cretaceous age. The blank has a recommended value of < 5 ppb Au and was certified by 30 g fire assay and ICP finish. The blank is not certified for Ag but has an expected result of < 0.2 ppm and an upper recommended limit of 1 ppm. In Gold X2’s 2021 to 2025 drilling campaigns, the blanks were analyzed for gold by 30 g fire assay and AAS (ALS laboratory code Au-AA23). A total of 2,799 blanks were submitted for Au analysis, all of which fell within the acceptable range (Figure 11.7). A total of 2,603 blanks were analyzed for Ag by four (4) acid digest (ALS laboratory code ME-MS61) on the Moss Gold deposit. Of these, 37 were above ten (10) times the lower detection limit; all samples fell below the stated expected value (Figure 11.8).

 

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Figure 11.7: Au Results of Coarse Blanks (2021 to August 12, 2025)

 

 

Figure 11.8: Ag Results of Coarse Blanks (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

Field duplicates were inserted into the sample sequence at target frequency of 1:50. From 2021 to 2024, the primary sample was half core, while its duplicate was half of the remaining core (i.e. quarter core). The right-hand side of the quarter core (when looking downhole) was placed into the sample bag, and the remaining left-hand side of the quarter core was returned to the core box in its original position. As of 2025, the duplicate sample is the full remaining half of the core (i.e. half core).

 

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In Gold X2’s 2021 to 2025 drilling campaigns, a total of 3,486 field duplicates were submitted for analysis. Quarter core comprised 2,848 samples and half core comprised 638 samples. A summary of all assayed duplicate samples can be found in Figure 11.6.

 

Duplicate sample pairs with a value greater than ten times the LDL are expected to fall within the following ranges:

 

·90% of field duplicates should fall within a relative error range of 50%.

 

·90% of coarse duplicates should fall within a relative error range of 20%.

 

·90% of pulp duplicates should fall within a relative error range of 10%.

 

The results for the field duplicates are illustrated in Figure 11.9 through Figure 11.12 below. The increased sample size of half core shows a reduction in variance (Table 11.9) but falls short of 90% of samples within 50%. These results confirm the high variance in the field duplicates identified by Orix.

 

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Figure 11.9: Quarter Core Field Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025)

 

 

 

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Figure 11.10: Half Core Field Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025)

 

 

 

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Figure 11.11: Quarter Core Field Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

 

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Figure 11.12: Half Core Field Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

Table 11.9: Variance of Quarter and Half Core Duplicate Samples

 

Analyte              
Sample # of Sample # Sample Pairs % of Sample Pairs ≥10x DL Within
Type Pairs ≥10x DL  ±5% ±10% ±25% ±50%
     
Au 1/4 core 2,556 1,260 17.2% 32.1% 61.8% 83.4%
1/2 core 638 389 16.7% 34.4% 70.2% 87.9%
Ag 1/4 core 2,555 2,198 16.0% 29.5% 62.6% 85.9%
1/2 core 639 584 16.6% 29.6% 62.7% 87.7%

 

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The results for the laboratory duplicates are illustrated in Figure 11.13 through Figure 11.16 below. Table 11.10 shows that 88.9% of coarse duplicates are within 20% of the original Au sample values and 87.5% of pulp duplicates are within 10% of the original sample values. There is noticeably more variance in the Ag values of the laboratory samples, particularly the pulp duplicates, as compared to the similar variance in the field duplicates above. The differing variance for Ag pulp duplicates may be partially explained by the smaller population of Ag (2,791) versus Au (4,072) samples.

 

Figure 11.13: Coarse Laboratory Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025).

 

 

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Figure 11.14: Pulp Laboratory Duplicates – Au ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025)

 

 

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Figure 11.15: Coarse Laboratory Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

 

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Figure 11.16: Pulp Laboratory Duplicates – Ag ppm (2021 to August 12, 2025 – Moss Gold Drilling)

 

 

 

Table 11.10: Variance of Laboratory Coarse and Pulp Duplicate Samples

 

Analyte Lab Sample # of Sample # Sample Pairs % of Sample Pairs ≥10x DL Within
Type Pairs ≥10x DL  ±5% ±10% ±20%
     
Au Coarse 713 387 43.4% 69.3% 88.9%
Pulp 4072 2118 65.4% 87.5% 96.8%
Ag Coarse 637 567 26.3% 50.1% 77.6%
Pulp 2791 2409 33.9% 58.1% 83.3%

 

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11.2 Geochemical Samples

 

A breakdown of sample preparation, security, and analyses related to Gold X2’s geochemical surface sampling campaigns is presented below.

 

11.2.1 Sample Collection, Preparation and Security

 

In 2022, Gold X2 conducted a multifaceted property-wide reconnaissance exploration program involving soil sampling, vegetation sampling, prospecting, geological mapping and channel sampling.

 

Soil Sampling

 

Soil sampling was carried out on dense GPS-controlled grids (200 m line separation, 25 m sample stations) covering key areas along and across the strike of the Moss Gold deposit. Parallel sample sets were collected at each point: a fixed-depth auger sample for ionic leach assay and a “conventional” humus sample.

 

Ionic leach soil samples were collected using hand augers from two (2) auger depths below the organic layer (i.e., the sample represented a column covering a depth of 15 to 30 cm). The material was typically humus although the methodology called for sampling at a fixed depth irrespective of soil medium. Humus samples were collected by hand, using trowels or hand augers depending on the terrain type. The organic layer was removed or augered through, and a humus sample was obtained from as shallow a depth as possible. In muskeg terrain, this usually meant that, after augering through sphagnum moss, the first auger full of soil was used for the humus sample and the second auger was used for the ionic leach sample. Rock particles and significant undecomposed organic material were removed by hand and/or with the aid of a plastic sieve. Sample sizes of 200 to 250 g were desired. Samples were then double bagged in sandwich bags alongside a unique sample tag identifier. All tools were wiped clean and washed with demineralized water between samples. The field methodology, described above, was devised by Russell Birrell of Globex Solutions Pty Ltd specifically for muskeg terrain.

 

The ionic leach samples were delivered to ALS in Thunder Bay, ON, by Gold X2 personnel, and were internally forwarded to ALS in Loughrea, Ireland. The humus samples are yet to be assayed and have been archived at the Gold X2 field office.

 

Vegetation Sampling

 

Vegetation sampling was carried out along the same grids as the soil surveys described above, with the exception of the Coldstream grid. Spruce, fir, and alder were trialed on the initial grid and alder was used

 

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on subsequent grids. Alder twigs from fresh growth were collected using a knife from as high up as possible on the plant. Twigs and branches greater than 1 cm in diameter were avoided. Leaves and buds were retained whereas catkins were removed. Sample sizes of approximately 100 g were desired. Samples were double bagged in sandwich bags alongside a unique sample tag identifier. A total of 353 alder twig samples were collected and delivered to the laboratory by Gold X2 personnel.

 

Rock Samples

 

Grab and channel samples were collected by trained prospectors or geologist-assistant teams and were selected based on known or anticipated mineralization or other known or suspected geochemical features of interest. Rock was removed from outcrop using hammers and chisels or by cutting with a channel saw. Channel samples were removed after cutting them with chisels. Samples were described in detail, placed in plastic sample bags alongside unique sample identifier tags, and sealed while still in the field. Samples were delivered to the laboratory by Gold X2 personnel.

 

11.2.2 Analytical Procedures

 

During the 2022 reconnaissance exploration program carried out by Gold X2, samples were sent to the independent laboratory ALS Laboratories in Thunder Bay, ON, with the exception of the soil samples, which were forwarded to ALS Laboratories in Loughrea, Ireland. A comprehensive list of laboratory codes utilized during the sample analysis phase is presented in Table 11.11 below.

 

Table 11.11: Summary of Sample Analysis Procedures for the 2022 Gold X2 Reconnaissance Exploration Program

 

Sample ALS Code Analyte Aliquot (g) Range (ppm) Description
Type
Soil ME-MS23 Multi 50 Au: >0.02 ppb Ionic leach
Vegetation ME-VEG41a Multi 1 Au: >0.01 Ashed
Rock Au-AA23 Au 30 Au: 0.005 - 10 Fire assay and AAS finish
        Ag: 0.002 – 100  
Rock ME-MS61 Multi 0.25 Bi: 0.002 - 10,000 Four acid digestion and ICP-MS finish
Mo: 0.02 - 10,000
        Te: 0.005 - 500  
    Au   Au: 0.001 – 1
Rock PGM-MS23 Pd 30 Pd: 0.001 – 1 Fire assay and ICP-MS finish
    Pt   Pt: 0.000 5 - 1  

 

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At the time, ALS Laboratories Thunder Bay and Loughrea were accredited for ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 9001:2015 international standards.

 

11.2.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

 

From 2022-2025, Gold X2 submitted a total of 3,898 rock samples for assay from mapping, prospecting, and channel sampling activities, including 148 QA/QC samples. All QAQC samples fell within the acceptable limits.

 

During this time, Gold X2 also submitted a total of 2,504 ionic leach soil samples, including 150 (6%) field duplicates. The field duplicate samples showed a variable reproducibility depending on mean analyte value, with a general trend of high variance for lower values (up to 190% for values approaching background) with precision increasing for higher values (generally <40% for analyte values >+2σ), as illustrated in

Figure 11.17 below.

 

Figure 11.17: Range / Mean Versus Normalized Assay Values for Key Analytes of Gold X2’s 2022 Ionic Leach Soil Sampling Campaign

 

 

11.3 QP Conclusions and Recommendations

 

The QP concludes that the sample preparation, analytical methods, and security procedures applied by Gold X2 Mining Inc., as well as those implemented by previous operators, are generally acceptable and consistent with industry standards. While documentation supporting certain historical drilling programs is

 

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occasionally limited or poorly documented, all recent Gold X2 sampling and QA/QC protocols are considered appropriate and adequately documented.

 

To further enhance confidence in the analytical database, the QP recommends strengthening the QA/QC program by submitting routine check assays of selected pulps and coarse rejects to an independent external laboratory. The QP also recommends the systematic use of certified blank materials for both gold (Au) and silver (Ag) to monitor potential contamination and improve overall analytical quality control. These measures would increase the robustness and defensibility of the assay dataset supporting the Mineral Resource Estimate.

 

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12. DATA VERIFICATION

 

This section covers the process of data verification performed by G Mining Services Inc. (GMS) to ensure the quality and integrity of the data used in the Mineral Resource estimate of the Moss Gold and East Coldstream gold deposits.

 

As part of the data verification steps, GMS reviewed the geological database, sampling and analytical procedures implemented by Gold X2, and validated the laboratories’ analytical certificates with the drillhole database as received from Gold X2. The data verification was restricted to the Moss Gold and East Coldstream gold deposits within the area of the Mineral Resources.

 

Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo, Chief geologist of G Mining Services Inc. and Independent Qualified Person (QP) for the Moss Gold Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) and East Coldstream MRE, conducted a site visit on October 28, 2025.

 

12.1 Database Verification

 

Historical and recent geological data contained within the drillhole databases were validated by GMS. The verification steps used by GMS are described as follows:

 

·Validate drillhole collars in the UTM coordinate system (X, Y, Z), azimuth, dip, and total depth information.

 

·Check drillhole location against the topographic surface.

 

·Review the data collection methods and descriptions of lithology, alteration, mineralization, and structure tables from the master database.

 

·Cross-validation of lithology, alteration, structure, and assay tables to match from-to intervals.

 

·Review of drilling, core sampling and assaying procedures as implemented by Gold X2 Mining.

 

·Verification of 10% of the assay database for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposits with original laboratory certificates, in pdf and Excel format, from previous and current drill campaigns.

 

·Internal risk assessment based on the factors listed above.

 

·Cross-validation of historic assay results with modern resampling results (further details below).

 

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12.1.1 Validation Limitations

 

Assay certificates were unavailable for much of the historical drilling. QA/QC was absent or had incomplete records for most of the historical drilling. Validation was carried out on available historical data, as well as via review of previous historical validation reports, such as the statistical review by APEX (2024), and via the resampling cross-validation described below.

 

12.1.2 Moss Gold Resampling

 

GMS’s cross-validation of the Moss Gold resampling versus historic assays was based on 15,267 core samples (16,895 m). On average, the resample values show a very slight decrease in grade, with a less consistent correlation in low-grade samples as they near historic detection limits (Figure 12.1).

 

Certain historic Au detection limits were higher than modern detection limits, leading to inaccuracies in the low-grade assay values. Each historic detection limit and its corresponding half detection limit value were assessed individually, using the resampling results. Half detection limit and detection limit values of 0.08 g/t or higher were found to pose an overestimation risk. After a statistical review of the resampled values, it was deemed appropriate to assign half-values to the remaining impacted samples during the estimation process. This measure was applied to 34 historic drillholes. No changes were made to the official database.

 

The historic detection limits with overestimation risks are not present in the East Coldstream database.

 

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Figure 12.1: Resample vs Historic Au Assays by Percentile – Moss Gold Deposit

 

 

12.1.3 Database Verification Conclusions

 

No material data entry errors were detected during the database verification process.

 

The QP is of the opinion that the database is reliable and can be used for a Mineral Resource estimate. The QA/QC protocol implemented must be maintained during any future drilling campaign using certified reference materials, blanks, coarse duplicates, and pulp duplicates.

 

12.2 Qualified Person (QP) Site Visit

 

In accordance with NI 43-101 guidelines, Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., and Jeanette Marcotte, P.Geo., both employees of GMS, visited the site on October 28, 2025. During the site visit, drilling activities were on hold. All aspects that could materially impact the integrity of the data informing the mineral resource estimate were reviewed by the QP, including drillhole collar location, core storage facility inspections, drilling, core logging, sampling, security methods and database management.

 

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12.2.1 Field Visit

 

A field visit was conducted to view the historic Moss portal (Figure 12.2), stripped outcrops at East Coldstream (Figure 12.3), and to validate drillhole collars at various locations. Collar monuments are not consistently labelled in a permanent fashion. Seventeen (17) drill collar locations were validated using the Avenza Map application and a handheld GPS; all holes were within 5-10 m of their corresponding database coordinates.

 

The drill teams were not on site, so no drill visit was completed.

 

Figure 12.2: Historic Moss Portal and Storage for Diamond Drilling Supplies

 

 

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Figure 12.3: Veining and Alteration of a Shear Zone on an East Coldstream Outcrop

 

 

Table 12.1: Collar Coordinate Validation Results

 

Hole_ID Field
Northing
Field
Easting
Database
Northing
Database
Easting
D_Northing D_Easting
ML-08-03 5379139 668737 5379139 668739 0.3 2.0
C-10-40 5386561 680513 5386566 680514 5.3 0.7
CED-22-009 5386284 680766 5386281 680767 -2.7 1.3
CED-22-013 5386573 680558 5386569 680560 -3.6 2.2
CED-22-014 5386573 680558 5386569 680561 -4.0 2.3
CSM06-11 5386587 680577 5386585 680577 -2.2 0.5
ML-08-14 5379143 668926 5379143 668928 0.3 2.3
MMD-21-001 5379138 668740 5379143 668736 4.4 -3.2
MMD-21-002 5379138 668740 5379142 668737 3.8 -2.8
MMD-25-190 5378435 668331 5378440 668339 5.6 7.6
MMD-25-209 5379168 668908 5379168 668908 0.5 0.1

 

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Hole_ID Field
Northing
Field
Easting
Database
Northing
Database
Easting
D_Northing D_Easting
MMD-25-216 5379149 668830 5379150 668827 1.0 -2.8
MMD-22-048 5379206 668708 5379209 668705 2.6 -3.8
MMD-22-054 5379206 668708 5379209 668705 2.1 -3.5
MMD-22-065 5378764 668366 5378762 668367 -2.0 1.2
MMD-22-022 5378754 668364 5378754 668365 0.3 1.3
MMD-25-188 5378357 668204 5378361 668212 3.5 7.5

 

12.2.2 Drill Core Cutting Facilities

 

All core cutting for the Moss Gold Project is contracted out to DP Blades in Thunder Bay. After logging and sample markup, the core is placed on a pallet with lids, strapped, wrapped with plastic, and transported to the core cutting facility in Thunder Bay on a flatbed trailer. Control samples (standards and blanks) for each hole are bagged and labelled at the core shack, then shipped to the core cutting facility with the core (Figure 12.4). The DP Blades property is surrounded by a chain link fence with a gate that is locked each night.

 

Cut shacks are cleaned each morning. Each drillhole is cut by a single technician who inserts the control samples into the appropriate rice bag (Figure 12.5). Completed bags of samples are placed in a wooden pallet crate (Figure 12.6). When the hole is completed, the sample crate(s) are transported by forklift directly across the street to the ALS prep lab by DP Blades personnel.

 

The QP found the cutting facility to be secure, well-organized, and fit for purpose.

 

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Figure 12.4: Moss Gold Core Pallet with Its Bag of Control Samples at DP Blades

 

 

 

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Figure 12.5: Prepared Sample Bags and Laid-out Control Samples in One of the Cut Shacks

 

 

 

Figure 12.6: Bags of Cut Samples in the Crate Provided by the ALS Laboratory

 

 

 

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12.2.3 Core Shack and Core Logging

 

GMS inspected the core storage (Figure 12.7) and core logging facilities (Figure 12.8) at Kashabowie. Core logging and sampling procedures, including core and RQD measurements, core description, recording data into MX Deposit, oriented structure measurements, sample marking, taking photos of dry and wet core, insertion and packaging of control samples, and taking specific gravity (SG) measurements using Archimedes method (Figure 12.9).

 

Figure 12.7: Core Storage – Moss Gold Project

 

 

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Figure 12.8: Core Logging Facility – Moss Gold Project

 

 

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Figure 12.9: SG Station for Drying and Measuring SG by Archimedes method

 

 

 

Core logging, sampling, and QA/QC protocols implemented by the Gold X2 geological team are considered adequate by GMS. The insertion rates of blanks, CRMs (Certified Reference Materials) and field duplicates are in accordance with industry standards, and the selection of CRMs (Figure 12.10) for gold and silver grades is adequate.

 

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Figure 12.10: Coarse Blank and CRM Material Currently Used by Gold X2

 

 

12.2.4 Drill Core Review and Independent QP Samples

 

GMS requested and reviewed intersections of gold mineralization on the property from each deposit area. The core reviewed aligned well with the existing lithology models and the current shear modelling strategy. A total of 15 half-core QP samples (Figure 12.11) were selected and sent to ALS Laboratories in Thunder Bay for validation.

 

Figure 12.11: Drill Core with QP Sample Marked by Orange Flagging in Hole CED-22-012

 

 

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Comparison of the QP sample values versus the original database values for gold and silver is illustrated in Figure 12.12 and Figure 12.13. The QP samples show slightly lower variance (Table 12.2) than the half-core duplicates (Section 11). The differences are reasonable, given the differing sizes of the sample pair populations. GMS considers the results to be acceptable.

 

Figure 12.12: Independent QP Sample Performance – Au ppm

 

 

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Figure 12.13: Independent QP Sample Performance – Ag ppm

 

 

 

Table 12.2: Variance of QP Samples

 

Analyte # of Sample # Sample % of Sample Pairs ≥ 10x DL, within  
         
Pairs Pairs ≥ 10x DL ±5% ±10% ±25% ±50%  
   
       
Au 14 14 21.4% 35.7% 64.3% 92.9%  
Ag 12 12 16.7% 33.3% 50.0% 100.0%  

 

For the independent sampling program, two (2) quality control (QC) samples, including one (1) blank and one (1) CRM, were inserted with the samples to monitor any evidence of contamination and monitor

 

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precision at the ALS Laboratory. The QC samples returned values within expected limits, and no contamination was detected.

 

12.2.5 QP Commentary and Conclusions

 

 

In the QP’s opinion, the procedures observed during the site visit are consistent with the CIM Best Practices Guidelines (2019). The sampling equipment and logging facilities were considered adequate, and the sample storage facilities were found to be appropriate for maintaining sample integrity. Database validation work further supported the overall quality of the Moss Gold Project data.

 

Inspection of the drill core demonstrated a clear structural control on mineralization, with both gold and silver showing a strong visual correlation with well-developed structural shears and zones of deformation. The QP’s duplicate assay results compared adequately with the original assay database, with differences falling within acceptable limits. The QP has no material concerns regarding the overall validity of the drilling database.

 

Comprehensive validation of the Moss Gold Project drillhole database—including collar, downhole survey, and assay data verification—resulted in the identification and correction of several minor discrepancies, none of which materially affected the integrity of the dataset. Variations related to data entry, coordinate system differences, or historical technical limitations were within acceptable tolerances for work of this nature.

 

The establishment of a risk rating system enabled the identification and exclusion of low-confidence historical drillholes from the mineral resource estimation. Incorporation of the validation results has strengthened the rigour and reliability of the database, providing a solid level of confidence in the data supporting the mineral resource estimate and ongoing geological interpretation for the Moss Gold Project.

 

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13. MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING

 

Three (3) recent metallurgical testing programs were completed for the Project in 2022, 2023 and 2025. The 2022 testing was conducted by ALS Kamloops, BC. The 2023 testing was completed by Base by Metallurgy Ltd., Kamloops, BC and Kappes, Cassiday & Associates, Nevada, USA. The 2025 testing was completed by Base by Metallurgy Ltd., Kamloops, BC.

 

13.1 Historical Metallurgical Testwork

 

Historical metallurgical testwork for the Moss deposit is summarized by Reynolds and Field (2022) as follows:

 

“Historical metallurgical testwork carried out by previous operators was completed on samples from the Moss Gold Deposit by SGS Canada, four samples from the Main Zone and four from the QES zone. Work completed included comminution tests, mineralogy, cyanide leaching, and acid-base accounting. The mineralogy study showed that the major mineral for the samples was quartz and the moderate mineral was plagioclase with chlorite. The samples were also categorized from “medium hard” to “hard” based on various comminution tests. Bottle roll cyanidation tests were conducted on 1 kg charges at three P80s; 150 μm, 106 μm, and 53 μm for each composite. The cyanidation was completed with 40 wt.% solids at pH maintained between 10.5 and 11.0 with hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) for 48 hours. The free cyanide concentration (NaCN) was maintained at 0.5 g/L. For the Main Zone samples, the 48-hour gold extractions ranged from 79% to 84% for all the grind sizes tested, while for the QES Zone samples, gold extractions ranged from 79% to 93% for all grind sizes. In addition, modified acid base accounting (ABA) test was carried out to quantify the total sulphur, sulphide sulphur, and sulphate concentrations, and the potential acid generation (AP) as a result of the oxidation of sulphide sulphur. The modified ABA results show a low potential for acid generation. Scoping-level historical testwork was also completed on a master composite from the East Coldstream (or Osmani) deposit on the Coldstream claim block, including two gravity separation tests, three rougher kinetics flotation tests, one open circuit flotation test, one gravity tails rougher flotation test, one gravity tails leaching test, four variability rougher kinetics flotation tests, and four variability leaching tests. Results suggest that the best gold recovery of 96.1% is achieved by a combination of gravity and leaching.”

 

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Table 13.1: Previous Test References

 

No. Document Title Deposits Technical Content Date
1 NI 43-101 Technical Report Mineral Resource Estimate for the Moss Lake Project, Ontario, Canada Main and QES Comminution tests, mineralogy, cyanide leaching, and acid-base accounting December 2022
2 Cyanidation Leaching of Moss Lake Samples Main Zone Head assays, leach tests, July 2022
3 Metallurgical Testing in Support of Moss Lake PEA Main QES, SW, East Coldstream Comminution, head assaying, mineralogy, E-GRG, leach tests, dewatering November 2023
5 Moss Lake Project Report of Metallurgical Test Work East, West, East+West composite Head analysis, bottle roll leach, compacted permeability, column leach August 2024

 

13.2 2022 Metallurgical Testwork

 

In 2022, a metallurgical testwork program was completed at ALS Metallurgy in Kamloops, British Columbia (Project No. KM6683) on a suite of mineralized samples. A total of 22 samples were tested, representing 20 potential geological domains. The samples were selected to be broadly representative of the anticipated range of geometallurgical characteristics within the deposit.

 

The samples were classified into detailed geometallurgical types based on the following criteria:

 

·Lithology: Intrusive or volcanic (other lithologies were excluded due to insufficient mineralized sample availability).

 

·Alteration: Sericite, silica, albite / carbonate, and chlorite / epidote, each categorized as low (weak) or high (moderate to intense).

 

·Gold grade: Low (0.3 to 1.0 g/t Au) and high (≥ 1.0 g/t Au).

 

·Sulfur content: Low (< 2 wt.%) and high (≥ 2 wt.%).

 

·Copper content: Low (< 1,000 g/t) and high (≥ 1,000 g/t).

 

The scope of work included cyanide leach bottle roll testing conducted at a target grind size of P80 (K80) of 106 µm. Leach tests were performed at 40% solids by weight, maintained at pH 11, with a sodium cyanide concentration of 0.5 g/L NaCN over a leach duration of 48 hours. Oxygen was sparged into the bottle headspace prior to each leaching stage to ensure adequate dissolved oxygen levels.

 

The results of the cyanide leach testwork are summarized in Table 13.2.

 

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Table 13.2: Summary of 2022 Moss Gold Leach Test Program

 

Item Calc.Au
(g/t)
Assay Au
(g/t)
Cu
(%)
Te
(g/t)
S
(%)
Leach
Residue Au
(g/t)
Au Leach
Extraction
(%)
Average 1.64 1.31 0.03 2.68 1.02 0.31 83.2
Minimum 0.42 0.28 0.013 0.79 0.55 0.04 73.8
Maximum 4.23 3.38 0.104 8.34 2.32 0.89 92.4

 

The average gold extraction achieved during leach testing was approximately 83%, which is marginally above the commonly accepted threshold of 80% typically used to define free-milling behaviour. A minor correlation was observed between gold extraction and tellurium (Te) content, although this relationship was not considered dominant.

 

The objective of this testwork program was to inform the definition of geometallurgical domains to support future, more detailed metallurgical investigations. The results indicate the presence of two (2) principal geometallurgical domains, broadly characterized as low-grade and high-grade gold domains. These domains are primarily distinguished by variations in sulfide content and the degree of shearing intensity.

 

13.3 2023 Metallurgical Test Program

 

13.3.1 Overview

 

The 2023 metallurgical testing program was carried out at Base Metallurgical Laboratories Ltd. (BaseMet) under project BL1194. Composite samples were developed based on their special location in the Moss Gold Deposit and their gold grade classification. Additional testwork was performed by Kappes, Cassiday & Associates to evaluate the potential for cyanide heap leaching.

 

The scope of work included:

 

·Sample characterization, including assaying, screened metallics assaying and bulk mineralogy with QEMSCAN.

 

·Comminution testing.

 

·Extended gravity gold recovery testing.

 

·Flotation testwork.

 

·Cyanide leach testing.

 

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·Cyanide detoxification testing.

 

·Solids-liquids separation testing.

 

13.3.2 2023 Metallurgical Samples

 

Approximately 436 kilograms of quarter (¼) NQ drill core was submitted for the 2023 program. Sample selection was guided by the following criteria:

 

·Main QES pit – spatially distributed samples, including both higher-grade shear zone and lower-grade host rocks.

 

·Southwest Zone and East Coldstream pits – collected as variability samples.

 

·Main QES pit – spatially distributed samples for comminution testing.

 

The sample list with estimated head grades is shown in Table 13.3.

 

Head assays were determined using screened metallics assays. The MQC composite served as the principal development composite for leach and flotation optimization, including bulk flotation and cyanide detoxification testing (combined concentrate and flotation tailings leach).

 

Table 13.3: Moss Gold 2023 Metallurgical Testing Program Sample List

 

Zone Composite Grade Description Testing
Sample ID (Au g/t)
Main QES MCOM1 - Main QES West End of Pit Comminution
  MCOM2 - Main QES Central Pit Comminution
  MCOM3 - Main QES East End of Pit Comminution
  MWS 2.67 Main QES West End of Pit Variability, Mineralogy
  Shear Zones Intervals
  MCS 1.13 Main QES Central Pit Shear Variability, Mineralogy
  Zones Intervals
  MES 1.66 Main QES East End of Pit Variability, Mineralogy
  Shear Zone Intervals
  MWLGH 0.48 Main QES West End of Pit Low Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Grade Host Zone Intervals Leach
  MCLGH 0.45 Main QES Central Pit Low Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Grade Host Zone Intervals Leach
  MELGH 0.39 Main QES East End of Pit Low Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Grade Host Zone Intervals Leach

 

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Zone Composite Grade Description Testing
Sample ID (Au g/t)
  MWPC 1.31 Main QES West Pit Composite Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Leach, Flotation
  MCPC 0.39 Main QES Central Pit Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Composite Leach, Flotation
  MEPC 1.56 Main QES East Pit Composite Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Leach, Flotation
  MQC 1.00 Main QES Pit Composite All except Comminution
SW Zone SWS 0.61 South-West Pit Shear Zone Variability, Mineralogy
Intervals
  SWLGH 0.34 South-West Pit Low Grade Host Variability, Mineralogy
  Zone Intervals
  SWC 0.61 South-West Pit Composite Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Leach, Flotation
East CES 2.69 Coldstream East Shear Variability, Mineralogy
Coldstream
  CWS 2.07 Coldstream West Shear Variability, Mineralogy
  CSC 2.51 Coldstream Shear Composite Variability, Mineralogy, Coarse
  Leach, Flotation

 

13.3.3 Sample Characterization

 

Screened metallics gold assays were completed on 16 composites. For each composite, a 0.5 kg aliquot was pulverized and screened at 106 μm. The oversize and undersize fractions assayed separately, and weighted head grades were calculated from the two (2) fractions. The results are shown in Table 13.4. Results indicate minimal concentration of gold in the coarse fraction, suggesting limited suitability for gravity recovery.

 

Table 13.4: Moss Gold Sample Screen Metallics Assays

 

Sample (+) 106 μm Fraction (-) 106 μm Fraction Calc Grade
Au (g/t) Au Dist. (%) Au (g/t) (g/t Au)
MWS 3.84 8.46 2.60 2.67
MCS 1.36 7.10 1.12 1.13
MES 1.97 6.21 1.64 1.66
MWLGH 0.38 2.06 0.49 0.48
MCLGH 0.34 4.38 0.46 0.45

 

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Sample (+) 106 μm Fraction (-) 106 μm Fraction Calc Grade
Au (g/t) Au Dist. (%) Au (g/t) (g/t Au)
MELGH 0.39 5.10 0.39 0.39
MWPC 1.08 4.48 1.32 1.31
MCPC 0.36 5.41 0.40 0.39
MEPC 1.44 4.35 1.57 1.56
MQC 0.56 2.82 1.03 1.00
SWS 2.61 5.16 2.70 2.69
SWLGH 0.32 5.57 0.35 0.34
SWC 0.68 5.96 0.61 0.61
CES 2.26 5.00 2.72 2.69
CWS 0.78 1.29 2.12 2.07

 

Comprehensive head assays were also conducted, including:

 

·Gold and silver by direct assay.

 

·Total Sulfur and sulfide sulfur S2-.

 

·Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe).

 

The head analysis of the samples is shown in Table 13.5. Gold grades ranged from 0.34 to 2.69 g/t. Sulfur was predominantly present as sulfide sulfur, mainly associated with pyrite. Copper concentrations were below levels typically associated with excessive cyanide consumption.

 

Table 13.5: Moss Gold Samples Head Analysis

 

Sample Au (g/t) Ag (g/t) Cu (g/t) Fe (%) ST (%) SO42 - (%) S (%)
MCOM1 - 0.7 137 1.53 0.64 0.02 0.62
MCOM2 - 0.4 154 2.00 0.98 0.01 0.96
MCOM3 - 1.5 109 1.64 1.24 0.01 1.23
MWS 2.67 1.4 205 2.27 1.65 0.03 1.62
MCS 1.13 1.0 44 1.91 1.21 0.03 1.18
MES 1.66 4.4 469 2.10 2.13 0.04 2.09
MWLGH 0.48 0.6 127 2.60 0.72 <0.01 0.72

 

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Sample Au (g/t) Ag (g/t) Cu (g/t) Fe (%) ST (%) SO42 - (%) S (%)
MCLGH 0.45 0.8 192 1.36 0.96 0.02 0.94
MELGH 0.39 0.4 118 0.94 0.46 0.03 0.43
MWPC 1.31 1.4 213 2.76 1.21 0.01 1.20
MCPC 0.39 1.2 718 1.16 0.59 0.02 0.57
MEPC 1.56 2.4 248 1.75 1.50 <0.1 1.50
MQS 1.00 1.1 206 1.77 0.86 <0.01 0.86
SWS 0.61 2.8 372 1.72 1.38 0.01 1.37
SWLGH 0.34 0.4 370 2.98 0.41 0.02 0.39
SWS 0.61 0.9 300 2.02 0.59 <0.01 0.59
CES 2.69 0.6 70 3.75 1.82 0.02 1.80
CWS 2.07 1.4 40 5.14 1.48 0.02 1.46

 

13.3.4 Mineralogy

 

Variability samples were analyzed using Bulk Mineral Analysis (BMA) and Trace Mineral Search (TMS) via QEMSCAN to characterize mineral composition. Results are presented in Table 13.6 and in Figure 13.1.

 

Key observations include:

 

·Quartz, plagioclase and chlorite dominate the non-sulfide gangue.

 

·East Coldstream samples contain elevated carbonate and feldspar contents, with carbonate ranging from < 3% to 20% in the CSC composite and were generally higher grade.

 

·Total sulfide content ranged from 0.80% to 4.62%, averaging 2.28%.

 

·Pyrite accounts for more than 90% of the total sulfur present.

 

·Chalcopyrite is present in minor amounts, averaging 0.08%.

 

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Table 13.6: Moss Gold Samples Bulk Mineralogy Analysis

 
Sample MWLGH MCLGH MELGH MWPC MEPC MQC SWC MCPC CWS MCS CES MES MWS SWS SWLGH CSC
Pyrite 1.12 1.34 0.76 2.16 3.11 1.35 1.26 1.40 2.80 2.49 4.44 4.45 3.77 2.80 0.76 2.49
Chalcopyrite 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.03
Other Sulfides 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Quartz 12.2 24 26.4 19.4 31.9 22.3 21.7 23.2 29.1 37.6 41.4 40.5 27.2 24.7 12.1 17.1
Plagioclase 32.5 41.1 37.4 25.2 22.9 36.3 27.2 39.7 41.6 20.2 29.1 15.9 18.3 25.6 24.7 36.4
K-Feldspar 2.71 2.15 3.93 4.17 3.91 3.59 5.42 3.78 0.72 3.05 1.08 3.54 4.39 4.5 9.59 1.12
Epidote 17.6 4.19 7.52 8.19 0.23 4.59 5.28 4.8 0.01 0.43 0.02 0.01 0.28 0.11 15.0 0.16
Amphibole 6.65 0.51 0.21 2.1 0.12 1.06 2.79 0.62 1.83 0.33 1.27 0.18 0.49 0.6 3.93 3.07
Sericite / Muscovite 1.53 11.4 14.3 11.7 26.1 11.4 11.3 11.7 2.56 22.2 5.99 27.4 24.2 21.7 1.43 6.61
Chlorite 15.0 7.59 4.13 12.5 2.66 7.84 13.1 6.81 1.65 4.29 0.3 0.77 8.28 7.62 22.0 3.17
Clays 0.42 0.65 0.72 0.70 1.16 1.14 1.13 0.92 1.45 1.21 0.74 1.52 0.9 1.06 1.01 1.43
Other Silicates 4.84 1.86 1.21 6.79 1.44 3.69 2.40 2.34 0.96 0.91 1.00 0.97 2.45 1.48 3.46 1.43
Oxides 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.16 0.15 7.01 0.35 2.20 0.18 0.14 0.24 0.04 6.20
Calcite 4.81 4.60 2.89 6.37 5.60 6.01 7.53 3.97 1.48 5.81 1.59 3.27 8.74 8.87 5.26 3.05
Other Carbonates 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.24 0.03 0.20 0.02 7.76 0.71 10.30 0.87 0.08 0.09 0.06 16.90
Apatite 0.43 0.32 0.30 0.42 0.35 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.64 0.34 0.34 0.22 0.48 0.40 0.39 0.50
Other 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.39 0.07 0.20 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.06 0.39
Total 100.07 100.06 100.03 99.99 100.02 99.99 99.97 100.00 99.98 100.01 100.01 100.02 99.92 99.95 99.90 100.06

 

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Figure 13.1: Moss Gold Samples Modal Mineralogy Analysis

 

 

13.3.5 Comminution Testing

 

Comminution testing was undertaken to evaluate ore competency and grindability characteristics.

 

Three samples were tested using:

 

·Steve Morrell mill comminution (SMC) testing.

 

·Bond crushing work index (CWi).

 

·Bond rod mill work index (RWi) at 1,180 μm closing size.

 

·Bond ball mill (BWi) work index tests at 150 μm closing screen size targeting P80 of 100 μm.

 

·Bond abrasion index (Ai).

 

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The results of all these tests are presented in Table 13.7.

 

Table 13.7: Summary of Moss Gold Comminution Test Results

 
ID Ai (g) RWi (metric) BWI (metric) Axb (SMC)
Average 0.175 18.4 19.5 34.7
75th percentile 0.198 19.7 21.8 40.0
90th percentile 0.235 20.7 23.3 44.4

 

Average results indicate competent material (SMC Axb of 34.7) and hard-to-very-hard grinding characteristics (average BWi 19.5 kWh/t). The abrasion index averaged 0.18 g, reflecting low abrasivity.

 

13.3.6 Extended Gravity Recovery Gold (E-GRG) Testing

 

 

An E-GRG test was completed on the MQC composite. Approximately 20 kg of material was crushed to a K80 of approximately 1.2 mm and processed through a Knelson concentrator. Subsequent stages included progressive regrinding to approximately 250 µm and 75 µm K80, followed by additional gravity concentration. Final tailings are sampled, sized, and assayed.

 

Overall gravity recovery was approximately 40%, with limited recovery in the coarser stages. Results indicate low overall amenability to gravity recovery. A summary of the results is presented in Table 13.8.

 

Table 13.8: Moss Gold E-GRG Test Results

 

Composite Product Feed Size (K80)
per Stage (μm)
Mass
(%)
Assay
(g/t Au)
Au Distribution
(%)
MQC Stage 1 Conc. 1,302 0.45 14.2 5.3
Stage 2 Conc. 308 0.48 19.4 7.7
Stage 3 Conc. 124 0.52 61.2 26.6
Tailing - 98.5 0.73 60.3
Combined Concentrate - 1.45 3.28 39.7
Calc. Head Grade - - 1.2 -

 

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13.3.7 Leach Testing

 

13.3.7.1 Coarse Leach Tests

 

Intermittent bottle roll leach tests were conducted at crush sizes of −6.25 mm and −2 mm to assess heap leach potential. Tests were run for eight days at 1 g/L free NaCN and pH 10.5–11.0.

 

Average extractions were:

 

·52.6% Au at −6.25 mm.

 

·64.2% Au at −2 mm.

 

The relatively low recoveries at these crush sizes indicate that heap leaching would likely result in sub-economic gold recovery if used as the primary extraction process. The results are summarized in Table 13.9.

 

Table 13.9: Moss Gold Coarse Leach Test Results

 

Sample
ID
Crush
Size
(mm)
Consumption
(kg/t)
Leach Extraction (% Au)
NaCN CaO Assay
Head
Calc.
Head
Leach
Residue
Days
1 2 4 6 8
MWLGH -6.25 0.16 0.36 0 0.61 0.3 38.1 40.0 46.8 50.4 50.6
MCLGH -6.25 0.17 0.27 0.45 0.64 0.36 32.9 36.3 42.7 44.5 44.7
MELGH -6.25 0.29 0.3 0.39 0.4 0.19 47.1 47.4 50.1 52.8 53.1
MWPC -6.25 0.22 0.29 1.31 1.69 0.75 40.8 45.8 50.8 54.0 55.5
MCPC -6.25 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.42 0.19 38.4 43.4 48.4 48.6 56.1
MEPC -6.25 0.24 0.32 1.56 1.46 0.56 53.3 61.1 60.1 61.7 62.0
MQC -6.25 0.19 0.29 1 1.08 0.54 36.4 41.3 46.1 48.2 50.2
SWS -6.25 0.23 0.35 0.61 0.55 0.29 36.6 42.3 48.0 48.2 48.4
CSC -6.25 0.32 0.36 2.51 2.37 1.13 29.3 37.6 45.8 49.5 52.3
MWLGH -2 0.16 0.3 0 0.54 0.23 49.8 52.2 56.4 58.8 57.5
MCLGH -2 0.16 0.23 0.45 0.48 0.2 50.5 55.2 57.9 58.4 59.0
MELGH -2 0.15 0.22 0.39 0.43 0.14 60.3 63.3 66.2 66.9 67.5
MWPC -2 0.23 0.29 1.31 1.51 0.53 55.0 59.5 62.8 64.0 65.3
MCPC -2 0.24 0.29 0.39 0.55 0.19 53.0 57.2 63.2 63.8 66.3

 

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Sample
ID
Crush
Size
(mm)
Consumption
(kg/t)
Leach Extraction (% Au)
NaCN CaO Assay
Head
Calc.
Head
Leach
Residue
Days
1 2 4 6 8
MEPC -2 0.18 0.24 1.56 1.91 0.44 66.2 71.1 74.9 75.7 76.9
MQC -2 0.26 0.24 1 0.93 0.39 46.3 50.0 56.9 57.5 58.0
SWS -2 0.31 0.23 0.61 0.74 0.32 46.3 50.8 54.0 55.9 56.5
CSC -2 0.47 0.49 2.51 2.25 0.66 47.2 57.9 65.6 68.4 70.9

 

13.3.7.2 Leach Grind Series

 

Baseline leach tests on MWPC, MCPC, and MEPC samples were conducted at grind sizes of 60, 80 and 100 µm K80 over 48 hours at 0.5 g/L NaCN, pH 10.5–11.0, and natural aeration.

 

Average extractions were:

 

·84.3% Au at 60 µm.

 

·83.6% Au at 80 µm.

 

·83.4% Au at 100 µm.

 

 

No strong correlation between grind size and extraction was observed within this range. Telluride leach conditions (6 hours pre-aeration at pH 12 and 48 hours leaching at pH 12) increased recovery by approximately 1.2% Au. Standard leach conditions were adopted for subsequent variability testing. The results are summarized in Table 13.10.

 

Table 13.10: Moss Gold Baseline Leach Test Results

 

Sample
ID
Test
No.
Crush
Size
(k80,
μm)
Consumption
(kg/t)
Leach Extraction (% Au)
NaCN CaO Assay
Head
Calc.
Head
Leach
Residue
Hours
2 12 24 32 48
MWPC CN20 60 0.16 0.36 1.31 1.55 0.22 66.3 75.9 83.6 84.7 85.8
MWPC CN21 80 0.17 0.27 1.31 1.52 0.21 72.6 77.4 81.4 85.4 86.5
MWPC CN22 100 0.29 0.30 1.31 1.49 0.24 72.1 77.1 80.1 81.2 84.2
MWPC CN45 100 0.22 0.29 1.31 1.39 0.23 73.2 75.3 81.7 82.7 83.8

 

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Sample
ID
Test
No.
Crush
Size
(k80,
μm)
Consumption
(kg/t)
Leach Extraction (% Au)
NaCN CaO Assay
Head
Calc.
Head
Leach
Residue
Hours
2 12 24 32 48
MCPC CN23 60 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.56 0.11 53.1 61.8 73.2 76.8 80.4
MCPC CN24 80 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.50 0.11 57.2 64.0 73.9 74.8 78.8
MCPC CN25 100 0.19 0.29 0.39 0.53 0.11 70.6 71.6 75.3 76.3 80.1
MCPC CN46 100 0.23 0.35 0.39 0.47 0.08 72.7 80.0 81.0 82.1 83.1
MEPC CN26 60 0.32 0.36 1.56 1.96 0.26 69.5 74.3 83.8 84.9 86.7
MEPC CN27 80 0.16 0.30 1.56 2.12 0.31 66.5 72.4 82.5 83.6 85.4
MEPC CN28 100 0.16 0.23 1.56 2.14 0.31 66.4 70.8 80.8 82.6 85.7
MEPC CN47 100 0.15 0.22 1.56 1.77 0.23 78.0 80.4 85.6 85.9 87.0

 

13.3.8 Variability Sample Leach Tests

 

Variability leach test results are summarized in Table 13.11. Variability composites tested at 100 µm K80 yielded an average extraction of 82.4% Au, ranging from 78.8% to 87.0%. Results are consistent with the 2022 program.

 

Table 13.11: Moss Gold Variability Leach Test Results

 

Sample
ID
Crush
Size
(k80, μm)
Consumption
(kg/t)
Leach Extraction (% Au)
NaCN CaO Assay
Head
Calc.
Head
Leach
Residue
Hours
2 12 24 32 48
MWS 100 0.17 1.35 2.67 3.06 0.32 67.6 77.8 87.3 88.9 89.5
MCS 100 0.71 1.03 1.13 1.29 0.25 36.9 67.4 77.5 77.4 80.7
MES 100 0.67 0.93 1.66 1.55 0.28 66.6 77.2 80.1 79.3 82.2
MWLGH 100 0.45 0.90 0.48 0.62 0.16 63.1 68.8 74.6 75.6 74.1
MCLGH 100 0.62 0.82 0.45 0.57 0.13 57.8 69.0 72.6 73.5 77.1
MELGH 100 0.39 0.92 0.39 0.44 0.08 64.3 78.7 83.1 80.8 81.8
SWS 100 0.18 1.03 0.61 2.03 0.29 70.6 77.5 83.7 86.3 85.9
SWLGH 100 0.46 1.12 0.34 0.40 0.10 56.3 64.6 72.9 73.9 74.8
SWC 100 0.44 1.14 0.61 0.80 0.19 56.0 66.0 72.5 73.5 76.3

 

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Sample
ID
Crush
Size
(k80, μm)
Consumption
(kg/t)
Leach Extraction (% Au)
NaCN CaO Assay
Head
Calc.
Head
Leach
Residue
Hours
2 12 24 32 48
CES 100 0.16 1.06 2.69 2.10 0.32 59.5 68.9 80.5 81.6 84.8
CWS 100 0.64 1.08 2.07 1.78 0.20 50.9 72.5 86.0 86.3 89.1
CSC 100 0.51 1.25 2.51 2.33 0.17 53.7 71.7 90.6 90.5 92.9

 

13.3.9 Flotation Flowsheet Testing

 

Flotation testing evaluated a flowsheet comprising bulk sulfide flotation followed by concentrate regrind and leach, together with flotation tailings leaching.

 

13.3.9.1 Flotation Testing

 

Initial flotation tests on MWPC, MCPC, and MEPC using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) collector and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) frother at 100 µm K80 produced mass recoveries from 5.8% to 10%, which align with the S head grades, and gold recoveries between 73.1% and 83.1%. Concentrate grades of 7.24-15.9 g/t are below commercial pyrite concentrate specifications. The results are summarized in Table 13.12.

 

Table 13.12: Moss Gold Initial Flotation Test Results

 

  Mass Rougher Concentrate Flotation Calc. Head Overall
Recovery
Composite (%) Au
(g/t)
Ag
(g/t)
S
(%)
Tail
(Au g/t)
Grade
(Au g/t)
Au Ag
MWPC 7.5 13.0 12.0 16.4 0.39 1.34 73.1 71.2
MCPC 5.8 7.24 16.5 10.6 0.13 0.54 77.3 83.5
MEPC 10.0 15.9 21.8 15.4 0.36 1.92 83.1 85.8

 

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13.3.9.2 Flotation – Leach Testing

 

Follow-up testing incorporating concentrate regrind to K80 = 15 μm and flotation concentrate / tailings cyanide leaching on all primary composites was completed. Flotation concentrates and tailings leach test conditions included:

 

Concentrate leach:

 

·33% solids with oxygen.

 

·2 g/L NaCN

 

·pH 10.5–11.

 

·48 hours leach residence time.

 

Flotation tailings leach:

 

·40% solids with air.

 

·0.5 g/L NaCN

 

·pH 10.5–11.

 

·48 hours leach residence time.

 

The results are summarized in Table 13.13. Average flotation concentrate leach extractions of 96.4% Au and flotation tailings extractions of 76.1% Au were achieved. Overall, combined recovery was 92.6% Au which is a significant improvement over whole material leach recoveries averaging 83.6%. A comparison of the results is shown in Table 13.14.

 

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Table 13.13: Moss Gold Flotation and Concentrate and Flotation Tailings Leach Test Results

 

Sample Mass
(%)
Rougher
Concentrate
Leach Extractions
(% Au)
Calc. Head
Grade
(g/t Au)
Reagent
Consumptions
(kg/t)
Au
(g/t)
Au
(Recovery %)
Conc. Tailings Overall NaCN Ca(OH)2
MWPC 6.4 16.5 74.0 96.2 69.8 89.3 1.44 0.61 1.51
MCPC 5.3 8.78 77.9 92.0 68.9 86.9 0.60 0.89 1.30
MEPC 10.9 14.5 82.7 98.2 84.6 95.9 1.91 0.85 1.90
MQC 13.6 7.3 83.9 97.2 72.7 93.3 1.18 0.98 1.62
SWC 19.3 3.77 84.9 96.1 73.5 92.7 0.86 1.02 1.97
CSC 10.9 23.4 92.0 98.4 87.2 97.5 2.77 0.56 1.84

 

Table 13.14: Comparison of Moss Gold Whole Material Leach and Flotation Leach Recoveries

 

Sample

Recovery (%)
Whole Material Leach Flotation Leach
MWPC 84.2 89.3
MCPC 80.1 86.9
MEPC 85.7 95.9
MQC 82.1 93.3
SWC 76.3 92.7
CSC 92.9 97.5

 

13.3.10 Cyanide Detoxification

 

Cyanide detoxification testing was conducted using the SO2/air process, in which sodium metabisulfite (SMBS or Na2S2O5) serves as the SO2 source for the oxidation of weak-acid dissociable cyanide (CNWAD). This process is widely applied in the industry and is capable of reducing CNWAD concentrations to low levels, although it does not significantly reduce total cyanide (CNT) or thiocyanate (SCN).

 

Process development was completed in two stages: initial batch testing followed by continuous testing. In batch tests, feed slurry was treated with copper sulfate, sodium metabisulfite, and air. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) was monitored using a Pt/Ag/AgCl electrode, and residual CNWAD concentrations were measured by modified potentiometric titration. Initial batch retention times ranged from 30 to 60 minutes. Treated slurry from batch testing was subsequently used as feed for continuous testing. Testing was

 

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conducted in a 0.9 L reactor (0.5 L for concentrate detox), with treated slurry discharged via overflow to a holding tank.

 

13.3.10.1 Flotation Concentrate Cyanide Destruction Testing

 

Detoxification tests on flotation concentrate leach slurry were performed at 30% solids, with dissolved oxygen maintained above 8 mg/L. A target CNWAD concentration of <1 mg/L was established. The target was nearly achieved at 120 minutes retention time and successfully achieved at 60 minutes under conditions using an SO2:CNWAD ratio of 10:1 and copper addition of 50 mg/L Cu2+. Testing scope was limited by available slurry volume. The results of the flotation concentrate cyanide destruction testing are presented in Table 13.15.

 

Table 13.15: Moss Gold Flotation Concentrate Cyanide Destruction Testing Results

  

Test Retention
Time
Reactor Chemistry (Solution) Reagent Addition
(g/g CNWAD)
pH  CNT
(mg/L)
CNWAD
(mg/L)  
Cu
(mg/L)  
Fe (mg/L) SO2
equiv.
Lime Cu
(mg/L)
Feed - - 363 305 24.4 20.7 - - -
C1 120 8.1 2.11 1.10 0.55 0.36 10.0 15.9 50
C2 60 8.1 1.49 0.65 0.55 0.30 10.0 7.6 50

 

13.3.10.2 Flotation Tailings Cyanide Destruction Testing

 

Detoxification testing on flotation tailings leach slurry was conducted at 40% solids, also maintaining dissolved oxygen above 8 mg/L and targeting <1 mg/L CNWAD. The target concentration was achieved or nearly achieved under most conditions tested, except at very low SO2 addition rates. Optimal conditions included an SO2:CNWAD ratio of approximately 3:1 and copper addition of 15 mg/L Cu2+ at 30 minutes retention time. The relatively low sulfide content supported rapid CNWAD destruction; however, CNT concentrations were not significantly reduced. Elevated iron concentrations in treated solutions were associated with higher CNT levels. The results of the flotation tailings cyanide destruction testing are presented in Table 13.16.

 

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Table 13.16: Moss Gold Flotation Tailings Cyanide Destruction Testing Results

 

Test Retention
Time
Reactor Chemistry (Solution) Reagent Addition
(g/g CNWAD)
pH CNT
(mg/L)
CNWAD
(mg/L)
Cu
(mg/L)
Fe
(mg/L)
SO2
equiv.
Lime Cu
(mg/L)
Feed - - 444 266 3.3 64.0 - - -
C1 60 8.0 106.1 0.22 0.29 37.9 5.0 9.2 25
C2 30 8.0 112.9 0.25 0.29 40.3 5.0 10.4 25
C3 30 8.3 111.5 0.52 0.97 39.7 3.0 6.7 25
C4 30 8.2 120.2 0.54 0.66 42.8 3.0 2.2 15
C5 30 8.1 152.2 11.3 12.7 50.4 2.0 1.0 15

 

13.3.11 Metallurgical Variability

 

Sample selection reflected current geological interpretations of the Moss Gold Project (see Section 13.3.2). Testing confirmed generally consistent leach performance across domains, with no significant metallurgical outliers identified.

 

13.3.12 Deleterious Elements

 

Assays completed to date have not identified deleterious elements at levels expected to negatively impact doré quality.

 

13.3.13 Recovery Estimates

 

A preferred flowsheet has not yet been selected. Estimated recoveries, inclusive of typical plant soluble and carbon losses, are:

 

Main / QES zones:

 

·Whole Material leach = 82% Au.

 

·Flotation / leach = 92%.

 

East Coldstream deposit:

 

·Whole Material leach = 88% Au.

 

·Flotation / leach = 96.5%.

 

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13.3.14 Heap Leaching

 

Metallurgical testwork was conducted by Kappes, Cassiday & Associates (KCA) on bulk samples from the Moss Gold Project to evaluate the potential for cyanide heap leaching. Two representative bulk samples were tested, including a West sample and a composite East–West sample. Head analyses returned average grades of approximately 0.61 g/t Au for the West sample and 2.87 g/t Au for the East sample, with silver grades ranging from about 1.7 o 2.3 g/t Ag. Bottle roll cyanide leach tests achieved gold recoveries of approximately 88–90% when material was finely ground (80% passing ~75 µm), but recoveries decreased to approximately 62–64% at a coarser crush size of about 1.7 mm. Agglomeration and compacted permeability testing evaluated heap leach performance under simulated conditions and indicated that acceptable permeability could be achieved under certain operating parameters. Column leach tests conducted on crushed material showed progressive gold extraction over time but generally lower recoveries compared with fine-grind bottle roll tests, indicating that heap leaching may yield lower recoveries than conventional milling and cyanidation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it might be economically beneficial to heap leaching low grade ore that might otherwise only be processed once mining activity is completed.

 

13.4 2025 Metallurgical Test Program

 

A metallurgical testwork program was completed by Base Met Labs to evaluate gravity concentration, cyanide leaching, and sulfide flotation performance across a range of primary grind sizes. The scope of work completed as part of this program is summarized as follows:

 

·Chemical analyses were performed on duplicate head samples for each composite to establish representative feed grades.

 

·Bond Ball Mill Work Index (BWi) determinations were completed for each variability composite to characterize ore grindability.

 

·Extended Gravity Recoverable Gold (E-GRG) testing was conducted on feed samples from each of the three (3) area composites.

 

·Whole-ore cyanide leach gold extraction was evaluated for each area composite at five (5) primary grind sizes using bottle roll testwork.

 

·Gold recovery by sulfide flotation was assessed for each composite at three (3) primary grind sizes.

 

·The cyanide leach extraction potential of flotation products was evaluated through bottle roll testing of flotation concentrates and tails.

 

·The deportment and nature of unextracted gold within flotation products were investigated using three-stage diagnostic leaching.

 

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13.4.1 Head Assaying

 

Duplicate subsamples from each Area and Variability composite were prepared and assayed for elements relevant to the metallurgical test program. In addition, a single subsample from each composite was submitted to Actilabs for tellurium analysis. A summary of the average head assays is presented in Table 13.17. Gold was the primary element of interest, with grades ranging from approximately 0.7 to 1.7 g/t in the Area composites and from 0.3 to 21 g/t across the Variability composites. Silver was present at comparable concentrations to gold.

 

Table 13.17: Chemical Content Summary

 

Composite Assays
Au Ag Cu Fe S SO4 S2- C TOC
Main Area 0.69 0.8 0.02 2.6 0.65 0.03 0.63 0.75 0.03
SW Area 1.24 1.8 0.03 8.3 0.56 0.02 0.55 1.22 0.02
QES Area 1.64 3.0 0.03 5.5 1.05 0.05 1.00 0.76 0.02
MLPI HG-Main 21.2 22.6 0.04 1.9 1.51 0.07 1.44 0.62 0.02
MLPI MG-Main 1.74 3.9 0.02 2.6 1.26 0.15 1.11 0.54 0.02
MLPI LG-Main 0.29 0.6 0.01 2.5 0.80 0.05 0.75 0.40 0.02
MLPI HG-SW 1.83 2.7 0.04 3.5 1.17 0.05 1.12 0.83 0.02
MLPI MG-SW 0.98 2.1 0.08 3.5 0.86 0.05 0.81 1.09 0.02
MLPI LG-SW 0.43 0.9 0.05 1.8 0.80 0.06 0.74 1.04 0.02
MLPI HG-QES 3.31 5.5 0.04 2.4 1.71 0.06 1.65 0.68 0.02
MLPI MG-QES 0.79 2.1 0.03 2.3 1.09 0.05 1.04 0.89 0.02
MLPI LG-QES 0.32 0.8 0.08 2.0 0.76 0.06 0.70 0.84 0.02

 

*Note(s):

1)Gold and Silver Assays are displayed in g/tonne; other assays are displayed in percent.
2)Au – Gold by fire assay / AA; Ag – Silver by aqua regia / ICP; Cu/Fe – Copper and iron by aqua regia / AA; SC – Total Sulfur by induction furnace; SO4 – sulfate sulfur by sodium carbonate digestion; S2- - sulfide sulfur by difference; TOC – Total organic carbon by HCI digest and induction furnace of residue.

 

Total sulfur contents in the composites ranged from approximately 0.6% to 1.7%, with the majority occurring as sulfide sulfur and only minor sulfate sulfur present. Total carbon contents ranged from approximately 0.4% to 1.2%, of which only 0.02% to 0.03% was identified as organic carbon. At these low levels, preg-robbing behaviour is not anticipated to adversely affect cyanide leaching performance.

 

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13.4.2 Bond Ball Mill Work Index Testing

 

Bond Ball Mill Work Index (BWi) testing was completed on each of the Variability composites using a 106 µm (K80) closing screen size. A summary of the test results is presented in Table 13.18. The composites returned BWi values ranging from approximately 17 to 21 kWh/t, indicating generally hard ore in terms of ball milling characteristics. The QES Zone exhibited slightly lower work index values relative to the other zones; however, additional testwork would be required to confirm this trend.

 

Table 13.18: Bond Ball Work Index Test

 

Composite Sizing - 80% Passing (μm) gpr BBWi
Feed Product kWhr/tonne
Main   HG
MG
LG
2484
2560
2485
109
105
104
1.11
1.02
0.96
18.7
19.5
20.5
SW   HG
MG
LG
2480
2627
2554
104
103
108
1.05
0.95
1.11
19.1
20.4
18.6
QES   HG
MG
LG
2388
2424
2430
106
108
108
1.20
1.17
1.09
17.4
18.0
19.0

 

*Note(s):

1)BBWi – Bond ball work index; gpr – grams per revolution.

 

13.4.3Gravity Recoverable Gold Testing

 

 

The gravity recoverable gold content of each of the Main composites was evaluated using E-GRG testing. Approximately 20 kg of each sample was crushed to 100% passing 1.7 mm and processed through a Knelson gravity concentrator. The resulting tailings were sequentially reground to approximately 80% passing between 159–231 µm and 59–86 µm and reprocessed through the concentrator after each grinding stage. The gravity concentrates from each stage, together with the final tailings, were screened and assayed by size to quantify gravity-recoverable gold. A summary of the EGRG test results is presented in Table 13.19.

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

Table 13.19: EGRG Result Summary

 

Product Main Area – Test 40 SW Area – Test 41 QES Area – Test 42
Pass 1 Concentrate 5.1 6.1 6.3
Pass 2 Concentrate 12.6 18.0 9.4
Pass 3 Concentrate 11.4 9.2 8.7
Total 29.1 33.3 24.3

 

The EGRG testwork indicated that approximately 24% to 33% of the gold was recoverable by gravity concentration, reporting to concentrates representing approximately 1.6% to 1.8% of the total feed mass.

 

13.4.4 Flotation and Leaching Flowsheet Testing

 

Bulk sulfide rougher flotation was evaluated through 20 kg rougher flotation testwork. The resulting rougher concentrates and tailings were subsequently subjected to cyanide leach bottle roll testing to assess gold extraction performance.

 

13.4.4.1 Flotation Conditions and Results

 

Bulk sulfide flotation testing was conducted on the three (3) Main composites at primary grind sizes of 35 µm, 55 µm, and 75 µm (K80). The tests were performed under simple rougher flotation conditions using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) at a dosage of 80 g/t as the sulfide collector and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) as the frother, at natural pH. Combined rougher concentrate recoveries are summarized in Table 13.20, with gold and sulfur flotation kinetics presented in Figure 13.2 to Figure 13.4.

 

Section 13March 2026Page 13-22

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

Table 13.20: Rougher Test Result Summary

 

Grind
Target
Main Area Combined Rougher Recovery - Percent
SW Area QES Area

µm K80 Test Mass Gold Silver Sulfur Test Mass Gold Silver Sulfur Test Mass Gold Silver Sulfur
35 16 6.4 80.9 67.4 99.4 19 7.9 85.6 81.0 98.4 22 7.7 83.7 79.4 98.3
55 17 9.4 76.7 68.9 57.9 20 7.5 87.3 76.2 98.3 23 11.4 83.6 84.2 98.2
75 18 8.3 84.0 47.9 98.7 21 8.6 91.0 81.7 98.5 24 9.5 84.4 80.0 97.2

*Note: Displayed recoveries are to be combined rougher 1 through 4.

 

Gold recovery showed limited sensitivity to primary grind size across the range tested. Recoveries ranged from approximately 77% to 84% for the Main Area, 86% to 91% for the SW Area, and approximately 84% for the QES Area. Sulfur recovery to the bulk sulfide concentrate was near complete in most tests. Rougher mass pull ranged from approximately 6% to 11% and showed no consistent correlation with grind size or metal recovery. No improvement in flotation performance was observed at finer grind sizes.

 

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Figure 13.2: Main Area Gold and Sulfur Rougher Kinetics

 

 

Figure 13.3: SW Area Gold and Sulfur Rougher Kinetics

 

 

Figure 13.4: QES Area Gold and Sulfur Rougher Kinetics

 

 

13.4.4.2 Flotation Product Cyanidation

 

Each rougher concentrate and corresponding tailings stream were subjected to cyanide bottle roll leach testing. In addition, rougher concentrates generated at a primary grind size of 55 µm K80 were reground to

 

Section 13March 2026Page 13-24

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

a nominal 15 µm K80 and subsequently leached. All leach tests were conducted at 30% solids for a duration of 48 hours. The test conditions targeted a pH of approximately 11, with oxygen sparged into the bottle headspace at each sampling interval. Sodium cyanide concentrations of 2,000 ppm were applied for rougher concentrate leaching, while rougher tailings were leached at 500 ppm sodium cyanide.

 

Figure 13.5 through Figure 13.7 summarize the 48-hour gold extraction results for the combined streams (Figure 13.5) and the individual rougher concentrate and tailings streams (Figure 13.6 and Figure 13.7).

 

The highest overall gold extractions, based on combined rougher concentrate and tailings results, were achieved in tests incorporating regrinding of the rougher concentrate to approximately 15 µm K80. Under these conditions, combined gold extractions of approximately 90%, 94%, and 93% were recorded for the Main, SW, and QES Area Composites, respectively.

 

Leach tests conducted on rougher concentrates generally demonstrated higher gold extractions and lower leach residue gold grades at finer primary grind and regrind sizes. In contrast, no consistent improvement in gold extraction was observed in the rougher tailings leach tests as a function of finer primary grinding. A trend toward lower residue gold grades was observed for the QES Area Composite tailings, decreasing from approximately 0.09 g/t Au at a 75 µm K80 primary grind to approximately 0.05 g/t Au at a 35 µm K80 primary grind; however, this trend was not evident in the Main or SW Area Composites. The improvement in overall gold extraction associated with regrinding the rougher concentrate to approximately 15 µm K80 was more pronounced, although the combined extraction for the QES Area Composite at a 35 µm K80 primary grind was comparable to that achieved with concentrate regrinding.

 

Sodium cyanide consumption increased notably in tests incorporating rougher concentrate regrinding, with consumptions ranging from approximately 0.5 to 0.7 kg/t of feed, compared to approximately 0.2 to 0.4 kg/t of feed in tests conducted without concentrate regrinding.

 

Figure 13.5: Overall Combined Gold Extractions

 

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

Figure 13.6: Rougher Concentrate Gold Extractions

 

 

Figure 13.7: Rougher Tail Gold Extractions

 

 

13.4.5 Diagnostic Leach Results

 

Three-stage diagnostic leach tests were performed on cyanidation residues from rougher concentrate leach tests conducted with and without regrinding, using material from flotation tests at a primary grind size of 55 µm K80. The diagnostic sequence comprised high-intensity cyanidation to recover remaining cyanide-soluble gold, followed by aqua regia digestion to dissolve sulfide and carbonate minerals and liberate refractory or encapsulated gold, and final fire assay of the remaining insoluble residue. A summary of results is presented in Table 13.21.

 

Between approximately 2% and 7% of the flotation feed gold reported to cyanidation residues, with lower residual gold observed in tests incorporating regrinding (approximately 2%–4%) compared to tests without regrinding (approximately 6%–7%). Of the residual gold, approximately 6%–22% (equivalent to approximately 0.3%–0.9% of the flotation feed gold) was recoverable under more intensive cyanidation conditions, with lower values observed in the regrind tests.

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

The majority of the unrecovered gold was associated with sulfide and/or carbonate mineral phases, representing approximately 4%–6% of the flotation feed gold without regrinding and approximately 1%-3% with regrinding. Gold associated with insoluble mineral phases was also reduced by regrinding. The diagnostic leach results indicate minimal to no preg-robbing behaviour, as gold recoveries improved with regrinding and no significant adsorption onto insoluble materials was identified.

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

Table 13.21: Diagnostic Leach Result Summary

 
Float
Test
Leach
Test
Diagnostic
Test
Feed
Size
Float Gold
Recovery  
CN Gold Extraction Au in Res. Diagnostic Leach – Percent of
Diagnostic Leach Feed
Diagnostic Leach – Percent of Diagnostic
Float Feed
µm K80   Percent of
CN Feed
Percent of
Float Feed
Percent of
Float Feed
Leachable Sulfides Insoluble Leachable Sulfides Insoluble
17 17C 25 55 76.7 91.8 70.4 6.3 9.4 75.0 15.6 0.6 4.7 1.0
17 17D 26 15 76.7 96.2 73.8 2.9 11.2 77.8 11.0 0.3 2.3 0.3
20 20C 27 55 87.3 91.7 80.1 7.2 6.4 78.9 14.7 0.5 5.7 1.1
20 20D 28 15 87.3 95.9 83.7 3.6 11.1 81.5 7.4 0.4 2.9 0.3
23 23C 29 55 83.6 93.2 77.9 5.7 15.0 75.1 9.9 0.9 4.3 0.6
23 23D 30 15 83.6 97.1 81.2 2.4 21.9 52.3 25.8 0.5 1.3 0.6

 

Section 13March 2026Page 13-28

 

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13.4.6 Whole Material Leach Testing

 

Whole-ore cyanidation leach tests were conducted on each area composite at primary grind sizes ranging from 15 µm to 100 µm K80. All tests were performed at 500 ppm sodium cyanide, 40 wt% solids, a target pH of approximately 11, with a 48-hour leach time and oxygen sparging. Gold extraction results are presented in Figure 13.8 through Figure 13.10, together with results from the flotation and cyanidation flowsheet for comparison.

 

Gold extraction increased with decreasing grind size, with 48-hour recoveries ranging from approximately 77% to 89% at 100 µm K80 and increasing to approximately 88% to 94% at 15 µm K80. Whole-ore leach tests generally achieved similar or slightly lower gold recoveries compared to the flotation and cyanidation flowsheet. At a primary grind size of 15 µm K80, whole-ore leach extraction was marginally lower than the flotation and cyanidation result, despite only the rougher concentrate being reground in the latter case. This difference is primarily attributed to the higher sodium cyanide concentration applied to the rougher concentrate (2,000 ppm) relative to the whole-ore leach tests (500 ppm).

 

Whole-ore cyanidation tests exhibited higher sodium cyanide consumption and lower lime consumption compared to the flotation and cyanidation flowsheet. A detailed trade-off study would be required to assess the relative economic merits of whole-ore leaching versus flotation with concentrate cyanidation.

 

Figure 13.8: Main Area WOL Gold Extractions

 

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

Figure 13.9: SW Area WOL Gold Extractions

 

 

Figure 13.10: QES Area WOL Gold Extractions

 

 

13.4.7 Variability Composite Whole Material Leach Testing

 

Three (3) variability composites were prepared for each zone, representing low-, medium-, and high-grade gold material. A single whole-ore cyanidation leach test was completed on each composite at a primary grind size of 75 µm K80, using the same leach conditions applied to the area composites (500 ppm NaCN, 48-hour leach, oxygen sparging, 40 wt% solids, and pH ~11). Results are summarized in Figure 13.11 and compared with the corresponding area composite tests.

 

Gold extractions from the variability composites were higher than those for the Main Area composite and generally comparable to the QES and SW Area composites. As only one (1) test was conducted per composite, repeat testing would be required to confirm these results. No consistent relationship was observed between head grade and gold extraction.

 

Reagent consumptions were comparable to those of the area composites, with sodium cyanide consumption showing a general correlation with sulfur content.

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

Figure 13.11: Variability Composite Whole Material Leach Results

 

 

13.4.8 2025 Metallurgical Testwork Summary

 

A metallurgical test program was completed on material from the Moss Gold Project. Composite samples were prepared for three (3) principal areas / zones (Main, SW, and QES), together with low-grade (LG), medium-grade (MG), and high-grade (HG) variability composites from each zone. Head grades for the area composites ranged from approximately 0.7 g/t Au (Main Area) to 1.6 g/t Au (QES Area), while the variability composites ranged from approximately 0.3 g/t Au to 21 g/t Au.

 

The highest gold recoveries were achieved using a flowsheet incorporating bulk sulfide flotation followed by cyanide leaching of the rougher concentrate after fine regrinding. Under these conditions, combined gold recoveries from the rougher concentrate and tailings ranged from approximately 90% to 94%, using a primary grind size of 55 µm K80 and a regrind target of 15 µm K80.

 

A general trend of increased cyanidation gold recovery and reduced leach residue gold grades was observed with finer primary grinding, most notably in the leaching of the sulfide rougher concentrate. In contrast, rougher tailings leach performance showed no consistent relationship with primary grind size. Flotation gold recovery was largely insensitive to primary grind sizes tested between 35 µm and 75 µm K80. These results indicate that grinding energy may be minimized by limiting fine grinding to the rougher concentrate, without materially impacting overall gold recovery, and that coarser primary grinding than that tested may be feasible within this flowsheet.

 

Diagnostic leach testing of rougher concentrate cyanidation residues indicated that improved gold recovery with regrinding was primarily attributable to a reduction in gold locked within sulfide minerals.

 

Section 13March 2026Page 13-31

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

 

Whole-ore cyanidation leach tests generally yielded similar or slightly lower gold recoveries compared to the combined flotation and cyanidation flowsheet. The lower recoveries observed in whole-ore leaching at equivalent grind sizes are attributed to the lower cyanide concentration applied (500 ppm NaCN) relative to that used for rougher concentrate leaching (2,000 ppm NaCN). Despite this difference, overall sodium cyanide consumptions were comparable between the two processing options.

 

Gravity recovery potential was evaluated through extended gravity recoverable gold (EGRG) testing on the area composites, with approximately 24% to 33% of the gold reporting to gravity concentrates. No additional testing was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating gravity recovery into the overall process flowsheet.

 

Variability composite testing was limited to single-condition whole-ore leach tests conducted at a primary grind size of 75 µm K80. Gold recoveries ranged from approximately 81% to 92% across the nine (9) variability composites, compared to approximately 80% to 90% for the area composites under similar conditions. No consistent relationship was observed between head grade and gold recovery. Additional duplicate or repeat testing would be required to further assess metallurgical variability and confirm observed trends.

 

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14. MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES

 

 

The current Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE”) for the Moss Gold Project (the “Project”), located in Ontario, Canada, and 100% owned by Gold X2 Mining Inc. (“Gold X2” or the “Company”), represents an update to the previous mineral resource estimate completed in 2024. This updated MRE incorporates new geological and analytical information derived from an expanded drillhole database, including drilling completed during the 2024 and 2025 exploration programs up to the chosen cut-off date of August 12th, 2025.

 

The updated MRE includes the Moss Gold Deposit and the nearby East Coldstream deposit and reflects improved geological interpretation, refined mineralized domain modelling, and updated grade estimation parameters. New drill intercepts from the 2024 and 2025 drilling campaigns at Moss were incorporated to enhance geological continuity and support the conversion of portions of the Mineral Resources from the Inferred category to the Indicated category. There was no new drilling at East Coldstream.

 

The updated MRE was prepared by Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., Chief geologist at G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”), who is an independent Qualified Person (“QP”) as defined by National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”). The MRE has been prepared in accordance with the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (adopted May 19, 2014) and CIM Best Practice Guidelines (2019) and is reported in compliance with NI 43-101 requirements.

 

The effective date of the Mineral Resource Estimate is January 16, 2026, and the Mineral Resource statements for the Moss Gold Deposit and East Coldstream deposit are summarized in Table 14.1 and Table 14.2.

 

Table 14.1: Mineral Resource Estimate of Moss Gold Deposit – Effective January 16, 2026

 

Deposit Resource
Category
Tonnage
(Mt)
Grade Contained Metal
Au
(g/t)
Ag
(g/t)
Au
(koz)
Ag
(koz)
Moss Gold Deposit Indicated 64.3 1.03 1.53 2126 3160
Inferred 125.9 0.97 1.55 3910 6273

 

*Note(s):

1)The mineral resources described above have been prepared in accordance with the CIM Standards (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 2014) and follow Best Practices outlined by the CIM (2019).
2)The Qualified Person, as defined by NI 43-101 (“QP”) for this MRE for both the Moss Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit, is Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., of G Mining Services Inc., who is responsible for the MRE. The effective date of the MRE is January 16, 2026, and the QP is not aware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other relevant factors that could materially affect the Mineral Resource Estimate.

3)Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves have no demonstrated economic viability. No mineral reserves have been calculated for the Project. There is no guarantee that any part of the mineral resources discussed herein will be converted to a mineral reserve in the future.

 

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4)The quantity and grade of reported Inferred Mineral Resources are uncertain, and there has not been sufficient work to define these Mineral Resources as Indicated or Measured. Further work may result in the upgrading of portions of the Inferred Mineral Resources. There is no certainty that Inferred Mineral Resources will be converted to Measured or Indicated Mineral Resources.

5)The estimate of mineral resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, market, or other relevant factors.
6)Known underground works at the Moss Gold Deposit have been incorporated into the block model, and zero density has been assigned to the blocks located within the voids.
7)Tonnage estimates are based on individually measured and calculated bulk densities for geological units ranging from 2.69 to 2.725 g/cm³. Overburden density is set at 1.8 g/cm³.
8)A total of 122 mineralized zones for the Moss Gold Deposit (used for both Au and Ag estimation) and 12 mineralized zones for the East Coldstream Deposit were modelled using Leapfrog Geo™ 2025.3. High-grade capping for gold estimation of between 15.0 and 55.0 g/t (Moss Gold Deposit) and 12 g/t (East Coldstream Deposit) was applied before compositing. High-grade capping for Ag estimation of 30.0 g/t (Moss Gold Deposit) was applied before compositing.

9)The MRE was completed using Leapfrog Edge™ 2025.3 with a parent block size of 5 m x 5 m x 5 m and a 1.25 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m minimum sub-block size for both the Moss Gold Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit. The interpolation method used for the Moss Gold Deposit is Ordinary Kriging for the principal shears modelled and ID2 for the secondary shears. The East Coldstream Deposit was interpolated using only Ordinary Kriging. Both estimations are using hard boundary between modelled domains.

10)Open pit Mineral Resources are reported within an optimized Geovia Whittle pit shell generated at a surface cut-off of 0.35  g/t Au using a gold price of USD 2,200/oz; a USD/CAD exchange rate of 1.33, a mining cost of 3.67/t and a G&A cost from $2.21/t, processing cost of $12.04/t, pit slope angles of 50° for bedrock and 27° for unconsolidated material. Mineral Resources are reported at a cut-off grade of 0.35 g/t Au within this pit shell and are reported as undiluted and in situ.

11)Tonnage has been expressed in the metric system, and gold metal content has been expressed in troy ounces.
12)The tonnages have been rounded to the nearest 1,000 tonne, and the metal content has been rounded to the nearest 1,000 ounce. Totals may not sum due to rounding.

 

Table 14.2: Mineral Resource Estimate of East Coldstream Gold Deposit – Effective January 16th, 2026

 

Deposit Resource
Category
Tonnage
(Mt)
Grade Contained Metal
Au
(g/t)
Au
(koz)
East Coldstream Deposit Indicated 9.5 1.09 333
Inferred 8.8 1.06 299

*Note(s):

1)The mineral resources described above have been prepared in accordance with the CIM Standards (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 2014) and follow Best Practices outlined by the CIM (2019).
2)The Qualified Person, as defined by NI 43-101 (“QP”) for this MRE for both the Moss Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit, is Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., of G Mining Services Inc., who is responsible for the MRE. The effective date of the MRE is January 16, 2026, and the QP is not aware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other relevant factors that could materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate

3)Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves have no demonstrated economic viability. No mineral reserves have been calculated for the Project. There is no guarantee that any part of the mineral resources discussed herein will be converted to a mineral reserve in the future.

4)The quantity and grade of reported Inferred Mineral Resources are uncertain, and there has not been sufficient work to define these Mineral Resources as Indicated or Measured. Further work may result in the upgrading of portions of the Inferred Mineral Resources. There is no certainty that Inferred Mineral Resources will be converted to Measured or Indicated Mineral Resources.

5)The estimate of mineral resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, market, or other relevant factors.
6)Known underground works at the Moss Gold Deposit have been incorporated into the block model, and zero density has been assigned to the blocks located within the voids.
7)Tonnage estimates are based on individually measured and calculated bulk densities for geological units ranging from 2.69 to 2.725 g/cm³. Overburden density is set at 1.8 g/cm³.
8)A total of 122 mineralized zones for the Moss Gold Deposit (used for both Au and Ag estimation) and 12 mineralized zones for the East Coldstream Deposit were modelled using Leapfrog geo™ 2025.3. High-grade capping for gold estimation of between 15.0 and 55.0 g/t (Moss Gold Deposit) and 12 g/t (East Coldstream Deposit) was applied before compositing. High-grade capping for Ag estimation of 30.0 g/t (Moss Gold Deposit) was applied before compositing.

9)The MRE was completed using Leapfrog Edge™ 2025.3 with a parent block size of 5 m x 5 m x 5 m and a 1.25 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m minimum sub -block size for both the Moss Gold Deposit and the East Coldstream Deposit. The interpolation method used for the Moss Gold Deposit is Ordinary Kriging for the principal shears modelled and ID2 for the secondary shears. The East Coldstream Deposit was interpolated using only Ordinary Kriging. Both estimations are using hard boundary between modelled domains.

 

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10)Open pit Mineral Resources are reported within an optimized Geovia Whittle pit shell generated at a surface cut-off of 0.35 g/t Au using a gold price of USD 2,200/oz; a USD/CAD exchange rate of 1.33, a mining cost of 3.67/t and a G&A cost from $2.21/t, processing cost of $12.04/t, pit slope angles of 50° for bedrock and 27° for unconsolidated material. Mineral Resources are reported at a cut-off grade of 0.35 g/t Au within this pit shell and are reported as undiluted and in situ.

11)Tonnage has been expressed in the metric system, and gold metal content has been expressed in troy ounces.
12)The tonnages have been rounded to the nearest 1,000 tonne, and the metal content has been rounded to the nearest 1,000 ounce. Totals may not sum due to rounding.

 

At a reporting cut-off grade of 0.35 g/t Au, the Moss Gold Deposit hosts Indicated Mineral Resources of 64.3 million tonnes grading 1.03 g/t Au and 1.53 g/t Ag, containing approximately 2.13 million ounces of gold (Moz Au) and 3.16 million ounces of silver (Moz Ag). The Moss Gold Deposit also hosts Inferred Mineral Resources of 125.9 million tonnes grading 0.97 g/t Au and 1.55 g/t Ag, containing approximately 3.91 Moz Au and 6.27 Moz Ag.

 

Moreover, at the reporting cut-off grade of 0.35 g/t Au, the East Coldstream Deposit hosts Indicated Mineral Resources of 9.5 million tonnes grading 1.09 g/t Au, containing approximately 0.33 Moz Au, and Inferred Mineral Resources of 8.8 million tonnes grading 1.06 g/t Au, containing approximately 0.30 Moz Au. No silver Mineral Resources are reported for the East Coldstream Deposit.

 

Open pit Mineral Resources are reported within an optimized Geovia Whittle pit shell generated using a gold price of USD 2,200/oz, a USD/CAD exchange rate of 1.33, and appropriate mining, processing, G&A costs, and pit slope assumptions. Mineral Resources are reported as undiluted and in situ. No Mineral Reserves have been estimated for the Project.

 

The Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the Mineral Resources will be converted into Mineral Reserves.

 

The QP is not aware of any factors or issues that would materially affect the Mineral Resource Estimate other than the normal risks inherent to mining projects in Ontario, including environmental, permitting, legal, title, socio-economic, market, and political considerations, as well as uncertainties associated with the estimation of Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources.

 

The geological interpretation, assay database, density data, and estimation methodologies are considered by the QP to be adequate to support the Mineral Resource Estimate. The drilling density and data quality are considered sufficient to reasonably define the geometry, continuity, and grade distribution of the mineralized zones within the limits of the reported Mineral Resources.

 

The following sections of this report describe the geological interpretation, data verification, estimation methodology, and key assumptions used in the preparation of the Mineral Resource Estimate for the Moss Gold Deposit and East Coldstream deposit.

 

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14.1 Moss Gold Deposit

 

14.1.1 Estimation Methodology

 

The Mineral Resource estimation for the Moss Gold Deposit was completed using a sub-block block model developed from interpreted mineralized zones delineated for the deposit. The estimation was carried out in accordance with industry-standard best practices and complies with the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (2014), as well as the disclosure requirements of National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”).

 

The Mineral Resource estimation followed the procedures outlined below, which summarize the key stages of the methodology applied to the Moss Gold Deposit:

 

·Validation of the drillhole database to confirm the accuracy and consistency of collar coordinates, downhole survey data, lithological logging, density measurements, and gold and silver assay results.

 

·Selection of drillholes considered appropriate for Mineral Resource estimation at the Moss Gold Deposit, incorporating drilling completed through August 12, 2025.

 

·Three-dimensional (3D) geological modelling of mineralized wireframes based on lithological interpretation, structural controls, mineralization style, and gold assay grades exceeding interpreted mineralization thresholds. Mineralized domains were treated as hard boundaries during grade estimation using Leapfrog Edge™ 2025.3.

 

·Geostatistical analysis, including compositing of raw assay intervals to uniform lengths, capping of high-grade gold and silver raw assays by grouped mineralized domain, and variography to assess the spatial continuity and orientation of mineralization using Leapfrog Geo™ 2025.3 and Supervisor™ v. 9.1.

 

·Construction of a sub-blocked block model, including definition of parent block and sub-block dimensions, block coding parameters, and the Project coordinate system.

 

·Grade estimation performed using Ordinary Kriging (“OK”) for the primary shear-hosted mineralized domains and Inverse Distance Squared (“ID2”) interpolation for secondary shear domains, based on data density, geological continuity, and variographic behaviour. Domains were grouped by shear type and deposit area (Main, QES, SW). Estimation parameters and search ellipsoids were defined for each of those grouped domains.

 

·Mineral Resource classification based on drillhole spacing, geological continuity, data quality, and estimation confidence, in accordance with CIM (2014) guidelines.

 

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·Validation of grade interpolation results through visual inspection, statistical comparisons, and swath plot analysis to assess global and local bias and potential smoothing effects.

 

·Cut-off grade sensitivity and grade-tonnage curves were completed to evaluate the impact of varying cut-off grades on Mineral Resource tonnage and grade distribution.

 

·Reporting of open-pit Mineral Resources within an optimized pit shell to demonstrate reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, followed by preparation of the Mineral Resource statement in compliance with CIM Definition Standards and NI 43-101 requirements.

 

The Mineral Resource estimation was completed using a validated drillhole database and geological models prepared under the direction of the Qualified Person (“QP”), Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., Chief Geologist at G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”). In the opinion of the QP, the geological interpretation, drillhole database, assay data, and density information are of sufficient quality and reliability to support the interpretation of mineralized domains, the estimation of gold and silver grades, and the assignment of Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource classification categories for the Moss Gold Deposit.

 

14.1.2 Resource Database

 

To support the preparation of the current Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE”) for the Moss Gold Deposit, a validated drillhole database was compiled and provided to G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”) for use in the Mineral Resource estimation process. The database incorporates all relevant drilling completed on the deposit through August 12th, 2025, including drilling conducted by Gold X2 Mining Inc. (“Gold X2”) between 2021 and August 12th, 2025, and is provided in a series of structured digital files containing geological and analytical information, including collar coordinates, downhole survey data, assay results, lithological descriptions, alteration and mineralization logs, structural information, and density measurements.

 

The current MRE is derived exclusively from this updated database, which includes drilling completed by Gold X2 and its predecessors. and excludes selected historical drillholes that were identified as being affected by analytical limitations, potential data bias, or insufficient data validation. The exclusion of this historical data was undertaken as part of the data verification process to ensure the integrity, accuracy, and spatial reliability of the dataset used for Mineral Resource estimation and is consistent with the data verification and procedures outlined in Section 12 of this report.

 

A summary of drilling completed for the Moss Gold Deposit is presented in Section 10 and Appendix A. Drillhole spacing across the deposit generally ranges from approximately 40 to 70 metres, reflecting variable data density across the mineralized zones. The Mineral Resource estimation is based on a

 

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comprehensive drillhole dataset comprising several hundred drillholes totalling more than 199,000 metres, with the majority of the drilling assayed for gold and silver.

 

Since the issuance of the previous Mineral Resource Estimate, Gold X2 completed extensive infill and expansion drilling programs between 2024 and August 12th, 2025, with the primary objective of improving geological confidence and supporting the conversion of portions of the Inferred Mineral Resources to the Indicated category. These drilling programs also provided additional geological, structural, and grade continuity information that contributed to refinements of the geological model and supported the preparation of the current Mineral Resource Estimate. Gold X2 additionally completed a resampling program of selected historical holes, with the objectives of improving data quality and completeness, upgrading QA/QC to modern standards, and validating remaining historical assay data. Resampling assay results were given precedence over historical assay values in the estimation.

 

The drillholes incorporated into the current MRE include all drillholes located within the boundaries of the interpreted geological model for the Moss Gold Deposit. This includes drillholes that intersect modelled mineralized wireframes, as well as drillholes that do not directly intersect mineralization but provide important geological, structural, lithological, or alteration information used to constrain and validate the geological interpretation.

 

Drillholes located outside the limits of the interpreted geological model, or drillholes identified as being affected by analytical issues, data quality concerns, or potential bias, were excluded from the Mineral Resource estimation in accordance with the data verification procedures described in Section 12 of this report.

 

Of the 646 drillholes within the limits of the Moss Gold Deposit model, 79 were excluded. A summary of drillholes included in and excluded from the current Mineral Resource Estimate, by era, is provided in Table 14.3.

 

Table 14.3: Summary of Drillholes and Assays Used for the 2026 MRE - Moss Gold Deposit

 

Owner Period Type Included in MRE Excluded from MRE
Number Total Assayed Number Total Assayed
of Holes Length Length of Length Length
  (m) (m) Holes (m) (m)
Various Historical
(pre-2007)
Surface - Underground 315 87,623 63,141 74 7,935 5,358
Various Modern
(2007-2020)
Surface 42 17,823 16,553 1 124 0

 

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Owner Period Type Included in MRE Excluded from MRE
Number Total Assayed Number Total Assayed
of Holes Length Length of Length Length
  (m) (m) Holes (m) (m)
Gold X2 2021 onward Surface 210 94,094 90,779 4 581 209
Total 567 199,540 170,473 79 8,640 5,567

 

Figure 14.1: Plan View of MRE Drillholes– Moss Deposit

 

 

14.1.3 Topography Surface

 

A topographic surface was generated from LiDAR data provided by Gold X2 Mining. The contours were used to produce a three-dimensional wireframe surface that was used to assign block topography.

 

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14.1.4 Modelling

 

14.1.4.1 Lithological Model

 

The 3D lithological model for the Moss Gold Deposit was developed by GMS using drillhole lithological logging and supporting geological datasets. Available information, including validated drillhole logs, surface geological mapping, and relevant geophysical data, was integrated to construct and refine the geological framework. Manual interpretation, surface adjustments, and localized editing were undertaken to ensure geological consistency and to smooth model boundaries where appropriate.

 

The modelled lithological units at Moss Gold include:

 

·IDC (coarse-grained diorite).

 

·IDM.IDC (mixed zone; primarily medium and coarse-grained diorites).

 

·IDP (porphyritic diorite).

 

·MaficDyke (an extensive, sub-horizontal mafic dyke).

 

·VBA (basalt).

 

·VDC.VRY (volcanic country rock - primarily dacite and rhyolite).

 

·OVB (Overburden).

 

These lithological domains form the basis for bulk density assignment and provide geological constraints for mineralized zone interpretation and grade estimation.

 

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Figure 14.2: Plan View of the Moss Gold Deposit Lithological Model

 

 

14.1.4.2 Mineralization Model

 

A single mineralization model was developed for the Moss Gold Deposit Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE), encompassing the Main, QES, and SW areas. The Mineral Resource Estimate for both gold and silver utilize the same geological wireframes to constrain mineralized domains. In the opinion of the QP, this approach is appropriate and technically justified, as visual assessment of drill core and review of drill core assay results indicate that gold and silver mineralization are spatially associated within the same geological domains. Statistical analysis further supports this interpretation, demonstrating a strong positive correlation between Au and Ag grades, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.75 (Figure 14.3). This level of correlation supports that both metals are controlled by the same mineralizing processes and exhibit comparable geological continuity. Accordingly, the use of a common wireframe for gold and silver estimation is considered reasonable and consistent with industry practice.

 

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Figure 14.3: All Domain Au – Ag Scatter Plot

 

 

Drillhole assay intervals were used to model the mineralized zones across all three (3) areas using the Leapfrog Geo™ interval selection method. In total, the Moss deposit comprises 122 distinct gold-bearing mineralized zones distributed throughout the Main, QES, and SW areas.

 

The mineralization model was constructed using multiple geological and structural inputs, including lithological domains from the geological model, alteration type and intensity, oriented core structural data, mineralization type and gold grade distribution. These parameters were used to assign mineralized intervals to their respective zones to ensure geological consistency and reliable grade estimation.

 

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Mineralized zones are generally parallel to the main lithological units and are structurally controlled. The Main and SW areas are separated by a sinistral fault corridor, which influences the geometry and continuity of mineralization in the Main and SW areas. The mineralization across the three (3) areas exhibits a dominant orientation between 225° and 240°, with steep dips typically ranging between 80° and 90°.

 

A modelling cut-off grade between 0.25 g/t and 0.30 g/t Au was applied to constrain the mineralized zones. An approximate minimum modelled true thickness of 1.5 metres was used, where supported by drilling, to ensure geological continuity while limiting internal dilution. The mineralization extends over a combined strike length of approximately 4 kilometres across the Main, QES, and SW areas and has been interpreted to depths of up to 850 metres below surface.

 

The models were refined through iterative review to minimize internal dilution while maintaining geological continuity and structural integrity.

 

A wall rock model was also developed on an area-by-area basis to assess the grade distribution of material located outside the modelled mineralized domains and to evaluate the potential impact of externalized mineralization on the overall resource model.

 

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Figure 14.4: Plan View of the Moss Gold Deposit Mineralization Model

 

 

14.1.5 Assays, Capping, and Compositing

 

14.1.5.1 Raw Assays

 

Assay statistics for the Moss deposit are presented below. Assay values reported below the analytical detection limit were assigned one-half the detection limit for statistical analysis and grade estimation purposes. Unsampled drill intervals were assigned a value equal to one-half the detection limit (0.0025 g/t Au and 0.05 g/t Ag) to ensure consistency in the dataset. However, unsampled intervals corresponding to underground voids, zones of no core recovery, or lost core were left blank

 

14.1.5.2 Gold Assay Capping

 

Gold assay capping for the Moss Gold Deposit was completed by GMS prior to compositing the original assay intervals within each mineralized domain. Principal and secondary shears with comparable grade

 

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behaviour were respectively combined by area (Main, QES, SW) for the capping study to provide adequate sample support and a more reliable statistical assessment. Capping values were determined using standard statistical methods, including decile analysis, log-probability plots, and sensitivity checks on extreme assay values.

 

A capping analysis was also completed on the wall rock model on an area-by-area basis to evaluate the influence of high-grade outliers using a statistical review of grade distributions and spatial continuity. A conservative top-cut strategy was applied to mitigate the impact of isolated high-grade values and to ensure that elevated assays located outside the modelled mineralized domains are not inappropriately interpolated into surrounding wall rock blocks. Although blocks within the wall rock model are not classified as Mineral Resources and are used only as a dilution envelope surrounding the mineralized domains, the conservative capping approach further reduces the risk of grade overestimation. Tools include decile curves, log-probability plots, and sensitivity checks on extreme assays.

 

A total of 265 assay samples were capped for the Moss deposit. The resulting metal loss factor for all shears, calculated on a length-weighted basis from capped gold grades, is 3.2%. This level of metal loss is considered adequate and reflects the already low coefficient of variation (CV) observed in the uncapped assay data, indicating limited influence from extremely high-grade values and supporting the appropriateness of the selected capping thresholds.

 

The applied capping strategy ensures balanced treatment of high-grade outliers and limits their undue influence during grade interpolation.

 

Table 14.4 presents a summary of the mean, coefficient of variation (CV), and capping levels applied by GMS to the raw gold assays for each mineralized grouped domain.

 

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Table 14.4: Au Assay Capping and Metal Loss by Domain Grouping - Moss Gold Deposit

 

Domain Num.
of
Assays
Au Uncapped
(g/t)
Num.
of
Assays
Capped
Au Capped
(g/t)
Metal
Loss
(%)
Max Mean CV Max Mean CV
M001, M002, M004, M005.2, M009, M017, M018, M029, M031 13,948 188.91 1.01 3.01 11 55 1 2.54 1.50%
M003, M003.2, M005.1, M006, M007, M007.1, M008, M010, M011, M012, M013, M014, M015, M016, M016.1, M019, M020, M021, M022, M023, M024, M024.1, M025, M026, M026.1 M027.1, M027.2, M028, M028.2, M030, M032, M033, M034, M035, M036, M037, M038, M038.1, M039, M040, M041, M042, M043, M044, M045, M045.1, M046, M047 9,478 225 0.95 3.77 15 27 0.89 2.27 5.80%
Q003, Q005, Q006, Q023, Q028 7,671 578.67 0.94 4.39 6 33 0.91 1.99 2.70%
Q001, Q002, Q004, Q007, Q008, Q009, Q010, Q011, Q012, Q013, Q014, Q015, Q016, Q017, Q018, Q019, Q020, Q021, Q022, Q024, Q025, Q026, Q027, Q029, Q030, Q031, Q032, Q033 5,250 35.7 0.51 2.6 16 15 0.5 2.28 2.20%
S001, S002, S003, S013, 2,394 231 0.91 4.61 8 33 0.84 2.74 7.70%
S004, S005, S006 S007, S008, S009, S010, S011, S012, S014, S015, S016, S017, S018, S019, S020, S020.1 S021, S022, S023, S024, S025, S026, S027, S028, S029 3,482 36.8 0.61 2.3 6 15 0.59 1.9 2.40%
Main Wall rock model 54,688 29.6 0.1 2.72 108 2 0.1 1.66 4.00%
QES Wall rock model 36,892 106 0.1 7.13 79 2 0.1 1.62 8.30%
SW Wall rock model 18,745 18.2 0.09 1.86 16 2 0.09 1.45 1.10%

 

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Figure 14.5 and Figure 14.6 present the histograms, log-probability plots, mean and variance plots, and cumulative metal plots for the Main principal and secondary shears, illustrating the statistical basis for the selected capping levels.

 

Figure 14.5: Au Histogram, Log Probability Plot, Mean and Variance Plot, and Cumulative Metal
Plot – Main Principal Shears (Grouped) Mineralized Domains

 

 

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Figure 14.6: Au Histogram, Log Probability Plot, Mean and Variance Plot, and Cumulative Metal

Plot – Main Secondary Shears (Grouped) Mineralized Domains

 

 

14.1.5.3 Silver Assay Capping

 

Silver assay capping for the Moss Gold Deposit was completed by GMS prior to compositing the original assay intervals. The silver top-cut study was conducted using a grouped dataset comprising all mineralized zones to ensure adequate sample support and a robust statistical assessment. A conservative top-cut value of 30 g/t Ag was selected based on the observed silver grade distribution.

 

Top-cut values were determined using standard statistical methods, including decile analysis, log-probability plots, and sensitivity checks on extreme assay values. A total of 69 assay samples were capped for the Moss Gold Deposit. The resulting metal loss factor, calculated on a length-weighted basis, is 4.7%, which is considered adequate and reflects the already low coefficient of variation (CV) observed in the uncapped assay data. This indicates a limited influence from extremely high-grade values and supports the appropriateness of the selected capping thresholds.

 

The applied capping strategy ensures a balanced treatment of high-grade outliers and limits their undue influence during grade interpolation. Table 14.5 presents a summary of the mean, coefficient of variation (CV), and capping levels applied by GMS to the raw silver assays for the grouped mineralized domain.

 

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Table 14.5: Ag Assay Capping Levels and Metal Cut by Domains for Moss Gold Deposit

 

Domain Num.
of
Assays
Ag Uncapped
(g/t)
Num.
of
Assays
Capped
Ag Capped
(g/t)
Metal
Loss
(%)
Max Mean CV Max Mean CV
All domains 25,732 276 1.1 3.31 69 30 1.05 2.21 4.70%

 

Figure 14.7 presents the statistical plots derived from the grouped silver assay dataset, including histograms, log-probability plots, mean and variance plots, and cumulative metal plots, illustrating the basis for the selected capping levels.

 

Figure 14.7: Ag Histograms, Log Probability Plots, Mean and Variance Plots, and Cumulative Metal

Plots – All Shear Domains

 

 

14.1.5.4 Compositing

 

Following the application of assay capping, samples were composited downhole within the boundaries of each mineralized zone. Compositing was undertaken to reduce data variability and to generate a more representative dataset for grade estimation. The composite length was determined through statistical

 

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analysis of the original sample intervals, taking into consideration the dominant sample length (mode), block model dimensions, and the scale of the modelled mineralized zones.

 

A composite length of 1 metre was selected following analysis of the Moss Gold deposit assay interval distribution. Residual composite lengths of less than 0.3 m were proportionally distributed across the corresponding mineralized interval. A minimum sample coverage of 50% was required for a composite to be generated.

 

Figure 14.8 illustrates the distribution of original sample interval lengths for the Moss Gold deposit.

 

Table 14.6 presents the summary statistics for both uncomposited and composited samples by mineralized zone and wall rock model area.

 

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Figure 14.8: Histogram of Sample Lengths - Moss Gold Deposit

 

 

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Table 14.6: Impact of Compositing on Au Values – Moss Gold Deposit

 

  Assays Composites Difference (%)
Domain Number of
Samples
Max Au
(g/t)
Wtd. Mean
Au (g/t)
CV Number of
Samples
Max Au
(g/t)
Wtd. Mean
Au (g/t)
CV Wtd. Mean Au CV
M001, M002, M004, M005.2, M009, M017, M018, M029, M031 13,948 55.0 1.00 2.54 15,188 55.0 1.01 2.13 1.00 -16.14
                     
M003, M003.2, M005.1, M006, M007, M007.1, M008, M010, M011, M012, M013, M014, M015, M016, M016.1, M019, M020, M021, M022, M023, M024, M024.1, M025, M026, M026.1 M027.1, M027.2, M028, M028.2, M030, M032, M033, M034, M035, M036, M037, M038, M038.1, M039, M040, M041, M042, M043, M044, M045, M045.1, M046, M047 9,478 27.0 0.89 2.27 10,279 27.0 0.83 1.91 -6.74 -15.86
                     
Q003, Q005, Q006, Q023, Q028 7,671 33.0 0.91 1.99 7,736 33.0 0.91 1.81 0.00 -9.05
                     
                     
Q001, Q002, Q004, Q007, Q008, Q009, Q010, Q011, Q012, Q013, Q014, Q015, Q016, Q017, Q018, Q019, Q020, Q021, Q022, Q024, Q025, Q026, Q027, Q029, Q030, Q031, Q032, Q033 5,250 15.0 0.50 2.28 5,555 15.0 0.52 1.97 4.00 -13.60
                     
S001, S002, S003, S013, 2,394 33.0 0.84 2.74 2,136 33.0 0.85 2.33 1.19 -14.96
                     
                     
S004, S005, S006 S007, S008, S009, S010, S011, S012, S014, S015, S016, S017, S018, S019, S020, S020.1 S021, S022, S023, S024, S025, S026, S027, S028, S029 3,482 15.0 0.59 1.90 3,289 15.0 0.59 1.71 0.00 -10.00
                     
Main Wall Rock Model 54,688 2.0 0.10 1.66 59,254 2.0 0.10 1.49 0.00 -10.24
                     
QES Wall Rock Model 36,892 2.0 0.10 1.62 38,481 2.0 0.10 1.47 0.00 -9.26
                     
SW Wall Rock Model 18,745 2.0 0.09 1.45 18,700 2.0 0.09 1.28 0.00 -11.72

 

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14.1.6 Density Assignment

 

Density values were calculated and validated by lithological unit using statistical analysis of the 4,508 available Archimedes density measurements. For each lithology, outlier values were identified using the interquartile range (IQR) method, where the IQR is defined as the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1). Upper and lower bounds were calculated as Q3 + 1.5 × IQR and Q1 − 1.5 × IQR, respectively, and density measurements falling outside these limits were excluded to ensure representative and geologically reasonable density estimates. Median value was then assigned to each lithological unit.

 

Block model densities were subsequently assigned according to the lithological units defined within the geological model, as summarized in Table 14.7. A density value of 1.80 g/cm³ was applied to overburden material, while a density of 0.00 g/cm³ was assigned to historical underground workings to ensure that excavated zones were excluded from tonnage calculations.

 

Table 14.7: Summary of Bulk Density by Lithology – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Lithology Moss Gold
SG (g/cm3)
Overburden 1.8
IDC 2.71
IDM.IDC 2.73
IDP 2.71
MaficDyke 2.71
VBA 2.71
VDC.VRY 2.69

 

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Figure 14.9: Southwest View of Density Model - QES Area

 

 

14.1.7 Historic Underground

 

Historic underground voids for the Moss deposit were provided by Gold X2 Mining as a three-dimensional (3D) solid model and are adapted from the wireframe used in the previous 2024 MRE Technical Report. The spatial extent of the underground workings is illustrated in Figure 14.10.

 

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Figure 14.10: Plan View of Void Model – Moss Deposit (Main Area)

 

 

As part of the current study, GMS verified the void solid against the drilling database. Following the completion of new diamond drill holes that intersected a historical underground void, the position and modelling of the void solid were updated to reflect the improved spatial control provided by these intersections. Drillhole intersections corresponding to historical breakthroughs correlate well with the updated void model. Material corresponding to historically mined areas has been excluded from the current Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) to avoid duplication of previously extracted tonnage.

 

14.1.8 Block Model

 

A rotated sub-block model was constructed for the Moss Gold Deposit using a parent block size of 5 m × 5 m × 5 m and a sub-block count of 4 × 4 × 4 for a minimum block size of 1.25 m × 1.25 m × 1.25 m. The block model was rotated 55 degrees to align with the dominant orientation of the mineralized structures,

 

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and the block model parameters are summarized in Table 14.8. Sub-blocking was applied to accurately represent the geometry of the mineralized wireframes and to improve volume resolution along geological and structural boundaries.

 

Table 14.8: Block Model Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Parameter NAD 83 Block Size
(m)
Minimum
Sub-block
(m)
Number of
Blocks
Areal
Extent
(m)
Minimum
(m)
Maximum
(m)
Easting 538,750 541,324 5 1.25 359 1,795
Northing 2,740,700 2,742,344 5 1.25 863 4,315
Elevation 1,500 1,986 5 1.25 191 955
Rotation 055°

 

Sub-block generation was triggered by the mineralization model, the lithological model, and the void model corresponding to historical underground workings. GMS validated the volumes of the void wireframe against the corresponding block model volumes to confirm that historically mined-out areas were accurately represented and excluded from tonnage calculations.

 

14.1.9 Variography

 

Variography was undertaken to evaluate and model the spatial continuity of gold grades within the mineralized zones of the Moss Gold Deposit. Each zone was individually modelled based on the interpreted geometry, orientation, and geological characteristics of the mineralization. Variogram analysis was performed only on zones with sufficient sample density to support the development of reliable and geologically meaningful variogram models.

 

At Moss Gold, most variograms are well defined and readily interpretable, reflecting adequate data support and consistent geological controls within the variogrammed zones. Zones lacking sufficient sample density were not variogrammed independently and were assigned variogram parameters from geologically comparable zones.

 

No variogram models were developed for silver due to the lower data density that did not support reliable variography at the zone scale. Therefore, silver grade estimation utilized the gold variogram models within each zone. This approach is considered appropriate given the observed positive correlation between gold

 

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and silver grades within the Moss Gold Deposit, indicating similar spatial continuity and supporting the use of gold variogram parameters for silver estimation purposes.

 

Representative examples of the variogram models for domains M001, Q003 and S001 of the Moss Gold Deposit are illustrated in Figure 14.11 through Figure 14.13, and the corresponding variogram model parameters are summarized in Table 14.9.

 

Figure 14.11: Experimental Variogram for M001

 

 

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Figure 14.12: Experimental Variogram for Q003

 

 

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Figure 14.13: Experimental Variogram for S001

 

 

Table 14.9: Variogram Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Domain Dip Dip Pitch Nugget Axis Sill 1 Range 1 Sill 2 Range 2  
Azimuth  
                   
                     
          Major   34   167  
                     
M001 90 155 160 0.0865 Semi 0.7599 37 0.1537 122  
                     
          Minor   5   10  

 

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Domain Dip Dip Pitch Nugget Axis Sill 1 Range 1 Sill 2 Range 2  
Azimuth  
                   
                     
          Major   47   130  
                     
M002 90 160 150 0.0921 Semi 0.7798 50 0.3 94  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   26   114  
                     
M004 80 335 35 0.0769 Semi 0.8127 32 0.1104 49  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   89   158  
                     
M005.2 85 155 145 0.0626 Semi 0.7639 61 0.1736 79  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   22   126  
                     
M009 85 340 0 0.1995 Semi 0.6033 12 0.1972 61  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   54   171  
                     
M017 90 145 155 0.04 Semi 0.5913 95 0.3686 96  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   15   66  
                     
M018 85 310 20 0.1347 Semi 0.7653 10 0.1 55  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   69   113  
                     
M031 90 135 140 0.0937 Semi 0.7282 60 0.1781 71  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   48   133  
                     
Q003 85 145 140 0.055 Semi 0.7604 43 0.1845 92  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   54   119  
                     
Q005 90 135 5 0.0932 Semi 0.784 34 0.1228 92  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   91   148  
                     
Q006 85 145 170 0.1429 Semi 0.5901 50 0.267 116  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     

 

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Domain Dip Dip Pitch Nugget Axis Sill 1 Range 1 Sill 2 Range 2  
Azimuth  
                   
                     
          Major   48   138  
                     
Q023 85 150 20 0.1721 Semi 0.6036 28 0.2243 72  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     
          Major   59   225  
                     
S001 80 315 40 0.888 Semi 0.7316 119 0.1796 229  
                     
          Minor   5   10  
                     

 

14.1.10 Gold Grade Interpolation

 

GMS evaluated interpolation methods for estimating capped composited gold grades within the block model, taking into account the statistical characteristics of the mineralized zones and the spatial grade continuity defined by the variogram models.

 

For the Moss Gold Deposit, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Inverse Distance Squared (ID²) were selected as the primary estimation methods. Ordinary Kriging was applied to 13 mineralized zones, including most of the principal shears, for which adequate and well-defined variogram models were developed. The remaining zones, where data density or variogram definition was insufficient to support kriging, were estimated using the ID² method.

 

Search ellipse dimensions were defined based on the interpreted variogram ranges and drillhole spacing within each zone. Dynamic anisotropy was applied for all mineralized zones to guide the orientation of the search ellipses during interpolation, ensuring that grade estimation respected local structural and geological trends. Sample selection during estimation was restricted using hard boundaries to preserve zone integrity.

 

In addition, a wall rock model was constructed surrounding the modelled mineralized zones and was estimated using the ID² method. Dynamic anisotropy for the wall rock model was defined using a grouping of multiple mineralized zones together within the wall rock domain, providing a consistent structural framework for estimation. The wall rock model was subdivided by area (Main, QES, and SW) to reflect local geological variability. The wall rock model was not classified for Mineral Resource reporting purposes and was developed solely to support the definition of an internal dilution envelope for pit design optimization.

 

Table 14.10 summarizes the interpolation parameters applied to the mineralized zones and the wall rock model for the Moss Gold Deposit.

 

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Table 14.10: Au Interpolation Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Deposit Estimation Area Interpolation Ellipsoid Ranges (m) Orientation   Composites Min Hole  
             
Pass X Y Z Min Max Max/Hole  
         
           
                       
    Pass 1 60 50 15 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                       
  Main Pass 2 90 75 22.5 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                     
  Pass 3 120 100 50 Variable (DA) 5 12 3 3  
     
                       
    Pass 4 240 200 60 Variable (DA) 5 9 3 2  
                       
    Pass 1 60 50 15 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                       
Moss Gold QES Pass 2 90 75 22.5 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                   
Pass 3 120 100 50 Variable (DA) 5 12 3 3  
     
                       
    Pass 4 240 200 60 Variable (DA) 5 9 3 2  
                       
    Pass 1 60 50 15 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                       
  SW Pass 2 90 75 22.5 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                     
  Pass 3 120 100 50 Variable (DA) 5 12 3 3  
     
                       
    Pass 4 240 200 60 Variable (DA) 5 9 3 2  
                       

 

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Figure 14.14: Plan View of M001 Au Interpolation and Variable Orientation Search

 

 

14.1.11 Silver Grade Interpolation

 

GMS applied the same interpolation methodology used for gold to estimate silver grades within the block model, taking into account the statistical characteristics of the mineralized zones and the spatial continuity defined by the gold variogram models.

 

For the Moss Gold Deposit, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Inverse Distance Squared (ID2) were used as the primary estimation methods for silver. Ordinary Kriging was applied to the same 13 mineralized zones, including most of the principal shears, while the remaining zones were estimated using the ID2 method, consistent with the gold estimation approach.

 

Search ellipse dimensions, dynamic anisotropy parameters, and hard boundary sample selection criteria applied for silver estimation were identical to those used for gold, ensuring consistency between the two (2) metals.

 

The wall rock model was not estimated for silver; silver grades were estimated only within the modelled mineralized zones. A grade of 0 g/t Ag was used for the internal dilution envelope during pit design optimization.

 

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Table 14.11: Ag Interpolation Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Deposit Estimation  Interpolation Ellipsoid Ranges
(m)
Orientation Composites Min.  
  Area Pass X   Min. Max. Max./Hole Hole  
    Pass 1 60 50 15 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                       
  Main Pass 2 90 75 22.5 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                     
  Pass 3 120 100 50 Variable (DA) 5 12 3 2  
     
                       
    Pass 4 240 200 60 Variable (DA) 5 9 3 2  
                       
    Pass 1 60 50 15 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                       
Moss Gold QES Pass 2 90 75 22.5 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                   
Pass 3 120 100 50 Variable (DA) 5 12 3 2  
     
                       
    Pass 4 240 200 60 Variable (DA) 5 9 3 2  
                       
    Pass 1 60 50 15 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                       
  SW Pass 2 90 75 22.5 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3  
                     
  Pass 3 120 100 50 Variable (DA) 5 12 3 2  
     
                       
    Pass 4 240 200 60 Variable (DA) 5 9 3 2  
                       

 

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14.1.12 Block Model Validation

 

A comprehensive validation process was conducted by GMS to confirm that the block model provides a reliable and geologically consistent representation of the composite gold and silver grades within the Moss deposit. Multiple validation procedures were performed to assess both global and local accuracy of the grade estimates, as well as the volumetric integrity of the model.

 

The validation steps undertaken included the following:

 

·Visual validation: Section-by-section comparisons of composite gold and silver grades against estimated block grades to verify spatial consistency and appropriate honouring of the input data.

 

·Global statistical validation: Comparison of grouped domains mean grades from the estimated block model against the corresponding declustered composite datasets for gold and silver to confirm that the estimation process has accurately preserved the global grade tenor of the composite data without introducing significant bias.

 

·Local statistical validation: Evaluation of grade distributions to identify potential over-smoothing or over-extrapolation within individual mineralized zones.

 

·Volumetric verification: Confirmation that the volumes of the estimated blocks and defined voids accurately represent the geometry of the mineralized wireframes and historically mined-out areas.

 

These validation measures collectively confirm that the block model provides a robust and credible representation of the gold and silver distribution within the Moss Gold Deposit.

 

14.1.12.1 Visual Validation - Composite Grades vs. Block Grades

 

GMS conducted a detailed visual validation of the estimated block grades against the composite grades for the Moss Gold Deposit using cross-sectional and longitudinal views (Figure 14.15). The visual comparisons indicate that grade smearing within the block model is minimal and that the estimated block grades provide a reliable and geologically consistent representation of the composite gold grades.

 

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Figure 14.15: Cross-Sectional View of Au Grades at Moss Gold

 

 

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Figure 14.16: Cross-Sectional View of Ag Grades at Moss Gold 

 

 

 

14.1.12.2 Global Statistics Validation

 

In addition to the visual checks, GMS performed a global statistical validation to verify that the estimated block grades are representative of the composite data used in the interpolation.

 

For this validation, the mean gold grades and grade distributions from the estimated block model were compared against those derived from the de-clustered composite dataset for each mineralized grouped domain of the Moss Gold Deposit. The result (Table 14.12) demonstrates good overall agreement, confirming that the estimation process has accurately preserved the global grade tenor of the composite data without introducing significant bias.

 

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Table 14.12: Au Declustered Composites vs Block Model — Moss Gold Deposit

 

Domain Composites Blocks Difference
(%)
Count Mean Decl.
Mean
Max Count Mean Max
M001, M002, M004, M005.2, M009, M017, M018, M029, M031 13,948 1.01 1 55 3,216,046 0.9589 26.17 -4.11%
M003, M003.2, M005.1, M006, M007, M007.1, M008, M010, M011, M012, M013, M014, M015, M016, M016.1, M019, M020, M021, M022, M023, M024, M024.1, M025, M026, M026.1 M027.1, M027.2, M028, M028.2, M030, M032, M033, M034, M035, M036, M037, M038, M038.1, M039, M040, M041, M042, M043, M044, M045, M045.1, M046, M047 9,478 0.83 0.89 27 6,552,765 0.86312 17.99 -3.02%
Q003, Q005, Q006, Q023, Q028 7,671 0.91 0.91 33 3,586,378 0.92174 13.60 1.29%
Q001, Q002, Q004, Q007, Q008, Q009, Q010, Q011, Q012, Q013, Q014, Q015, Q016, Q017, Q018, Q019, Q020, Q021, Q022, Q024, Q025, Q026, Q027, Q029, Q030, Q031, Q032, Q033 5,250 0.67 0.50 32.28 5,032,151 0.52987 9.25 5.97%
S001, S002, S003, S013, 2,394 0.85 0.84 33 1,517,881 0.96716 18.76 15.14%
S004, S005, S006 S007, S008, S009, S010, S011, S012, S014, S015, S016, S017, S018, S019, S020, S020.1 S021, S022, S023, S024, S025, S026, S027, S028, S029 3,482 0.59 0.59 15 3,586,343 0.61948 8.23 5.00%

 

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Table 14.13: Ag Declustered Composites vs Block Model – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Domain Composites Blocks Difference
Count Mean Decl.
Mean
Max Count Mean Max (%)
M001, M002, M004, M005.2, M009, M017, M018, M029, M031 5,133 1.16 1.34 25.56 3,216,046 1.29 11.80 -3.73%
M003, M003.2, M005.1, M006, M007, M007.1, M008, M010, M011, M012, M013, M014, M015, M016, M016.1, M019, M020, M021, M022, M023, M024, M024.1, M025, M026, M026.1 M027.1, M027.2, M028, M028.2, M030, M032, M033, M034, M035, M036, M037, M038, M038.1, M039, M040, M041, M041.1, M042, M043, M044, M045, M045.1, M046, M047 4,037 1.34 1.34 22.9 6,552,765 1.35 22.18 0.75%
Q003, Q005, Q006, Q023, Q028 5,643 1.61 1.61 30 3,586,378 1.47 21.20 -8.70%
Q001, Q002, Q004, Q007, Q008, Q009, Q010, Q011, Q012, Q013, Q014, Q015, Q016, Q017, Q018, Q019, Q020, Q021, Q022, Q024, Q025, Q026, Q027, Q029, Q030, Q031, Q032, Q033 3,545 1.33 1.33 30 5,032,151 1.11 21.91 -16.54%
S001, S002, S003, S013, 2,013 1.34 1.34 30 1,517,881 1.35 15.08 0.75%
S004, S005, S006 S007, S008, S009, S010, S011, S012, S014, S015, S016, S017, S018, S019, S020, S020.1 S021, S022, S023, S024, S025, S026, S027, S028, S029 2,973 1.08 1.08 26.2 3,586,343 1.08 15.63 0.00%

  

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14.1.12.3 Local Statistical Validation - Swath Plots

 

The swath plot method was employed as a local validation tool to compare the mean block grades against the mean composite grades within a three-dimensional moving window. Swath plots were generated by easting, northing, deposit cross strike and elevation to evaluate grade continuity and consistency between the composites and the estimated blocks.

 

Figure 14.17 and Figure 14.18 illustrate the swath plots for the Moss Gold Deposit. Overall, the composite grades are well represented within the estimated blocks, and the results indicate that the model is not over-smoothed. The estimated grades provide a realistic representation of the gold and silver distribution within all three areas of the Moss Gold Deposit.

 

Figure 14.17: Au X, Y, Z and Cross Strike Swath Plots - Moss Gold Deposit

 

 

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Figure 14.18: Ag X, Y, Z and Cross Strike Swath Plots - Moss Gold Deposit

 

 

 

14.1.12.4 Discussion on Block Model Validation

 

Overall, the validation results confirm that the block model estimates provide a reliable and geologically consistent representation of the drillhole composite grades for the Moss Gold Deposit. Visual inspection indicates only minor grade smearing and no evidence of significant overestimation or underestimation of gold and silver grades. The local statistical validations, as demonstrated by the swath plots, show strong local correlation between the estimated block grades and the composite data within the mineralized domains, supporting the robustness of the grade interpolation and the overall integrity of the block model.

 

14.1.13 Classification of Mineral Resources

 

The estimated blocks for the Moss Gold Deposit were classified in accordance with CIM’s “Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves” (2014) and adhere to the CIM “Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practice Guidelines” (2019). The Mineral Resources for the Moss deposit have been classified as Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources.

 

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As defined by CIM:

 

“An Indicated Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, density, shape and physical characteristics are estimated with sufficient confidence to allow the application of Modifying Factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit.”

 

“An Inferred Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological and grade or quality continuity.”

 

In assigning Mineral Resource categories at Moss, GMS considered variogram ranges, drillhole spacing, confidence in geological interpretation, estimation performance, and data quality. The final Mineral Resource classification is primarily based on average drillhole spacing metrics, supplemented by manual review to avoid isolated or unsupported blocks.

 

The principal assumptions used to classify the Mineral Resources as Indicated and Inferred are summarized below:

 

  ·No Measured Mineral Resources are defined for the Moss deposit at this stage of the Project.

 

  ·Indicated Mineral Resources are defined where blocks have an average distance to the nearest three (3) drillholes of less than 45 m.

 

  ·Inferred Mineral Resources are defined where blocks have an average distance to the nearest three (3) drillholes of less than 90 m, reflecting areas of lower drill density and reduced geological continuity.

 

  ·Final resource categories were manually reviewed and locally adjusted where necessary to eliminate isolated clusters of blocks.

 

The final classification of Mineral Resources for the Moss Gold deposit is illustrated in Figure 14.19 for the in-pit Mineral Resource.

 

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Figure 14.19: Oblique View of Indicated and Inferred Material Within the Resource Pit – Moss Gold Deposit

 

 

 

14.1.14 Reasonable Prospects of Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE)

 

The Moss Gold Deposit is constrained by an optimized Whittle pit shell for the open-pit Mineral Resource. The Whittle pit shell was generated by GMS mine engineering personnel. The parameters and cut-off grade assumptions used for the pit optimization are presented in Table 14.14.

 

Table 14.14: Resource Pit Parameters – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Moss Deposit Resource OP
Gold Price (USD/tr.oz) 2,200
Exchange rate USD/CAD 1.33
Royalty Rate (%) 0
Royalty (CAD/t milled) 0
Process Recovery Au (%) 92
Mining (Rock) (CAD/t mined) 3.67
Mining (OVB) (CAD/t mined) 3.57

 

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Moss Deposit Resource OP
Processing (power incl.) (CAD/t milled) 12.04
G&A (CAD/t milled) 2.21
Applied Resource Pit Cutoff (g/t Au) 0.35

 

14.1.15 Mineral Resource Sensitivity to Cut-off Grade

 

The sensitivity of the open pit Mineral Resource at the Moss Gold Deposit to varying cut-off grade scenarios is summarized in Table 14.15. Figure 14.20 presents the grade-tonnage curve illustrating the variation in tonnage and grade for the Indicated and Inferred open-pit Mineral Resources at different gold cut-off grades. The tonnages and grades reported at alternative cut-offs are provided for comparison purposes only and do not constitute official Mineral Resources. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability.

 

The base case cut-off grade for the open pit Mineral Resource is 0.35 g/t Au. As shown in the tables and figures, the Moss Gold open-pit Mineral Resource demonstrates relatively low sensitivity to cut-off grade variations around the base case. Gold content within the Indicated category remains stable at cut-off grades near and moderately above 0.35 g/t Au. The Inferred Mineral Resource within the pit shell represents a smaller proportion of the total contained gold and has a limited impact on overall sensitivity trends.

 

Table 14.15: Sensitivity to Au Cut-off Grade within the Resource Pit – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Deposit Cut-off
Au g/t
Indicated Inferred
Mass
(Mt)
Average
Grade
Au (g/t)
Ounces
(koz)

Mass

(Mt)

Average
Grade
Au (g/t)
Ounces
(koz)
Moss Gold 0.2 72.9 0.94 2,203 150.5 0.85 4,132
0.25 70.6 0.96 2,187 143.7 0.88 4,082
0.3 67.8 0.99 2,162 135.3 0.92 4,008
0.35 64.3 1.03 2,125 125.9 0.97 3,910
0.4 60.4 1.07 2,078 116.4 1.01 3,796
0.45 56.1 1.12 2,020 106.9 1.07 3,665
0.5 51.8 1.17 1,955 97.6 1.12 3,524

 

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Figure 14.20: Grade Tonnage Curve for Au (OK and ID2) — Moss Gold Deposit

 

 

 

14.1.16 Comparison to Previous Resource Estimate

 

The previous Mineral Resource estimate completed by APEX in 2024 was reported using a cut-off grade (CoG) of 0.35 g/t Au in the open pit and a CoG of 2.00 for underground. For the 2026 Mineral Resource update, the reporting cut-off grade for the Moss deposit open pit remains at 0.35 g/t Au and no underground Mineral Resource was reported. Also, the Span Lake area of the Moss Gold Deposit, which was part of the Moss Gold Deposit 2024 MRE, was excluded from the current MRE

 

The optimized pit shells used to constrain and report the Mineral Resources have been updated as part of the 2026 study.

 

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Table 14.16 presents a comparison of the 2024 and 2026 Mineral Resource Estimates (MRE) for the Moss Gold Deposit.

 

Table 14.16: Comparison of the 2024 versus 2026 MRE – Moss Gold Deposit

 

Deposit Classification MRE Year Open Pit (OP)
Tonnes
(Mt)
Grade
(g/t)
Au Ounces
(koz)
Moss Gold Indicated 2024 31.3 1.22 1,228
2026 64.3 1.03 2,126
2024 vs. 2026 33 -0.19 898
Inferred 2024 31.3 1.04 4,563
2026 125.9 0.97 3,910
2024 vs. 2026 94.6 -0.07 -653

 

14.2 East Coldstream Deposit

 

14.2.1 Estimation Methodology

 

The Mineral Resource estimation for the East Coldstream deposit was completed using a sub-block block model developed from interpreted mineralized zones delineated for the deposit. The estimation was carried out in accordance with industry-standard best practices and complies with the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (2014), as well as the disclosure requirements of National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”).

 

The Mineral Resource estimation followed the procedures outlined below, which summarize the key stages of the methodology applied to the Moss Gold Deposit:

 

·Validation of the drillhole database to confirm the accuracy and consistency of collar coordinates, downhole survey data, lithological logging, density measurements, and gold assay results.

 

·Selection of drillholes considered appropriate for Mineral Resource estimation of the East Coldstream Deposit, incorporating drilling completed through August 12, 2025.

 

·Three-dimensional (3D) geological modelling of mineralized wireframes based on lithological interpretation, structural controls, mineralization style, and gold assay grades exceeding interpreted mineralization thresholds was created using Leapfrog GeoTM 2025.3. Mineralized domains were treated as hard boundaries during grade estimation using Leapfrog EdgeTM.

 

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·Geostatistical analysis, including compositing of raw assay intervals to uniform lengths, capping of high-grade gold and silver raw assays by mineralized domain, and variography to assess the spatial continuity and orientation of mineralization using Leapfrog GeoTM 2025.3 and SupervisorTM v. 9.1.

 

·Construction of a sub-blocked block model, including definition of parent block and sub-block dimensions, block coding parameters, and the project coordinate system.

 

·Grade estimation performed using Ordinary Kriging (“OK”) for all shear-hosted mineralized domains, based on data density, geological continuity, and variographic behaviour. Estimation parameters and search ellipsoids were defined for the grouped domains.

 

·Mineral Resource classification based on drillhole spacing, geological continuity, data quality, and estimation confidence, in accordance with CIM (2014) guidelines.

 

·Validation of grade interpolation results through visual inspection, statistical comparisons, and swath plot analysis to assess global and local bias and potential smoothing effects.

 

·Cut-off grade sensitivity and grade-tonnage curves were completed to evaluate the impact of varying cut-off grades on Mineral Resource tonnage and grade distribution.

 

·Reporting of open-pit Mineral Resources within an optimized pit shell to demonstrate reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, followed by preparation of the Mineral Resource statement in compliance with CIM Definition Standards and NI 43-101 requirements.

 

The Mineral Resource Estimation was completed using a validated drillhole database and geological models prepared under the direction of the Qualified Person (“QP”), Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., Chief Geologist at G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”). In the opinion of the QP, the geological interpretation, drillhole database, assay data, and density information are of sufficient quality and reliability to support the interpretation of mineralized domains, the estimation of gold grades, and the assignment of Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource classification categories for the East Coldstream Deposit.

 

14.2.2 Resource Database

 

To support the preparation of the current Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE”) for the East Coldstream deposit, a validated drillhole database was compiled and provided to G Mining Services Inc. (“GMS”) for use in the Mineral Resource estimation process. The database incorporates all relevant drilling completed on the deposit through August 12th, 2025, including drilling conducted by Gold X2 Mining Inc. (“Gold X2”) between 2021 and August 12th, 2025, and is provided in a series of structured digital files containing geological and analytical information, including collar coordinates, downhole survey data, assay results, lithological descriptions, alteration and mineralization logs, structural information, and density measurements.

 

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The current MRE is derived exclusively from this updated database, which includes drilling completed by Gold X2 and its predecessors and excludes selected historical drillholes that were identified as being affected by analytical limitations, potential data bias, or insufficient data validation. The exclusion of this historical data was undertaken as part of the data verification process to ensure the integrity, accuracy, and spatial reliability of the dataset used for Mineral Resource estimation and is consistent with the recommendations outlined in Section 12 of this report.

 

A summary of drilling completed for the East Coldstream Deposit is presented in Section 10. Drillhole spacing across the deposit generally ranges from approximately 40 to 70 metres, reflecting variable data density across the mineralized zones. The Mineral Resource estimation is based on a comprehensive drillhole dataset comprising 172 drillholes totalling more than 37,000 metres, with the majority of the drilling assayed for gold.

 

Since the issuance of the previous Mineral Resource Estimate, Gold X2 has not completed any additional drilling on the East Coldstream deposit.

 

The drillholes incorporated into the current MRE include all drillholes located within the boundaries of the interpreted geological model for the East Coldstream Deposit. This includes drillholes that intersect modelled mineralized wireframes, as well as drillholes that do not directly intersect mineralization but provide important geological, structural, lithological, or alteration information used to constrain and validate the geological interpretation.

 

Drillholes located outside the limits of the interpreted geological model, or drillholes identified as being affected by analytical issues, data quality concerns, or potential bias, were excluded from the Mineral Resource estimation in accordance with the data verification procedures described in Section 12 of this report.

 

Of the 176 drillholes within the limits of the East Coldstream Deposit model, four (4) were excluded. A summary of drillholes included in and excluded from the current Mineral Resource Estimate, by period, is provided in Table 14.17.

 

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Table 14.17: Summary of Drillholes and Assays Used for the Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE, 2025) of the East Coldstream Deposit

 

Owner Period Type Included in MRE Excluded from MRE
Number
of
Holes

Total
Length

(m)

Assayed
Length

(m)

Number
of
Holes

Total
Length

(m)

Assayed
Length

(m)

Various Historical
(pre-2007)
Surface 61 10,239 5,329 4 433 12
Various

Modern

(2007-2020)

Surface 95 25,358 22,671 0 0 0
Gold X2 2021
onward
Surface 16 7,974 8,181 0 0 0
Total 172 43,570 36,181 4 433 12

 

Figure 14.21: Plan View of MRE Drillholes – East Coldstream Deposit

 

 

 

14.2.3 Topography Surface

 

A topographic surface was generated from LiDAR data provided by Gold X2. The contours were used to produce a three-dimensional wireframe surface that was used to assign block topography (percentage of each block below the topographic surface).

 

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14.2.4 Modelling

 

14.2.4.1 Lithological Model

 

The 3D lithological model for the East Coldstream Deposit was developed by GMS using drillhole lithological logging and supporting geological datasets. Available information, including validated drillhole logs, surface geological mapping, and relevant geophysical data, was integrated to construct and refine the geological framework. Manual interpretation, surface adjustments, and localized editing were undertaken to ensure geological consistency and to smooth model boundaries where appropriate.

 

The modelled lithological units at East Coldstream include:

 

·IDI (diabase).

 

·IGC (gabbro).

 

·IQP (quartz feldspar porphyry).

 

·IUM (ultramafic intrusive).

 

·VRC (volcanic country rock – primarily basalt and andesite).

 

·OVB (overburden).

 

These lithological domains form the basis for bulk density assignment and provide geological constraints for mineralized zone interpretation and grade estimation.

 

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Figure 14.22: Plan View of the East Coldstream Deposit Lithological Model

 

 

 

14.2.4.2 Mineralization Model

 

A single mineralization model was developed for the East Coldstream Deposit Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE). Drillhole assay intervals were used to model the mineralized zones using the Leapfrog GeoTM interval selection method. In total, the East Coldstream Deposit comprises 12 distinct gold-bearing mineralized zones.

 

The mineralization model was constructed using multiple geological and structural inputs, including lithological domains from the geological model, alteration type and intensity, oriented core structural data, mineralization type and gold grade distribution. These parameters were used to assign mineralized intervals to their respective zones to ensure geological consistency and reliable grade estimation.

 

Mineralized zones are generally parallel to the main lithological units and are structurally controlled. The mineralization exhibits a dominant orientation between 059° and 070°, with steep dips typically ranging between 80° and 90°.

 

A modelling cut-off grade between 0.25 g/t and 0.30 g/t Au was applied to constrain the mineralized zones. An approximate minimum modelled true thickness of 1.5 metres was used, where supported by drilling, to ensure geological continuity while limiting internal dilution. The mineralization extends over a combined strike length of approximately 2 kilometres and has been interpreted to depths of up to 165 metres below surface.

 

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The models were refined through iterative review to minimize internal dilution while maintaining geological continuity and structural integrity.

 

Figure 14.23: Plan View of the East Coldstream Deposit Mineralization Model

 

 

 

14.2.5 Gold Assays, Capping, and Compositing

 

14.2.5.1 Raw Assays

 

Assay statistics for the East Coldstream Deposit are presented below. Assay values reported below the analytical detection limit were assigned one-half the detection limit for statistical analysis and grade estimation purposes. Unsampled drill intervals were assigned a value equal to one-half the detection limit (0.0025 g/t Au) to ensure consistency in the dataset. Assay values missing from the database were left blank.

 

14.2.5.2 Gold Assay Capping

 

Gold assay capping for the East Coldstream Deposit was completed by GMS prior to compositing the original assay intervals within each mineralized domain. The shear domains show comparable grade behaviour and were therefore combined for the capping study to provide adequate sample support and a more reliable statistical assessment. Capping values were determined using standard statistical tools,

 

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including decile curves, log-probability plots, and sensitivity checks on extreme assays. Capping values were determined using standard statistical tools, including decile curves, log-probability plots, and sensitivity checks on extreme assays.

 

A total of 22 assay samples were capped for the East Coldstream Deposit. The resulting metal loss factor, calculated on a length-weighted basis from capped gold grades, is 0.4%. This level of metal loss is considered adequate and reflects the already low coefficient of variation (CV) observed in the uncapped assay data, indicating limited influence from extremely high-grade values and supporting the appropriateness of the selected capping thresholds.

 

The capping strategy ensures balanced treatment of high-grade outliers and limits their undue influence during grade interpolation. Table 14.18 presents a summary of the mean, coefficient of variation (CV), and capping levels applied by GMS to the raw gold assays for the grouped mineralized domains.

 

Table 14.18: Au Assay Capping and Metal Loss by Domains - East Coldstream Deposit

 

Domain

Num.
of

Assays

Au Uncapped
(g/t)

Num.
of

Assays
Capped

Au Capped
(g/t)

Metal
Loss

(%)

Max Mean CV Max Mean CV
C001, C002, C003, C004, C005, C006, C007, C008, C009, C010, C011, C012 5646 37.71 0.72 2.44 22 12 0.7 2.16 0.40%

 

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Figure 14.24: Au Histogram, Log Probability Plot, Mean and Variance Plot, and Cumulative Metal Plot – All Domains

 

 

14.2.5.3 Compositing

 

Following the application of assay capping, samples were composited downhole within the boundaries of each mineralized zone. Compositing was undertaken to reduce data variability and to generate a more representative dataset for grade estimation. The composite length was determined through statistical analysis of the original sample intervals, taking into consideration the dominant sample length (mode), block model dimensions, and the scale of the modelled mineralized zones.

 

A composite length of 1 metre was selected following analysis of the East Coldstream Deposit assay interval distribution. Residual composite lengths of less than 0.3 m were proportionally distributed across the corresponding mineralized interval. A minimum sample coverage of 50% was required for a composite to be generated.

 

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Table 14.19 presents the summary statistics for both uncomposited and composited samples by mineralized zone. Figure 14.25 illustrates the distribution of original sample interval lengths for the East Coldstream Deposit.

 

Figure 14.25: Histogram of Sample Lengths in Shears - East Coldstream Deposit

 

 

 

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Table 14.19: Impact of Compositing on Au – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Domain Assays (Capped) Composites

Difference

(%)

Number
of

Samples

Max
Au

(g/t)

Wtd.
Mean
Au (g/t)
CV

Number
of

Samples

Max
Au

(g/t)

Wtd.
Mean
Au (g/t)
CV Wtd.
Mean
Au
CV

C001,

C002,

C003,

C004,

C005,

C006,

C007,

C008,

C009,

C010,

C011,

C012

5646 12.0 0.70 2.16 6,078 12.0 0.71 1.94 1.43 -10.19

 

14.2.6 Density Assignment

 

Density values were calculated and validated by lithological unit using statistical analysis of the 361 available Archimedes density measurements. For each lithology, outlier values were identified using the interquartile range (IQR) method, where the IQR is defined as the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1). Upper and lower bounds were calculated as Q3 + 1.5 x IQR and Q1 - 1.5 x IQR, respectively, and density measurements falling outside these limits were excluded to ensure representative and geologically reasonable density estimates.

 

Block model densities were subsequently assigned according to the lithological units defined within the geological model, as summarized in Table 14.20. A density value of 1.80 g/cm3 was applied to overburden material.

 

Table 14.20: Summary of Bulk Density by Lithology – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Lithology East Coldstream
SG (g/cm3)
Overburden 1.80
IDI 2.91
IGC 2.93
IQP 2.68
IUM 2.90

 

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Lithology East Coldstream
SG (g/cm3)
VRC 2.82

 

14.2.7 Block Model

 

A rotated sub-block model was constructed for the East Coldstream Deposit using a parent block size of 5 m x 5 m x 5 m and a sub-block count of 4 x 4 x 4 for a minimum block size of 1.25 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m. The block model was rotated 340 degrees to align with the dominant orientation of the mineralized structures, and the block model parameters are summarized in Table 14.21. Sub-blocking was applied to accurately represent the geometry of the mineralized wireframes and to improve volume resolution along geological and structural boundaries. Sub-block generation was triggered by the mineralization model and the lithological model.

 

Table 14.21: Block Model Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Parameter NAD 83

Block
Size

(m)

Minimum
Sub-block

(m)

Number
of

Blocks

Areal Extent
(m)
Minimum
(m)
Maximum
(m)
Easting 679,045 681,264 5 1.25 553 1,795
Northing 5,385,450 5,387,439 5 1.25 222 4,315
Elevation -130 520 5 1.25 130 955
Rotation 340°

 

14.2.8 Variography

 

Variography was undertaken to evaluate and model the spatial continuity of gold grades within the mineralized zones of the East Coldstream Deposit. Each zone was individually modelled based on the interpreted geometry, orientation, and geological characteristics of the mineralization. Variogram analysis was performed only on zones with sufficient sample density to support the development of reliable and geologically meaningful variogram models.

 

At East Coldstream, only the C001 shear was well defined and readily interpretable, reflecting adequate data support and consistent geological controls within the variogrammed zone. Given the similar orientations and grade populations of the East Coldstream shear domains, it was deemed appropriate to use the C001 variogram as representative for all domains.

 

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The variogram model of the C001 domain of the East Coldstream Deposit is illustrated in Figure 14.26, and the corresponding variogram model parameters are summarized in Table 14.22.

 

Figure 14.26: Experimental Variogram for C001

 

 

Table 14.22: Variogram Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Domain Dip Dip
Azimuth
Pitch Nugget Axis Sill 1 Range 1 Sill 2 Range 2

C001

(representative)

 

90 5 65 0.16 Major 0.664 35 0.176 113
Semi 32 96
Minor 7 15

 

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14.2.9 Gold Grade Interpolation

 

GMS evaluated interpolation methods for estimating capped gold grades within the block model, taking into account the statistical characteristics of the mineralized zones and the spatial grade continuity defined by the variogram models.

 

For the East Coldstream Deposit, Ordinary Kriging (OK) was selected as the estimation method. Ordinary Kriging was applied to all 12 mineralized zones.

 

Search ellipse dimensions were defined based on the interpreted variogram ranges and drillhole spacing within each zone. Dynamic anisotropy was applied for all mineralized zones to guide the orientation of the search ellipses during interpolation, ensuring that grade estimation respected local structural and geological trends. Sample selection during estimation was restricted using hard boundaries to preserve zone integrity.

 

Silver was not interpolated for East Coldstream due to the relatively low grade.

 

Table 14.23: Au Interpolation Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Deposit Est.
Domain
Interpolation
Pass
Ellipsoid
Ranges (m)
Orientation Composites Min
Hole
X Y Z Min Max Max /
Hole
  C001,                  
  C002, Pass 1 70 60 10 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3
  C003,                  
  C004,                  
  C005, Pass 2 105 90 15 Variable (DA) 7 12 3 3
East C006,                  
Coldstream C007,                  
  C008, Pass 3 140 120 20 Variable (DA) 5 12 3 3
  C009,                  
  C010,                  
  C011, Pass 4 280 240 40 Variable (DA) 5 9 3 2
  C012                  

 

14.2.10 Block Model Validation

 

A comprehensive validation process was conducted by GMS to confirm that the block model provides a reliable and geologically consistent representation of the composite gold and silver grades within the East Coldstream Deposit. Multiple validation procedures were performed to assess both global and local accuracy of the grade estimates, as well as the volumetric integrity of the model.

 

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The validation steps undertaken included the following:

 

·Visual validation: Section-by-section comparisons of composite gold grades against estimated block grades to verify spatial consistency and appropriate honouring of the input data.

 

·Global statistical validation: Comparison of the mean grades from the estimated block model against the corresponding declustered composite datasets for gold to assess overall grade reconciliation.

 

·Local statistical validation: Evaluation of grade distributions to identify potential over-smoothing or over-extrapolation within individual mineralized zones.

 

·Volumetric verification: Confirmation that the volumes of the estimated blocks and defined voids accurately represent the geometry of the mineralized wireframes and historically mined-out areas.

 

These validation measures collectively confirm that the block model provides a robust and credible representation of the gold distribution within the East Coldstream Deposit.

 

14.2.10.1 Visual Validation - Composite Grades vs. Block Grades

 

GMS conducted a detailed visual validation of the estimated block grades against the composite grades for the East Coldstream Deposit using cross-sectional and longitudinal views (Figure 14.27 & Figure 14.15). The visual comparisons indicate that grade smearing within the block model is minimal and that the estimated block grades provide a reliable and geologically consistent representation of the composite gold grades.

 

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Figure 14.27: Cross-Sectional View of Grades in East Coldstream

 

 

 

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14.2.10.1 Global Statistics Validation

 

In addition to the visual checks, GMS performed a global statistical validation to verify that the estimated block grades are representative of the composite data used in the interpolation.

 

For this validation, the mean gold grades and grade distributions from the estimated block model were compared against those derived from the de-clustered composite dataset for each mineralized domain of the East Coldstream Deposit. The results (Table 14.24) demonstrate good overall agreement, confirming that the estimation process has accurately preserved the global grade tenor of the composite data without introducing significant bias.

 

Table 14.24: Declustered Composites vs Block Model – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Domain Composites Blocks Difference
(%)
Count Mean Decl.
Mean
Max Count

Mean

Max
C001 2,195 0.75 0.78 12.00 581,183 0.79 8.26 1.54
C002 380 0.59 0.58 11.15 113,548 0.51 4.27 -12.47
C003 1,358 0.56 0.60 12.00 592,390 0.49 7.76 -18.43
C004 561 1.16 1.08 12.00 318,638 1.12 8.33 4.06
C005 537 0.69 0.73 12.00 356,846 0.81 6.60 11.07
C006 257 0.83 0.82 12.00 194,237 0.85 5.22 3.51
C007 142 0.29 0.40 2.80 120,045 0.40 1.57 0.20
C008 227 0.57 0.53 7.44 194,411 0.43 4.15 -19.70
C009 73 0.16 0.13 0.68 74,405 0.14 0.37 8.23
C010 189 0.86 0.59 10.29 127,462 0.63 6.07 6.85
C011 34 0.17 0.13 0.81 27,811 0.15 0.45 15.69
C012 359 1.64 1.07 12.00 242,859 1.47 9.05 37.24

 

14.2.10.1 Local Statistical Validation - Swath Plots

 

The swath plot method was employed as a local validation tool to compare the mean block grades against the mean composite grades within a three-dimensional moving window. For this analysis, swath plots were generated by easting, northing, elevation, and along the deposit cross-strike to evaluate grade continuity and consistency between the composites and the estimated blocks.

 

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Figure 14.28 illustrates the swath plots for the East Coldstream Deposit. Overall, the composite grades are well represented within the estimated blocks, and the results indicate that the model is not over-smoothed. The estimated grades provide a realistic representation of the gold distribution in the East Coldstream Deposit.

 

Figure 14.28: Au X, Y, Z and Cross Strike Swath Plots – East Coldstream Deposit

 

 

14.2.10.2 Discussion on Block Model Validation

 

Overall, the validation results confirm that the block model estimates provide a reliable and geologically consistent representation of the drillhole composite grades for the East Coldstream Deposit. Visual inspection indicates only minor grade smearing and no evidence of significant overestimation or underestimation of gold grades. The local statistical validations, as demonstrated by the swath plots, show strong local correlation between the estimated block grades and the composite data within the mineralized domains, supporting the robustness of the grade interpolation and the overall integrity of the block model.

 

14.2.11 Classification of Mineral Resources

 

The estimated blocks for the East Coldstream Deposit were classified in accordance with CIM’s “Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves” (2014) and adhere to the CIM “Estimation of

 

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Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practice Guidelines” (2019). The Mineral Resources for the East Coldstream Deposit have been classified as Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources.

 

As defined by CIM:

 

“An Indicated Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, density, shape and physical characteristics are estimated with sufficient confidence to allow the application of Modifying Factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit.”

 

“An Inferred Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological and grade or quality continuity.”

 

In assigning Mineral Resource categories at East Coldstream, GMS considered variogram ranges, drillhole spacing, confidence in geological interpretation, estimation performance, and data quality. The final Mineral Resource classification is primarily based on average drillhole spacing metrics, supplemented by manual review to avoid isolated or unsupported blocks.

 

The principal assumptions used to classify the Mineral Resources as Indicated and Inferred are summarized below:

 

·No Measured Mineral Resources are defined for the East Coldstream Deposit at this stage of the Project.

 

·Indicated Mineral Resources are defined where blocks have an average distance to the nearest three (3) drillholes of less than 45 m.

 

·Inferred Mineral Resources are defined where blocks have an average distance to the nearest three (3) drillholes of less than 90 m, reflecting areas of lower drill density and reduced geological continuity.

 

·Final resource categories were manually reviewed and locally adjusted where necessary to eliminate isolated clusters of blocks.

 

The final classification of Mineral Resources for the East Coldstream Deposit is illustrated in Figure 14.29 for the in-pit Mineral Resource.

 

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Figure 14.29: Oblique View of Indicated and Inferred Material Within the Resource Pit – East Coldstream Deposit

 

 

 

14.2.12 Reasonable Prospects of Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE)

 

The Moss deposit is constrained by an optimized Whittle pit shell for the open-pit Mineral Resource. The Whittle pit shell was generated by GMS mine engineering personnel. The parameters and cut-off grade assumptions used for the pit optimization are presented in Table 14.25.

 

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Table 14.25: Resource Pit Parameters – East Coldstream Deposit

 

East Coldstream Deposit Resource OP
Gold Price (USD/tr.oz) 2,200
Exchange Rate USD/CAD 1.33
Royalty Rate (%) 0
Royalty (CAD/t milled) 0
Process Recovery Au (%) 92
Mining (Rock) (CAD/t mined) 3.67
Mining (OVB) (CAD/t mined) 3.57
Processing (power incl.) (CAD/t milled) 12.04
G&A (CAD/t milled) 2.21
Applied Resource Pit Cutoff (g/t Au) 0.35

 

14.2.13 Mineral Resource Sensitivity to Cut-off Grade

 

The sensitivity of the open pit Mineral Resource at the East Coldstream Deposit to varying cut-off grade scenarios is summarized in Table 14.26. Figure 14.30 presents the grade-tonnage curves illustrating the variation in tonnage and grade for the Indicated and Inferred open-pit Mineral Resources at different gold cut-off grades. The tonnages and grades reported at alternative cut-offs are provided for comparison purposes only and do not constitute official Mineral Resources. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability.

 

Table 14.26: Sensitivity to Au Cut-Off Grade within the Resource Pit – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Deposit Cut-off
Au g/t
Indicated Inferred
Mass
(Mt)
Average
Grade
Au (g/t)
Ounces
(koz)
Mass
(Mt)
Average
Grade
Au (g/t)
Ounces
(koz)

East

Coldstream

0.2 11.6 0.94 352 11 0.90 319
0.25 10.9 0.99 347 10.3 0.95 314
0.3 10.2 1.04 340 9.5 1.00 307
0.35 9.5 1.09 333 8.8 1.06 299
0.4 8.8 1.15 325 8.1 1.12 292
0.45 8.2 1.20 317 7.5 1.17 283

 

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Deposit Cut-off
Au g/t
Indicated Inferred
Mass
(Mt)
Average
Grade
Au (g/t)
Ounces
(koz)
Mass
(Mt)
Average
Grade
Au (g/t)
Ounces
(koz)
  0.5 7.6 1.25 308 7.0 1.23 275

 

Figure 14.30: Grade Tonnage Curve for Au (OK) – East Coldstream Deposit

 

 

The base case cut-off grade for the open pit Mineral Resource is 0.35 g/t Au. As shown in the tables and figures, the East Coldstream open-pit Mineral Resource demonstrates relatively low sensitivity to cut-off grade variations around the base case. Gold content within the Indicated category remains stable at cut-off

 

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grades near and moderately above 0.35 g/t Au. The Inferred Mineral Resource within the pit shell represents a smaller proportion of the total contained gold and has a limited impact on overall sensitivity trends.

 

14.2.14 Comparison to Previous Resource Estimate

 

The previous Mineral Resource estimate completed by APEX in 2024 was reported using a cut-off grade (CoG) of 0.35 g/t Au for the open pit and a CoG of 2.00 g/t for underground. For the 2026 Mineral Resource update, the reporting cut-off grade for the East Coldstream Deposit remains at 0.35 g/t Au for the open pit. No underground estimation was completed for the 2026 MRE.

 

The optimized pit shells used to constrain and report the Mineral Resources have been updated as part of the 2026 study.

 

Table 14.27 presents a comparison of the 2024 and 2026 Mineral Resource Estimates (MRE) for the East Coldstream Deposit.

 

Table 14.27: Comparison of the 2024 versus 2026 MRE – East Coldstream Deposit

 

Deposit Classification MRE Year Open Pit (OP)
Tonnes
(Mt)
Grade
(g/t)
Au Ounces
(koz)
East
Coldstream
Indicated 2024 7.7 1.24 307
2026 9.5 1.09 333
2024 vs. 2026 +1.8 -0.15 +26
Inferred 2024 5.4 1.14 198
2026 8.8 1.06 299
2024 vs. 2026 +3.4 -0.08 +102

 

14.3 QP Conclusion

 

Mr. Dominic Lussier, P.Geo., is not aware of any factors or issues that materially affect the Mineral Resource Estimate other than normal risks faced by mining projects in the province in terms of environmental, permitting, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, and political factors, and additional risk factors regarding indicated and inferred resources.

 

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15. MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES

 

This Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) of the Moss Gold deposit is based on indicated and inferred resources. Because of this inclusion of inferred resources, it is not applicable to determine reserves at this stage of the Project. Economic zones will be classified as mineralized materials (“MM”) only.

 

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16. MINING METHODS

 

16.1 Summary

 

The Moss Gold Project is planned as a conventional open pit mine, based on the Moss Gold Deposit. The East Coldstream Deposit is excluded from the PEA. The Project already has available power lines, water resources and is reachable via Highway 11. The milling rate is planned at 11 Mtpa with a 10-month ramp-up period. The mill will run for 13.2 years.

 

Open pit mining will be carried out using diesel-powered equipment, including drills, haul trucks, and hydraulic shovels. The Project comprises one (1) pit that will be developed in three (3) main phases.

 

The peak mining rate is projected at 75 Mtpa over a 13.2-year mine life. A total of 139.0 Mt of mineralized material (“MM”) will be extracted at an average diluted gold grade of 0.88 g/t Au and 1.37 g/t Ag. The pit is divided into three (3) zones.

 

The mineralized material is composed of rock and overburden. The overall strip ratio of waste to MM for the Project is 5.3:1. The primary production equipment includes a 15 m3 diesel-hydraulic shovel coupled with 150 t off-highway mining trucks for the mineralized material, and 29 m3 diesel-hydraulic production shovels and 320 t off-highway mining trucks for the waste. Overburden mining is done using 6.3 m3 diesel-hydraulic excavators coupled with 100 t off-highway mining trucks.

 

16.2 Mineral Resource Block Model

 

The resource block model (Final Regularised MRE 2025 Block Model) was produced by G Mining Services (GMS) on January 16, 2026, using Leapfrog software. The block model is sub-blocked in 1.25 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m with parent blocks of 5 m x 5 m x 5 m. The block model was delivered as a regularized block model to meet the pit optimization software requirement.

 

16.3 Geotechnical Considerations

 

16.3.1 Geotechnical Study and Slope Recommendations

 

There are no geotechnical data, nor ongoing studies, for this Project. GMS had to base its calculations and design based on several assumptions coming from rules of thumb, lithology wireframes, and other projects with similar ground patterns in Canada.

 

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Rock bench slopes are based on observation of the geological model. As the geological structures are mostly subvertical (around 80°), a bench face angle of 70° is deemed appropriate for the PEA level study. The catch bench is planned at a width of 4.5 m + 0.2 x Bench Height. As there is no geotechnical report, overburden slopes are estimated based on other projects with a similar layer of overburden. The overburden open pit slope guidelines are presented in Table 16.1.

 

Table 16.1: Rock Open Pit Slope Guidelines

 

Design Sector Rock Overburden
Bench Stacking (n) 20 2
Bench Height (m) 20 10
Bench Face Angle (°) 70 35
Avg. Catch Berm Width 8.5 6.5
Inter-Ramp (crest-to-toe) (°) 52.5 29.7
Overall Slope Angle (crest-to-toe) (°) 43.4 to 45.9 15.3

 

16.3.2 Hydrogeology

 

No hydrogeological studies have been completed at this stage of the Project to assess groundwater conditions. An estimation of groundwater inflow is based on other projects in similar conditions for in-pit dewatering purposes.

 

16.4 Open Pit Optimization

 

Open-pit optimization was carried out using GEOVIA WhittleTM version 2022 to determine the optimal economic pit shell and its phases to optimize the Project’s mineralized content recovery while minimizing the mining costs. The optimization employed the pseudoflow algorithm, which operates on the block model of the mineralized body by iteratively identifying groups of blocks that should be mined or excluded based on economic and geotechnical parameters. This method aims to delineate a pit shell with the highest net economic value constrained by geotechnical slope configurations (defined as structure arcs) and other physical limitations represented as heavy blocks within the software. The optimization was based on blocks classified as Measured, Indicated, and Inferred Mineral Resources.

 

16.4.1 Mining Dilution and Mining Recovery

 

G Mining Services developed a proprietary dilution algorithm to simulate realistic mining conditions for open pit operations. The approach uses a 1-metre dilution skin based on the smallest mucking unit (15 m3 bucket)

 

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and the average block width (5 m). For each mineralized material block adjacent to a waste block, the grade and density of the mineralized material block are recalculated by incorporating the contribution of the dilution skin from the waste block. The algorithm is applied to the regularized block model with 5 m x 5 m x 5 m cells. A mining recovery script was applied to estimate the mining recovery of the mineralized material and operate on the same principle. Table 16.2 presents the waterfall table for dilution and mining recovery of mineralized material. The average dilution is estimated at 10% and the mining recovery is estimated at 94%.

 

Table 16.2: Waterfall Table

 

    Diluted and Mining Recovered
  Million Tonnes Grade Au
(g/t)
Grade Ag
(g/t)
k Oz Au k Oz Ag
Mineralized Material 158.2 0.82 1.30 4,166 6,618
- Mineralized Material Loss -1.7 0.52 0.97 -28 -52
- Diluted Below CoG -18.3 0.38 0.81 -222 -477
+ Internal Dilution 0.6 0.34 1.00 6 18
Final MM 139.0 0.88 1.37 3,923 6,101

 

16.4.2 Pit Optimization Parameters and Cut-off-Grade

 

To evaluate the potentially extractable portion of the Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE”), a cut-off grade (“CoG”) was calculated by G Mining Services. Table 16.3 illustrates the parameters used to estimate the CoG for the Moss Gold Project. The mining reference cost (i.e., for a block near the surface) is CAD 3.67/t for rock and $3.57/t for overburden. These costs are LOM averages based on a previous mining cost model developed by GMS for the Moss Gold Project. The dilution and the mining recovery in WhittleTM are set at 0% as a dilution script and a mining recovery script were applied to the block model.

 

Table 16.3: Cut-off Grade Calculation Parameters

 

Optimization Parameters Moss
Economic Parameters
Gold Price USD/tr.oz 2,000
Exchange Rate CAN/USD 1.33
Discount Rate % 5.0
Royalties % 0

 

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Optimization Parameters Moss
Payables
Payable Metal % 99
Metallurgical Recoveries
Au Recovery % 92
Dilution Factors
Mining Dilution for Whittle % Dilution Script
Mining Recovery for Whittle   Dilution Script
Mining Costs
Reference Mining Cost (Rock) $/t mined 3.67
Mining Cost (OVB) $/t mined 3.57
Incremental Bench Cost $/m bench 0
Mineralized Material-Based Costs
Processing Cost (Power incl.) $/t milled 12.04
G&A Costs $/t milled 2.21
Total Mineralized Material-Based Cost $/t milled 14.25
Summary
Mill Cut-off Grade Incl. Recovery g/t 0.19
Applied Cut-off Grade g/t 0.41

 

16.4.3 Optimization Results

 

An annual mineralized material production rate of 11 million tonnes per annum was assumed for the entire open-pit operation with a maximum mining rate of 75 million tonnes per annum.

 

Table 16.4 shows the WhittleTM output (outputs for each pit shell showing only the physical parameters associated with varying revenue factors), and Table 16.5 shows the pit-by-pit analysis (incorporates production volumes and includes a discounted cash flow analysis). Figure 16.1 provides a visual representation of the results for the pit-by-pit graph.

 

Pushbacks were optimized by the standoff distance of 60 m and the mining sequence from the Pushback optimizer simulation from the Geovia WhittleTM software, maximizing the Project’s final Net Present Value (NPV).

 

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Table 16.4 Moss Gold Whittle Output

 

Pit
Shell
Rev.
Factor
Gold
Price
($/oz)
Total
(kt)
Mineralized
Material (kt)
Strip
Ratio
(W:MM)
Grade
(g/t)
Au
(k Oz)
1 0.3 798 19,918 5,380 2.70 1.45 251
2 0.32 851.2 26,104 7,030 2.71 1.38 313
3 0.34 904.4 36,378 9,950 2.66 1.29 412
4 0.36 957.6 52,826 14,589 2.62 1.20 563
5 0.38 1,010.8 74,802 20,947 2.57 1.12 755
6 0.4 1,064.0 101,592 28,185 2.60 1.07 970
7 0.42 1,117.2 131,411 36,520 2.60 1.02 1,199
8 0.44 1,170.4 140,721 40,200 2.50 0.99 1,282
9 0.46 1,223.6 165,971 46,474 2.57 0.97 1,451
10 0.48 1,276.8 181,731 49,568 2.67 0.97 1,540
11 0.5 1,330.0 210,304 55,200 2.81 0.96 1,696
12 0.52 1,383.2 224,139 57,984 2.87 0.95 1,770
13 0.54 1,436.4 247,928 62,162 2.99 0.94 1,884
14 0.56 1,489.6 333,844 74,913 3.46 0.94 2,254
15 0.58 1,542.8 353,144 77,829 3.54 0.93 2,336
16 0.6 1,596.0 370,186 80,535 3.60 0.93 2,407
17 0.62 1,649.2 396,423 84,692 3.68 0.92 2,512
18 0.64 1,702.4 590,563 110,415 4.35 0.91 3,216
19 0.66 1,755.6 619,172 114,432 4.41 0.90 3,319
20 0.68 1,808.8 644,296 117,444 4.49 0.90 3,402
21 0.7 1,862.0 683,218 122,236 4.59 0.90 3,530
22 0.71 1,888.6 693,265 123,399 4.62 0.90 3,561
23 0.72 1,915.2 709,281 125,233 4.66 0.90 3,610
24 0.73 1,941.8 714,293 125,927 4.67 0.90 3,626
25 0.74 1,968.4 719,770 126,540 4.69 0.90 3,642
26 0.75 1,995.0 729,801 127,590 4.72 0.89 3,671
27 0.76 2,021.6 737,192 128,352 4.74 0.89 3,692
28 0.77 2,048.2 750,462 129,942 4.78 0.89 3,730
29 0.78 2,074.8 786,414 133,481 4.89 0.89 3,828

 

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Pit
Shell
Rev.
Factor
Gold
Price
($/oz)
Total
(kt)
Mineralized
Material (kt)
Strip
Ratio
(W:MM)
Grade
(g/t)
Au
(k Oz)
30 0.79 2,101.4 901,304 145,056 5.21 0.89 4,135
31 0.8 2,128.0 918,056 146,548 5.26 0.89 4,178
32 0.81 2,154.6 927,476 147,477 5.29 0.89 4,203
33 0.82 2,181.2 934,496 148,088 5.31 0.89 4,220
34 0.83 2,207.8 948,439 149,338 5.35 0.89 4,255
35 0.84 2,234.4 968,209 151,119 5.41 0.89 4,303
36 0.85 2,261.0 970,319 151,313 5.41 0.89 4,308
37 0.86 2,287.6 981,949 152,415 5.44 0.89 4,337
38 0.87 2,314.2 987,135 152,953 5.45 0.88 4,349
39 0.88 2,340.8 992,227 153,455 5.47 0.88 4,361
40 0.89 2,367.4 1,014,222 155,142 5.54 0.88 4,410
41 0.9 2,394.0 1,019,349 155,679 5.55 0.88 4,423
42 0.91 2,420.6 1,029,109 156,500 5.58 0.88 4,444
43 0.92 2,447.2 1,050,577 158,254 5.64 0.88 4,491
44 0.93 2,473.8 1,056,337 158,701 5.66 0.88 4,504
45 0.94 2,500.4 1,062,152 159,144 5.67 0.88 4,516
46 0.95 2,527.0 1,067,444 159,560 5.69 0.88 4,527
47 0.96 2,553.6 1,073,819 160,163 5.70 0.88 4,541
48 0.97 2,580.2 1,083,289 160,881 5.73 0.88 4,560
49 0.98 2,606.8 1,094,426 161,813 5.76 0.88 4,583
50 0.99 2,633.4 1,099,290 162,219 5.78 0.88 4,593
51 1 2,660.0 1,117,410 163,377 5.84 0.88 4,628

 

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Table 16.5: Moss Gold Pit-by-Pit Analysis

 

Pit Shell Best Case
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Specified
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Worst Case
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Total
Tonnage
(kt)
Mineralized
Material
(kt)
Strip Ratio (W: MM) Waste
Tonnage
(kt)
Gold
Grade (g/t)
1 481 481 481 19,918 6,887 1.89 13,031 1.45
2 580 580 580 26,104 8,787 1.97 17,316 1.38
3 733 733 733 36,378 12,089 2.01 24,289 1.29
4 958 955 955 52,826 17,093 2.09 35,733 1.20
5 1,217 1,209 1,209 74,802 23,601 2.17 51,201 1.12
6 1,488 1,472 1,472 101,592 30,642 2.32 70,950 1.07
7 1,748 1,724 1,724 131,411 38,370 2.42 93,041 1.02
8 1,821 1,796 1,793 140,721 40,759 2.45 99,962 0.99
9 1,994 1,967 1,955 165,971 46,474 2.57 119,496 0.97
10 2,084 2,057 2,040 181,731 49,568 2.67 132,163 0.97
11 2,230 2,200 2,169 210,304 55,200 2.81 155,104 0.96
12 2,297 2,265 2,224 224,139 57,984 2.87 166,155 0.95
13 2,395 2,359 2,297 247,928 62,162 2.99 185,766 0.94
14 2,674 2,614 2,512 333,844 74,913 3.46 258,931 0.94
15 2,733 2,667 2,556 353,144 77,829 3.54 275,315 0.93
16 2,782 2,708 2,589 370,186 80,535 3.60 289,651 0.93
17 2,848 2,763 2,631 396,423 84,692 3.68 311,732 0.92
18 3,209 3,127 2,868 590,563 110,415 4.35 480,148 0.91
19 3,257 3,169 2,890 619,172 114,432 4.41 504,740 0.90
20 3,294 3,202 2,904 644,296 117,444 4.49 526,851 0.90

 

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Pit Shell Best Case
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Specified
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Worst Case
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Total
Tonnage
(kt)
Mineralized
Material
(kt)
Strip Ratio
(W: MM)
Waste
Tonnage
(kt)
Gold
Grade (g/t)
21 3,347 3,243 2,916 683,218 122,236 4.59 560,982 0.90
22 3,359 3,252 2,921 693,265 123,399 4.62 569,866 0.90
23 3,377 3,266 2,924 709,281 125,233 4.66 584,049 0.90
24 3,383 3,270 2,924 714,293 125,927 4.67 588,366 0.90
25 3,389 3,273 2,924 719,770 126,540 4.69 593,230 0.90
26 3,398 3,277 2,925 729,801 127,590 4.72 602,210 0.89
27 3,405 3,280 2,925 737,192 128,352 4.74 608,840 0.89
28 3,416 3,285 2,920 750,462 129,942 4.78 620,519 0.89
29 3,443 3,296 2,917 786,414 133,481 4.89 652,934 0.89
30 3,517 3,309 2,868 901,304 145,056 5.21 756,248 0.89
31 3,527 3,311 2,862 918,056 146,548 5.26 771,508 0.89
32 3,531 3,311 2,853 927,476 147,477 5.29 779,999 0.89
33 3,535 3,311 2,847 934,496 148,088 5.31 786,408 0.89
34 3,541 3,310 2,837 948,439 149,338 5.35 799,100 0.89
35 3,550 3,306 2,824 968,209 151,119 5.41 817,090 0.89
36 3,551 3,305 2,821 970,319 151,313 5.41 819,006 0.89
37 3,555 3,300 2,810 981,949 152,415 5.44 829,534 0.89
38 3,557 3,298 2,805 987,135 152,953 5.45 834,181 0.88
39 3,559 3,297 2,800 992,227 153,455 5.47 838,772 0.88
40 3,565 3,289 2,779 1,014,222 155,142 5.54 859,081 0.88
41 3,566 3,287 2,772 1,019,349 155,679 5.55 863,670 0.88

 

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Pit Shell Best Case
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Specified
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Worst Case
Disc. @ 5%
(CAD M)
Total
Tonnage
(kt)
Mineralized
Material
(kt)
Strip Ratio
(W:MM)
 
Waste
Tonnage
(kt)
Gold
Grade (g/t)
42 3,568 3,282 2,762 1,029,109 156,500 5.58 872,609 0.88
43 3,573 3,271 2,740 1,050,577 158,254 5.64 892,323 0.88
44 3,573 3,268 2,734 1,056,337 158,701 5.66 897,636 0.88
45 3,574 3,265 2,728 1,062,152 159,144 5.67 903,008 0.88
46 3,575 3,262 2,722 1,067,444 159,560 5.69 907,884 0.88
47 3,575 3,263 2,713 1,073,819 160,163 5.70 913,655 0.88
48 3,576 3,263 2,702 1,083,289 160,881 5.73 922,408 0.88
49 3,577 3,264 2,688 1,094,426 161,813 5.76 932,613 0.88
50 3,577 3,264 2,681 1,099,290 162,219 5.78 937,072 0.88
51 3,577 3,264 2,656 1,117,410 163,377 5.84 954,032 0.88

 

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Figure 16.1: Moss Gold Pit-by-Pit Graph

 

 

Table 16.6: Moss Gold Final Pit Shell Selection

 

Shell Selection Best Spec. Worst Selected
Shell Number 48 31 26 30
Shell RF 0.97 0.8 0.75 0.79
Shell Price (CAD) 2,580 2,128 1,995 2,101
Total Tonnage (kt) 1,083,289 918,056 729,801 901,304
Waste Tonnage (kt) 922,408 771,508 602,210 756,248
Strip Ratio (W:MM) 5.73 5.26 4.72 5.21
Mineralized Material Tonnage (kt) 160,881 146,548 127,590 145,056
Au Grade (g/t) 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89
Spec DCF @ 5% ($M) 3,263 3,311 3,277 3,309
LOM (Yr) 14.63 13.32 11.60 13.19

 

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Figure 16.2: Phase 1

 

 

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Figure 16.3: Phase 2

 

 

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Figure 16.4: Phase 3

 

 

16.5 Waste Rock Storage Facilities

 

A total of 668 Mt of waste rock and 72 Mt of overburden will be generated over the life of mine. Waste rock will be hauled to designated rock storage facilities located northeast and southwest of the pit. Waste dumps will be stacked using track dozers. The waste rock piles will be constructed in horizontal lifts oriented along both the north–south and west–east axes. Overburden will be hauled separately to the dedicated zone of the waste stockpile. Figure 16.5 illustrates the location of each storage facility, and Table 16.7 provides the corresponding storage capacities and details about the conception of each of those.

 

Additionally, an estimated 10.0 million cubic metres (Mm3) of waste rock will be utilized for various construction purposes, including general infrastructure development and tailings storage facility (TSF) construction.

 

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Figure 16.5: Waste Rock Storage Facilities

 

 

Table 16.7: Moss Gold Waste Storages

 

Dump Material Quantity
Filled
Space % Filled Bench
Width
Bench
Height
OSA
Northeast Waste / Overburden 250.0 Mm3 259.5 Mm3 96% 10 m 10 m 17.5°
Southwest Waste 139.7 Mm3 139.7 Mm3 100% 10 m 10 m 17.5°

 

16.6 Mineralized Material Stockpile

 

Mineralized material will be stockpiled next to the crusher to ensure a steady flow of material to the mill. No planning has been done for stockpile management to increase the mill feed grade in the early years.

 

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16.7 Mine Haul Roads

 

The ramps have been designed to accommodate double-lane traffic for 320 t class off-highway trucks, except near the final 40 m of each phase, where they transition to a single-lane ramp. Single-lane roads and ramps are 25.3 metres wide, while double-lane configurations are 35.9 metres wide. Figure 16.6 illustrates a typical layout of the planned haul roads and ramp system. All ramps maintain a consistent gradient of 10% across each pit. The pit exits have been strategically positioned to minimize haul distances between the pit and the processing plant.

 

Figure 16.6: Double and Simple Lane Hauling Roads for 320 t Trucks

 

 

16.8 Open Pit Production Schedule

 

The LOM production schedule for the open pit mines was optimized using MinemaxTM Scheduler, which is an industry-leading schedule optimizer using best-in-class CPLEX technology. MinemaxTM Scheduler is an automated mine scheduling tool which leverages multi-period optimization to determine maximum net present value (“NPV”) while imposing various physical constraints and targets. The optimization includes mine sequencing and mining rate, stockpile usage and rehandling, and fleet usage. The strategic optimal plan from MinemaxTM on an annual basis was then further detailed by year using DeswikTM to track material movements, stockpile inventory, mill blending, waste movements, and equipment usage / movements.

 

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16.8.1 Open Pit Mining Schedule

 

Open pit mining activities are planned over a duration of 20 months of pre-production and 13.2 years of production. The mining rate will ramp up to reach a maximum of 75 Mtpa in Year 6, where it will ramp down until the end of the life of mine. Figure 16.7 presents the open pit mining schedule by material type (without reclaiming movement).

 

Figure 16.7 illustrates the annual mine production of each material, Figure 16.8 shows pit production, and Figure 16.9 shows mill feed over the years. Table 16.8 provides an overview of the production schedule.

 

Figure 16.7: Open Pit Mine Production by Material Type (without reclaiming)

 

 

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Figure 16.8: Open Pit Mineralized Material Production

 

 

Figure 16.9: Open Pit Mineralized Material Milled

 

 

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Table 16.8: Open Pit Schedule Overview

 

  Units Total Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13
Total Tonnage Mt 879.4 22.7 62.0 72.5 72.1 72.1 73.2 74.7 72.9 73.6 74.0 73.0 55.0 54.7 26.9
Overburden Mt 72.2 12.5 16.5 23.4 11.1 6.1 2.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 - - - - -
Waste Mt 668.3 8.7 37.4 38.1 50.0 55.0 60.2 64.9 60.2 62.6 63.3 62.4 47.1 42.7 15.6
Mineralized Material Mt 139.0 1.4 8.1 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 9.6 12.4 11.0 10.7 10.6 7.9 12.0 11.2
Gold Grade g/t 0.88 0.82 1.02 0.96 0.89 0.83 0.86 0.83 0.87 0.88 0.86 0.78 0.83 0.86 0.97
Gold Ounces koz 3,923 38 263 341 313 294 303 254 349 311 297 266 210 330 352
Silver Grade g/t 1.37 1.21 1.53 1.12 0.95 1.05 1.16 1.72 1.62 1.50 1.35 1.35 1.58 1.50 1.44
Silver Ounces koz 6,101 56 395 395 336 371 411 529 648 530 465 463 400 581 522
Strip Ratio W:MM 5.33 14.71 6.70 5.59 5.56 5.55 5.66 6.82 4.86 5.69 5.91 5.87 5.98 3.55 1.39

 

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Figure 16.10: Mine Development: Year 1

 

 

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Figure 16.11: Mine Development: Year 4

 

 

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Figure 16.12: Mine Development: Year 9

 

 

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Figure 16.13: Mine Development: Year 14 (End of LOM)

 

 

16.9 Mine Operations and Equipment Selection

 

16.9.1 Drilling and Blasting

 

Two (2) different drilling patterns will be used depending on the hardness of the rock and the destination of the material (mineralized material or waste). Single-pass drills will be chosen to ensure the best productivity.

 

A Down-the-Hole (DTH) drill is selected for mineralized material with 6.5” holes. A subdrill of 1 m will be considered with a drilling pattern of 5 m Burden by 5 m Spacing.

 

A DTH drill is selected for waste rock with 8.00” holes. A subdrill of 1 m will be considered with a drilling pattern of 6 m Burden by 6 m Spacing.

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-22

 

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Powder factors will be respectively 0.31 kg/t in mineralized material and 0.29 kg/t in waste. Table 16.9 depicts the drill patterns and the production drill parameters.

 

Table 16.9: Drill and Blast Parameters

 

Drill & Blast Parameters Unit Mineralized Material Waste
Drill Pattern
KS: Spacing / Burden  - 1.00 1.00
KB: Burden / Diameter  - 30.28 29.53
KJ: Subdrill / Burden  - 0.20 0.17
KT: Stemming / Burden  - 0.64 0.67
KH: Height / Burden  - 2.00 1.67
Explosive Density g/cm3 1.25 1.25
Hole Diameter in 6.50 8.00
Diameter (D) m 0.165 0.203
Burden (B) m 5.00 6.00
Spacing (S) m 5.00 6.00
Subdrill (J) m 1.00 1.00
Stemming (T) m 3.20 4.00
Bench Height (H) m 10.0 10.0
Blasthole Length (L) m 11 11
Pattern Yield
Rock Density t/bcm 2.70 2.70
BCM / Hole bcm/hole 250 360
Yield per Hole t/hole 675 972
Yield per Metre Drilled t/m drilled 61 88
Explosive Column (LE) m 7.80 7.00
Volume of Explosives / Hole m3 0.17 0.23
Weight of Explosives / Hole kg 208.73 283.76
Powder Factor kg/t 0.31 0.29
Powder Factor kg/bcm 0.83 0.79

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-23

 

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Drill & Blast Parameters Unit Mineralized Material Waste
Drill Productivity
Re-drills % 5.0% 5.0%
Pure Penetration Rate m/hr 40.0 40.0
Overall Drilling Factor (%) % 50.00% 50.00%
Overall Penetration Rate m/hr 20.0 20.0
Drilling Efficiency t/hr 1,227 1,767
Drilling Efficiency holes/hr 1.82 1.82

 

Most of the blast holes will be initiated with electronic detonators coupled with two (2) prime boosters of 450 g.

 

Controlled blasting techniques will be used, including buffer blasts and pre-splits. The pre-split consists of closely spaced holes along the design excavation limit. The holes are loaded with a light charge and detonated simultaneously or in groups separated by short delays. Firing the pre-split row creates a crack that forms the excavation limit and helps to prevent wall rock damage by venting explosive gases and reflecting shock waves. A pre-split drill rig (4.5”: 8”) was selected for this application.

 

Explosives will be produced by a third-party provider who will be responsible for supplying and delivering explosives into emulsion trucks. An external contracted blasting team will oversee the loading and blasting activities. The mine engineering department will be responsible for designing blast patterns, relaying hole information to the drilling team, and supervising all blasting activities.

 

16.9.2 Loading

 

The loading fleet is strategically divided into five (5) unit types, each tailored to specific material handling requirements.

 

Waste management will be performed with a mixed effort of diesel-powered hydraulic shovels with bucket capacities of 29 m3 and 15 m3, and a wheel loader equipped with a 22 m3 bucket.

 

Mineralized material management will also be performed with a mixed fleet of diesel-powered hydraulic shovels with bucket capacities of 15 m3 and 16 m3, and a wheel loader equipped with a 22 m3 bucket.

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-24

 

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These units operate in conjunction with haul trucks rated at 150 tonnes for mineralized material and 320 tonnes for waste material. Rehandling will be performed solely with the wheel loader equipped with a 22 m3 bucket.

 

Overburden removal will be managed by a 6.3 m3 diesel hydraulic shovel paired with 100 t haul trucks.

 

Table 16.10 represents the fleet for mined material, rehandling material, and mill feed material.

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-25

 

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Table 16.10: Fleet Units

 

  Loading Unit 1 Loading Unit 2 Loading Unit 4 Loading Unit 2 Loading Unit 3 Loading Unit 5 Loading Unit 4 Loading Unit 5 Loading Unit 6
Waste Rock 1 Waste Rock 1 Waste Rock 1 MM Rock 1 MM Rock 1 MM Rock 1 Rehandling Rehandling Mill Feed
Loading Unit   29 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
15 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
32.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
15 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
16 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
22.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
32.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
22.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
22.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
Haulage Unit   320 t Truck 320 t Truck 320 t Truck 150 t Truck 150 t Truck 150 t Truck 320 t Truck 150 t Truck -
Rated Truck Payload t 290 290 290 139 139 139 290 139 -
Heaped Tray Volume m3 202 202 202 78 78 78 202 78 -
Bucket Capacity m3 29.0 15.0 32.9 15.0 16.0 22.9 32.9 22.9 22.9
Bucket Fill Factor % 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 83% 85% 84% 90%
Bucket Weight t 55.10 28.50 62.47 28.50 30.40 43.59 62.47 43.59 43.59
In-situ Dry Density t/bcm 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
Moisture % 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Loading Swell Factor % 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40%
Hauling Swell Factor % 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
Wet Loose Density t/lcm 1.99 1.99 1.99 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06
Actual Suspended Weight @ 100% Fill t 112.71 58.30 127.79 59.40 63.36 90.84 130.20 90.84 90.84
Actual Load per Bucket t 51.85 26.82 58.78 27.81 29.66 39.22 57.57 39.70 42.53
Passes (decimal) # 5.59 10.81 4.93 5.00 4.69 3.54 5.04 3.50 1.00
Passes (whole) # 5.50 11.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 3.50 5.00 3.50 1.00
Actual Truck Wet Payload t 285 295 294 139 133 137 288 139 43
Actual Truck Dry Payload t 277 286 285 135 130 133 279 135 -
Actual Heaped Volume m3 154 159 159 72 69 71 150 72 22
Payload Capacity % 98% 102% 101% 100% 96% 99% 99% 100% -
Heaped Capacity % 76% 79% 78% 93% 89% 92% 74% 93% -
Cycle Time                    
Hauler Exchange min 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.70 -
First Bucket Dump min 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 -
Average Cycle Time min 0.67 0.67 0.80 0.67 0.67 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.50
Load Time min 3.72 7.40 4.00 3.38 3.05 2.80 4.00 2.80 -
Cycle Efficiency with Wait Time % 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75%
Number of Trucks Loaded per Hour # 12.11 6.08 11.25 13.31 14.78 16.07 11.25 16.07 -

 

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-26

 

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  Loading Unit 1 Loading Unit 2 Loading Unit 4 Loading Unit 2 Loading Unit 3 Loading Unit 5 Loading Unit 4 Loading Unit 5 Loading Unit 6
Waste Rock 1 Waste Rock 1 Waste Rock 1 MM Rock 1 MM Rock 1 MM Rock 1 Rehandling Rehandling Mill Feed
Loading Unit   29 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
15 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
32.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
15 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
16 m3 Diesel
Hydraulic
Shovel
22.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
32.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
22.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
22.9 m3
Wheel
Loader
Haulage Unit   320 t Truck 320 t Truck 320 t Truck 150 t Truck 150 t Truck 150 t Truck 320 t Truck 150 t Truck -
Production / Productivity                    
Productivity Dry Tonnes / Op. hr t/hr 3,353.46 1,741.58 3,210.20 1,797.34 1,915.27 2,142.02 3,144.15 2,167.83 1275.9228
Effective Hours per Year hrs/y 5,214 5,214 5,540 5,214 5,214 5,540 5,540 5,540 5,540

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-27

 

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16.9.3   Hauling

 

Haulage will be performed by 320-t-class off-highway mining trucks for waste and by 150-t-class off-highway trucks for mineralized material. The mineralized material will be hauled to the crusher located outside of the pit, while the waste will be hauled to the waste storage facilities.

 

The truck requirements have been calculated in Deswik.LHS (Landform and Haulage) software. This software links the mining schedule to the waste movements and determines optimal haulage routes and simulates them using Rimpull data from the fleet. The following assumptions were used when running the simulations.

 

·Max site speed limit of 50 km/h on roads, and 30 km/h on bench.

 

·Max speed loaded and downhill of 30 km/h.

 

·Average rolling resistance of 2%.

 

Figure 16.14 depicts the average cycle time for mineralized material and waste divided by years. Note that cycle time increases as pits get deeper due to increased uphill haulage required. Plateaus or dips in the cycle time represent transitions to new pushbacks starting from the surface, temporarily reducing cycle time. Cycle times shown do not include fixed times of loading.

 

Figure 16.15 depicts the total fleet requirements by truck. A maximum of 27 units of 320 t trucks, 10 units of 150 t trucks, and 10 units of 100 t trucks are required to maintain production at the peak mining rate. The hauling fleet will be able to last for the life of the mine.

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-28

 

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Figure 16.14: Cycle Time by Material Type

 

  

Figure 16.15: Truck Requirements

 

 

 

16.9.4 Support Operation 

 

Support equipment requirements are based on typical open pit mine operation and maintenance requirements to safely support the loading, hauling, and drilling fleets.

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-29

 

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Support equipment is planned for maintaining dump areas, stockpiles, pit floors, ditches and mine roads. The fleet of support equipment consists of the following:

 

·850 HP Track Dozer.

 

·18 ft Motor Grader.

 

·752 HP Wheel Dozer.

 

·76 kL Tank Water / Sand Truck.

 

16.9.5 Mine Dewatering

 

16.9.5.1 Initial Dewatering

 

Minimal initial dewatering for the open pit mining is expected and will be performed with 6” diesel pumps.

 

16.9.5.2 Dewatering During Operations

 

Dewatering during the operations will reach a maximum of 4.25 Mm3 of water and a total of 22 pumps. Figure 16.16 depicts the volumes to pump and the number of pumps required throughout the years.

 

Figure 16.16: Dewatering Volumes and Quantity of Pumps

 

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-30

 

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16.9.6 Mining Fleet Requirements

 

Table 16.11 summarizes the gross operating hours used for subsequent equipment fleet requirement calculations. The mine is expected to operate 24 hours per day, 365 days per year. This accounts for shift changes and weather delays. Additional delays and applied factors are included in the productivity calculations for each fleet. Ancillary and support equipment assumptions are specific to the equipment and are not summarized in Table 16.11.

 

Table 16.11: Equipment Usage Assumption

 

    Shovels Loaders Trucks Drills Ancillary Support Pumps
Days in Period days 365 365 365 365 365 365 365
Weather, Schedule
Outages
days 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Shifts per Day shift/day 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Hours per Shift hrs/shift 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
Availability % 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 80.0 80.0 90.0
Use of Availability % 90.0 90.0 90.0 85.0 85.0 80.0 95.0
Utilization % 76.5 76.5 76.5 72.25 68 64 85.5
Effectiveness % 80.0 85.0 87.0 85.0 80.0 80.0 90.0
Overall Equipment
Effectiveness (OEE)
% 61.2 65.0 66.6 61.4 54.4 51.2 77.0
Total Hours hrs 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760
Scheduled Hours hrs 8,520 8,520 8,520 8,520 8,520 8,520 8,520
Down Hours hrs 1,278 1,278 1,278 1,278 1,704 1,704 852
Delay Hours hrs 1,304 978 847 923 1,159 1,091 728
Standby Hours hrs 724 724 724 1,086 1,022 1,363 383
Operating Hours hrs 6,518 6,518 6,518 6,156 5,794 5,453 7,285
Ready Hours hrs 5,214 5,540 5,670 5,232 4,635 4,362 6,556

 

Table 16.12 and Table 16.13 present the equipment purchase schedule for the life of the mine, whereas Table 16.14 and Table 16.15 present the requirements per year of that equipment.

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-31

 

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Table 16.12: Major Equipment Purchase Schedule

 

Production Equipment Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Production Drill (4-8”) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Production Drill (6-10”) 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel Hydraulic Shovel (29 m3) 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel Hydraulic Shovel (15 m3) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel Hydraulic Shovel (16 m3) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheel Loader (22 m3) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mining Haul Truck (150 t) 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
Mining Haul Truck (320 t) 3 9 0 2 7 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Track Dozer (850 HP) 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Motor Grader (18 ft) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Water / Sand Truck (76 kL tank) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheel Dozer (752 HP) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Auxiliary Pre-split Drill (4.5-8”) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mining Haul Truck (100 t) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel Hydraulic Excavator (6.3 m3) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Excavator (49 t) OVB 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Track Dozer (436 HP) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Motor Grader (14 ft) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheel Loader (271 HP) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheel Loader (4.7 m3) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-32

 

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Table 16.13: Support Equipment Purchase Schedule

 

Support Equipment Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Stemming Loader 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Excavator (49 t) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Excavator (90 t) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydraulic Hammers for Excavator (49 t) 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Boom Truck (28 t) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Manlift (45 ft) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mechanic Service Truck 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tire Handler Loader 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fuel & Lube truck (7.5 kL) ADT 1 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
Tow Haul Truck (150 t) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trailer Lowboy (150 t) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pick Up 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0
Pit Bus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mobile Air Compressor 185 CFM 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Welding Machine Electric 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Welding Machine Diesel 400 A 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Light Plant 4 6 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0
Genset (60 kW) 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Water Pump 3” - Gasoline 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel Powered Air Heaters 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Snow Blower 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-33

 

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Support Equipment Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Water Pump 6 in - Diesel 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0
Water Pump 6 in - Diesel 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 5 1 0 0
Water Pump 6 in - Diesel 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 3 7 1 0 0
6” Pipe – 180 psi 224 0 0 0 915 0 0 0 0 0 0 358 0 417 610 0
6” Pipe – 180 psi 484 0 0 553 200 502 697 321 442 228 86 326 0 0 322 0
6” Pipe – 180 psi 403 923 357 369 709 0 117 0 0 0 0 0 610 639 98 0

 

Table 16.14: Major Equipment Requirement Schedule

 

Production Equipment Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Production Drill (4-8”) 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Production Drill (6-10”) 0 2 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 7 6 5 2 0
Diesel Hydraulic Shovel (29 m3) 0 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 0
Diesel Hydraulic Shovel (15 m3) 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Diesel Hydraulic Shovel (16 m3) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Wheel Loader (22 m3) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mining Haul Truck (150 t) 0 1 3 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 10 4
Mining Haul Truck (320 t) 0 3 12 12 14 21 21 24 27 23 23 24 19 20 8 0
Track Dozer (850 HP) 0 1 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 2 0
Motor Grader (18 ft) 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Water / Sand Truck (76 kL tank) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Wheel Dozer (752 HP) 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-34

 

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Production Equipment Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Auxiliary Pre-split Drill (4.5-8”) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Mining Haul Truck (100 t) 0 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel Hydraulic Excavator (6.3 m3) 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
Excavator (49 t) OVB 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Track Dozer (436 HP) 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
Motor Grader (14 ft) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheel Loader 271 HP 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheel Loader (4.7 m3) 0 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

 

Table 16.15: Support Equipment Requirement Schedule

 

Support Equipment Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Stemming Loader 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Excavator (49 t) 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Excavator (90 t) 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Hydraulic Hammers for Excavator (49 t) 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Boom Truck (28 t) 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Manlift (45 ft) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Mechanic Service Truck 0 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Tire Handler Loader 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Fuel & Lube Truck (7.5 kL) ADT 0 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Tow Haul Truck (150 t) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Trailer Lowboy (150 t) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

 

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Support Equipment Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Pick Up 0 14 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 5
Pit Bus 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Mobile Air Compressor 185 CFM 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Welding Machine Electric 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Welding Machine Diesel 400 A 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Light Plant 0 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0
Genset 60 kW 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Water pump 3” - Gasoline 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Diesel Powered Air Heaters 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Snow Blower 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Water Pump 6 in - Diesel 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 0
Water Pump 6 in - Diesel 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 7 8 0
Water Pump 6 in - Diesel 0 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 11 11 0
6” Pipe – 180 psi 224 224 224 224 1,139 1,139 1,139 1,139 1,139 1,139 1,139 1,497 1,497 1,914 2,524 224
6” Pipe – 180 psi 484 484 484 1,037 1237 1,739 2,436 2,757 3,199 3,427 3,513 3,839 3,839 3,839 4,161 484
6” Pipe – 180 psi 403 1,326 1,683 2,052 2761 2,761 2,878 2,878 2,878 2,878 2,878 2,878 3,488 4,127 4,225 403

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-36

 

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16.9.7 Open Pit Mine Manpower Requirements

 

Mine personnel were divided into hourly and staff positions and were divided between mine operations, mine maintenance, mine engineering, and geology.

 

Table 16.16 to Table 16.18 show the estimated workforce requirements over the LOM. The mine workforce peaks at 546 individuals in Year 7.

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-37

 

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Table 16.16: Mine Operation Workforces

 

Operations Year Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Mine Operations  
Mine Manager 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Mine Superintendent 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Mine Ops. General Supervisor 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Supervisor 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
Mine D&B Supervisor 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
Dispatcher 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
Training Supervisor 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Clerk 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Driller #1 0 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 8 8 8 8 8 8 0
Driller #2 0 4 20 20 24 28 28 28 28 32 32 28 24 20 8 0
Auxiliary Drill Operator - Auxiliary Pre-split Drill (4.5-8”) 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Utility Equip. Operator - Small
Stemming Loader (95 HP)
0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Shovel / Excavator Operator LU 1 0 2 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 4 0
Shovel / Excavator Operator LU 2 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Shovel / Excavator Operator LU 3 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Loader Operator LU 5 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Haul Truck Operator 1 0 4 12 20 20 24 24 24 28 28 28 28 28 36 40 16
Haul Truck Operator 3 0 12 48 48 56 84 84 96 108 92 92 96 76 80 32 0
Dewatering Labour 0 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0

 

Section 16March 2026Page 16-38

 

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Operations Year Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Dozer Operator - Track Dozer 1 0 4 16 12 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 16 8 0
Grader Operator 0 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1
Water Truck Operator – Water / Sand Truck 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
Dozer Operator - Wheel Dozer 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0
Shovel / Excavator Operator 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Shovel / Excavator Operator 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Ancillary Equipment Operator 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Haul Truck Operator 1 0 40 40 40 16 16 16 16 16 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shovel/Excavator Operator LU 1 0 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
Excavator Operator - Excavator (49 t) 0 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dozer Operator - Track Dozer 1 0 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loader Operator LU 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subtotal Mine Operations 0 166 270 274 258 302 302 314 334 318 272 272 240 248 180 27

 

Table 16.17: Mine Maintenance Workforces

 

Operations Year Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Mine Maintenance  
Superintendent 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
General Supervisor 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Supervisor 0 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 1
Senior Planner 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

 

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Operations Year Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Planner 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Mechanical Engineer 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Trainer 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Clerk 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Mobile Mechanic 0 36 72 76 76 88 84 92 96 92 84 84 72 76 52 2
Electrician 0 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 2
Welder / Machinist 0 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 2
Fuel & Lube Technician 0 2 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 0
Tire Technician 0 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0
Tool Crib Attendant 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Helper 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
Subtotal Mine Maintenance 0 80 147 151 151 163 159 167 171 167 159 159 147 151 115 13

 

Table 16.18: Technical Workforces

 

Operations Year Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Mine Geology  
Chief Geologist 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Senior Geologist 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Resource Geologist 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Exploration Geologist 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Production Geologist 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0

 

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Operations Year Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Junior Geologist 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Geology Technician 0 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Grade Control Labourers / Samplers 0 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2
Clerk 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Subtotal Mine Geology 0 10 10 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2
Mine Engineering  
Chief Mine Engineer 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Assistant Chief Mining Engineer 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Long-Term Planning Engineer 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Short-Term Planning Engineer 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Drill & Blast Engineer 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Senior Geotechnical Engineer 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Geotechnical Engineer 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Junior Mine Engineer 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Mining Technician 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
Senior Surveyor 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Surveyor 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Subtotal Mine Engineering 0 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 17 17 2

 

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16.9.8 Mine Management & Technical Services

 

The operations team is responsible for achieving production targets in a safe manner. The engineering and geology team will provide support to the operations team by supplying short-term and long-term planning, grade control, surveying, mining resources estimation, and all other technical functions.

 

Mine dispatch system is included in this PEA and will be managed by the mine operation team.

 

16.10 Mobile Crushing Plant

 

The production of crushed material will be necessary for blasthole stemming purposes and for road maintenance. It is assumed that the required aggregate material production will be contracted. Waste rock to feed the small crushing plant will come from the waste storage facility.

 

16.11 Pit Slope Monitoring

 

Pit slope monitoring systems are used to gather any information on micro and macro movements of the pit walls. It usually consists of strategically placed prisms / radar that are surveyed under a controlled environment (windless, rainless, and stationary). One (1) monitoring system has been developed during this phase of the PEA study and should be an element of focus in the basic engineering stage, considering the deepening of the pit.

 

16.12 Mine Maintenance

 

The Project has not included a maintenance and repair contract (MARC) for its mobile equipment fleet. The maintenance department and personnel requirements have been structured to fully manage this function, performing maintenance planning and training of employees. However, reliance on dealer and manufacturer support will be key for the initial years of the Project, and major component rebuilds will be supported by the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) dealer throughout LOM. An evaluation of a MARC will be considered with the feasibility study process. Tire monitoring, rotation and/or replacement will be realized internally.

 

Some other equipment will also be purchased to facilitate the maintenance activities and support the operation, such as fuel and lube trucks, forklift, telehandler, low-boy trailer, and tractor for moving the tracked equipment. Other small equipment, such as a mechanic service truck, generators, and welding machines, is also included.

 

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17. RECOVERY METHODS

 

17.1 Introduction

 

The proposed process plant design for the Moss Gold Project is based on a standard metallurgical flowsheet to treat gold-bearing material to produce doré for optimum recovery and minimum operating costs. The flowsheet is based on metallurgical test work described in Section 13, industry standards and conventional unit operations.

 

The process plant is designed to nominally treat 11 Mtpa of fresh rock and will consist of crushing, comminution, rougher flotation, regrind flotation concentrate, cyanide leach and adsorption via Carbon-In-Leach (CIL) of flotation concentrate and flotation tailings in separate CIL circuits, and carbon elution and gold recovery. The CIL circuit is fed via thickener to provide a steady and controlled flow and density through the circuit. The cyanide destruction system treats the CIL tailings, which are then pumped to the tailings storage facility. Figure 17.1 presents the overall flowsheet for the Moss Gold Project.

 

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Figure 17.1: Moss Gold Project Process Flow Diagram

 

 

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The key Project design criteria for the process plant are listed below:

 

·Nominal throughput of 11 Mtpa.

 

·Two-stage Crushing Plant Availability / Utilization 70%.

 

·Grinding, classification via hydrocyclone, flotation feed conditioning and rougher flotation, flotation concentrate regrind, flotation concentrate and flotation tailings CIL, gold recovery circuit, and tailings handling circuit availability 92%, through the use of standby equipment in critical areas, an inline crushed material stockpile and reliable power supply.

 

·Comminution circuit to produce a primary grind size of (P80) 80% passing 55 µm.

 

·Flotation rougher conditioning tank.

 

·Flotation rougher to produce a flotation concentrate at a mass recovery of 9.4% (w/w), the flotation concentrate is ground to achieve a grind size of (P80) 80% passing 15 µm.

 

·Flotation concentrate and flotation tailings CIL residence time of 48 h and 24 h, respectively, to achieve optimal gold extraction.

 

·Cyanide destruction circuit designed to produce weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide levels of less than 1 ppm.

 

·Sufficient process control to minimize the need for continuous operator interface and to allow for manual override and control if and when required.

 

·Equipment selection based on suitability for the required duty, reliability, and ease of maintenance.

 

·Plant layout that provides ease of access to all equipment for operating and maintainability, while facilitating concurrent construction activities in multiple areas of the plant.

 

17.2 Process Design Criteria

 

The proposed process plant will consist of the following unit operations:

 

·Primary crushing of material.

 

·Secondary crushing.

 

·Coarse material stockpile and reclaim.

 

·Grinding consisting of semi-autogenous (SAG) and two (2) ball mills with hydrocylones producing a final product P80 of 55 pm.

 

·Pebble crushing.

 

·Conditioning feed tank and flotation roughers.

 

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·Flotation concentrate regrind.

 

·Concentrate and flotation tailings thickening.

 

·Concentrate and flotation tailings CIL.

 

·Carbon elution via pressure Zadra circuit.

 

·Carbon handling and regeneration.

 

·Electrowinning and smelting to produce doré.

 

·Cyanide destruction of CIL tailings using SO2/O2.

 

·Tailing Storage facilities (TSF).

 

·Air and oxygen circuits.

 

·Reagents Preparation Systems.

 

·Water systems (potable water, raw water, gland seal water and process water).

 

Key process design criteria are summarized in Table 17.1

 

Table 17.1: Key Process Design Criteria

 

Area Criteria Unit

Nominal
Value

General Nominal Annual Throughput (Fresh Rock) t/y 11,000,000
Nominal Daily Throughput t/d 30,140
Crusher Plant Availability / Utilization % 70
Process Plant Availability / Utilization % 92
Design Gold Head Grade g/t 0.89
Leach Extraction – Rougher Conc. % 96.4
Leach Extraction – Flotation Tailings % 75.2
Losses / Solution CIL Tailings % 0.6
Overall Gold Recovery % 91.9
Crushing & Storage Crusher Work Index kWh/t N/A
Run of Mine (ROM), Maximum Size mm 900
Crusher Circuit Product Size (P80) mm 33
Fresh Rock Stockpile Capacity (Live) h 12

 

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Area Criteria Unit

Nominal
Value

Grinding SMC A x b (Average) – Fresh Rock - 34.7
SMC A x b (90th percentile) – Fresh Rock - 44.4
Bond Ball Mill Work Index (90th percentile) – Fresh Rock kWh/t 23.3
Bond Rod Mill Work Index (90th percentile) – Fresh Rock kWh/t 20.7
Grinding Circuit Product Size (P80) µm 55
Flotation Mass Recovery % 9.4
Feed Slurry Density (w/w) % 35
Conditioning Tank – Residence Time min 10
Rougher Cell Type - Mech Tk Cells
Rougher Cells - 6
Residence Time min 30
Flotation Concentrate Regrind Regrind Circuit Product Size (P80) µm 15
Circulating Load % 100
Pre-Leach
Thickening
Concentrate Thickener Underflow Density %w/w 55
Concentrate Thickener Solids Loading t/m2h 0.25
Tailing Thickener Underflow Density % w/w 55
Tailing Thickener Solids Loading t/m2h 1.4
Leach-CIL Concentrate Leach Residence Time h 48
Concentrate CIL Tanks - 5
Tailing Leach Residence Time - 24
Tailing CIL Tanks - 7
DR Elution Batch Size (Carbon) t 6
Acid Wash Vessels - 1
Elution Vessels - 3
Cyanide Destruction Cyanide Destruction Technology - SO2 / Air
Number of Tanks - 2
Total Retention Time h 4

 

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17.3 Process Plant Description

 

17.3.1 Primary and Secondary Crushing

 

The rear dump truck will transport material from the open pit to the primary crusher dump pocket. Under normal operating conditions, the truck will discharge directly into the dump pocket; however, if direct discharge is restricted, the truck load will be diverted to the ROM pad. The ROM pad will primarily be utilized for short-term or emergency storage and material blending as required by the mine plan, with material later reclaimed to the dump pocket by a front-end loader.

 

Material from the primary crusher dump pocket will feed into a gyratory crusher. A rock breaker will be installed to assist in breaking down any oversize material retained above the gyratory crusher. The output from the gyratory crusher will then be discharged into the primary crusher surge bin. An apron feeder and sacrificial conveyor will withdraw the crushed material, while a belt magnet positioned at the discharge of the sacrificial conveyor will recover any unwanted metallic debris. The sacrificial conveyor will convey the crushed material to the crushed Mineralized materiel (MM) screen, of which the oversize will be sent to the secondary cone crusher in closed circuit with the crushed Mineralized materiel screen, and the screen undersize will be sent to the stockpile feed conveyor, which will transport it to the crushed material stockpile. A weightometer on the stockpile feed conveyor will monitor primary crusher throughput and control the variable speed drive (VSD) of the apron feeder.

 

The entire crushing circuit will be serviced by a single dust collection system comprising multiple extraction hoods, ducting, and a baghouse. Collected dust will be discharged onto the stockpile feed conveyor.

 

17.3.2 Material Stockpiles

 

The stockpile area will be designed to store the crushed rock discharged from the crushing circuit. The crushed Mineralized materiel stockpile will be engineered with a live capacity of approximately 16.4 kt, which is equivalent to 12 hours of mill feed. Three (3) reclaim apron feeders will be installed underneath the stockpile and equipped with variable speed drives (VSDs) to precisely control the reclaim rate feeding the grinding circuit.

 

Additionally, the apron feeders installed within the surface tunnel will be fitted with a water spray system at the chute and an integrated dust collection system, both of which will be implemented to mitigate airborne particulate matter generated during material handling. The surface tunnel will be constructed with an engineered ventilation system designed to maintain adequate airflow, thereby ensuring compliance with occupational health and safety standards and minimizing dust accumulation. This ventilation system will

 

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control air quality, humidity, and temperature—critical factors for the safe and efficient operation of mechanical equipment within the surface tunnel.

 

17.3.3 Grinding

 

Reclaimed material from the stockpile will be conveyed via the SAG mill feed conveyor to a 12.2 m diameter by 5.86 m effective grinding length (EGL) SAG mill. The SAG mill will be equipped with a 19,500-kW dual pinion synchronous motor system and a variable speed drive (VSD) to regulate its speed. A belt scale on the SAG feed conveyor will monitor the feed rate, while process water will be introduced to maintain a slurry discharge density of 75%. The SAG mill discharge will pass through a screening system to remove grinding media scats and a limited number of pebbles, with the SAG screen undersize directed to the cyclone feed pump box to combine with ball mill discharge, and the oversize returned to the SAG mill feed conveyor.

 

Slurry from the cyclone feed pump box will be pumped to the cyclone cluster comprising 15 (13 operating and 2 standby) 254 mm hydrocyclones for size classification. The cyclone overflow, targeting a final product P80 of 55 µm, will be routed to a trash screen prior to entering the flotation conditioning tank. The hydrocyclones will be designed to operate with a 350% circulating load.

 

Cyclone underflow from the clusters will feed 7.32 m diameter by 11.85 m EGL ball mills, which will be outfitted with 12,500 kW dual pinion fixed speed motors. Slurry will overflow from the ball mills to a trommel screen mounted at the discharge end, with the trommel undersize discharging into the cyclone feed pump box.

 

17.3.4 Rougher Flotation and Concentrate Regrind

 

The flotation circuit will be fed by the slurry overflow of the hydrocylone cluster, which will be previously screened through a trash screen by removing wood and plastic trash. The flotation circuit will produce the flotation concentrate and tailings. The flotation circuit consists of six (6) rougher cells, which will receive a preconditioning material via the conditioning tank. The rougher cell has a capacity of 300 m3 each and 1,800 m3 total.

 

The flotation concentrate feeds by gravity the flotation concentrate pumpbox, whereas the flotation tailings feed the flotation tailings pumpbox, which is pumped to the flotation tailings thickener.

 

The rougher cells are equipped with the agitators and air injection.

 

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The flotation concentrate is then pumped onto the regrind hydrocyclone cluster, which produces a product of P80 passing 15 µm.

 

17.3.5 Pre-Leach Thickening and Concentrate and Flotation Tailings CIL

 

The flotation concentrate and Tailings will be pumped to two (2) separate thickeners with diameters of 25 m and 36 m, respectively.

 

17.3.6 Cyanide Detoxification

 

The cyanide destruction circuit will consist of two (2) mechanically agitated tanks with a tank capacity of 3,231 m3, providing a combined retention time of 4 hours. The conventional SO2/Air process will be utilized for cyanide destruction, and the treated slurry will flow by gravity to the cyanide destruction tailings pump box for subsequent transfer to the tailings storage facility.

 

The circuit will be designed to treat CIL tailings, process spills from various contained areas, and handle process bleed streams—including cold cyanide barren solution effluent, acid wash effluent, and area sump pump discharge.

 

Air will be sparged into the cyanide destruction tanks, and hydrated lime slurry will be added to maintain a minimum pH of 8.5, while copper sulfate will be employed as a catalyst. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) will be dosed into the system as a source of SO2. This process will reduce WAD cyanide in solution to 1 mg/L, with total cyanide and WAD cyanide levels eventually declining further due to natural degradation and dilution from rainwater in the tailings storage facility.

 

17.3.7 Acid Wash and Elution

 

Loaded carbon from the CIL circuit will be pumped and screened to the acid wash column, where it will be treated with hydrochloric acid to remove inorganic foulants such as calcium, magnesium, sodium salts, and silica. The carbon will first be rinsed with fresh water. Acid will then be pumped from the acid wash circulation tank to the acid wash column and then pumped upward through the acid wash vessel and overflow back to the acid wash circulation tank. The carbon will then be rinsed with fresh water to remove the acid and any mineral impurities. Fresh acid will be pumped from drums into the acid wash tank when required.

 

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A recessed impeller pump will transfer acid-washed carbon from the acid wash vessel into one of the elution vessels using recycled carbon transfer water. Carbon slurry will discharge directly into the top of one of the elution vessels.

 

The carbon stripping (elution) cycle will utilize a barren solution to strip gold-rich carbon to create a pregnant solution. The strip circuit will be equipped with three (3) strip columns that can hold 6 t of carbon each to allow three (3) strips per day, depending on the feed to the plant. During the strip cycle, a solution containing approximately 1.5% hydroxide and 0.2% sodium cyanide, at a temperature of 150°C and 500 kPa, will be circulated through the strip vessel. Solution exiting the top of the elution vessel will be cooled below its boiling point by the heat recovery heat exchanger. Heat from the outgoing solution will be transferred to the incoming cold solution. The heated barren solution will then be heated again through the primary heat exchanger using heated water to bring the solution to its final temperature.

 

The hot barren solution will subsequently be pumped into the elution column through the carbon bed and recirculated multiple times to generate a pregnant solution. This pregnant solution will make multiple passes through the EW cells to extract the gold. A barren solution tank will store the solution from the EW cells, remaining in a closed circuit with the elution system until the completion of the strip cycle. Additionally, the elution column will be configured to operate as a cold strip circuit to remove copper from the carbon if copper levels are determined to be excessive.

 

17.3.8 Carbon Regeneration

 

Once stripped of gold, transport water will convey the carbon from the elution vessel to the carbon dewatering screen. The screen will serve as both a dewatering and carbon sizing unit, where fine carbon particles will be removed. Oversize carbon from the screen will discharge by gravity into the carbon regeneration kiln feed hopper, while the screen undersize—comprising carbon fines and water—will drain by gravity into the carbon fines tank. A diesel-fired kiln, rated at 1,000 kg/h, will be utilized to process 18 t of carbon per day, achieving full carbon regeneration. The regenerated carbon from the kiln will then be transferred by gravity to the carbon quench tank, where it will be cooled using process water before being stored in the regenerated, sized carbon tank and subsequently pumped back into the CIL circuit.

 

To compensate for carbon losses due to attrition, fresh carbon will be introduced into the carbon pre-attrition tank along with fresh water to facilitate mixing and activation, after which the fresh carbon will drain into the regenerated carbon tank.

 

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17.3.9 Electrowinning and Gold Room

 

The pregnant solution generated from the elution column will be transferred to two (2) electrowinning cells, with the barren solution from the tank facilitating the process. These cells will operate on a multiple-pass basis to produce a gold sludge. The barren solution will be collected in the barren solution tank, where it will be reused as a barren stripping solution for the elution column.

 

Following deposition, the electrowinning cathodes will be manually transferred to a cathode washing tank, where a high-pressure washer will dislodge the gold sludge from their surfaces. The dislodged sludge will be filtered using a filter press; the resulting filter cake will then be dried in a drying oven, while the filtrate will be pumped back to the barren solution pump box tank within the refinery.

 

Finally, the dried filter cake will be manually transferred into an electric smelting furnace along with flux materials, where it will be batch-smelted into gold doré bars and securely stored in a vault.

 

17.3.10 Tailings Storage Facility

 

The tailings storage facility will be designed to receive tailings from the cyanide destruction circuit. The cyanide content in the tailings will be further reduced through natural degradation and dilution from rainwater to meet IFC standards prior to environmental release. Supernatant from the tailings pond (reclaim water) will be pumped back to the process water tank using vertical pumps mounted on a barge.

 

17.4 Reagents

 

Reagents consumed within the process plant will be prepared on-site and distributed via dedicated reagent handling and makeup systems. These reagents will include sodium cyanide, hydrated lime, SIBX (collector), DF250 (frother), hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, copper sulfate, sodium metabisulfite, antiscalant, flocculant, and activated carbon.

 

For the management of unexpected reagent spills, the reagent preparation and storage facilities will be located within containment areas designed to accommodate volumes exceeding the capacity of the largest tank. Where necessary, each reagent system will be housed in its own containment area to facilitate safe return to the respective storage vessel and to prevent the mixing of incompatible reagents. Storage tanks will be outfitted with level indicators, instrumentation, and alarms to minimize the risk of spills during normal operation. The facilities will also feature appropriate ventilation, fire and safety protection, eye wash stations and showers, as well as Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) stations. Additionally, sumps and sump pumps will be provided to manage any spillage.

 

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Reagents will be mixed, stored, and subsequently delivered to the conditioning tank, rougher flotation cells, thickeners, CIL tanks, acid wash, elution, and cyanide destruction circuits. Dosages will be controlled by flow metres and control valves, and the storage tanks will be sized to typically accommodate one day of production. All reagents will be delivered in dry form, except for hydrochloric acid and antiscalant, which will be supplied as solutions.

 

17.4.1 Cyanide

 

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) will be utilized as the gold lixiviant. It will be transported in briquette form by road to the site using 18-ton ISO containers and stored in a dedicated cyanide mixing facility, separate from the primary reagent storage and mixing facility. At the cyanide mixing facility, the sodium cyanide will be combined with fresh water to produce a cyanide solution for use in the CIL circuits.

 

17.4.2 Sodium Hydroxide

 

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), commonly referred to as caustic soda, will serve as a pH modifier and will be supplied as solid beads in one (1)-tonne bulk bags. Caustic soda will be mixed with fresh water prior to being used in the gold elution circuit and cyanide mixing tank.

 

17.4.3 Hydrated Lime

 

Hydrated lime will be employed as a pH modifier and supplied in dry form in bulk by truck. Hydrated lime will be introduced into a mixing tank to prepare a milk of lime slurry. The slurry will subsequently be transferred to a storage tank prior to its incorporation into the process.

 

17.4.4 Sodium Iso-Butyl Xanthate

 

Sodium iso-butyl xanthate (SIBX) will be used as a sulfide mineral collector in the flotation circuit and will be supplied in 850 kg bulk bags as a dry reagent. SIBX will be shipped by road to site, offloaded by forklift and stored in the reagents’ storage area. The SIBX will be mixed with fresh water to form a SIBX solution prior to addition to the processing facility.

 

17.4.5 Frother

 

DF250 or equivalent will be used as a frother to mechanically sustain bubbles in the flotation cells. The frother will be supplied in 1,000 L IBC, offloaded by forklift, and stored in the reagents’ storage area adjacent

 

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to the SIBX & frother mixing facility. IBCs of frother will be unloaded into the frother storage tank by drum pump prior to being added into the flotation circuit.

 

17.4.6 Sodium Metabisulfite

 

Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5), also known as SMBS, will be the source of SO2 for the cyanide destruction process and will be supplied in one (1)-tonne bulk bags as a dry reagent. SMBS will be stored in the reagent storage area, where it will be transferred to the mixing facility to produce an SMBS solution prior to use in the cyanide destruction process.

 

17.4.7 Copper Sulfate

 

Copper sulfate (CuSO4) will be used as a catalyst for cyanide destruction. The copper sulfate will be supplied as a dry flake in one (1)-tonne bulk bags and stored in the reagent storage area adjacent to the reagents mixing facility. The copper sulfate will be mixed with fresh water to form a copper sulfate solution ready for use in the processing facility.

 

17.4.8 Hydrochloric Acid

 

Hydrochloric acid (HCI) will be used to remove inorganic carbonates from carbon in the acid wash process within the elution plant. They will be supplied in drum totes and stored in the reagent storage area adjacent to the reagent mixing facility.

 

17.4.9 Activated Carbon

 

Activated carbon will be delivered in bulk bags. Carbon will be added to the carbon attrition tank as required for carbon make-up to the CIL inventory. The addition point will allow attritioning of any friable carbon particles with subsequent fines removal on the sizing screen prior to entering the CIL tanks.

 

17.4.10 Flocculant

 

Flocculant is a liquid polymer that will be used in the thickener to settle solids. It will be supplied in 750 kg bulk bags as a dry reagent. Flocculant will be shipped by road to site, offloaded by forklift, and stored in the reagent storage area adjacent to the reagents mixing facility. Flocculant will be diluted using fresh water and further diluted using an inline mixer with process water prior to being added into the processing facility.

 

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17.5 Plant Services

 

17.5.1 Plant & Instrumentation Air

 

Three (3) air compressors will provide plant and instrument air for the process plant. Plant air receivers will act as a buffer, storing air to account for variations in demand prior to being distributed throughout the process plant, including the oxygen generation plant. Instrument air will be dried before being stored in the instrument air receivers and distributed throughout the plant.

 

17.5.2 Oxygen Generation

 

An oxygen generation plant will be used to provide industrial-grade oxygen for the CIL circuit and cyanide destruction circuit. The plant air compressors will supply air to the oxygen generation circuit. The oxygen generation plant will include an oxygen plant air drier, a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) oxygen generator, and an oxygen plant receiver.

 

17.5.3 Treated and Fire Water

 

Raw water will be pumped through multimedia filters to remove particulates and sent to the plant-treated / fire water tank by vertical turbine pumps from the catchment pond. The plant-treated / fire water tank will serve as a combined storage for both treated and fire water supply. Treated water will draw from partway up the tank while the lower section of the tank is held in reserve for a dedicated fire water supply.

 

The fire water portion of the tank will have a minimum capacity of 108 m3 and will feed the plant and permanent campfire suppression systems; fire hydrants and hose reels via a fire water ring main. Treated water in the tank will be used to supply the following services:

 

·Primary crushing circuit dust suppression water.

 

·Reagent preparation water.

 

·Slurry pumps gland seal water.

 

·Cooling water systems; i.e., elution circuit, mill motor cooling.

 

·High-pressure wash water in the refinery.

 

·Make-up water for the process water system.

 

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17.5.4 Potable Water

 

Feed to the potable water system is supplied from wells using vertical well pumps. The water will be treated in a vendor-supplied potable water plant to produce potable water for the process plant and camp facilities distribution. The potable water will be used in the process plant for safety showers and washrooms.

 

17.5.5 Gland Seal Water

 

Water for the gland seal water system will be supplied by treated water from the treated / fire water tank and cooling water returning from the elution circuit cooling heat exchanger. The gland seal water tank will store and distribute gland water to the plant with gland seal water pumps in a duty-standby configuration.

 

To prevent particulates from causing damage to gland seals throughout the plant, the water feeding the gland water tank will pass through 25-micron particulate filters.

 

17.5.6 Process Water

 

Process water will comprise thickeners overflow, raw water from the catchment pond, contact water, and tailings reclaim water. Process water will be stored in the process water storage tank and distributed by the process water pumps, in a duty–standby configuration.

 

17.6 Metallurgical Accounting

 

Several samplers will be provided throughout the plant to generate composite shift samples from key process streams. Two (2) types of sampling will be performed, metallurgical and process control sampling.

 

Metallurgical samplers will be used to generate shift composite samples that will be assayed for plant metallurgical accounting. The following process streams will be equipped with metallurgical samplers:

 

·Primary cyclone overflow.

 

·CIL Tailings.

 

The metallurgical samplers will sample feed and tailings product, which will allow an accurate metal balance of the plant to be completed.

 

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The process control sampler will generate samples used to monitor unit processes in the plant. The process control samplers will be used to generate shift composite samples on process streams that will provide plant operation performance data.

 

The following process streams will be equipped with process control samplers:

 

·Flotation Feed.

 

·Flotation Tailings.

 

·CIL feed.

 

·CIL tailings.

 

·Final tailings.

 

·Pregnant solution to electrowinning.

 

·Barren solution after electrowinning.

 

All samplers will produce 5-10 L of slurry that can be transported to the assay laboratory for further analysis.

 

A weightometer on the stockpile feed conveyor will measure primary crushed Mineralized materiel tonnage, and a weightometer on the SAG mill feed conveyor will determine mill feed tonnage.

 

A manual belt cut sampling point on the SAG mill feed conveyor will allow for the collection of a mill feed head grade sample for cross-checking with the calculated head grade. This sample will also be utilized to establish the moisture content of the mill feed.

 

Regular surveys of the gold and silver in circuit will allow a reconciliation of precious metals in the feed compared to doré production.

 

Water supplied and used in the various areas will be continuously monitored.

 

Reconciliation of the reagents used over relatively long periods will be achieved by delivery receipts and stock takes. On an instantaneous basis, reagent usage rates to unit operations will be measured and accumulated using flowmeters.

 

17.7 Plant Control System

 

The following provides a broad overview of the control strategy that will be employed for the process plant.

 

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The general control philosophy for the process plant will be one with a moderate level of automation and remote-control facilities to allow critical process functions to be carried out with minimal operator intervention. Instrumentation will be provided within the plant to measure and control key process parameters.

 

The main control room, located in the process plant office, will house PC-based operator interface terminals (OIT) and a single server. These workstations will act as the control system supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) terminals. The control room is intended to provide a central area from which the plant is operated and monitored, and from which the regulatory control loops can be monitored and adjusted. All key process and maintenance parameters will be available for trending and alarming on the process control system (PCS).

 

Additional OITs will be provided for data logging and engineering / programming functions.

 

A field touch panel will be installed in the feed preparation area to allow local operator control of the crushing plant to facilitate ease of operation for rock breaking and stockpiling if required. A second field touch panel will be installed in the elution area to allow local operator control of the elution sequence. A third field touch panel will be supplied for the grinding circuit area.

 

The process control system that will be used for the plant will be a programmable logic controller (PLC) and SCADA-based system. The PCS will control the process interlocks and PID control loops for non-packaged equipment. Control loop set-point changes for non-packaged equipment will be made at the OIT.

 

In general, the plant process drives will report their ready, run, and start pushbutton status to the PCS and will be displayed on the OIT. Local control stations will be located in the field in proximity to the relevant drives. These will, as a minimum, contain start and latch-off-stop (LOS) pushbuttons that will be hard-wired to the drive starter. Plant drives will predominantly be started by the control room operator after the equipment has been inspected by an operator in the field.

 

The OITs will allow drives to be selected to Auto, Local, Remote, Maintenance or Out-of-Service modes via the drive control pop-up. Statutory interlocks, such as emergency stops and thermal protection, will be hardwired and will apply in all modes of operation. All PLC-generated process interlocks will apply in Auto, Local and Remote modes. Process interlocks will be disabled or bypassed in Maintenance mode, with the exception of critical interlocks, such as lubrication systems on the mill.

 

Local selection will allow each drive to be operated by the operator in the field via the local start pushbutton, which is connected to a PLC input. Remote selection will allow the equipment to be started from the control

 

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room via the drive control pop-up. Maintenance selection will allow each drive to be operated by maintenance personnel in the field via the local start pushbutton, which is connected to a PLC input. A PLC output will be wired to each drive starter circuit for starting and stopping drives. Status indication of process interlocks, as well as the selected mode of operation, will be displayed on the OIT.

 

Vendor-supplied packages will use vendor-standard control systems as required throughout the Project. Vendor packages will generally be operated locally with limited control or set-point changes from the PCS system. General equipment fault alarms from each vendor package will be monitored by the PCS system and displayed on the OIT. Fault diagnostics and troubleshooting of vendor packages will be performed locally.

 

The use of actuated isolation or control valves will be implemented around the plant for automatic control loops or sequencing as part of the plant control or the elution sequence. All actuated valves and control valves will be operated from the OITs with remote position indication available. Automatic control valves will be controlled by PID loops within the PCS.

 

The PCS will perform all digital and analogue control functions, including PID control, for all non-packaged plants. Faceplates on the PCS displays will facilitate the entry of set-points, readout of process variables (PVs) and controlled variables (CVs), and entry of the three (3) PID parameters (proportional, integral and derivative).

 

The majority of equipment interlocks will be software configurable. However, selected drives will be hard-wired to provide the required level of personal safety protection (e.g., the emergency stop buttons associated with every motor and the pull wire switches associated with conveyors).

 

All alarm and trip circuits from field or local panel-mounted contacts will be based on fail-safe activation. Alarm and trip contacts will open on abnormal or fault conditions. If equipment shutdown occurs due to loss of mains power supply, the equipment will return to a de-energized state and will not automatically restart upon restoration of power.

 

Sequential group starts and sequential group stops will not be incorporated for non-packaged plant equipment, except for the elution circuit. However, in any process, critical safety and equipment protection interlocks will cause a cascade stop in the event of interlocked downstream equipment stopping (e.g., trip of SAG mill feed conveyor will result in stop of the upstream apron feeder). Standard vendor packages may include automatic sequence start / stop controls within the vendor package only.

 

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17.8  Plant Consumption

 

17.8.1  Energy

 

The power demand for the process plant, along with the rest of the Project, will be provided by a dedicated power plant. The power demand for the future operation is discussed in Section 18.7.

 

17.8.2  Reagents and Consumables

 

Reagent storage, mixing and pumping facilities will be provided for all reagents for the process plant. Reagents and consumables usage are summarized in Table 17.2 and Table 17.3.

 

Table 17.2: Reagents Consumption

 

Description Delivered Form Average Usage
(kg/t)
Sodium Cyanide Briquette ISO tank 0.40
Lime (@90% CaO) Truck Delivery (dry) 1.10
SIBX 850 kg bags (dry) 0.08
DF250 1.0 t tote tank 0.01
Hydrochloric Acid (32% strength) 1,000 L IBC 0.00002
Sodium Hydroxide 1.0 t bags (dry) 0.02
Copper Sulfate 1.0 t bags (dry) 0.05
SMBS 1.0 t bags (dry) 0.72
Flocculant 750 kg bags (dry) 0.07
Activated Carbon 500 kg bags (dry) 0.02

 

Source: GMS, 2024.

 

Table 17.3: Consumables Consumption

 

Description Delivered Form Usage
Gyratory Crusher – Mantle lot 1.5 sets / year
Gyratory Crusher – Concave Segments lot 1.5 set / year / segment
Cone Crusher – Mantle lot 1.5 sets / year
Cone Crusher – Concave Segments lot 1.5 set / year / segment
Crushed Mineralized Materiel Screen lot 2.0 sets/year
SAG Mill Liners lot 1.5 sets / year

 

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Description Delivered Form Usage
SAG Mill Discharge Screen lot 2.0 sets / year
Ball Mill Liners lot 2.0 sets / year
Cyclone – Body lot 2.0 sets / year
Cyclone – Vortex & Spigot lot 4.0 sets / year
Trash Screen Panels lot 1.0 sets / year
Loaded Carbon Screen Panels lot 1.1 sets / year
Barren Carbon Screen Panels lot 1.1 sets / year
Carbon Safety Screen Panels lot 1.1 sets / year
Interstage Screens Panels lot 0.9 sets / year
SAG Mill Grinding Media (125 mm) bulk 0.38 kg/t
Ball Mill Grinding Media (50 mm) bulk 0.70 kg/t

 

Source: GMS, 2024.

 

17.9  Process Plant Personnel

 

The personnel for the process plant will consist of management, operations, maintenance, and laboratory. Operating staff will work 11-hour days and night shifts on a 2-week on-1-week off rotation cycle, and management will work 12-hour days. Annual process plant personnel requirements are provided in Table 17.4.

 

Table 17.4: Annual Process Plant Personnel Requirements

 

Department Position Compliment
Process Management Process Manager 1
Personal Assistant 1
Technical Support Senior Metallurgist 1
Metallurgist 2
Metallurgical Technician 2
Gold Room 2
Laboratory Chief Assayer 1
QA/QC / Chemist 2
Senior Assayer 4
Technicians 12

 

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Department Position Compliment
Operations Operations Superintendent 1
Training Supervisor 1
Supervisor 4
Control Room Operator 4
Crusher Operator 4
Grinding Operator 4
CIL / ADR / Detox Operator 12
Plant Equipment Operator 4
Labourers / Helpers 8
TSF Operator 4
Reagents Operator 8
Water Management Water Treatment Supervisor 1
Dewatering Operator 4
Water Plant Operator 4
Surface Collection Operator 4
Maintenance Maintenance Superintendent 1
Reliability Engineer 1
Maintenance Planner 2
Materials Planning Clerk 1
Mechanical Supervisor 2
Plant Fitter (Millwright) 4
Boilermaker 4
Artisan Assistant 8
Rigger 2
Rigger Assistant 2
Electrical Supervisor 2
Electrician 4
Electrician Assistant 4
Instrumentation Technician 4
System Integrator 1
Total 137

 

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18.  PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE

 

18.1  General

 

The Project infrastructure has been designed to support the operation of an open pit (OP) mine supplying mineralized material to a process plant with a nominal throughput capacity of 11 Mtpa. The operation is planned to run continuously, 24 hours per day and seven days per week.

 

The infrastructure layout has been developed considering local climatic conditions, site access constraints, and topographic features to ensure safe, efficient, and reliable operations throughout the mine life.

 

18.2 Site Layout

 

Figure 18.1 illustrates the general Project site layout and the proposed onsite infrastructure. The site plan has been developed to minimize environmental impacts, ensure secure site access, reduce construction costs, and optimize operational efficiency.

 

The plan shows the location of the open pit, the process plant, surface infrastructure, and access roads. The mine site will be accessible via Highway 11 and existing local gravel roads.

 

Site facilities will include mine infrastructure, process plant infrastructure, and supporting facilities, including:

 

·Water management infrastructure, including water ponds.

 

·Potable water supply, sewage collection, fire protection systems and effluent water treatment.

 

·Accommodation camp, including dormitories, kitchen, lunchroom, offices and welcome centre.

 

·Mine dry facility.

 

·Mine administration building.

 

·Workshop and maintenance shop.

 

·Fuel storage and distribution facilities.

 

·Tailings Storage Facility (TSF).

 

·Explosives storage facilities.

 

·Tailing management infrastructure and reclaim water systems.

 

·Run-of-Mine (ROM) pad and buried services.

 

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·Waste Rock Storage Facilities (WRSF).

 

·Power supply and distribution infrastructure.

 

·Communications infrastructure.

 

·Process plant infrastructure including the mill office, assay laboratory and reagent storage.

 

Figure 18.1: General Site Plan

 

 

18.3 Roads

 

The Project will comprise roughly 15 km of internal service roads linking major facilities such as the process plant, explosives magazine, TSF, WRSF and camp. While existing access trails currently support light vehicle- movement, a new system of gravel-surfaced roads will be constructed to accommodate both light and heavy traffic.

 

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The haul road network, with an estimated total length of 10 km, will enable heavy trucks to access essential operational areas, including maintenance shops, fueling and washing facilities, the primary crusher, waste rock storage, and the tailings dam. Remaining facilities will be connected through roads designed for light-vehicle access only.

 

Table 18.1: Type of Roads, Length, and Design Parameters

 

Description Access Road TSF Road Service Road Haul Road
Design Vehicle WB-20 Komatsu
HD785-7
HL – 93 / Single Unit Truck Komatsu
930E-5
Minimum Lane Width (m) 3.5 9 3.5 14.5
Number of Lanes 2 2 2 2
Shoulder Width (m) 1.5 2 1.5 2.5
Design Speed (km/h) 40 40 40 50
Minimum Horizontal Curve Radio (m) 45 65 45 90
Total Length (km) 7 4 15 10

 

18.4 Drainage and Water Management

 

The Moss Gold Project is located approximately 100 km west of Thunder Bay, Ontario, within a continental climate influenced by the proximity of Lake Superior. Regional climate conditions are characterized by cold winters, moderate summers, and moderate annual precipitation distributed throughout the year.

 

The climate monitoring station closest to the Project Site with a sufficiently long data record is the Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) Thunder Bay Airport monitoring station. Climate normal data from this station for the 1981-2010 period, shown in Table 18.2, were used to characterize regional climatic conditions relevant to water management planning.

 

Annual precipitation at the Thunder Bay station averages approximately 912 mm, with approximately 65% occurring as rainfall and 35% as snowfall. Mean daily temperatures range from approximately –14°C in January to 17°C in July.

 

Lake evaporation values are not recorded at the Thunder Bay Airport monitoring station; however, regional evaporation data from northwestern Ontario stations indicate average annual evaporation of approximately 500 mm.

 

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Based on these values, the Project area experiences a net annual water surplus, indicating that precipitation exceeds evaporation. As a result, mine water management infrastructure will be required to manage runoff generated from mine facilities and surrounding catchments.

 

Table 18.2: Thunder Bay Airport Climate (1981-2010)

 

Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Average
Daily Average
(°C)
-14.5 -12.5 -6.4 1.8 8.5 14.1 17.5 16.4 11.1 5.0 -1.7 -10.6 2.6
Daily Maximum
(°C)
-9.0 -7.2 -0.8 6.3 13.9 19.6 23.0 22.0 16.9 9.8 2.4 -6.8 7.6
Daily Minimum
(°C)
-20.0 -18.0 -11.9 -2.8 3.1 8.7 12.0 10.8 5.3 0.1 -5.7 -14.5 -2.7
Rainfall
(mm)
17 15 23 41 66 82 82 83 86 71 46 26 638
Snowfall
(cm)
60 48 41 21 5 0 0 0 3 18 39 62 297
Precipitation
(mm)
75 62 64 61 71 82 82 83 88 90 84 70 912

 

Surface water management at the Moss Gold Project will be implemented to prevent uncontrolled runoff, minimize contact between clean water and mine-affected areas, and protect key site infrastructure from flooding or water accumulation.

 

As such, a diversion channel will be constructed to reroute the outlet of Moss Lake, as illustrated in Figure 18.1. Currently, Moss Lake drains through an outlet located at the eastern end of the lake. To accommodate the proposed mine infrastructure and maintain surface water flow continuity, the lake outlet will be redirected through a constructed diversion ditch that conveys flow toward the southern tip of Moss Lake. The diversion ditch will be designed to safely convey the anticipated design flows while maintaining hydraulic connectivity of the lake drainage system. At the conceptual design stage, the alignment of the diversion ditch has been selected based on preliminary topographic assessment and the proposed site layout. Detailed hydraulic and geotechnical design of the diversion channel, including channel geometry, erosion protection measures, and potential lining requirements, will be completed during the Feasibility Study phase to ensure long-term stability and compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

 

In addition, the outlet of Burchell Lake will be diverted toward Kawawagamak Lake through a series of engineered dikes and diversion ditches, as illustrated in Figure 18.1. Water conveyed to Kawawagamak

 

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Lake will subsequently be routed to downstream creeks through controlled drainage channels designed to maintain regional drainage continuity. These diversions, in combination with the Moss Lake diversion, will allow for the controlled drainage of Snodgrass Lake, which is located within the footprint of the proposed Southwest Pit.

 

As shown in Figure 18.1, these diversion structures collectively maintain regional drainage pathways while isolating the proposed mining areas from natural surface water flows.

 

Additionally, a network of drainage channels, ditches, and culverts will be constructed across the Project site to convey surface runoff and divert natural drainage pathways around mine infrastructure. These systems will be designed to prevent water accumulation in operational areas and to direct runoff toward designated water management structures.

 

Diversion channels will be constructed upstream of major mine facilities, including the process plant, open pit mining areas, and waste rock storage facilities, to intercept natural runoff and redirect flows away from operational areas. Culverts will be installed at road crossings and other infrastructure intersections to maintain natural drainage pathways while ensuring uninterrupted access across the site.

 

The process plant and associated infrastructure pads will be constructed with graded surfaces designed to provide positive drainage. Surface runoff from these areas will be directed away from buildings and critical equipment toward perimeter collection ditches that convey water to the site water management system.

 

Special consideration will be given to areas where hydrocarbons or other potential contaminants may be present. Runoff from locations, such as:

 

·Truck maintenance facilities;

 

·Fueling stations; and

 

·Equipment service areas;

 

will be collected separately from clean runoff. Water collected from these areas will be directed through dedicated oil–water separator systems designed to remove hydrocarbons prior to discharge or reuse within the site water management system.

 

These treatment systems will be designed in accordance with applicable environmental protection guidelines and will ensure that any discharged water meets regulatory requirements.

 

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Surface water management infrastructure associated with the plant site will generally include:

 

·Perimeter drainage ditches.

 

·Culverts at road crossings.

 

·Lined drainage channels, where erosion protection is required.

 

·Oil–water separators for hydrocarbon handling areas.

 

·Sedimentation ponds, where necessary to control suspended solids.

 

The detailed design of these systems will be completed during the Feasibility Study phase, when site grading plans, drainage catchments, and water management infrastructure requirements are further refined. Channels will be lined with geotextile, riprap and/or HDPE liners where necessary to prevent erosion.

 

The objective of the surface water management system is to maintain safe operating conditions across the mine site while minimizing the potential for environmental impacts associated with uncontrolled runoff.

 

18.5 Buildings Infrastructure

 

The primary site buildings have been strategically located to optimize construction access, minimize haul distances, and take advantage of the existing topography, thereby reducing bulk earthworks and grading volumes. The selected locations comply with geotechnical recommendations to ensure long-term stability and structural integrity.

 

All infrastructure buildings are designed as modular, prefabricated steel structures with insulated cladding systems where required. Each building will be fitted with fire protection and safety systems, including smoke, carbon-monoxide, and heat detectors, as well as dry-chemical and CO2 fire extinguishers, all connected to a centralized fire-alarm control panel. Designs fully comply with the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) and relevant provincial regulations.

 

18.5.1 Site Access Infrastructure

 

A main site access gate and guardhouse complex will be constructed at the project entrance. This facility will include search and access-control buildings to manage all personnel and vehicle movements. Preliminary screening of incoming and outgoing traffic will be performed at this checkpoint.

 

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A dedicated control building will host the security access-control office, responsible for monitoring and authorizing all personnel entering or leaving the site. Only authorized and security-cleared vehicles will be permitted beyond this point to the restricted operational zones.

 

18.5.2 Mine Infrastructure

 

18.5.2.1 Mine Maintenance Facility & Warehouse

 

The Mine Maintenance Facility and Warehouse will be a single-story structure in the Balance of Plant (BOP) area, it will be positioned for direct access to the mining fleet. It will be sized to maintain the surface mine trucks as well as light vehicles.

 

The building will be constructed using a conventional structural steel frame equipped with an overhead crane system. Insulated sandwich panels will be utilized for the walls and roof, providing appropriate thermal and acoustic insulation.

 

The truck shop will also feature some office space, tool storage, a meeting room, restrooms, and lockers. Constructed with a steel frame and insulated panels, the building includes overhead cranes and integrated warehouse functions. Floor drainage will connect to an oil-water separator, discharging into the contact water pond.

 

A wash bay, designed to accommodate haulage trucks, will be included in the Maintenance Facility. The system will be equipped with water collection, sedimentation, and oil separation units, allowing for the treatment and recycling of wash water in accordance with environmental and operational standards.

 

The truck maintenance shop will also include office space, a kitting room, tool storage, and a mezzanine level containing meeting rooms, restrooms, and locker facilities to support personnel operations.

 

The warehouse area, adjacent to the building, will include all infrastructure and utilities required for safe and efficient operation, supporting maintenance and logistical functions across the mining complex.

 

A dedicated containerized storage area will be provided for special lubricants and greases, ensuring proper segregation and handling in accordance with material safety requirements. In addition, a designated controlled zone will be established for the storage of flammable substances, such as solvents and paints, incorporating appropriate fire protection and spill containment measures to ensure safe operation and regulatory compliance. Products will be distributed through fixed piping and pumps.

 

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18.5.2.2 Mine Administration Building

 

The one-story Mine Administration Building will house site management, operations, technical services, mine rescue, medical services, dispatch, and meeting rooms. It will be built on a concrete slab with a steel frame. It will be located within the BOP area.

 

18.5.2.3 Mine Dry

 

The Mine Dry will be constructed as part of the surface infrastructure adjacent to the mine maintenance and administration facilities. The building, located in the BOP area, will comprise a dry area and change rooms.

 

The dry area will include locker rooms, showers, and laundry facilities, designed to accommodate shift changes efficiently, while maintaining segregation between clean and dirty zones.

 

The structure will be a single-story, containerized building, with appropriate HVAC and drainage systems to ensure ventilation, hygiene, and operational comfort under all weather conditions. Ventilation and dehumidification systems will be designed to handle high moisture levels from mining operations clothing, ensuring quick drying and mould prevention.

 

18.5.3 Explosive Magazine Storage

 

The Explosive Storage Facility will be sized to accommodate explosive needs for the project. Given the project ease of access, it is expected that the storage will be sized for weekly supply.

 

18.5.4 Process Infrastructure

 

The Mill Office building, assay laboratory and reagent storage will all be built in the vicinity of the process plant.

 

18.5.4.1 Mill Offices

 

The mill office building will accommodate offices for management, maintenance, operations, and security personnel, providing functional workspace for the plant’s administrative and technical activities. In addition, the building will include a meeting room, a lunchroom, and male and female changing rooms and washrooms, ensuring adequate amenities for staff comfort and shift operations.

 

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The structure will be built on a reinforced concrete ground foundation and constructed with a steel frame and insulated sandwich panels for the walls and roof, providing thermal efficiency and durability in accordance with industrial building standards.

 

18.5.4.2 Assay Laboratory

 

An assay lab will support grade control, process monitoring, and environmental testing. It includes zones for sample prep, chemistry, leach testing, and instrumentation. It will be fully equipped to support sample preparation and assays with fume hoods, scrubbers, gas detectors, and MUA, the lab will meet industrial safety standards. The laboratory will include complete analytical equipment packages to support mine grade control, process optimization, effluent monitoring, and other environmental compliance requirements The Environmental Lab will share its infrastructure.

 

18.5.4.3 Reagent Storage

 

All process plant reagents, with the exception of cyanide and lime, will be stored within a warehouse complex comprising in a steel building with insulated panels. Reagents will be segregated by containment walls or curbs, as required, to prevent any potential cross-contamination between incompatible materials. Any liquid spillage occurring within the storage area will be fully contained inside the facility, ensuring compliance with environmental protection and safety regulations.

 

All contact water generated within this area will be collected and directed to the process plant for controlled treatment and reuse, ensuring compliance with environmental management standards.

 

18.5.5 Camp Accommodations

 

The camp facilities – including the Kitchen, Administration Office, Laundry, Recreation Centre, Gymnasium, and Ablution Units – will be located within pedestrian distance of one another. This configuration minimizes electrical and piping networks, simplifies utility distribution, and creates a PPE-free residential zone, safely segregated from the industrial area.

 

18.5.5.1 Dormitories

 

The permanent camp will accommodate up to 400 people in single-level dormitory units. Additional staff may commute from nearby communities.

 

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18.5.5.2 Kitchen & Lunchroom

 

The kitchen will serve both residents and daily staff, with designated prep, hygiene, freezer and storage zones. Commercial kitchen equipment and external HVAC units will be installed.

 

18.5.5.3 Camp Office, Welcome Centre, Laundry & Recreation

 

The Camp Office, near the laundry and recreational room, will host supervisors, meeting rooms and support spaces. Industrial washers and dryers with air balance systems will support laundry needs.

 

18.5.6 Fire Protection

 

All site buildings will be connected to a central fire protection system fed by a water reservoir. Labs will have dedicated fire suppression systems for high-risk areas.

 

18.5.7 Security

 

Security includes a guarded access gate and controlled vehicle entry. CCTV will monitor critical facilities, including the plant, truck shop, and parking areas. Enhanced security will protect the gold refinery and gravity circuit.

 

18.6 Water

 

18.6.1 Industrial / Fire Water

 

A pumping station will be installed in a contact water course, located within the project boundary to supply raw water to the site. The raw water will be treated at the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) to remove suspended solids, perform pH adjustment, and ensure disinfection prior to distribution.

 

Following treatment, the industrial water will be supplied to the process plant and mining infrastructure through a distribution system fed by a main storage tank located near the process plant. A secondary tank will be dedicated exclusively to fire water storage.

 

The fire water system will service both the sprinkler networks within buildings and the fire hydrants installed throughout the process plant and camp complex.

 

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During initial commissioning and plant start-up, the water required for these activities will be pumped from the water accumulated within the TSF impoundment, ensuring operational readiness while optimizing site water management.

 

18.6.2 Potable Water

 

Early in the project, potable water will be supplied via bottles and jugs. Groundwater wells will be developed as the primary source of long-term potable water. Domestic water will be treated through a reverse osmosis (RO) plant to produce potable water for use in the kitchen, dining facilities and personal consumption. The RO system will be designed to meet applicable drinking water quality standards, ensuring consistent water purity for all domestic uses.

 

As a potential supplementary or backup source, additional groundwater wells will be tested to confirm their ability to provide adequate water quality and quantity. The evaluation will include pumping tests and chemical and bacteriological analyses to verify compliance with regulatory and health standards prior to integration into the potable water supply system.

 

18.6.3 Sewage Treatment

 

A sewage treatment plant is planned to manage wastewater generated from the process plant and camp facilities. The system will utilize standard septic tank collection followed by biological treatment units (natural breakdown bioreactors) to treat sewage prior to discharge. The process will separate solids and liquids, with treated effluent discharged in accordance with environmental regulations, and sludge transported to an approved disposal site.

 

18.6.4 Oil-Water Separation

 

Oil-water separation systems will be installed at strategic locations where hydrocarbon contamination is likely to occur. Runoff and drainage water from the Maintenance Facility and diesel fueling station will be collected and directed to an oil-water separator before releasing clean water to the environment.

 

At the wash bay, an oil skimmer will recover residual oil prior to recycling the treated water for equipment cleaning, ensuring compliance with environmental and operational best practices.

 

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18.6.5 Effluent Treatment

 

An allocation for an effluent treatment plant has been accounted for in the current project budget, reflecting the anticipated need for managing and treating contact water prior to environmental discharge. However, given the early stage of the study, the exact nature and scope of the treatment processes required have not yet been fully defined. As design work progresses and more detailed water quality and volume data become available, the specifications for treatment may evolve, which could lead to adjustments in the associated cost estimates.

 

18.7 Fuel

 

Fuel will be dispensed using basic, cost-effective pumping systems with spill containment measures. A simplified layout will be implemented to eliminate the need for multiple large-capacity tanks. Urea-based diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) will be supplied in totes and stored in a sheltered area near the fueling station for use in fleet emission control, without requiring a dedicated bulk storage tank. It will be located within the BOP area.

 

A single above-ground, double-walled fuel tank with a 60,000 L capacity will be installed at the mine site to store diesel fuel for both light vehicles and heavy mining equipment. A compact gasoline storage tank (10,000 L) will also be included to serve light vehicles.

 

18.8 Waste Rock Storage and Tailings Storage Facilities

 

18.8.1 Waste Rock Storage Facility

 

Waste rock generated during open pit mining will be stored in two designated Waste Rock Storage Facilities (WRSFs) located adjacent to the proposed mining areas, as shown on Figure 18.1. Several options for the WRSFs were evaluated. The WRSFs have been positioned to minimize haulage distances from the open pits while avoiding major water bodies and sensitive environmental features.

 

The primary WRSF will be located north of the open pit complex, immediately adjacent to the northern pit limits. This facility will receive the majority of waste rock generated during mining and will be developed in phases throughout the life of mine. The location was selected to take advantage of relatively favourable topography and to maintain operational efficiency by minimizing truck haul distances.

 

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A secondary WRSF is proposed southwest of the open pits, as illustrated on Figure 18.1. This facility will provide additional storage capacity for waste rock and will support operational flexibility during different phases of pit development.

 

Both WRSFs will be developed using conventional truck dumping and dozer spreading techniques. Waste rock will be placed in successive lifts to form stable landforms with intermediate benches to control erosion and improve long-term stability.

 

18.8.2 Tailings Storage Facility

 

Several alternatives for the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) were evaluated. Considering site topography, land tenure, environmental constraints, and proximity to the processing plant, the current configuration and associated design criteria were selected as the most suitable option.

 

Tailings generated from the process plant will be stored in a Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) located south of the primary mine infrastructure area, as illustrated on Figure 18.1. The selected location occupies a natural topographic depression that provides favorable containment conditions and allows the facility to be developed with relatively modest embankment heights while maintaining adequate storage capacity for the projected life-of-mine tailings production.

 

The TSF will consist of a contained impoundment formed by perimeter embankments constructed primarily from mine waste rock generated during open pit mining operations. The use of waste rock for embankment construction is intended to provide a stable and readily available construction material while minimizing the need for external borrow sources. Where necessary, finer-grained materials or engineered zones may be incorporated within the embankment design to improve seepage control and structural performance.

 

At the current conceptual design stage, the TSF embankments are expected to be developed through staged construction over the life of the project. Initial starter dams have been evaluated at an approximate height of 10 m, which would provide sufficient containment capacity for early years of operation. As tailings deposition progresses, the embankments would be raised incrementally using downstream or centerline construction methods, depending on final design considerations and geotechnical conditions.

 

Based on the preliminary site topography and estimated tailings production, the ultimate embankment heights are expected to remain relatively modest and are anticipated to be no greater than approximately 20 m above the original ground surface. Limiting the overall embankment height contributes to improved geotechnical stability and reduces potential dam safety risks relative to larger conventional tailings impoundments.

 

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Tailings will be transported from the process plant to the TSF as a slurry via pipeline and discharged into the impoundment through a distribution system designed to promote controlled deposition and beach formation. Process water accumulating in the supernatant pond will be recovered through a reclaim system and returned to the plant for reuse, thereby reducing freshwater requirements.

 

Surface water diversion structures will be constructed around the TSF to intercept runoff from surrounding catchments and prevent clean water from entering the impoundment. Seepage management measures, such as toe drains, seepage collection ditches or collection ponds, may also be incorporated into the design to capture water migrating through the embankments or foundation materials and return it to the mine water management system.

 

Borehole data obtained from the upcoming geotechnical investigation program will be used to determine the thickness and distribution of materials unsuitable for the TSF foundation. Such materials may include topsoil, and residual soils exhibiting low Standard Penetration Test (SPT) values.

 

The TSF design presented in this report is conceptual in nature and has been developed to support the current stage of project evaluation. Detailed geotechnical, hydrogeological, and hydraulic investigations will be conducted during the Feasibility Study (FS) to refine the facility layout and confirm appropriate design parameters. These studies will include foundation investigations, laboratory testing of construction materials, seepage and stability analyses, and evaluation of appropriate embankment construction methods.

 

The final TSF design will be developed in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements and recognized industry standards, including the Canadian Dam Association (CDA) Dam Safety Guidelines and relevant provincial regulatory frameworks.

 

18.9 Power Supply and Distribution

 

The process plant is anticipated to require approximately 40 MW of electrical power to support its operations. Power supply to the site is expected to be provided through the construction of an approximately 12 km power spur line that would connect the project facilities to the existing Hydro One transmission line located along Highway 11. The regional transmission infrastructure is currently being enhanced through the development of the Waasigan Transmission Line, which is planned by Hydro One in partnership with several local communities. This project is designed to increase the available transmission capacity within the corridor by approximately 350 MW, thereby strengthening the reliability of power supply in northwestern Ontario and supporting future industrial and mining developments in the region.

 

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Based on preliminary discussions with Hydro One and a review of the applicable Ontario electricity tariff structure, the cost of electrical power for the project is currently estimated to be approximately CAD 0.11 per kWh. This estimate reflects prevailing industrial electricity rates in the province and is considered appropriate for the purposes of this study-level assessment. Actual power costs will ultimately depend on the final service agreement, applicable tariff class, and future adjustments to provincial electricity pricing.

 

The processing plant will have various satellite electrical rooms. These electrical rooms will serve the following areas:

 

·Crushing area.

 

·Grinding / gravity.

 

·Gold room.

 

·Cyanide detoxification / plant services.

 

·Pre-leach / leach / CIL / acid wash / elution / carbon regeneration.

 

·Ore handling.

 

Power lines will be used to distribute power to other infrastructure, such as:

 

·Camp / Communication.

 

·Administration Building / Assay Lab / Gate House.

 

·Mine Maintenance Facility / Warehouse / Diesel Fuel Storage / Explosives Storage Facility.

 

·Various Water Management / Treatment Ponds.

 

·TSF Tailings and Reclaim Water.

 

·Water Treatment Plant (WTP).

 

·Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).

 

18.10 Communications

 

Off-site Fibre Optic cable and microwave-based connections with a minimum speed of 1 Gbps will be required to connect the Project. These redundant communications will provide high-speed internet access as required by early works, construction and operation phases. On-site fibre optic cable will connect all site facilities as the mine is developed, configuring a backbone infrastructure for all computer systems within the Project.

 

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All Core Network and Computer Systems will be allocated at a Data Centre that will require continuous power and air conditioning systems. The Data Centre should be able to allocate at least three (3) 42U equipment racks.

 

A trunking-based Radio system will provide robust radio communication with at least 30 Channels that will be mostly used by the various construction sub-teams at the site. A minimum of 250 handheld units and 50 mobile units will be deployed during all stages of construction. Radio and Wireless communications for OP and UG development will be required for safety and tracking purposes. Leaky feeder-based technology and LTE options will be evaluated.

 

A fibre-based (GPON) network will provide communications to the Camp ensuring communications for all employees and contractors.

 

Mobile coverage options to ensure 4G / LTE communications will be evaluated during the early stages of construction.

 

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19. MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS

 

19.1 Commodities Market

 

Gold and silver are freely traded commodities within a well-established and mature global market, widely recognized as investment assets. Both metals are transacted daily through banks, bullion traders and commodity exchanges at quoted spot prices for immediate delivery.

 

The Moss Gold Project will produce gold and silver in doré form. Prices are typically quoted in US dollars per troy ounce.

 

19.2 Metal Price

 

The gold and silver prices are typically established based on review of historical prices, long-term broker consensus forecast and pricing assumptions used by industry peers. The long-term consensus price as of January 7th, 2026, is USD 3,137 per troy ounce for gold and USD 38 per ounce of silver (Source: Broker Consensus Estimates from CIBC Capital Markets). As of January 14th, 2026, the five (5)-year trailing average stands at USD 2,295 per troy ounce for gold and USD 28 per ounce of silver, while the three (3)-year trailing average is USD 2,624 per troy ounce for gold and USD 31 per ounce for silver.

 

The financial analysis for the Moss Gold Project considered a gold price of USD 2,750/oz for gold and a silver price of USD 35 per ounce. An exchange rate of 1.34 Canadian dollars per US dollar (1.34 CAD/USD) was applied for this PEA.

 

Figure 19.1 and Figure 19.2 show the historical daily average value of gold and silver for the last five (5) years.

 

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Figure 19.1: Daily Gold Price

 

 

 

Figure 19.2: Daily Silver Price

 

 

19.3 Contracts

 

There are no refining agreements or sales contracts currently in place for the Project that are relevant to this Technical Report. The QP expects that terms contained within any potential sales contract would be typical of and consistent with standard industry practices and similar to gold supply contracts elsewhere. The PEA study assumes a 99.95% gold payability factor and refining and transportation charges of

 

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CAD 6.70/oz. Silver payability factor is assumed at 90.00%, and refining and transport charges of CAD 0.34/oz.

 

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20. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT

 

20.1 Introduction

 

Section 20 summarizes reasonably available environmental, permitting, and social or community information for the Project to provide relevant context for the purposes of this Report. The information reflects the preliminary stage of Project development and is based on current understanding, which is subject to change as the Project advances and further information becomes available. This section is intended to describe the scope and status of existing conditions studies completed and underway, outline relevant regulatory considerations, and identify areas where additional studies will be advanced through future work. This section does not include any assessment of potential Project effects, mitigation measures, alternatives, or significance. Assessment of these matters, as well as associated regulatory determinations, will be undertaken through the environmental assessment (EA) process and informed by continued engagement with potentially affected Indigenous Nations, regulators, and local communities.

 

20.2 Environmental Assessment and Permitting

 

Federal and provincial assessment processes and permitting approvals are required for the Project under the federal Impact Assessment Act (IAA, 2019) and the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act (OEA Act, 1990), respectively. These established regulatory processes examine the impacts associated with major resource development projects and ensure projects are planned, reviewed, and regulated in keeping with the public interest.

 

Once approvals are obtained, subsequent permitting would regulate Project activities through construction, operation, closure, and post-closure phases. Engagement with Indigenous Nations and other local communities are integral component of these processes.

 

20.2.1 Environmental Assessment

 

Both a federal impact assessment (IA), administered by the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada (IAAC), and a provincial EA, administered by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP), are anticipated to be required for the Project. These processes are expected to be coordinated through established federal–provincial mechanisms to align information requirements, timelines, and review activities.

 

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For the remainder of this chapter, the term “EA process” refers to both federal and provincial assessment processes.

 

20.2.2 Permits and Authorizations

 

20.2.2.1 Federal

 

Federal consultation will be required to obtain permits, approvals, and authorizations and/or licences under applicable federal legislation. Federal environmental approvals that are expected to be required to construct and operate the Project include those identified in the preliminary list in Table 20.1.

 

Table 20.1 Expected Additional Federal Environmental Approvals and Relevant Project Component

 

Agency Permit / Approval Act Relevant Components
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Section 35 – Harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish habitat Fisheries Act Construction of the tailings management facility, mine waste rock stockpiles, access road, creek crossings, water diversion structures, groundwater dewatering effects, and open pit development that would cause disruption to creeks and/or ponds supporting fish.
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) Schedule 2 – Listing Metal and Diamond Mine Effluent Regulations (MDMER) Fisheries Act Construction of a tailings management facility over fish-bearing waterbody.
Transport Canada (TC) Section 4(1) – The ‘opt-in’ provision for approval of work in a non-scheduled waterway Navigational Protection Act Construction of channel realignments and dams in non-scheduled waters in the NPA will be subject to the common law right of navigation; the legislation allows proponents of work in non-scheduled waters the option of seeking an assessment (opt-in) and potential approval of proposed work in advance of construction.
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) Licence for an explosives factory Explosives Act Operation of an on-site facility to supply explosives for use in open-pit operations.
Transport Canada (TC) Aeronautical obstruction clearance Aeronautics Act Marking and lighting for structures that could interfere with aeronautical navigation.

 

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Agency Permit / Approval Act Relevant Components
NAV Canada (NC) Land-use clearance NAV Canada Act Construction of tall structures, use of cranes, high-voltage equipment, and blasting.

 

20.2.2.2 Provincial

 

Provincial consultation will be required to obtain permits, approvals, and authorizations and/or licences under applicable provincial legislation. Provincial environmental approvals that are expected to be required to construct and operate the Project include those identified in the preliminary list in Table 20.2.

 

Table 20.2 Expected Additional Provincial Environmental Approvals

 

Agency Permit / Approval Act Relevant Components
Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) Various Work Permits for Construction Lakes & Rivers Improvement Act/Public Lands Act For work / construction on Crown land. Could be required as part of construction of the transmission line.
MNRF Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act (LRIA) Permit Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act Construction of a dam in/near any lake or river, under the circumstances set out in the regulations, requires written approval for location of the dam and its plans and specifications.
MNRF Forest Resource License (Cutting Permit) Crown Forest Sustainability Act For clearing of Crown merchantable timber. Could be required as part of construction of the transmission line and mine site.
MNRF Aggregate Permit Aggregate Resources Act For extraction of aggregate (e.g., sand/gravel/rock for tailings dam or other site construction)
MNRF Land Use Permit Public Lands Act To obtain tenure for permanent facilities on Crown land, such as for the transmission line.
MNRF Endangered Species Permit Endangered Species Act For any activity that could adversely affect the individuals or habitat of species identified as ‘Endangered’ or ‘Threatened’ in the various schedules of the Act.
MECP Environmental Compliance Approval – Industrial Sewage Works Ontario Water Resources Act For constructing a mine / mill water treatment system(s) discharging to the environment, such as for tailings, pit water, storm runoff, and mine rock pile runoff.

 

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Agency Permit / Approval Act Relevant Components
MECP Permits to Take Water Ontario Water Resources Act For taking of ground or surface water (in excess of 50m3/day), such as for ore processing, potable needs, and pit dewatering.
MECP Environmental Compliance Approval – Air and Noise Environmental Protection Act For discharge of air emissions and noise, such as from mill processes, on-site laboratory, and haul trucks (road dust).
MECP Environmental Compliance Approval – Waste Disposal Site Environmental Protection Act For operation of a landfill and/or waste transfer site.
MECP Environmental Compliance Approval Environmental Protection Act For establishment and operation of a domestic sewage treatment plant, industrial sewage treatment facility (such as mine water pond or tailings management facility), a domestic waste landfill, and management of air emissions.
Ministry of Energy and Mines (Mines) Closure Plan Mining Act For mine construction / production and closure, including financial assurance.
Mines Claims to Lease Mining Act For conversion of mineral claims to formal lease.
Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Gaming (MTCG) Clearance Letter Heritage Act For confirmation that appropriate archaeological studies and mitigations, if required, have been completed.
Ontario Energy Board (OEB) Leave to Construct Ontario Energy Board Act For approval to construct a transmission line.

 

Additional agencies that may be involved in permitting include the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) and Infrastructure Ontario (IO).

 

20.3 Environmental Studies

 

CSL Environmental & Geotechnical Ltd. (CSL) were retained by Gold X2 to initiate existing conditions studies to characterize the existing environmental conditions of the Project area in 2021. Table 20.3 summarizes the existing conditions studies undertaken since 2021.

 

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Table 20.3 Summary of Existing Conditions Activities Completed since 2021

 

Year Study Description
2021 – 2022 Initiated surface water quality and hydrology monitoring program on the Wawiag River, major tributaries and lakes around the main Project area.
Completed Stage 1 archaeological assessment of the Project area.
Completed species at risk Study to determine if there were any endangered or threatened species at the Project property.
Completed forest resource inventory in the area surrounding the Project.
Initiated the existing conditions of fish and fish habitat Investigation.
Initiated terrestrial existing conditions studies (birds, bats, and vegetation).
Completed field chemistry profiles of Kawawiagamak Lake and Moss Lake (temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen % and mg/L, pH, and oxidation reduction potential).
2023 Continued hydrology and surface water quality monitoring of stations initiated in 2021.
Completed winter dissolved oxygen and temperature profiles of Snodgrass Lake.
Continued terrestrial existing conditions studies.
Completed fish spawning habitat surveys on Snodgrass Lake, Moss Lake, and Burchell Lake.
2024 Continued hydrology and surface water quality monitoring of stations initiated in 2021.
Continued terrestrial existing conditions studies (including wetland evaluations).
Completed expanded aquatics biology scoping study.
Completed diversion and hydrology scoping study.
Completed overburden estimate scoping study.
Began developing a conceptual site model (CSM) for geology.
Completion of the packer testing work plan.
Work planning for geochemical modelling and initiation of Phase 1 geochemical static testing.
2025 Expanded hydrology and surface water quality program.
Initiated hydrogeology monitoring with the drilling of deep boreholes for packer and geophysical testing around the proposed open pit location. Installation of nested monitoring well pairs (where applicable) to monitor groundwater quantity and quality.
Continued development of CSM for geology.
Completed existing conditions hydrogeological plan.
Completed geophysical seismic study around the proposed open pit location.

 

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Year Study Description
  Expanded aquatics existing conditions study to include fish community surveys, fish tissue, and ageing structure sampling, habitat assessment and mapping, sediment sampling, benthic invertebrate sampling, and plankton sampling.
Expanded terrestrial existing conditions study on vegetation, wetlands, bats, small mammals, amphibians and reptiles, and birds.
Collected LiDAR and orthophotography for the entire Project site.
Analysis and interpretation of Phase 1 geochemical static testing and initiation of Phase 2 geochemical kinetic testing.
Work planning for noise and vibration existing conditions study.
Work planning for air quality existing conditions study.

 

Sections 20.3.1 to 20.3.11 present a summary of existing environmental conditions data collected to date, identify known environmental and social considerations relevant to Project development, and describe planned existing conditions studies scheduled to continue, expand, or commence in 2026.

 

20.3.1 Hydrology

 

The Project site is within the Wawiag River watershed, which drains south and west through Quetico Provincial Park toward Hudson Bay. Surface water flows are controlled by several lakes and rivers, including Kawawiagamak, Fountain, Hermia, Moss, and Snodgrass lakes, several of which form Project headwaters and will require diversion to accommodate development. Regional flow context was obtained from the Water Survey of Canada Station 05PB018 (Atikokan River at Atikokan).

 

Surface water flows at the Project site have been monitored since 2021 through a hydrometric network expanded from 10 to 24 stations in 2025, covering all potentially affected sub-watersheds. Automated water-level loggers and instantaneous discharge measurements are used to characterize local flow regimes. Analysis of the 2024 monitoring data indicates that current and anticipated water withdrawals are hydrologically sustainable, with stable flows maintained through lake and wetland storage and no observed hydrologic stress.

 

Future monitoring is expected to include continued multi-season operation of the hydrometric network, enhanced winter data collection, integration of meteorological datasets, periodic channel cross-section surveys, and use of the data to support hydrologic modelling and surface water engineering.

 

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20.3.2 Surface Water Quality

 

Surface water quality monitoring commenced in 2021 to support mine permitting and establish existing conditions. Surface water quality samples are collected seasonally across the site, where safe access permits. The monitoring program initially included 16 locations (six (6) lakes and ten (10) streams) and was expanded in 2025 to a total of 36 locations (11 lakes and 25 streams).

 

The current surface water quality monitoring program will continue as designed, with all sampling events occurring four (4) times annually (spring, summer, fall, and winter) and samples being collected from all locations, where safe access permits. A winter lake sampling program is also anticipated to occur in Q1 2026.

 

Surface water sampling locations may be adjusted or altered through the progression of the Project and the finalization of mine site design. Data collected will inform the EA process.

 

20.3.3 Hydrogelogy and Groundwater Quality

 

Geocentric Environmental Inc. (Geocentric) was retained to support the hydrogeological evaluation for the Project. A preliminary groundwater monitoring network has been established to characterize existing conditions and support future model calibration, comprising 21 monitoring-well nests in overburden and shallow bedrock, four (4) deep bedrock boreholes for hydraulic testing and geophysics, and automatic water-level loggers installed in select wells. Program activities completed to date include water-level monitoring, hydraulic conductivity screening of overburden and bedrock, select packer testing in deep bedrock boreholes, and existing conditions groundwater sampling for major ions, nutrients, and metals.

 

Preliminary interpretation indicates that shallow groundwater flow generally follows surface drainage patterns, with variable overburden thickness ranging from thin veneers over bedrock highs to thicker accumulations in low-lying areas. Recharge is interpreted to occur primarily through elevated, coarse-grained deposits, while wetlands and lake margins represent expressions of the water table and are expected to receive baseflow under current conditions. The site is interpreted as comprising an overburden water table unit, an upper weathered bedrock unit that is unconfined to partially confined, and a lower bedrock system characterized by regional southward flow.

 

Initial observations indicate hydraulic connectivity between shallow groundwater and adjacent lakes and streams, including in the vicinity of Moss Lake, where additional investigations are planned to refine understanding of potential interactions with the proposed open pit.

 

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Initial Rock Quality Designation (RQD) data, exploration drilling, geophysical logging, and targeted hydraulic testing indicate that bedrock permeability generally decreases with depth. The upper 10–30 m of bedrock is moderately fractured and hydraulically active, while deeper bedrock contains fewer open fractures with localized zones of elevated transmissivity. Downhole acoustic and optical televiewer data identify discrete fracture sets that will guide targeted packer testing in future phases, building on early packer test results that indicate generally low transmissivity at depth with isolated intervals of moderate hydraulic response.

 

A 3D conceptual site model (CSM) is being developed to integrate surficial geology, overburden thickness, bedrock structure and hydrostratigraphy, surface-water features, preliminary hydraulic data, and proposed mine components. The CSM will form the basis of a fully calibrated 3D numerical groundwater model to be developed during the EA process, which will evaluate groundwater–surface water interactions, pit dewatering requirements, drawdown distribution, potential changes to baseflow, and water-level recovery at closure. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses will be incorporated to reflect the early-stage nature of the available data. Future hydrogeological work during EA and permitting will expand monitoring, complete numerical modelling, evaluate potential Project interactions, and support mitigation, adaptive management, water balance development, and closure planning.

 

20.3.4 Air Quality and Climate

 

The Project is located within the Boreal Shield eco-zone. Regional climate data from the Atikokan meteorological station indicates long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Annual precipitation averages 790 mm, with 21% falling as snow. The Climate Moisture Index is positive, confirming moist conditions that support closed-canopy forests.

 

Wind data from the International Falls, MN, station (1996-2000) shows prevailing winds from the west-northwest in winter and from the south in summer. Wind speeds are generally low, though slightly higher in winter. An on-site meteorological station has been installed to validate and update regional data. A final climate description, including projected climate change impacts, will be prepared as part of the EA.

 

No site-specific background air quality data currently exists. Initial estimates are based on Ontario’s Air Quality Ontario network, specifically the Thunder Bay station, with actual background levels expected to be lower due to the Project’s remote setting. Other contaminants are not anticipated in significant quantities, though forest fires and long-range transport events may occasionally impair air quality.

 

A comprehensive air quality monitoring program is planned for 2026, following MECP guidelines. The program will include continuous monitoring of particulate matter and selected gases, high-volume dust

 

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sampling for particulate and metal characterization, and dustfall monitoring at representative locations to establish background concentrations for compounds relevant to Project activities. Monitoring of sulfur dioxide and ozone is not proposed, as Project-related emissions of these pollutants are not expected to be significant.

 

A detailed air emission inventory will be prepared for all Project alternatives, following Ontario’s Guideline A-10, with dispersion modelling conducted using AERMOD and AERMET software to simulate emissions from mining, processing, support facilities, and transportation sources. Results will be compared against MECP’s Air Contaminants Benchmarks and Ambient Air Quality Criteria. Potential effects will be evaluated using defined metrics for magnitude, extent, duration, frequency, and reversibility, with impacts classified by significance and, where applicable, likelihood.

 

20.3.5 Noise and Vibration

 

The Environmental Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment (ENVIA) will be conducted in accordance with applicable MECP guidance (NPC-300, NPC-103, NPC-119/219) and relevant federal and international standards. The assessment will establish existing sound and vibration conditions through seasonal monitoring at representative receptor locations associated with human activity and land use using standardized instrumentation and QA/QC procedures.

 

Confirmed Points of Reception will inform the selection of applicable noise and vibration criteria and the regulatory framework for assessing Project-related change, i.e., provincial guidelines, federal fish-habitat requirements, and reputable national / international standards. The ENVIA will evaluate noise and vibration emissions from construction and operational activities using acoustic modelling (ISO 9613) that will incorporate terrain screening, water-body propagation effects, setbacks, and the proposed mine layout, including locations for waste rock and tailings storage. Predicted levels will be compared to applicable criteria, and mitigation measures will be identified where required. The assessment will also define elements of a Noise and Vibration Management Plan to support compliance during construction and operations.

 

20.3.6 Geochemical Assessment of Mined Materials

 

Vision Geochemistry Ltd. (Vision) was retained to design and implement the geochemical characterization program for the Project, with an initial focus on evaluating metal leaching and acid rock drainage (ML/ARD) potential of waste rock and mineralized material at a PEA level of detail. Phase 1A static testing provided a preliminary understanding of material behaviour and informed the design of a Phase 2A kinetic testing program to predict long-term drainage chemistry. All work was conducted in alignment with the Prediction Manual for Drainage Chemistry from Sulfidic Geologic Materials – Report 1.20.1 provided by the Mine

 

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Environment Neutral Drainage program (MEND, 2009), the Mine Rehabilitation Code of Ontario by the Ministry of Mines (MOM, 2024; Ministry of Energy and Mines as of 2025), and the provincial water quality objectives (PWQO).

 

Phase 1A included geochemical characterization of 46 composite samples selected from the exploration drillhole database to represent the principal lithologies, depth ranges, and sulfur and gold contents present at the Project. Acid-base accounting, bulk chemistry testing, and shake flask extraction (SFE) testing were completed. Results indicate that most samples are non-potentially acid-generating, with a small number classified as potentially acid-generating and others categorized as uncertain. Bulk chemistry identified localized enrichment of bismuth, copper, and molybdenum in select samples; however, soluble content analysis from SFE tests did not indicate elevated leaching risk under ambient conditions.

 

Phase 2A kinetic testing is underway using 14 selected samples (including QA/QC duplicates) to further evaluate acid generation and leaching behaviour of constituents of potential concern (COPCs) identified during Phase 1A. Testing is in the early stages, with a formal assessment of results to be completed upon program completion in Q2 2026. Additional static and kinetic testing programs (Phases 1B and 2B, respectively) are planned for Q1 2026 to assess geochemical risk.

 

Overall, Phase 1A results indicate low ARD risk and low potential for COPCs leaching in the waste rock samples evaluated. Ongoing and planned testing will be used to confirm these findings and support refinement of long-term geochemical risk assessments and waste rock management design.

 

20.3.7 Terrain and Soils

 

Terrain and Soils (TS) encompass geomorphology and surficial materials and their relationship to underlying geological structures. Changes to TS by the Project may result in secondary effects, including land use, economic activity, and biological functions in proximity to the Project. Accordingly, TS is treated as an intermediate study component and is assessed to support evaluation of Project interactions, with linkages to hydrogeology, terrestrial environment, and land and resource use.

 

The Project area is characterized by northeast– to east-northeast–trending ridges at elevations of approximately 430-450 m above mean sea level, with higher elevations reaching approximately 500 m south of the Coldstream mine site and in the southeast in the Hood Lake granitoid. These ridges separate shallow lakes and areas of muskeg swamp surrounding streams. The main lakes in the area include Burchell, Shebandowan, Hamlin, McGinnis, Moss, and Kawawiagamak lakes. Surficial materials are dominated by till, muskeg / peat and organic wetlands, localized glaciofluvial deposits, and fine lacustrine sediments adjacent to lakes, which together control vegetation and wetland distribution. Overburden

 

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thickness ranges from thin or absent over bedrock highs to tens of metres in low-lying basins, with organic soils prevalent in wetlands and drainage areas.

 

Local geomorphic controls result in thinner, sandier tills or exposed bedrock on ridges and thicker peat and fine sediments in lowlands and lake margins, with localized eskers and channels hosting coarse sand and gravel that have been used as local aggregate sources. Geological conditions, including stratigraphy and structural features, are well understood based on project-specific and regional data. Future TS assessment will focus on potential subsidence and erosion near the pit shell, tailings storage facility (TSF), and stockpiled materials, with related changes to recharge and surface soil hydraulic properties addressed through the hydrogeological assessment. Monitoring, adaptive management, and emergency preparedness plans and contingency measures will be developed in future to safeguard the local environment throughout Project operations.

 

20.3.8 Ecosystem Mapping and Vegetation

 

20.3.8.1 Vegetation

 

The Project is located within the Pigeon River Ecoregion (4W) of the Ontario Shield Ecozone, which is characterized by a cool, relatively dry climate. Vegetation communities are comprised of a mix of boreal and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence species, with lowland areas dominated by Black Spruce, White Spruce, Balsam Fir, Tamarack, and Eastern White Cedar (Noble, 1980).

 

The vegetation study area encompasses approximately 24,404 ha of terrestrial habitat and includes 47 ecosites, classified in 2021 by Sumac Geomatics using the Ontario Ecological Land Classification system based on vegetation and soil attributes. Five (5) ecosites comprise approximately 78% of the study area and are dominated by several dry to fresh sites with coarse soils occupied by Aspen-Birch Hardwood, Pine-Black Spruce Conifer, Jack Pine-Black Spruce Conifer, and Spruce-Fir Conifer stands, and the Intolerant Hardwood Swamp wetland ecosite.

 

Vegetation field surveys were completed at 63 locations in 2022 and 56 locations in 2025, identifying a total of 219 plant species across trees, shrubs, forbs, graminoids, ferns and allies, bryophytes, lichens, and aquatic plants. Data collected will inform the EA process.

 

20.3.8.2 Wetlands

 

Wetlands in Ontario are protected under the 2020 Provincial Policy Statement under the Planning Act, which prohibits activities that damage or destroy Provincially Significant Wetlands and requires proponents

 

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to evaluate wetland significance or assume provincial significance for planning purposes. Although no specific federal laws protect wetlands in Canada, federal policy acknowledges that their protection is a responsibility shared by the federal government, provinces, and territories. The federal government’s goals concerning wetland conservation include the maintenance of wetland function and values, their enhancement, rehabilitation, and sustainable management (Environment Canada, 1991). Accordingly, proponents are required to characterize wetlands and their functions.

 

The Project is located in the Wawiag River valley, with wetland ecosystems representing a large proportion of the total area. Portions of the Project footprint overlap a large wetland complex connecting Snodgrass, Fountain, and Kawawiagamak lakes (Snodgrass Wetland). The Snodgrass Wetland complex encompasses approximately 1,861 ha and includes marsh, fen, and swamp communities. This complex was evaluated in 2023 using the Ontario Wetland Evaluation System (2022), which identified biological and special feature attributes consistent with Provincially Significant Wetlands.

 

Additional wetland studies were completed in 2025 to expand characterization to include smaller wetlands within the proposed Project footprint and downstream areas not assessed in 2023. The results of these expanded studies will be used to develop a detailed description of the wetland environment to support future provincial and federal EA requirements.

 

20.3.9 Aquatic Environment

 

Aquatic resources studies for the Project began in 2021 and were expanded in 2025 to characterize existing conditions and aquatic habitats and biota in waterbodies and watercourses potentially affected by the Project. Data collection focuses on characterizing fish communities and habitats, metal concentrations in fish tissue and sediments, fish movement and spawning behaviour, and lower trophic communities. The program will support the EA and inform future planning and design work.

 

In 2025, aquatic surveys were completed at 11 lakes and 19 stream locations, building on earlier investigations conducted in 2021 and 2023 at Moss, Snodgrass, and Kawawiagamak lakes. Field methods included fish community sampling, general habitat assessment, fish tissue and sediment sampling for metals analysis, lower trophic sampling, and fish movement and spawning surveys. Ageing structures were also collected to support age and growth characterization for certain fish species.

 

To date, numerous sportfish and forage fish species have been documented within the study area. Common species include Northern Pike, Walleye, Yellow Perch, and White Sucker, and several small-bodied forage species such as Blacknose Shiner, Mimic Shiner, Northern Pearl Dace, and Central Mudminnow.

 

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Aquatic existing conditions studies are scheduled to continue in 2026, including overwintering surveys, additional fish movement and spawning surveys, tissue sampling, expanded habitat surveys, implementation of an eDNA program, and completion of temperature monitoring.

 

20.3.10 Terrestrial Environment

 

Since 2021, Giiwedin Environmental Services (GES) has been studying wildlife communities within a defined wildlife study area exceeding 50,000 ha of predominantly upland forest and wetland habitat. Wildlife communities were characterized through field surveys and desktop reviews of publicly available records. Field programs targeted birds, bats, small mammals, ungulates, and furbearers, while desktop reviews compiled records for all wildlife species. Candidate Significant Wildlife Habitat (SWH) was identified through desktop screening based on criteria listed in Significant Wildlife Habitat Criteria Schedule for Ecoregion 3W (Ontario, 2018) as a surrogate for Ecoregion 4W, followed by field verification in areas overlapping the proposed Project footprint.

 

20.3.10.1 Birds

 

A total of 129 bird species were documented through surveys conducted between 2021 and 2025, including several Species at Risk (SAR) listed as Special Concern. Targeted surveys documented marsh birds, owls, and nightjars. Aerial waterfowl surveys were conducted in 2025, with data processing ongoing and no SAR identified to date.

 

20.3.10.2 Mammals

 

Bat surveys documented the presence of several endangered bat species with suitable roosting habitat present in the study area. Other mammals documented through trapping records and incidental observations include beaver, mink, marten, gray wolf, river otter, moose, red fox, and Canada lynx. Small mammal surveys conducted in 2025 are under review, with no SAR identified to date. Winter aerial ungulate surveys are planned for Q1 2026 and represent the only outstanding terrestrial environment survey for the Project.

 

20.3.10.3 Reptiles and Amphibians

 

Amphibian surveys conducted in 2025 did not document any SAR. eDNA sampling at nine (9) locations identified aquatic and terrestrial species presence, with an incidental observation of Snapping Turtle recorded during fieldwork.

 

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20.3.11 Species at Risk

 

Federal and provincial legislation protects SAR in Canada. In Ontario, the Endangered Species Act (ESA, 2007), as amended in 2025, protects species listed as Endangered or Threatened and their habitats on provincial lands, while the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA, 2002) applies on federal lands and to all aquatic SAR. SARs listed as Special Concern are protected by policies under Ontario’s Planning Act.

 

GES completed preliminary SAR screening in 2022 using public databases and incidental field observations collected during existing conditions studies from 2021 to 2025. SAR and species classified as Special Concern were documented through field surveys and database records.

 

Baseline wildlife and vegetation studies have identified the presence of SAR within the broader study area, including bird, plant, and bat species. These findings will inform ongoing assessment and the EA process, including consideration of potential permitting requirements and mitigation measures, as appropriate. Further evaluation of habitat uses, potential effects, and regulatory pathways will be advanced through continued studies, engagement with regulators, and EA-stage analysis.

 

20.4 Social and Community Considerations

 

20.4.1 Land and Resource Use

 

Both provincial and federal governments have obligations to consider and assess the potential impacts of the Project on the constitutionally protected rights of Indigenous Nations. In particular, IAAC’s Tailored Impact Statement Guidelines emphasize early information sharing and engagement with potentially affected Indigenous Nations in relation to a project and its potential impacts, including in the assessment of potential effects on Indigenous rights. These expectations inform how the EA will be carried out, while the specific approach to engagement and information sharing is advanced through ongoing discussions with Indigenous Nations and regulators (IAAC, 2025).

 

20.4.2 Archaeological Assessment

 

In 2021, Woodland Heritage Northwest completed a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the entire study area for the Project (P307-0145-2021), in accordance with the Ontario Mining Act, the Ontario Heritage Act, and the applicable Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. The assessment included a review of the Wawiag River, Moss Lake, Snodgrass Lake, Kawawiagamak Lake, and Squeers Creek, and identified areas of archaeological potential associated with permanent waterbodies.

 

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Based on the Stage 1 findings and the current Project footprint, Stage 2 Archaeological Assessments will be required in areas where Project components intersect zones of archaeological potential. Stage 2 work will be completed in accordance with provincial standards, protocols of potentially affected Indigenous Nations, as identified through ongoing engagement, and Section 2.1.5 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. Ongoing engagement with potentially affected Indigenous Nations could result in the identification of additional areas that may require further assessment.

 

20.4.3 Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment

 

The Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment will commence following the completion of other aspects of the existing conditions assessment (e.g., hydrology, surface water quality, air quality, ecosystem mapping, etc.). These aspects are expected to be completed in late 2026.

 

The assessment will comprise three (3) components: a Traditional Foods Study to identify locally harvested foods and inform exposure pathways; a Human Health Risk Assessment to evaluate potential risks to nearby populations based on existing conditions data, published sources, and predictive studies; and an Ecological Risk Assessment to evaluate potential risks to plants and wildlife by comparing predicted environmental concentrations to published reference values using site-specific existing conditions information.

 

20.4.4 Socioeconomics

 

The Project is located on Crown land in unorganized territory within the District of Thunder Bay, approximately 100 km west of the city of Thunder Bay. Indigenous presence in the Thunder Bay region dates back over 10,000 years, with archaeological evidence of toolmaking and copper mining. European contact in the 17th century introduced the fur trade and later mining, reshaping cultural and economic dynamics.

 

The Project area includes nearby municipalities, Indigenous communities, and managed forest lands. The region is a hub for mining exploration, with communities familiar with resource development. The Project is not expected to directly impact any settlements or agricultural / industrial activities. Further study is required to assess the use of the Project area for traditional purposes.

 

Northwestern Ontario has a long history of resource development and continues to function as a regional hub for mining and mineral exploration. The regional economy includes a mix of public services, manufacturing, forestry, transportation, and tourism, alongside an established mining and exploration

 

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sector. Communities in and around Thunder Bay are familiar with mining-related employment, infrastructure, and service requirements, which provides relevant socio-economic context for the Project.

 

The following municipalities, Indigenous communities, and forest management areas are located within the vicinity of the Project:

 

  · Kashabowie: A rural community 20 km north, with an economy based on camping, fishing, hiking, and wilderness resorts. Other nearby communities (Shebandowan, Shabaqua Corners) share similar profiles.

 

  · Thunder Bay: A city of 108,843 (2021 census), located 100 km east. Major employment sectors include health care (21.7%), retail (12.6%), education (9.3%), and public administration (7.8%). Mining employs only 1.5% of the workforce, but the city promotes mineral exploration and supports mining-related services. Red Sky Métis Independent Nation is located in Thunder Bay.

 

  · Lac Des Mille Lacs First Nation Reserve 22A1: Located approximately 40 km north of the Project, this reserve spans 3,751 acres and is primarily characterized by forested, rocky shorelines and extensive areas of muskeg / bog.

 

  · Lac Des Mille Lacs First Nation Reserve 22A2: Located approximately 50 km north of the Project, this reserve covers 8,475 acres and is predominantly made up of forested land.

 

  · Gakijiwanong Anishinaabe Nation: Situated in the southwestern corner of Quetico Provincial Park, approximately 100 km to the west. Under the 2018 Quetico Provincial Park Management Plan, the First Nation and the park established a co-existence agreement, fostering collaboration in land stewardship and cultural preservation.

 

  · Fort William First Nation Reserve: Set aside under provisions of the Robinson Superior Treaty (1850), the reserve covers 14,369 acres and is located south of the city of Thunder Bay on the western shores of Lake Superior and prominently features Animkii Wajiw.

 

  · Atikokan: A town of 2,642 (2021 census), serving as a gateway to Quetico Provincial Park and supporting tourism through its airport and local services. The Métis Nation of Ontario – Atikokan Métis Council is located within the municipality of Atikokan.

 

  · Dog River-Matawin Forest: Traditional land of Lac Des Mille Lacs First Nation, Gakijiwanong Anishinaabe Nation, and Fort William First Nation. Managed under a 10-year Forest Management Plan (FMP, 2021–2031), it is significant for Indigenous and economic activities, Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Resources.

 

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20.4.5 Social and Community Initiatives

 

The Project is located within or near the traditional territories of five (5) Indigenous Nations: Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation, Gakijiwanong Anishinaabe Nation (formerly Lac La Croix First Nation), Fort William First Nation, Métis Nation of Ontario, and Red Sky Métis Independent Nation. These Nations maintain longstanding historical and contemporary land use, cultural associations, harvesting practices and sensitive sites within their territories.

 

Gold X2 has engaged with each of these communities since 2021, prior to the commencement of exploration activities. Ongoing engagement activities vary by community and range from in-person meetings, phone calls, e-mails, information sessions, presentations focused on specific activities (for example, permit applications), communications and updates regarding ongoing environmental monitoring and mineral exploration work, and discussions around potential business, employment, and training opportunities. Confidential agreements pertaining to Gold X2’s ongoing mineral exploration program are in place with several Indigenous Nations.

 

Gold X2 seeks to maintain ongoing, productive relationships with potentially affected Indigenous Nations and has dedicated internal resources to support engagement activities. Engagement is expected to continue and evolve as the Project advances, including through the EA.

 

20.5 Mine Closure, Decommissioning, and Reclamation

 

Closure of the Project will be governed by the Ontario Mining Act and associated regulations, with the objective of returning the Project site to a naturalized and productive condition following mining. Mining operations are subject to the approval of a Closure Plan and associated Financial Assurance.

 

Closure planning for the Project has not commenced. It is assumed at this stage that closure concepts will be based on established, widely applied industry practices that have been demonstrated to be effective when appropriately designed, implemented, and monitored. These practices include stabilization of tailings facilities, flooding of the pit, re-establishment of surface water flows where practicable, and revegetation using native, non-invasive species. Post-closure monitoring will be conducted to confirm closure performance. Closure costs, including post-closure monitoring, have been estimated and are included in the sustaining capital and financial analysis sections of this Report, with a preliminary closure cost estimate of CAD 48.6 million.

 

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21. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS

 

The capital and operating cost estimates presented in this Report are based on the preliminary design, engineering assumptions, and economic parameters established for the Moss Gold Project, located in Ontario, Canada. These estimates have been developed to support the economic analysis of the Project and are consistent with the level of accuracy expected at the current stage of study, typically within the -30% +50% range for a Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA).

 

Capital Costs include estimates for initial development, construction, infrastructure, equipment procurement, mine pre-production activities, indirect costs, contingency allowances, and owner’s costs. These estimates are benchmarked against current market conditions, supplier quotations, and recent cost data from similar gold mining operations in Ontario and other jurisdictions within the Canadian Shield.

 

The base date of the capital expenditure (CAPEX) estimate is 2025, and the initial CAPEX duration is planned over a period of 30 months, assumed to be from 2031 to 2033.

 

The initial CAPEX estimated is presented in Canadian dollars (CAD) using the following exchange rate: 1.34 CAD/USD.

 

The capital cost estimate was developed through a detailed, built-up approach by major facility and discipline. Estimates were prepared based on preliminary engineering, conceptual designs, and first-principles methodologies specific to the Moss Gold Project. While a full Request for Proposal (RFP) process was not conducted for all project components at this stage of study, certain capital items were informed by budgetary pricing obtained directly from industry suppliers. Furthermore, unit costs were benchmarked against actual data from recently executed and comparable projects, providing an additional layer of validation for the estimate.

 

Operating costs were derived from the proposed mine plan, anticipated production throughput, process flow sheet, and site-specific logistical considerations. These costs include mining, processing, tailings management, site services, general and administrative (G&A) expenses, and sustaining capital. Labour rates, reagent consumption, fuel costs, and power tariffs are based on prevailing regional market conditions and regulatory frameworks applicable to Ontario. The overall cost estimates reflect a combination of first-principles engineering, supplier input, and industry benchmarks, providing a defensible and realistic basis for the economic evaluation of the Project.

 

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The mining capital and operating cost estimates were developed by GMS to include the mine mobile equipment, i.e. primary, auxiliary, support and ancillary equipment, as well as pre-production mine development.

 

Mining infrastructures, namely haul roads, mine facilities, as well as explosives storage and processing plants, were developed by GMS.

 

The capital and operating cost estimates for the process plant were developed by GMS based on preliminary Process Design Criteria.

 

The tailings and overall site water management capital and operating cost estimates were developed based on a preliminary geometrical concept and volumes benchmarked by GMS. The concept and pricing will need to be further detailed during the Feasibility Study.

 

The CAPEX estimate reflects an owner-managed project delivery model, and the construction phase will be executed under an Integrated Project Management Team (IPMT) model that is expected to last 30 months.

 

All the mining equipment purchase costs are captured in WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Area 500. The equipment pricing includes the base machine with several required options, tires, fire suppression systems in most cases and assembly and commissioning when required.

 

Indirect costs consist of the labour costs for mine supervision, management, and technical support, as well as operating costs such as fuel, electricity, maintenance parts and consumables. Direct and indirect costs during pre-production were both captured in the OPEX.

 

21.1 Capital Expenditures

 

A summary of the capital expenditure is presented in Table 21.1.

 

Table 21.1: Capital Expenditures Summary (CAD k)

 

  Capital Expenditures (CAD k)
100 Infrastructure $124,267
200 Power and Electrical $135,883
300 Water Management $180,002
400 Surface Operations $29,140

 

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  Capital Expenditures (CAD k)
500 Mining $347,737
600 Process Plant $352,601
700 Construction Indirects $225,800
800 General Services $83,500
900 Pre-production, Start-up, Commissioning $219,090
990 Contingency $302,652
  Total $2,000,844

 

21.1.1 Infrastructure

 

A capital expenditures summary for infrastructure is presented in Table 21.2.

 

Table 21.2: Infrastructure Capital Expenditures (CAD k)

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
100 INFRASTRUCTURE $124,267
110 Deforestation $2,349
111 General Earthwork $23,870
112 Site Roads $1,250
113 External Site Roads - 6.5 km (improvement) $650
115 Site Drainage & Trenches $500
116 Fencing $678
118 Site Access $250
121 Mine Dry (+/- 300 people) $17,000
122 Truck Shop $21,327
131 Site Admin Building $11,142
132 Site Guard House $1,000
135 Laydown $1,000
137 Assay Lab (contracted offsite) $500
141 Camp Dorms / Facilities Complex $29,750
142 Kitchen $3,500
145 Recreational Room (included in 143) $1,750
171 Fuel Tank Farm $2,500

 

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WBS Description (CAD k)
100 INFRASTRUCTURE $124,267
172 Fuel Systems $5,000
191 Laydown / Sorting Facility $250

 

21.1.2 Power Supply and Communications

 

Power and communications capital costs were consolidated into a single cost item, calculated based on the average load installed in each area of the Project. While these costs are grouped under Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 200 for capital reporting purposes, the breakdown of consumption by sector is detailed separately in Table 21.3.

 

Table 21.3: Power Supply and Communications Capital Expenditures

 

WBS Area Description Full Average Load (kW) (CAD k)
100 INFRASTRUCTURE 2,484 $5,678
212 POWER TRANSMISSION LINE 1,065 $40,000
213 SITE MAIN SUBSTATION
221 SECONDARY POWER GEN. $2,434
270 MV OVERHEAD LINE
280 AUTOMATION NETWORK $9,000
300 WATER MANAGEMENT 2,484 $5,678
400 SURFACE OPERATIONS 3,55 $811
500 MINING 0 -
600 PROCESS PLANT 27,682 $63,273
700 CONSTRUCTION INDIRECT 1,420 $3,245
001 HEATING 2,500 $5,714
Total 66,529 $135,833

 

21.1.3 Water Management

 

With the exception of the Effluent Water Treatment Plant and the roads and pads associated with the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF), the water management infrastructure for the Moss Gold Project was evaluated as part of the overall infrastructure design, with the associated capital cost distribution presented in Table 21.4.

 

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The TSF capital expenditure includes the initial construction costs associated with the containment embankments, tailings delivery pipelines, reclaim water return pipelines, and seepage management infrastructure, including collection ditches and sumps. The capital cost estimate for the TSF includes only the placement and shaping of embankment materials. As the containment embankments are intended to be constructed primarily from waste rock generated during open pit mining operations, the costs associated with mining and hauling this material are included in the mining operating cost estimate and are therefore not included in the TSF capital cost.

 

Water diversion capital costs include the construction of diversion channels required to manage surface water flows across the project site. These works also include excavation of diversion channels, construction of engineered dikes, and installation of erosion protection measures such as riprap, geotextile, or liners where required. The diversion works include the rerouting of the Moss Lake outlet toward the southern portion of the lake, the diversion of the Burchell Lake outlet toward Kawawagamak Lake through a series of engineered dikes and channels, and the drainage of Snodgrass Lake, located within the footprint of the proposed Southwest Pit. Capital costs associated with the mine water management system include the construction of diversion ditches, drainage channels, and mine water management ponds. These costs include excavation, berm construction, and the initial development of the mine water ponds based on the conceptual design assumptions.

 

Table 21.4: Water Capital Expenditures (CAD k)

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
300 Water Management $180,002
310 Water Diversion $50,000
360 Effluent Water Treatment and Water Management $110,002
370 Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) Embankment $20,000

 

21.1.4 Surface Operations

 

The capital costs estimate for the surface operations costs is based on an owner-operated fleet.

 

A summary of the surface operations capital expenditures for mining is presented in Table 21.5.

 

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Table 21.5: Surface Operations Capital Expenditures (CAD k)

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
400 Surface Operations $29,140
411 Construction Mobile Equipment $20,100
412 Process Plant Mobile Equipment $2,680
414 G&A Mobile Equipment $5,360
420 Concrete Batch Plant $1,000

 

21.1.5 Mining.

 

The capital costs estimate for the mining areas includes mining equipment, overburden mining contractor and haul roads. Costs are based on an owner-operated mine fleet.

 

A summary of the initial mining capital expenditures for mining is presented in Table 21.6.

 

Table 21.6: Initial Mining Capital Expenditures (CAD k)

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
500 Mining $347,737
541 Haul Road $9,000
551 Primary Mining Equipment $184,692
552 Secondary Mining Equipment $79,562
553 Ancillary Mining Equipment $6,599
554 Other Mining Support Equipment $1,703
599 Other Mining Cost $66,181

 

21.1.6 Process Plant and Related Infrastructure

 

Process plant capital costs were developed based on major equipment identified in the process design criteria. Costs for associated disciplines, such as civil, structural, piping, electrical, and instrumentation, were incorporated using factored estimates. The approach reflects the current study stage.

 

The capital cost estimates for the processing areas are presented in Table 21.7.

 

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Table 21.7: Processing Capital Expenditures

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
600 Process Plant $352,821
601 Site Preparation / Road / Berms $5,000
610 Comminution $207,743
630 Flotation, Regrind & Concentrate $35,914
640 Lixiviation $63,825
650 Reagents $3,843
660 Refinery $24,031
680 Tailings Management $5,765
690 Process Plant Services $6,700

 

21.1.7 Construction Indirects

 

Indirect costs for the Project are estimated at $234.6M, inclusive of site management personnel, engineering, temporary facilities, construction tools and consumables, as well as fuel and energy consumption during the construction period. The estimate is based on factored allowances from direct costs and benchmark data from comparable projects. These costs reflect the current project definition and exclude the owner’s costs.

 

Construction Indirect Costs are presented in Table 21.8.

 

Table 21.8: Construction Indirect Capital (CAD k)

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
700 Construction Indirect $225,800
711 Site CM Staff and Consultants $45,000
713 Surveying $3,375
714 QA/QC $2,250
716 Project Control $1,125
721 Construction Offices / Trailers $15,000
722 Temporary Truckshop $1,000
723 Temporary Explosive Magazine $50
724 Temporary Laydown Facilities $1,000

 

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WBS Description (CAD k)
700 Construction Indirect $225,800
727 Site Toilets / Ablution Units $500
728 Construction Temp Power Distribution $2,000
729 Construction Temp Water and Piping Network $500
733 Miscellaneous Shops $6,000
737 Lifting Tools $500
742 Rentals $15,000
743 Operation and Maintenance $6,000
744 Major Construction Tools $7,500
745 Small Tools & Consumables $7,500
746 LOTOTO Team $1,000
747 EPP for Construction $4,500
748 Scaffolding $1,000
750 Construction Staff Logistics $10,000
760 Energy $25,000
780 Contractor Indirects $45,000
790 External Engineering $25,000

 

21.1.8 General Services – Owner’s Cost

 

General services and owners’ costs were provided by Gold X2, with the exception of logistics. The logistics cost was estimated separately, calculated as a percentage of the value of materials and equipment to be procured.

 

Cost estimates are presented in Table 21.9.

 

Table 21.9: General Services Expenditures

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
800 General Services $83,500
811 General Management $20,000
817 IT & Telecommunications Service $5,000
820 Logistics / Taxes / Insurance $21,000

 

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WBS Description (CAD k)
800 General Services $83,500
831 Site Services (Camp OPEX) $20,000
840 Environmental $10,000
850 Health and Safety $7,500

 

21.1.9 Pre-Production, Commissioning and Contingency Expenditures

 

The initial open pit operation accounts for the majority of the pre-production expenditures with charges for Processing during process plant start-up, labour training and commissioning period.

 

Pre-production and commissioning expenditures are presented in Table 21.10.

 

Table 21.10: Pre-Production, Commissioning and Contingency Expenditures

 

WBS Description (CAD k)
900 Pre-Production, Commissioning and Contingency $521,744
910 Mining Pre-Prod $160,134
950 Process Plant Pre-Prod / Commissioning $41,241
961 Spare Parts Capital $11,810
962 First Fill (Reagents, Grease & Oil) $5,905
990 Contingency (%) $302,654

 

Pre-production mining costs will be incurred during one (1) year and eight (8) months preceding the start of commercial production. During this period, a total of 64.0 Mt of material will be mined, comprising 57.2 Mt of waste and overburden.

 

Pre-production processing costs include an eight (8)-month period during which the processing workforce will be mobilized for training, commissioning, and ramp-up activities. The overall ramp-up period is planned to total ten (10) months, comprising six (6) months during pre-production and the first four (4) months of commercial production, with process plant throughput increasing progressively from approximately 30% of nameplate capacity to full design capacity.

 

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The contingency accounts for uncertainties in scope, pricing fluctuations, design development, and potential construction risks. It was applied as a global factor, rather than itemized per discipline, to maintain consistency with industry-standard estimating practices. This allowance supports a realistic projection of total installed costs at the current stage of engineering. It represents approximately 30% of the direct costs.

 

21.1.10 Sustaining Capital

 

Sustaining capital includes additional equipment purchases and replacements for the open pit operation, major equipment components, tailings storage facility (TSF) raises, and main power generation. Total sustaining capital over the life of mine is estimated at $839 million, of which $804 million is attributable to mining-related requirements.

 

Sustaining capital is presented in Table 21.11.

 

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Table 21.11: Sustaining Capital Costs (CAD k)

 

Areas TOTAL Y1* Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Yll Y12 Y13 Y14
Mining 804,352 27,789 106,125 121,372 66,047 76,035 89,220 79,862 66,167 56,466 61,214 41,862 2,773 7,751 1,668
Open Pit 804,352 27,789 106,125 121,372 66,047 76,035 89,220 79,862 66,167 56,466 61,214 41,862 2,773 7,751 1,668
Other Costs 35,000 10,000 15,000 10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
TSF 30,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
Main Power Generation 5,000 - 5,000 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total Sustaining Capital Costs (CAD k) 839,352 37,789 121,125 131,372 66,047 76,035 89,220 79,862 66,167 56,466 61,214 41,862 2,773 7,751 1,668

*Note: Four (4) months in Year 1.

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-11

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

21.2 Closure Costs & Salvage Value

 

21.2.1 Closure Costs

 

The closure costs are estimated to be $48.6 million. Closure costs would cover the following activities:

 

·            Open pit, Waste dump and other mining facilities.

 

·            Tailing Management facility.

 

·            General Site infrastructure.

 

The closure costs have been estimated based on a unit cost of $0.35 per tonne of mineralized material mined, applied over the life-of-mine. Closure activities are expected to be completed over a period of approximately three (3) years following the completion of the mining and milling, during which progressive reclamation and final site closure works will be carried out.

 

21.2.2 Salvage Value

 

Salvage value is estimated at $32.1M and will occur during the post-operation period in Year 15, which is the first year of the closure and reclamation phase.

 

21.3 Operating Costs

 

The operating costs include mining, processing, general services and administration (G&A), royalties and power costs, which are included within each area. The average LOM operating cost, excluding pre-production, is $34.44/t milled, including royalty costs. Operating Costs are summarized in Table 21.12.

 

Table 21.12: Operating Costs Summary

 

Item

Total Operating Cost
($M)

Unit Cost
(CAD/t. milled)

Open Pit Mining Cost 2,571 18.88
Processing 1,673 12.29
General Services & Administration 431 3.16
Total Site Cost 4,675 34.33
Royalty Cost 15 0.11
Total OPEX Cost 4,690 34.44

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-12

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

Total operating cost per tonne milled, starting Y1 of production, is presented on an annual basis in Table 21.13. Year 1 includes only four (4) months of commercial production.

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-13

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

Table 21.13: Total Operating Costs Summary by Year

 

Operating Cost Summary Unit Total Y1* Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Yll Y12 Y13 Y14
Operating Costs (excl. Pre-Prod.)
Open Pit Mining CAD M 2,571 53 163 185 217 210 235 247 235 235 235 198 206 140 12
Processing CAD M 1,673 39 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 133 132 135 131 130 30
General & Administration CAD M 431 33 37 37 31 32 30 28 32 32 30 30 31 32 17
Total Site Cost CAD M 4,675 125 334 357 382 377 400 410 402 400 398 363 368 302 59
Royalty Cost CAD M 15 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Total OPEX Cost CAD M 4,690 125 336 358 383 378 401 411 403 401 399 364 369 303 59
Total OPEX Cost $/t. milled 34.44 40.68 30.51 32.54 34.85 34.35 36.50 37.39 36.64 36.96 37.17 33.09 34.76 28.87 24.11

 

*Note: Four (4) months in Year 1

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-14

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

21.3.1 Mining Costs

 

A detailed mine cost build-up was developed from basic cost elements such as consumable prices, fuel prices, equipment productivities, maintenance and labour costs.

 

Equipment operating costs were determined from various sources, including primarily information from the major suppliers and benchmarked costs from operations in similar environments. Equipment operating costs were estimated for each equipment model, which includes fuel consumption, lubricant consumption, operation and maintenance labour, parts (maintenance and repairs), ground-engaging tools or tires if applicable.

 

A fuel price of $1.10/L was considered for the purpose of this assessment.

 

The open pit mining unit cost is $3.15/t. mined. Table 21.14 presents the breakdown of mining costs excluding pre-production by department.

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-15

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

Table 21.14. Open Pit Mining Cost Summary Total

 

Mining Costs Unit Total Y1* Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Tonnage Mined Mt 815 21 72 72 72 73 75 73 74 74 73 55 55 27 0
Mine Operations CAD M 44 1.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.9
Mine Geology CAD M 42 0.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.2
Mine Maintenance Admin. CAD M 154 3.7 12.6 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.2 12.2 12.6 12.6 10.2 1.5
Mine Engineering CAD M 51 1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.8 0.3
Drilling CAD M 266 5.3 17.2 21.0 22.9 24.3 25.2 25.3 25.6 25.8 25.0 19.5 18.9 9.7 0.0
Pre-Split Drilling and Blasting CAD M 57 1.5 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 3.8 3.2 2.5 0.0
Blasting CAD M 482 10.2 33.8 40.0 42.2 44.3 45.5 45.0 45.3 45.7 45.3 33.0 31.7 20.4 0.0
Loading CAD M 201 4.3 13.5 16.1 17.0 18.1 18.7 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.4 15.3 14.6 8.9 0.7
Hauling CAD M 854 14.4 44.4 51.2 73.0 62.1 81.6 95.0 82.4 81.8 83.3 67.3 74.6 41.4 1.6
Dewatering CAD M 74 0.7 2.5 3.4 3.6 3.6 4.0 5.3 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9 13.2 14.1 0.0
Dump Maintenance CAD M 104 2.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 6.0 8.0 4.0 0.0
Road Maintenance CAD M 110 2.3 7.0 7.1 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 0.7
Grade Control CAD M 5 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.0
Support Equipment CAD M 95 2.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 1.0
Mineralized Material Feed CAD M 18 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.8
Rehandling CAD M 14 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.9 0.0 0.0 4.2
Total OP Mining Cost CAD M 2,571 53 163 185 217 210 235 247 235 235 235 198 206 140 12
Unit Cost $/t. mined 3.15 2.56 2.24 2.57 3.01 2.87 3.15 3.38 3.19 3.18 3.22 3.60 3.77 5.23 NA

*Note: Four (4) months in Year 1

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-16

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

21.3.2 Processing Costs

 

The process flowsheet described in Section 17 consists of 2-stage crushing, SAG and Ball mill grinding, rougher flotation, flotation concentrate regrinding, thickening, Carbon-in-Leach for flotation concentrate and tails in series, ADR, and tailings cyanide destruction. During operation, the average processing cost, including power cost, is $12.29/t milled.

 

The consumption estimates for grinding media and reagents (Table 21.15) are based on metallurgical testwork results, modelling and historical data from operations in Eastern Canada. Pricing was compiled from 2025 supplier quotations and adjusted to reflect transportation costs to the Project site (Table 21.16). For certain minor reagents, historical prices were adjusted for inflation.

 

Labour costs were determined using historical staffing levels at similar sites and total compensation packages (including salary, benefits, and incentives), based on the GMS database.

 

Table 21.15: Grinding Media and Reagent Consumption

 

Consumable Rates Unit OP Rock
Grinding Media & Liners
SAG Mill Grinding Media kg/t 0.38
BM Grinding Media kg/t 0.39
SAG Mill Liners Sets/y 1.5
Ball Mill Sets/y 2.0
Reagents
Cyanide kg/t 0.400
Lime kg/t 1.100
Activated Carbon kg/t 0.020
Flocculant kg/t 0.035
Caustic kg/t 0.019
Sodium Metabisulphite kg/t 0.719
Copper Sulfate kg/t 0.050
Hydrochloric Acid kg/t 0.081
Frother kg/t 0.010
Collector kg/t 0.080

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-17

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

Table 21.16: Consumables Operating Cost

 

Consumable Operating Cost $/t Milled
  Prices ($/t or Set) OP Rock
Grinding Media & Liners
SAG Grinding Media 1,153 0.736
BM Grinding Media 1,145 0.661
SAG Mill Liners 535,577 0.103
Ball Mill Liners 221,154 0.057
Sub-Total - 1.557
Reagents- Process
Cyanide 2,850 1.528
Lime 206 0.304
Activated Carbon 3,285 0.088
Flocculant 4,820 0.226
Caustic 804 0.021
Hydrochloric Acid 350 0.033
Frother 2,400 0.034
Collector 1,900 0.215
Sub-Total - 2.459
Reagents – CN Destruction & Other
Sodium Metabisulfite 450 0.433
Copper Sulfate 2,814 0.199
Sub-Total - 0.632
Total - 3.091

 

The estimated electricity cost of $0.11/kWh is based on benchmark data from similar mining projects in Ontario and standard Hydro One costs. It is used to evaluate operating expenses for site infrastructure and processing facilities.

 

Total yearly processing costs, including power, are presented in Table 21.17.

 

Section 21March 2026Page 21-18

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

Table 21.17: Total Yearly Processing Costs

 

Processing Costs Unit Total Y1* Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Yll Y12 Y13 Y14
Tonnes Milled Mt 136.2 3.1 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.7 11.0 10.6 10.5 2.4
Mill Labour CAD M 218.5 5.8 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 3.9
Metallurgical and Labs CAD M 6.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1
Maintenance and Supplies CAD M 133.9 3.0 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.8 10.5 10.3 2.4
Reagent & Consumable CAD M 698.3 15.8 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 55.6 55.0 56..4 54.4 53.8 12.5
Power CAD M 616.3 13.9 49.8 49.8 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.1 48.5 49.8 48.0 47.5 11.0
Total Process Costs CAD M 1,673 39 134.9 134.9 134.9 134.9 134.9 134.9 134.9 133.4 131.9 134.9 130.8 129.5 29.9
Processing Cost $/t. milled 12.29 12.56 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.28 12.30 12.26 12.32 12.34 12.26

 

*Note: Four (4) months in Year 1.

Section 21March 2026Page 21-19

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

 

21.3.3 General and Administration

 

General Services include general management, accounting and finance, environmental and social management, site security, human resources, IT, supply chain, camp and catering for out-of-region employees and their transportation, power for the administration building, surface support, security, health and safety. These services mostly represent fixed costs for the site. The General Services costs exclude costs of refining costs, transportation, and rehabilitation costs.

 

The average G&A operating costs over the life-of-mine are $3.16/t milled or an average of $31M per year.

 

Section 21 March 2026 Page 21-20

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

21.3.4 Total Operating Costs

 

Total operating costs starting in the last four (4) months of Y1 of production are presented on a yearly basis, as shown in Table 21.18.

 

Table 21.18: Operating Cost Summary

 

Operating Cost Summary Unit Total Y1* Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Production Highlights
Tonnage Milled kt 136,208 3,082 10,999 11,000 10,999 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 10,856 10,723 11,000 10,616 10,496 2,437
Tonnage Mined MM OP kt 132,168 2,684 11,001 10,999 10,999 11,000 9,553 12,441 11,005 10,713 10,628 7,879 12,015 11,250 -
Tonnage Mined Waste OP kt 683,236 17,983 61,481 61,124 61,090 62,221 65,115 60,476 62,645 63,278 62,408 47,119 42,687 15,610 -
Recovered Gold koz 3,503 115 313 288 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33
Recovered Silver koz 4,946 148 328 279 308 342 481 497 440 388 387 422 440 414 70
Payable Gold koz 3,502 115 313 287 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33
Payable Silver koz 4,451 134 295 251 277 308 433 448 396 349 348 380 396 373 63
Operating Costs
Open Pit Mining CAD M 2,571 53 163 185 217 210 235 247 235 235 235 198 206 140 12
Processing CAD M 1,673 39 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 133 132 135 131 130 30
General & Administration CAD M 431 33 37 37 31 32 30 28 32 32 30 30 31 32 17
Total Site Cost CAD M 4,675 125 334 357 382 377 400 410 402 400 398 363 368 302 59
Royalty Cost CAD M 15 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Total OPEX Cost CAD M 4,690 125 336 358 383 378 401 411 403 401 399 364 369 303 59
Unit Operating Costs
Open Pit Mining Cost $/t. mined 3.15 2.56 2.24 2.57 3.01 2.87 3.15 3.38 3.19 3.18 3.22 3.60 3.77 5.23 -
Open Pit Mining Cost $/t. milled 18.88 17.14 14.77 16.83 19.70 19.11 21.36 22.43 21.39 21.66 21.93 18.01 19.42 13.37 4.87
Processing Cost $/t. milled 12.29 12.56 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.28 12.30 12.26 12.32 12.34 12.26
General & Administration Cost $/t. milled 3.16 10.82 3.35 3.34 2.78 2.87 2.77 2.58 2.87 2.91 2.84 2.72 2.90 3.03 6.92
Total Site Cost $/t. milled 34.33 40.52 30.39 32.43 34.74 34.25 36.40 37.27 36.53 36.85 37.07 33.00 34.64 28.74 24.05
Royalty Cost $/t. milled 0.11 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.06
Total OPEX Cost $/t. milled 34.44 40.68 30.51 32.54 34.85 34.35 36.50 37.39 36.64 36.96 37.17 33.09 34.76 28.87 24.11

*Note: Four (4) months in Year 1.

 

Section 21 March 2026 Page 21-21

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

22. ECONOMIC ANALYSES

 

22.1 Overview

 

The Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) is conceptual in nature and includes Inferred Mineral Resources. The PEA summarized in this Technical Report is a conceptual study of the potential viability of the mineral resource estimate MRE, and the economic and technical viability of the Moss Gold Project and its estimated mineral resources has not been demonstrated. The PEA conceptual mine plan and economic model include numerous assumptions and mineral resource estimates, including Inferred mineral resource estimates. Inferred mineral resource estimates are considered to be too speculative geologically to have any economic considerations applied to such estimates. There is no guarantee that Inferred mineral resource estimates will be converted to Indicated or Measured mineral resources, or that Indicated or Measured resources can be converted to mineral reserves. Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability, and as such, there is no guarantee the Moss Gold economics described herein will be achieved. Mineral resource estimates may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant risks, uncertainties and other factors, as more particularly described herein.

 

The economic and financial analysis presented in this PEA utilizes a discounted cash flow method on both a pre-tax and after-tax basis. The commodity prices used in the evaluation were determined in Section 19. The financial model provides results in terms of Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and payback period for the Moss Gold Project. Economic results are based on a 100% ownership basis. The economic analysis is conducted in real terms, excluding inflation factors and is expressed in Q4 2025 Canadian dollars (CAD), unless otherwise indicated. The economic model excludes any Project debt or equipment financing.

 

The economic model projects annual cash flows over the life of the Moss Gold Project, aligned with the level of engineering and design appropriate for a Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA). These projections are based on estimates for sales revenue, operating costs (OPEX), capital expenditure (CAPEX) and other costs. OPEX includes expenses related to labour, reagents, maintenance, supplies, services, fuel and power. Additional costs, such as royalties and taxes, are calculated in accordance with the current mine and processing plans.

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-1

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

22.2 Cautionary Statements

 

The results of the economic analyses discussed in this section represent forward-looking information as defined under the Canadian securities law. These results are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those presented here.

 

The forward-looking information includes, but is not limited to, the following:

 

·Currency exchange rate fluctuation.

 

·Assumed prices for gold and silver.

 

·Cost inflation.

 

·Unexpected variations in the amount of mineralized material and material grade.

 

·Geotechnical or hydrogeological considerations during mining that differ from the assumptions.

 

·The proposed mine production plan.

 

·Assumptions regarding mining dilution and mining recovery.

 

·The recovery rates of gold and silver in the processing plant.

 

·Proposed Initial Capital, Sustaining Capital and Operating Costs.

 

·Failure of plant, equipment, and processes to operate as anticipated.

 

·Assumptions regarding closure costs.

 

·Assumptions regarding environmental, social and licensing risks.

 

·Labour and materials availability.

 

·Labour and materials costs being approximately consistent with the assumptions in the report.

 

·Ability to maintain social licence to operate.

 

·Unrecognized environmental risks.

 

·Unforeseen reclamation expenses.

 

·Changes to tax rates.

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-2

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

22.3 Assumptions

 

22.3.1 Gold Price

 

The determination of gold prices is described in Section 19. The long-term gold price assumption used in the Base Case scenario for this assessment is USD 2,750/oz.

 

22.3.2 Exchange Rate

 

An exchange rate of 1.34 Canadian dollars per US dollar was assumed. Most operating costs are estimated in Canadian dollars, with gold revenue in US dollars converted to Canadian dollars.

 

22.3.3 Other Assumptions

 

The other key assumptions used in economic analysis are as follows:

 

·A discount rate of 5% is commonly used for gold projects.

 

·Cashflow discounted at the start of construction.

 

·All cost estimates are in constant Q4 2025 Canadian dollars with no inflation or escalation factors taken into account.

 

22.4 Metal Production and Revenues

 

Over the life of the Project, total payable gold is estimated at 3,587 koz, based on an average metallurgical recovery of 91.6% and a payability factor of 99.95%. Additionally, a total payable silver is estimated at 4,548 koz, based on an average metallurgical recovery of 82.8% and a payability factor of 90.00%. During the pre-production phase, 86 koz of gold and 70 koz of silver are expected to be payable, generating an estimated gross revenue of CAD 320 million (net of transportation, refining and royalty costs). A total of 3,502 koz of gold and 4,451 koz of silver will be payable during operation, generating an estimated net revenue of CAD 13,072 million (net of transportation, refining and royalty costs).

 

Figure 22.1 and Table 22.1 show the Mill Production Schedule summary, while Figure 22.2 presents the yearly gold production, including pre-production.

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-3

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Table 22.1: Milling Production Schedule Summary

 

Milling Schedule Unit Total Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Tonnage Milled Mt 139 - - 5.9 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.7 11.0 10.6 10.5 2.4
Head Grade - Gold g/t 0.88 - - 1.28 0.96 0.88 0.83 0.85 0.80 0.93 0.88 0.85 0.77 0.75 0.91 1.01 0.46
Head Grade - Silver g/t 1.37 - - 1.70 1.12 0.95 1.05 1.16 1.64 1.69 1.50 1.34 1.35 1.44 1.55 1.48 1.07
Recovery - Gold % 91% - - 84% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%
Recovery - Silver % 83% - - 80% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83%
Recovered Gold koz 3,589 - - 201 313 288 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33
Recovered Silver koz 5,053 - - 256 328 279 308 342 481 497 440 388 387 422 440 414 70
Payable Gold koz 3,587 - - 201 313 287 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33
Payable Silver koz 4,548 - - 230 295 251 277 308 433 448 396 349 348 380 396 373 63

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-4

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

Figure 22.1: Mill Production Schedule

 

 

 

Figure 22.2: Gold and Silver Production Schedule

 

 

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-5

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Figure 22.3: Gold and Silver Payable Schedule

 

 

 

22.4.1Royalties

 

Recovered gold and silver are subject to royalty payments. A royalty of 0.11% has been used in this Economic analysis. The applied royalty represents the life-of-mine (LOM) average of royalty rates coded in the block model for mineralized blocks on the margin of the deposit. Total Royalty payments are approximately CAD 15 million.

 

22.4.2Taxes

 

The Project is subject to three (3) levels of taxation: Ontario mining tax, Ontario income tax and Federal income tax. The taxation model for the Project was prepared by Gold X2 and a retained taxation specialist. However, this information has not been independently verified by GMS, as described in Section 3. The Moss Gold Project will pay approximately CAD 1,825 million in tax payments over the life-of-mine.

 

22.5Capital Expenditures

 

The capital expenditures include initial capital expenditures as well as sustaining capital expenditures to be spent after commercial operation.

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-6

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

22.6Initial Capital

 

The initial CAPEX for Project construction, including processing facilities, mine equipment purchases, pre-production mining and processing activities, first fills, infrastructure and other direct and indirect costs, is estimated to be CAD 2.0 billion before gold credits from pre-production gold sales and excluding construction working capital adjustment. The total initial CAPEX includes a contingency of CAD 303 million.

 

22.7Sustaining Capital

 

Sustaining capital is required to maintain operations during the life-of-mine. Equipment purchases and replacement, in addition to major repairs, are required. Additional work is required for raising the tailings storage facility (TSF). The sustaining capital is estimated at CAD 839 million and excludes contingency.

 

22.8Working Capital

 

Working capital requirements were estimated based on the difference between current assets and current liabilities, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, inventories and other current liabilities. Working Capital during construction is estimated at CAD 25.6 million, and in operation is expected to fluctuate over the life-of-mine, where the remaining balance is credited at the end of the life-of-mine.

 

22.9Closure Cost and Salvage Value

 

Reclamation and closure costs include infrastructure decommissioning, TSF reclamation, waste dump rehabilitation, site preparation and revegetation activities. The total reclamation and closure cost is estimated at CAD 48.6 million.

 

A salvage value is estimated at CAD 32.1 million and represents the assumed residual value of mining equipment and the major processing plant equipment at the end of the Project life.

 

22.10Operating Cost Summary

 

The operating costs include mining, processing, general services and administration (G&A), royalties and power cost, which is included within each area. Operating cost summaries are presented by year in Table 22.2. The average LOM operating cost is $34.44/t milled.

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-7

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

Table 22.2: Operating Cost Summary (CAD M)

 

Operating Cost Summary Unit Total Y1* Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Production Highlights (excl. Pre-Prod.)
Tonnage Milled kt 136,208 3,082 10,999 11,000 10,999 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 10,856 10,723 11,000 10,616 10,496 2,437
Tonnage Mineralized Material Mined OP kt 132,168 2,684 11,001 10,999 10,999 11,000 9,553 12,441 11,005 10,713 10,628 7,879 12,015 11,250 0
Tonnage Mined Waste OP kt 683,236 17,983 61,481 61,124 61,090 62,221 65,115 60,476 62,645 63,278 62,408 47,119 42,687 15,610 0
Recovered Gold koz 3,503 115 313 288 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33
Recovered Silver koz 4,946 148 328 279 308 342 481 497 440 388 387 422 440 414 70
Payable Gold koz 3,502 115 313 287 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33
Payable Silver koz 4,451 134 295 251 277 308 433 448 396 349 348 380 396 373 63
Operating Costs (excl. Pre-Prod.)
Open Pit Mining CAD M 2,571 53 163 185 217 210 235 247 235 235 235 198 206 140 12
Processing CAD M 1,673 39 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 133 132 135 131 130 30
General & Administration CAD M 431 33 37 37 31 32 30 28 32 32 30 30 31 32 17
Total Site Cost CAD M 4,675 125 334 357 382 377 400 410 402 400 398 363 368 302 59
Royalty Cost CAD M 15 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Total OPEX Cost CAD M 4,690 125 336 358 383 378 401 411 403 401 399 364 369 303 59

*Note: Four (4) months in Year 1.

 

Section 22 March 2026 Page 22-8

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Table 22.3: Operating Cost Summary per Tonne

 

Operating Costs per Tonnes Mined Unit Average Y1* Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Open Pit Mining Cost $/t. mined 3.15 2.56 2.24 2.57 3.01 2.87 3.15 3.38 3.19 3.18 3.22 3.60 3.77 5.23 NA
Open Pit Mining Cost $/t. milled 18.88 17.14 14.77 16.83 19.70 19.11 21.36 22.43 21.39 21.66 21.93 18.01 19.42 13.37 4.87
Processing Cost $/t. milled 12.29 12.56 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.28 12.30 12.26 12.32 12.34 12.26
General & Administration Cost $/t. milled 3.16 10.82 3.35 3.34 2.78 2.87 2.77 2.58 2.87 2.91 2.84 2.72 2.90 3.03 6.92
Total Site Cost $/t. milled 34.33 40.52 30.39 32.43 34.74 34.25 36.40 37.27 36.53 36.85 37.07 33.00 34.64 28.74 24.05
Royalty Cost $/t. milled 0.11 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.06
Total OPEX Cost $/t. milled 34.44 40.68 30.51 32.54 34.85 34.35 36.50 37.39 36.64 36.96 37.17 33.09 34.76 28.87 24.11

*Note: Four (4) months in Year 1.

 

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22.11Economics

 

The main economic metrics used to evaluate the Project consist of net undiscounted after-tax cash flow, net discounted after-tax cash flow or NPV, IRR and payback period. A 5% discount rate was applied to the cash flow to derive the NPV for the Project on a pre-tax and after-tax basis.

 

A summary of the Project economic results is presented in Table 22.4. The total after-tax cash flow over the Project life is CAD 4,035 million, and the NPV 5% is CAD 2,231 million after tax. The after-tax Project cash flow results in a 3.2-year payback period from the commencement of commercial production with an IRR of 22.1% after-tax.

 

Table 22.4: Project Economic Results Summary

 

Assumptions Unit Base Case
Gold Price USD/oz 2,750
Silver Price USD/oz 35
Exchange Rate USD: CAD 0.75
Fuel Price CAD/L 1.10
Mine Life Yr 13
Open Pit    
Total Tonnage Mt 879
Waste Rock Mined Mt 668
Overburden Mined Mt 72
Mineralized Material Mined Mt 139
Strip Ratio W:MM 5.3
Mill Feed    
Average Milling Throughput Mtpa 11
Average Daily Throughput tpd 30,137
Total Mill Feed Tonnes Mt 139
Gold Head Grade g/t 0.88
Silver Head Grade g/t 1.37
Contained Gold koz 3,923
Contained Silver koz 6,101
Average Gold Recovery (%) % 92%

 

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Assumptions Unit Base Case
Average Silver Recovery (%) % 83%
Total Gold Production koz 3,589
Total Silver Production koz 5,053
Total Payable Gold koz 3,587
Total Payable Silver koz 4,548
Average Annual Gold Production koz 265
Average Annual Silver Production koz 374
Operating Costs (LOM average)    
Mining Cost - OP $/t milled 18.88
Processing Cost $/t milled 12.29
G&A Cost $/t milled 3.16
Total Site Cost $/t milled 34.33
Royalty $/t milled 0.11
Total OPEX Cost $/t milled 34.44
Cash Cost CAD/oz 1,339
AISC CAD/oz 1,592
Cash Cost USD/oz 999
AISC USD/oz 1,188
Capital Costs    
Initial Capital Costs CAD M 2,001
Sustaining Capital CAD M 839
Closure Costs CAD M 49
Total Capital Cost CAD M 2,889
Construction Working Capital CAD M 26
Salvage Value CAD M 32
Financial Evaluation Pre-Tax    
Free Cash Flow CAD M 5,860
Pre-Tax NPV 5% CAD M 3,390
Pre-Tax IRR % 27.5%
Payback Yr 2.6

 

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Assumptions Unit Base Case
Financial Evaluation After-Tax    
Free Cash Flow CAD M 4,035
After-Tax NPV 5% CAD M 2,232
After-Tax IRR % 22.1%
Payback Yr 3.2

 

Table 22.5 presents the Base Case economic results, the annual Project cash flows and production.

 

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Table 22.5: Base Case Economic Results, Annual Project Cash Flows and Production (CAD)

 

Cash Flow (CAD M) Unit Total Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15+
Gold Price USD/oz 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750
Silver Price USD/oz 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
Exchange Rate USD-CAD 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34
Total Tonnage Kt 879,445 - 22,705 62,003 72,483 72,123 72,089 73,221 74,668 72,917 73,650 73,990 73,036 54,998 54,702 26,860    
Tonnage Mined Waste OP kt 740,463 - 21,260 53,950 61,481 61,124 61,090 62,221 65,115 60,476 62,645 63,278 62,408 47,119 42,687 15,610 - -
Tonnage MM Mined OP kt 138,982 - 1,445 8,053 11,001 10,999 10,999 11,000 9,553 12,441 11,005 10,713 10,628 7,879 12,015 11,250 - -
Tonnage Milled kt 138,982 - - 5,856 10,999 11,000 10,999 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 10,856 10,723 11,000 10,616 10,496 2,437 -
Feed Grade - Gold g/t 0.88 - - 1.28 0.96 0.88 0.83 0.85 0.80 0.93 0.88 0.85 0.77 0.75 0.91 1.01 0.46 -
Feed Grade - Silver g/t 1.37 - - 1.70 1.12 0.95 1.05 1.16 1.64 1.69 1.50 1.34 1.35 1.44- 1.55 1.48 1.07 -
Recovery - Gold % 91% - - 84% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% -
Recovery - Silver % 83% - - 80% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% 83% -
Recovered Gold koz 3,589 - - 201 313 288 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33 -
Recovered Silver koz 5,053 - - 256 328 279 308 342 481 497 440 388 387 422 440 414 70 -
Payable Gold koz 3,587 - - 201 313 287 270 278 259 301 285 274 245 244 284 313 33 -
Payable Silver koz 4,548 - - 230 295 251 277 308 433 448 396 349 348 380 396 373 63 -
Gross Revenue CAD M 13,433 - - 752 1,166 1,071 1,007 1,039 974 1,131 1,069 1,025 920 916 1,066 1,171 126 -
Transportation & Refining CAD M 26 - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 -
Net Revenue CAD M 13,408 - - 751 1,164 1,069 1,005 1,037 973 1,129 1,067 1,023 919 914 1,064 1,169 126 -
                                       
Mining Cost - Open Pit CAD M 2,731 1 58 154 163 185 217 210 235 247 235 235 235 198 206 140 12 -
Processing Costs CAD M 1,715 - - 80 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 133 132 135 131 130 30 -
General & Administration Cost CAD M 431 - - 33 37 37 31 32 30 28 32 32 30 30 31 32 17 -
Royalty Cost CAD M 15 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -
Transfer to CAPEX CAD M (201) (1) (58) (143) - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total Operating Costs CAD M 4,690 - - 125 336 358 383 378 401 411 403 401 399 364 369 303 59 -
                                       
EBITDA CAD M 8,717 - - 625 829 711 622 659 571 717 664 622 520 550 695 866 67 -
                                       

 

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Cash Flow (CAD M) Unit Total Y-2 Y-1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15+
Initial CAPEX CAD M (2,001) (225) (1,361) (416) - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sustaining CAPEX CAD M (839) - - (38) (121) (131) (66) (76) (89) (80) (66) (56) (61) (42) (3) (8) (2) -
Closure Cost & Monitoring CAD M (49) - - (2) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (1) -
Total Capital Costs CAD M (2,889) (225) (1,361) (455) (125) (135) (70) (80) (93) (84) (70) (60) (65) (46) (6) (11) (3) -
Salvage Value CAD M 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
Working Capital Variation CAD M 0 (3) 1 (32) 7 3 2 (1) 2 (3) 1 1 2 (1) (3) (5) 12 17
Pre-Tax Cash Flow CAD M 5,860 (228) (1,360) 138 711 578 554 578 480 631 594 562 457 503 686 850 76 49
Taxes CAD M (1,825) - - (2) (81) (117) (117) (145) (126) (178) (171) (162) (135) (146) (196) (255) 18 (12)
After-Tax Cash Flow CAD M 4,035 (228) (1,360) 136 630 461 438 433 354 453 424 400 322 357 489 595 95 37

 

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22.12 Sensitivity Analysis

 

 

22.12.1 Long-term Price Sensitivity

 

A Long-term price sensitivity was completed using a gold price of USD 3,137/oz and a silver price of USD 37.74/oz with an exchange rate of 1.35 USD/CAD. These assumptions are based on average analyst consensus estimates from CIBC Capital Markets as of January 7th, 2026. Table 22.6 shows the Base Case scenario and Long-term Price Sensitivity financial results.

 

Table 22.6: Base Case and Long-Term Price Sensitivity Financial Results Summary

 

Assumptions Unit Base Case Long-term Price
Gold Price USD/oz $2,750 $3,137
Silver Price USD/oz 35.00 37.74
Exchange Rate USD-CAD 1.34 1.35
Financial Evaluation Pre-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M $5,860 $7,849
Pre-Tax NPV 5% CAD M $3,390 $4,731
Pre-Tax IRR % 27.5% 35.1%
Payback Yr 2.6 1.9
Financial Evaluation After-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M $4,035 $5,396
After-Tax NPV 5% CAD M $2,232 $3,152
After-Tax IRR % 22.1% 28.1%
Payback Yr 3.2 2.5

  

22.12.2 Spot Price Sensitivity

 

A Spot Price sensitivity was completed using a gold price of USD 4,600/oz and a silver price of USD 90/oz with an exchange rate of 1.35 USD/CAD. Table 22.7 shows the Base Case scenario and Spot Price Sensitivity financial results.

 

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Table 22.7: Base Case and Spot Price Sensitivity Financial Results Summary

 

Assumptions Unit Base Case Spot Price
Gold Price USD/oz $2,750 $4,600
Silver Price USD/oz 35 90
Exchange Rate USD-CAD 1.34 1.35
Financial Evaluation Pre-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M $5,860 $15,247
Pre-Tax NPV 5% CAD M $3,390 $9,718
Pre-Tax IRR % 27.5% 60.9%
Payback Yr 2.6 0.9
Financial Evaluation After-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M $4,035 $10,466
After-Tax NPV 5% CAD M $2,232 $6,578
After-Tax IRR % 22.1% 48.6%
Payback Yr 3.2 1.0

  

22.12.3 Base Case Sensitivity Analysis

 

The Project’s financial performance is most sensitive to the gold price and much less to the operating costs and the initial capital. The results of the sensitivity analysis of the Project in terms of After-Tax Total Cashflow, NPV, IRR and Payback are summarized in Table 22.8, Table 22.9 and Table 22.10.

 

Figure 22.4 to Figure 22.7 show the sensitivity of the After-Tax Total Free Cashflow, NPV 5%, IRR and Payback.

 

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Table 22.8: Gold Price Sensitivity

 

Gold Price
  -30% -20% -10% Base Case +10% +20% +30%
Before-Tax
NPV 0% (CAD M) 1,899 3,219 4,540 5,860 7,181 8,501 9,822
NPV 5% (CAD M) 717 1,608 2,499 3,390 4,281 5,171 6,062
IRR (%) 10.5% 16.6% 22.3% 27.5% 32.6% 37.5% 42.3%
Pay Back (Yr) 6.4 4.4 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.5
After-Tax Cash Flow
NPV 0% 1,330 2,232 3,133 4,035 4,938 5,843 6,748
NPV 5% 388 1,008 1,620 2,232 2,843 3,455 4,067
IRR (%) 8.3% 13.3% 17.8% 22.1% 26.1% 30.0% 33.8%
Pay Back (Yr) 6.9 5.06 3.85 3.1 2.7 2.0 1.8

 

Table 22.9: OPEX Sensitivity

 

OPEX Cost
  -30% -20% -10% Base Case +10% +20% +30%
Before-Tax
NPV 0% (CAD M) 7,323 6,835 6,348 5,860 5,372 4,885 4,397
NPV 5%(CAD M) 4,379 4,049 3,720 3,390 3,060 2,730 2,400
IRR (%) 33.2% 31.3% 29.5% 27.5% 25.6% 23.6% 21.6%
Pay Back (Yr) 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.4
After-Tax Cash Flow
NPV 0% (CAD M) 5,037 4,703 4,369 4,035 3,702 3,368 3,035
NPV 5% (CAD M) 2,912 2,685 2,458 2,232 2,005 1,778 1,551
IRR (%) 26.7% 25.1% 23.6% 22.1% 20.5% 18.9% 17.3%
Pay Back (Yr) 2.6 2.78 2.96 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9

 

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Table 22.10: Initial CAPEX Sensitivity

 

Initial CAPEX
  -30% -20% -10% Base Case +10% +20% +30%
Before-Tax
NPV 0% (CAD M) 6,460 6,260 6,060 5,860 5,660 5,460 5,260
NPV 5% (CAD M) 3,960 3,770 3,580 3,390 3,199 3,009 2,819
IRR (%) 40.7% 35.3% 31.0% 27.5% 24.7% 22.2% 20.1%
Pay Back (Yr) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7
After-Tax Cash Flow
NPV 0% (CAD M) 4,635 4,435 4,235 4,035 3,835 3,635 3,435
NPV 5% (CAD M) 2,802 2,612 2,422 2,232 2,041 1,851 1,661
IRR (%) 34.5% 29.3% 25.3% 22.1% 19.4% 17.1% 15.2%
Pay Back (Yr) 1.7 2.0 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6

 

Figure 22.4: After-Tax Total Free Cash Flow Sensitivity (CAD M)

 

 

 

 

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Figure 22.5: After-Tax NPV (5%) Sensitivity (CAD M)

 

 

Figure 22.6: After-Tax Internal Rate of Return Sensitivity

 

 

 

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Figure 22.7: After-Tax Payback Period Sensitivity (Yr)

 

 

 

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23. ADJACENT PROPERTIES

 

Note: The information outlined in this section relates to areas outside the Moss Gold Project. No Qualified Person in association with Gold X2 has confirmed this information, and none are in a position to do so. This information is presented for regional context only and does not imply any geologic continuation between adjacent properties and the Moss Gold Project.

 

Figure 23.1: Adjacent Properties

 

 

23.1Hillcrest – Gold X2

 

The Hillcrest property lies approximately 2 km Northwest of the Moss Gold Project in the Quetico Metasediment Belt and was staked by Gold X2 on May 15, 2025. The property has been unexplored for gold mineralization but lies along the Crayfish Fault, a deep crustal structure associated with several gold occurrences in the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt. Lake sediment sampling conducted by the Ontario

 

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Geological Survey noted elevated gold along the Crayfish Fault within the staked area. No exploration work has been conducted on the property by Gold X2.

 

23.2Star Lake – Sky Gold / Gold X2

 

The Star Lake property lies approximately 23 km east of the Moss Gold Project within the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt. Gold X2 signed an agreement with Sky Gold on January 12, 2026 to assume the option for the property. The property hosts a gold in till anomaly with two distinct gold and pathfinder trains associated in favourable settings for orogenic gold deposits. The first runs parallel to an unnamed ENE-trending fault along the contact between intermediate volcanics and the Greenwater granodiorite stock and the second runs parallel to the ENE-trending Tinto Fault along the contact of intermediate volcanics and a gabbroic intrusive body (Salo 2025).

 

23.3Sungold – Strike Copper Corp.

 

The Sungold property is south-adjacent to the Hamlin Block and tracks a 1-2 km-wide swath of Shebandowan volcanics towards the southwest, wedged between granitoids and attaining amphibolite metamorphic grade. The best explored area is around Redfox and Wye Lakes, where drilling by Cominco and Freewest delineated shallowly southwest-plunging horizons of disseminated and stringer pyrrhotite--sphalerite--chalcopyrite. Drillhole intervals include 2.09% Zn and 0.62% Cu over 9.6 m (core width; WL-05-06; MacLean, 2006). The presence of cherty felsic horizons may suggest a VMS-type mineralization system. The mineralized system is partly overprinted by an ultramafic sill.

 

The present owners, Strike Copper Corp, highlight the property’s potential to host strike continuations of the Hamlin mineralization.

 

The Sungold gold occurrence lies in the centre of the property and is hosted by sheared, hematized felsic volcanoclastics reminiscent of the Hamlin host units. Grab samples taken during a 2020 prospecting program returned grab sample assays up to 109.0 g/t Au from quartz-chalcopyrite veining in a silicified porphyry dyke (Ronacher, 2021).

 

23.4Powell-Clay Lake - Rainy Mountain Royalties

 

These two (2) claim groups are west-adjacent to the Hamlin Block and are underlain by strike continuations of the CFB and NMB, separated by a fault running underneath the course of the Obadinaw River. The northwestern corner of the property overlaps with Quetico greywackes-to-paragneisses and the granodiorites of the Obadinaw River stock. In the 2000’s, the area was prospected and drilled by East-West

 

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Resources and Mega Uranium as part of their programs, which also covered the Hamlin area. Prospecting and mapping in 2006 revealed a familiar suite of quartz-feldspar porphyry sills, felsic autobreccias and mafic sequences with minor iron formations. Foliations strike northeasterly with shallow southwest plunges. Heggie & Laarman (2006) note that elevated Au values (mostly in the NMB) correlated with quartz veining, with a broad spatial association with linear magnetic highs, perhaps suggesting an “Ardeen-type” shear vein type mineralized system.

 

23.5Burchell – Bold Ventures Inc

 

The Burchell property hosts a splay of intermediate-felsic volcanics and intrusives strikes eastward from Kawawiagamak Lake on the east side of the Knife Lake Fault; just east of Hermia Lake, these units host a chalcopyrite-pyrite stringer zone, which is listed in the Mineral Deposit Inventory as the Andover-Trudev prospect. Cu intervals including 0.61% Cu over 6.7 m (DDH M9, core width; Hunt, 2010) from drilling of this stringer zone.

 

The claim group also hosts poorly characterized vein-hosted gold showings due east of Kawawiagamak Lake, which reportedly returned a 0.61 m chip channel assay of 42.2 g/t Au and drillhole intervals of 7.19 g/t Au over 0.4 m (DDH BU-08-07; Hunt, 2010). An additional zone, the 111 Zone, was discovered in 2025 through prospecting and surface stripping, returning grab samples of up to 68 g/t (Roberston, 2025).

 

This claim group was recently held by Mengold Resources, Tanager Energy and Paleo Resources. The claims are registered to Cynthia Suworow and under option by Bold Ventures Inc.

 

23.6LaRose – Tashota Resources

 

The property lies within the Quetico Metasediment Belt, west of the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt. The mineralization is hosted within a series of discontinuous sericite-silica shear zones within the metasediments running parallel to the regional stratigraphy. The most notable of these shear zones is the LaRose shear, being the primary focus of exploration activities. Modern work by Freewest, Golden Share, and Tashota has focused on delineating the shallow plunge of the shear systems through surface stripping and diamond drilling activities. Recent drilling returned an intersection up to 37.3 g/t Au over 0.5 m within silicified metasediments (Bowdidge, 2016).

 

23.7Watershed - Trojan Gold

 

The Trojan Gold claim group covers the northwestern swath of the Shebandowan Belt, north-adjacent to Moss Lake. Thus far, it has seen limited historic exploration, mostly based upon localized, targeted

 

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follow-up of minor conductors within felsic volcanics northeast of the Burchell Stock. In 2022, Trojan Gold completed an initial reconnaissance prospecting program (Elbourne, 2022).

 

23.8Echo Ridge - Echo Ridge Resources

 

The property lies within the Quetico Metasediment Belt, near the Boundary Fault Zone (BFZ), which locally separates the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt from the Quetico Metasediment Belt. Copper-gold mineralization is hosted within various lithologies intersected by splay shears off the Boundary Fault, with the Tilly Lake Diorite Complex having notably more widespread mineralization. The most recent work was completed by Tashota Resources in 2021, with drilling intersecting up to 0.5% Cu over 8.14 m in ER21-10 hosted within the Tilly Lake Diorite Complex (Kilpatrick, 2022).

 

23.9Tabor – Big Gold Inc

 

The Tabor Project lies along the contact of the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt and Quetico Metasediment Belt. Historical work has been dominantly focused on the East Divide gold occurrence, with historical drilling reporting narrow quartz vein-hosted gold mineralization hosted in intermediate metavolcanics, with 83-01 returning 0.70 oz. Au/ton over 0.76 metres (Verge, 2023). Regional mapping notes the Shebandowan Greenstone Belt as alternating bands of mafic and intermediate-felsic metavolcanics overlain by Timiskaming-style clastic sedimentary rocks overprinted by a regional moderate foliation running parallel to stratigraphy (Clark, 2000).

 

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24. OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION

 

This chapter presents other relevant data and information that are pertinent to the understanding and evaluation of the Moss Gold Project but are not addressed in detail in the preceding sections of this Technical Report. The information provided herein is intended to support the overall assessment of the Project and provide context regarding Project execution, operational planning, and potential development considerations.

 

24.1Project Execution Plan

 

An Integrated Project Management Team (IPMT) is expected to be established to lead the execution of the Moss Gold Project during the engineering, procurement, and construction phases. The IPMT will be responsible for coordinating Project development activities and ensuring that Project objectives related to cost, schedule, safety, and quality are achieved. The Project execution strategy will involve a combination of owner-managed activities and contractor support for specialized work packages.

 

Construction of the Project infrastructure, including the open pit mine, process plant, waste rock storage facilities, tailings storage facility, and associated site infrastructure, is expected to be undertaken through a structured engineering, procurement, and construction process. The IPMT will coordinate engineering design, procurement of major equipment, construction management, and commissioning activities to ensure an efficient transition from Project development to operations.

 

The Project team will work collaboratively to achieve Project objectives through the effective use of equipment, materials, and personnel while minimizing challenges commonly encountered during commissioning and start-up. Coordination between the mine development team, plant construction team, and infrastructure installation contractors will be essential to ensure efficient sequencing of construction activities and integration of the various Project components.

 

A quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) system will be implemented throughout all phases of Project development, including engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, and start-up. The QA/QC program will include inspections, certification, factory testing, and field testing as appropriate to verify compliance with engineering specifications and applicable regulatory standards. The QA/QC program will also include document control and traceability systems to track critical Project components and construction activities.

 

The operations team for the Moss Gold Project is expected to be recruited progressively during the later stages of the construction phase. These personnel will work alongside the Project execution team during

 

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pre-commissioning and commissioning activities to facilitate knowledge transfer and support the transition from construction to operational readiness. The structured handover process will require close coordination between construction and operations personnel to ensure that all systems and facilities are fully operational prior to the commencement of commercial production.

 

Where practical, project-owned equipment and resources may be utilized during the construction phase to support site preparation, infrastructure development, and mine pre-stripping activities. This approach may contribute to improved construction efficiency and cost optimization during Project development.

 

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25. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

 

G Mining Services was mandated to prepare a Preliminary Economic Assessment (“PEA”) for the Moss Gold Project in accordance with NI 43-101. This PEA evaluates the preliminary technical and economic viability of the Project and is based on the 2026 Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE 2026”) completed for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposits. The mine plan and economic model only consider the Moss Gold Deposit and exclude the East Coldstream and Huronian Deposits.

 

This NI 43-101–compliant technical work has been carried out by independent and experienced Qualified Persons (“QPs”) using accepted geological, engineering, and economic methodologies appropriate for a PEA-level study. The PEA integrates work completed across the principal technical disciplines required for this stage of evaluation, specifically:

 

·Mineral Resources and Geology, including geological modelling, mineralization interpretation, data verification, and Mineral Resource estimation.

 

·Mining, covering open pit mine design concepts, production scheduling, waste management, and supporting infrastructure.

 

·Metallurgy and Processing, including review of metallurgical test work, process flowsheet development, and preliminary plant design criteria.

 

·Infrastructure, Environmental and Economic Analysis, including capital and operating cost estimates, site infrastructure planning, and preliminary financial evaluation.

 

This NI 43-101 Technical Report confirms the potential technical and economic value based on open pit mining with a life-of-mine (LOM) of 13 years. The annual average gold production is 265 Au koz with an average silver production of 374 Ag koz.

 

Based on the summary presented below in Table 25.1 showing the PEA highlights, it is recommended to advance the Project to the Feasibility Stage.

 

Table 25.1: Technical Report PEA Life-of-Mine Results

 

Assumptions Unit Base Case
Gold Price USD/oz 2,750
Silver Price USD/oz 35
Exchange Rate USD:CAD 0.75
Fuel Price CAD/L 1.10

 

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Assumptions Unit Base Case
Mine Life yrs 13
Open Pit
Total Tonnage Mt 879
Waste Rock Mined Mt 668
Overburden Mined Mt 72
Mineralized Material Mined Mt 139
Strip Ratio W:MM 5.3
Mill Feed
Average Milling Throughput Mtpa 11
Average Daily Throughput tpd 30,137
Total Mill Feed Tonnes Mt 139
Gold Head Grade g/t 0.88
Silver Head Grade g/t 1.37
Contained Gold koz 3,923
Contained Silver koz 6,101
Average Gold Recovery (%) % 92%
Average Silver Recovery (%) % 83%
Total Gold Production koz 3,589
Total Silver Production koz 5,053
Total Payable Gold koz 3,587
Total Payable Silver koz 4,548
Average Annual Gold Production koz 265
Average Annual Silver Production koz 374
Operating Costs (LOM average)
Mining Cost - OP $/t milled 18.88
Processing Cost $/t milled 12.29
G&A Cost $/t milled 3.16
Total Site Cost $/t milled 34.33
Royalty $/t milled 0.11
Total OPEX Cost $/t milled 34.44
Cash Cost CAD/oz 1,339

 

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Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

Assumptions Unit Base Case
AISC CAD/oz 1,592
Cash Cost USD/oz 999
AISC USD/oz 1,188
Capital Costs
Initial Capital Costs CAD M 2,001
Sustaining Capital CAD M 839
Closure Costs CAD M 49
Total Capital Cost CAD M 2,889
Construction Working Capital CAD M 26
Salvage Value CAD M 32
Financial Evaluation Pre-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M 5,860
Pre-Tax NPV 5% CAD M 3,390
Pre-Tax IRR % 27.5%
Payback Yr 2.6
Financial Evaluation After-Tax
Free Cash Flow CAD M 4,035
After-Tax NPV 5% CAD M 2,232
After-Tax IRR % 22.1%
Payback Yr 3.2

 

25.1   Geology and Mineralization

 

The Moss Gold Deposit is primarily hosted within dioritic bodies intersected by anastomosing shear zones. Mineralization is strongly correlated with shear zones and occurs in small-scale shears, breccias and stockworks of veinlets. Higher gold grades are associated with intense shearing within and adjacent to the shear zones and some veining.

 

The East Coldstream Deposit, located 15 km northeast of Moss, is structurally controlled, with higher-grade gold mineralization occurring in northeast-trending shear zones and lower-grade gold mineralization associated with more brittle-style veining in the felsic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks, gabbros, and porphyries between the primary shear zones. Alteration may play a role here, but further exploration is required to understand the relationship.

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

25.2Current Issuer Previous Mineral Resource Estimates

 

APEX Geoscience completed the most recent historical MRE for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposits, disclosed in a technical report with an effective date of January 31, 2024. CSA Global completed two (2) previous MREs for Gold X2, which were disclosed in technical reports with effective dates of May 5, 2023, and November 14, 2022, respectively.

 

Both the geological units and the shears hosting gold mineralization have been extensively remodelled to provide a simpler, more robust model, greatly enhancing the confidence in and reliability of the current 2026 MRE.

 

The QPs and the Issuer are treating the APEX and CSA estimates as “historical” mineral resources and not as “current” mineral resources. The authors of this Technical Report have reviewed the 2024 APEX MRE and confirm that it was calculated in accordance with NI 43-101.

 

Based upon a new geological model and mineralization model, an updated 2026 MRE has been calculated and reported herein. This Technical Report discloses the updated current 2026 MRE in Section 14, and this supersedes the 2024 historical MRE and all other historical MREs for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream gold deposits.

 

25.3Mineral Resource Estimate

 

The MRE 2026 is based on an updated 3D geological model for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposits, in which the continuity of gold mineralization is well supported by recent drilling and is considered reasonably well understood at the current level of study. This updated model, together with validated datasets and current geological interpretations, forms the basis for evaluating the Moss Gold Project in the 2026 PEA.

 

The proportion of Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources reported for the Moss Gold and East Coldstream deposits reflects the level of confidence the QP has in the current geological interpretation and supporting database. The QP is satisfied that the updated 3D geological models adequately capture the structural controls on gold mineralization and that the continuity of the mineralized zones is supported by the available drilling density and data quality. The estimation methodology employed is considered appropriate for the deposit style and the current level of data spacing, and the resulting block models are viewed as reasonable representations of the distribution of gold grades within the Moss Gold Project.

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-4

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

25.4Mining

 

The Moss Gold Project is planned as a conventional open pit mine. The Project already has available power lines, water resources and is reachable via Highway 11. The milling rate is planned at 11 Mtpa with a 10-month ramp-up period. The mill will run for 13.2 years. Mineralized material (“MM”) will be stockpiled next to the crusher to ensure a steady flow of material to the mill.

 

The main conclusions on mining are as follows:

 

·The production schedule is based on mining to ensure steady mill feed and maximize gold grade in the earlier years of the Project.

 

·There was no geotechnical data available for the Project. Assumptions were made based on available geological information.

 

·The open pit mining method is planned as conventional mining, with a mixed fleet for mineralized material, waste, and overburden.

 

·The primary production equipment includes a 15 m³ diesel-hydraulic shovel coupled with 150-t off-highway mining trucks for the mineralized material, and 29 m³ diesel-hydraulic production shovels and 320-t off-highway mining trucks for the waste. Overburden mining is done using 6.3 m³ diesel-hydraulic excavators coupled with 100-t off-highway mining trucks.

 

·Open pit mine design, including ramps to accommodate double lane traffic, block model dilution, time cycle study, and sequence optimization, was done for all zones and all phases.

 

·The mineralized material comprises 139.0 Mt at an average diluted grade of 0.88 g/t Au and 1.37 g/t Ag.

 

25.5Metallurgy and Processing

 

A metallurgical testing program was completed by Base Met Labs on composite samples representing mineralization from the Main, Southwest (SW), and QES zones of the Moss Gold Project. The program included head assays, Bond Ball Mill Work Index testing, extended gravity recoverable gold testing, flotation and cyanidation flowsheet testing, diagnostic leaching, whole-ore cyanidation testing, and variability composite testing.

 

Bond Ball Mill Work Index testing returned values ranging from approximately 17.4 to 20.5 kWh/t, indicating relatively hard material that is expected to be amenable to conventional crushing and grinding circuits.

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-5

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Extended gravity recoverable gold testing demonstrated that 24–33% of the gold could be recovered by gravity concentration, with a mass pull of approximately 1.6–1.8%. These results indicate the presence of a moderate free-gold component in the mineralization, although additional testwork would be required to determine whether gravity recovery should be incorporated into the final process flowsheet.

 

Flotation testwork demonstrated that gold is closely associated with sulfide minerals and can be effectively recovered through bulk sulfide flotation. Rougher flotation testing achieved gold recoveries of approximately 77–91% to rougher concentrate with mass recoveries of approximately 6–11%, and recovery was not strongly influenced by primary grind size within the range tested.

 

Subsequent cyanidation testing of flotation products demonstrated that combined gold extractions of approximately 90–94% can be achieved when flotation concentrates are reground to approximately 15 µm K80 prior to leaching. Diagnostic leach testing indicated that the remaining unrecovered gold is largely associated with sulfide-hosted locked gold, and that improved recovery through concentrate regrinding results from increased liberation of this material. Diagnostic results also indicated little evidence of preg-robbing behaviour associated with carbonaceous material.

 

Whole-ore cyanidation testing produced gold extractions ranging from approximately 77% to 94%, depending on grind size, with higher recoveries observed at finer grind sizes. Overall recoveries from whole-ore cyanidation were generally comparable to, but slightly lower than, those achieved through the flotation-cyanidation flowsheet.

 

Variability composite testing demonstrated gold extractions ranging from approximately 81% to 92%, indicating relatively consistent metallurgical performance across the tested zones and grade ranges. No clear relationship between feed grade and metallurgical recovery was observed.

 

Based on the results of the metallurgical program, mineralization from the Moss Gold Project appears amenable to conventional processing methods. The testwork supports a processing flowsheet consisting of conventional comminution to approximately 55 µm K80, followed by bulk sulfide flotation and cyanidation of flotation concentrate (after regrinding to approximately 15 µm PK80) and flotation tailings. This flowsheet achieved overall gold recoveries of approximately 90–94% under optimal test conditions.

 

Overall, the metallurgical results indicate favourable processing characteristics for Moss Gold Project mineralization and support further evaluation of the flotation-cyanidation processing route in future development studies.

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-6

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

  

The proposed process plant design for the Moss Gold Project is based on a flotation and leaching flowsheet to treat gold-bearing material to produce doré. The flowsheet is based on metallurgical testwork, industry standards, and conventional unit operations.

 

The proposed process plant consists of conventional crushing, grinding, flotation, concentrate regrinding, cyanidation, carbon adsorption, gold recovery, and cyanide destruction circuits to treat approximately 11 Mtpa of mineralized material.

 

25.6Infrastructure

 

The infrastructure layout and associated systems described in Chapter 18 have been developed at a conceptual level appropriate for the current stage of the study and are considered adequate to support the proposed open pit mining and processing operation at the Moss Gold Project. The proposed infrastructure configuration incorporates recognized engineering practices and has been developed considering site topography, climatic conditions, environmental constraints, and operational efficiency.

 

The conceptual site layout includes the open pit mining areas, process plant, run-of-mine stockpile, waste rock storage facilities, tailings storage facility, internal road network, water management infrastructure, power supply, and supporting facilities such as maintenance shops, administrative buildings, and accommodation camp. The layout has been designed to minimize haulage distances between the mine and processing facilities while maintaining sufficient separation between major infrastructure components to allow safe and efficient operations.

 

Water management infrastructure has been incorporated into the site design to manage surface runoff and protect key infrastructure areas from flooding or water accumulation. The Project area experiences a net annual water surplus, and therefore, the conceptual design includes diversion channels, drainage ditches, culverts, and water management ponds to control runoff and direct flows toward designated collection areas. The proposed diversion channel to reroute the outlet of the Moss Lake has been incorporated into the conceptual layout to maintain drainage continuity while accommodating the mine infrastructure footprint. In addition, diversion structures are proposed to redirect the outlet of Burchell Lake toward Kawawagamak Lake through a series of engineered dikes and diversion channels designed to convey flows in a controlled manner while maintaining hydraulic connectivity with downstream drainage systems. These works, in combination with the Moss Lake diversion, will also enable the controlled drainage of Snodgrass Lake, which lies within the footprint of the proposed Southwest Pit. Collectively, the proposed diversion structures are intended to maintain regional hydrological connectivity and ensure that surface water flows continue to be conveyed safely to downstream receiving water bodies while allowing for the development of the proposed mine infrastructure.

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

Waste rock generated from the open pit mining operations will be stored in two (2) waste rock storage facilities located north and southwest of the open pit area. The conceptual design of these facilities has been developed in accordance with recognized industry practices for waste rock dump design, including guidance from Hawley and Cunning (2017). The proposed locations take advantage of favourable topographic conditions and minimize haul distances while avoiding major water bodies and environmentally sensitive areas.

 

Tailings produced from the processing plant will be deposited in a tailings storage facility located south of the primary mine infrastructure area within a natural topographic depression. The TSF is expected to be constructed using waste rock generated during mining operations, with starter dams conceptually evaluated at approximately 10 m in height and ultimate embankment heights anticipated to remain below approximately 20 m. The relatively modest embankment heights are considered favourable from a geotechnical stability and dam safety perspective.

 

Electrical power supply to the Project is expected to be provided through a new approximately 12 km power spur connecting the site to the existing Hydro One transmission line located along Highway 11. The ongoing development of the Waasigan Transmission Line is expected to increase available transmission capacity in the region and support the long-term reliability of power supply to the Project.

 

Overall, the conceptual infrastructure layout is considered technically reasonable and suitable to support the proposed mining operation. No significant infrastructure-related constraints have been identified that would materially impact the development of the Moss Gold Project. However, the infrastructure designs remain preliminary and will require additional engineering studies, geotechnical investigations, hydrological analyses, and detailed design work to support future Project development stages, including the Feasibility Study.

 

25.7Environmental Permitting

 

The environmental work completed to date, in conjunction with the upcoming work, fully supports the future of the project through permitting and detailed engineering design. All of the areas of study, as it relates to potential impact from the project, have been fully designed and executed by specialists across all areas of discipline with a very high degree of confidence. Baseline reporting in support of the IA and Provincial EAs will be completed by Q2 2027 in line with the plan to initiate permitting in Q3 2027. Where studies require continual monitoring through the IA review process, programs will be modified (as required) to more of an operational approach in preparation for permits and Government comments.

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-8

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

25.8Capital Cost and Operating Cost

 

Life-of-mine Project capital costs are estimated to total CAD 2,889 million, consisting of the following three (3) distinct phases:

 

·Initial Capital Expenditure – This phase includes all costs to develop the property with a process plant designed to nominally treat 11 Mtpa of fresh rock. Initial capital costs total CAD 2,001 million (including CAD 303 million of contingency). The initial capital excludes pre-production revenue of CAD 321 million. The construction phase extends over a 30-month design, construction, preproduction and commissioning period.

 

·Sustaining Capital Costs – This phase includes all costs related to the acquisition, replacement, or major overhaul of assets during the mine life required to sustain operations. Sustaining capital costs are estimated to be CAD 839 million and do not include contingency.

 

·Closure Costs – This phase includes all costs related to the closure and reclamation of the mine. Closure costs are estimated to be a total of CAD 49 million.

 

The Initial Capital and Sustaining expenditures are summarized in Table 25.2 according to the level 1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).

 

The operating costs include mining, processing, power, general services and administration (G&A), gold transportation, refining and royalties. The average LOM operating cost is $34.44/t milled excluding refining and transportation costs.

 

Table 25.2: Initial and Sustaining Capital Expenditures Summary (CAD k)

 

Capital Expenditures (CAD k) Initial
Capital Cost  
Sustaining
Capital Cost
Total
Capital Cost
100 – Infrastructure 124,267   124,267
200 – Power and Electrical 135,833 5,000 140,833
300 – Water Management 180,002 30,000 210,002
400 – Surface Operations 29,140   29,140
500 – Mining 347,736 804,352 1,152,088
600 – Process Plant 352,821   352,821
700 – Construction Indirect 225,800   225,800
800 – General Services / Owner’s Cost 83,500   83,500
900 – Pre-production, Start-up, Comm. 219,090   219,090

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-9

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Capital Expenditures (CAD k) Initial
Capital Cost  
Sustaining
Capital Cost
Total
Capital Cost
990 – Contingency 302,654   302,654
Total 2,000,843 839,352 2,840,196

 

25.9Economic Analysis

 

The Base Case economic analysis uses a gold price of USD 2,750/oz, a silver price of USD 35.00/oz and an exchange rate of 1.34 Canadian dollars per US dollar. The total after-tax free cash flow over the Project life is CAD 4,035M, and the NPV at 5% is CAD 2,232M after-tax. The after-tax Project cash flow results in a 3.2-year payback period from the commencement of commercial operations with an IRR of 22.1% after-tax.

 

The Project’s financial performance is most sensitive to the gold price and much less to the operating costs and capital expenditures.

 

25.10Risks and Opportunities

 

25.10.1 Risks

 

25.10.1.1 Geology and Mineral Resources

 

The following factors could affect the mineral resource:

 

·A certain degree of risk is present regarding grade continuity in the block model. A portion of the Mineral Resource was classified as Inferred due to lower drill density; further infill drilling at a tighter spacing will be required to confirm and potentially convert those inferred blocks to a higher classification.

 

·The orientation of mineralization is generally well understood; however, the interaction between principal and secondary shears could be enhanced with higher drilling density and increased oriented core structural data interpretation.

 

·Although the nugget effect appears to be relatively low at both the Moss deposit and East Coldstream deposit, there will always be an element of risk within the Mineral Resource in relation to the spatial influence of high gold grades. The QP has taken measures to address this in the block model, in the form of high-grade restraining; however, a certain amount of risk remains.

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-10

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

25.10.1.2 Mining

 

The following factors could affect mining:

 

·There are no geotechnical reports and data available. Geotechnical assumptions were made based on geological orebody orientation and dip, rock type, and wall angles from projects in similar rock types in the area.

 

·Preliminary geochemical characterization and stockpile modelling of waste rock suggest that there will be no separation of waste rock between potentially acid-generating (PAG) and non-acid-generating (NAG). Continued geochemical characterization and stockpile modelling are in progress to better assess a co-deposition stockpile environment for PAG and NAG waste rock.

 

·There is no separation of rock between potentially acid-generating (PAG) and non-acid-generating (NAG).

 

·Ability of the mining operation to meet production targets and development rates based on multiple mining fleets.

 

·Mining dilution assessment and mining recovery assumptions.

 

·Economic factors such as operating and capital cost assumptions, metal prices, and inflation.

 

25.10.1.3 Processing

 

The following factors could affect processing:

 

·Variability composite testing was completed at a single whole-ore cyanidation condition, and additional testing across a broader range of operating conditions would provide improved understanding of metallurgical variability across the deposit.

 

·Extended Gravity Recoverable Gold (EGRG) testing demonstrated a moderate gravity-recoverable gold component; no testing has been completed to evaluate the impact of incorporating gravity recovery into the overall flowsheet. Further work may determine whether gravity concentration could provide operational or recovery benefits.

 

·Limited optimization of flotation reagent schemes and flotation kinetics represents a potential area of technical uncertainty that may influence concentrate recovery and grade.

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-11

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

25.10.2 Opportunities

 

25.10.2.1 Geology and Mineral Resources

 

The following opportunities have been defined for the Moss Gold Project:

 

·Conduct step-out and depth extension drilling below the current optimized pit shells to evaluate down-dip and down-plunge continuity of mineralization, test open extensions along strike, and assess the potential for future underground mining scenarios at the Moss Gold Project.

 

·Undertake systematic infill drilling within areas currently classified as Inferred, with appropriately tightened drill spacing– particularly within higher-grade domains and zones that materially influence pit optimization–to support potential conversion to the Indicated category.

 

·Increase drill density to improve the understanding of the structural framework, including the relationship between principal and secondary shear zones, and to provide opportunities to better define and model additional secondary shear-hosted mineralization.

 

25.10.2.2 Mining

 

The following opportunities have been defined for the Moss Gold Project:

 

·Utilization of contractors or fleet rental to reduce capital expenditures.

 

·Optimize throughput.

 

·Assess different scenarios of mining rates and equipment size.

 

·Utilization of automated hauling system (AHS).

 

·Optimization of pit slope design based on a geotechnical study.

 

25.10.2.3 Processing

 

The following opportunities have been defined for the Moss Gold Project:

 

·Conduct an FS-level metallurgical testwork program in order to refine process design, to improve metallurgical recovery predictions, and to reduce operational risk during the early stages of production.

 

·Perform detailed comminution simulation on crushing and grinding with updated comminution testwork parameters from FS metallurgical testwork to optimize equipment selection.

 

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Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

·Evaluate the inclusion of a gravity circuit on flotation recovery and reduced downstream carbon loading in order to optimize overall recovery.

 

·Evaluate the possibility of additional payable products, notably Tellurium, to improve Project economics and social acceptance.

 

Section 25March 2026Page 25-13

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

26.RECOMMENDATIONS

 

The results of the financial analysis presented in this Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) indicate positive Project economics. It is recommended to carry out additional work that will lead to the generation of a Feasibility Study (FS) for the Project. Certain tasks need to be completed in advance, as they are required inputs for the FS. The proposed budget total discussed in this section is $131.6M and is summarized in Table 26.1.

 

Table 26.1: Cost Estimate Associated with Recommendations

 

Description Amount ($M)
Infill and Extension Drilling 86
Resource Estimation Update 0.2
Metallurgical Testing Program 0.9
Geotechnical Program 5
Hydrogeological Program 4.5
Environmental Baseline and Permitting 7.7
Infrastructure Investigation Program 3.6
External FS Engineering 6.5
Contingency (15%) 17.2
Total 131.6

 

26.1Geology and Mineral Resources

 

The following is a list of recommended work to be completed to validate and improve the current assumptions used for the Moss Gold Project Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE):

 

·Submit pulp and coarse reject check assays to a second independent laboratory to further strengthen analytical verification and increase confidence in assay results.

 

·Incorporate certified blanks for both gold and silver into the QA/QC program, as current blank materials are certified for gold only.

 

·Continue systematic monitoring and statistical review of QA/QC performance to ensure early detection of potential analytical bias or contamination.

 

·Complete a drill optimization study for infill and extension drilling.

 

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·Complete additional infill drilling to increase geological confidence, support continuity of mineralized zones, and improve the classification of Mineral Resources, particularly in areas currently categorized as Inferred.

 

·Conduct step-out and depth extension drilling below the current optimized pit shells to evaluate down-dip and down-plunge continuity of mineralization, test open extensions along strike and depth, and assess the potential for future underground mining scenarios.

 

26.2Mining

 

The following work is recommended:

 

·Geotechnical drilling campaign and studies to set open pit geotechnical parameters such as bench face angle, catch-bench width, and geotechnical catch-benches.

 

·Waste characterization study to identify potentially acid-generating and non-acid-generating rock.

 

·Trade-off study on mining rates versus NPV and IRR to maximize value and production.

 

·Stockpile study of material between the mill cut-off grade and the applied cut-off grade.

 

·Autonomous Hauling Solutions trade-off study.

 

·Contractor mining trade-off study.

 

·Equipment rental trade-off study.

 

·Local-specific mining salary study to confirm the wages used for the cost estimation of labour.

 

·Site-wide material movement trade-offs.

 

26.3Metallurgy and Recovery Methods

 

The metallurgical testing program completed by Base Met Labs demonstrates that mineralization from the Moss Gold Project is amenable to conventional processing using a flotation–cyanidation flowsheet. Testwork results indicate that gold is primarily associated with sulfide minerals, with a moderate component of gravity-recoverable gold. Combined flotation and cyanidation testing achieved overall gold recoveries of approximately 90-94% under optimal conditions, supporting the viability of the proposed flowsheet.

 

While the results of the test program are encouraging, additional metallurgical testwork is recommended to further reduce technical uncertainty and optimize the process flowsheet for future engineering studies.

 

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Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

Additional variability testing is recommended to better define metallurgical performance across the deposit. Variability composite testing completed to date was limited to a single whole-ore cyanidation condition, and additional testing across a range of operating conditions would improve confidence in metallurgical recovery assumptions.

 

The results of the current program indicate that improved gold recovery is associated with finer grinding of flotation concentrate, suggesting that additional optimization may identify opportunities to improve recovery while minimizing grinding energy requirements.

 

Additional flotation testing is recommended to further evaluate reagent schemes, flotation kinetics, and concentrate quality. Locked-cycle flotation testing may also be beneficial to simulate steady-state plant conditions and provide improved estimates of concentrate grade, recovery, and circulating loads.

 

Gravity recoverable gold testing indicated that approximately 24-33% of the gold may be recoverable by gravity concentration; however, the impact of incorporating gravity concentration into the process flowsheet has not yet been evaluated. Additional gravity testing is recommended to assess whether gravity recovery could improve overall recovery or provide operational benefits.

 

Further cyanidation optimization testing is recommended to better define leach kinetics and reagent consumptions under representative operating conditions. Additional testing may include evaluation of cyanide consumption, oxygen demand, lime consumption, and leach residence time.

 

Additional testwork is recommended for mineralogical characterization to further understand the association of gold with sulfide minerals and support optimization of grinding and flotation conditions, for carbon adsorption to evaluate carbon-in-leach (CIL) and carbon-in-pulp (CIP) processing options, and for potential recovery of additional payable products, such as tellurium.

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

Table 26.2: Testwork Program Budget

 

Feasibility Testwork Program
Category Indicative Cost (CAD)
Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses 50,700
Comminution 33,900
Gravity-Flotation-Leaching 179,800
Flotation-Leach 167,800
Carbon in Leach (CIL) / Carbon in Pulp (CIP) 88,600
Dewatering 16,500
Tails Analysis 47,600
Environment 57,100
Oxidation Leaching 47,100
Handling and Reporting 153,200
Total 844,300

  

The recommended metallurgical program in Table 26.2 is considered appropriate for advancing the Project to the next stage of engineering study. The results would support improved confidence in metallurgical recoveries, process design criteria, and operating parameters for future development of the Moss Gold Project.

 

26.4Infrastructure

 

The infrastructure described in Chapter 18 has been developed at a conceptual level appropriate for the current stage of the study. While the proposed layout and supporting systems provide a reasonable basis for Project evaluation, additional engineering studies and field investigations are recommended to refine the design and support future Project development phases.

 

Further work is recommended to confirm the suitability of the proposed infrastructure layout and to advance the design toward feasibility-level engineering. These studies should include detailed geotechnical, hydrological, and hydrogeological investigations to support the final design of major infrastructure components, including the waste rock storage facilities (WRSFs), tailings storage facility (TSF), and water management infrastructure.

 

A comprehensive geotechnical investigation program should be conducted to characterize subsurface conditions at the proposed locations of the TSF, WRSFs, process plant, and other major infrastructure. The

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

investigation should include drilling, test pits, laboratory testing, and stability assessments to confirm foundation conditions, evaluate material properties, and support detailed design of embankments, foundations, and slopes.

 

Additional hydrological and hydraulic studies are recommended to refine the site water management strategy. These studies should include detailed watershed delineation, rainfall-runoff modelling, and hydraulic design of diversion channels, drainage systems, and water management ponds. Attention should be particularly given to the design of the proposed diversion ditch intended to reroute the outlet of the Moss Gold Project, as well as the design of site drainage systems intended to manage runoff around key infrastructure.

 

Further engineering studies should also be undertaken to refine the conceptual design of the Tailings Storage Facility. These studies should include detailed geotechnical characterization of foundation materials, evaluation of waste rock suitability for embankment construction, seepage and stability analyses, and refinement of the staged dam construction strategy. The final TSF design should be developed in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements and recognized industry standards, including the Canadian Dam Association (CDA) Dam Safety Guidelines.

 

A trade-off study evaluating various tailings storage facility options, including traditional and dry stack arrangements, should also be conducted.

 

Similarly, the design of the Waste Rock Storage Facilities should be refined through detailed geotechnical and geochemical characterization of waste rock materials. Geochemical testing programs should be conducted to evaluate the potential for acid rock drainage and metal leaching and to inform waste rock management strategies if required.

 

Finally, engagement with Hydro One should continue to confirm power supply arrangements and to advance the design of the proposed power spur line connecting the Project site to the regional transmission network. This will also allow updating the operation power cost projection for the entire life of the Project.

 

Completion of these studies will allow the infrastructure design to be refined and will support the advancement of the Moss Gold Project to the Feasibility Study stage.

 

The infrastructure components described in Chapter 18 have been developed at a conceptual level appropriate for the current stage of the study. To advance the Project to the Feasibility Study stage, additional engineering, geotechnical investigations, and hydrological studies are recommended. The proposed work program is intended to refine conceptual infrastructure design, confirm foundation conditions

 

Section 26March 2026Page 26-5

 

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Moss Gold Project

 

for major facilities, and support the detailed engineering of the tailings storage facility, waste rock storage facilities, and site water management systems. The recommended studies and associated estimated costs are summarized in Table 26.3.

 

Table 26.3: Recommended Infrastructure Work Program

 

Item Indicative Cost (CAD)
Geotechnical investigation program 1,200,000
TSF engineering and dam safety studies 1,000,000
WRSF design and stability analyses 400,000
Hydrology and water management studies 500,000
Moss diversion engineering design 200,000
Power supply engineering 300,000
Total 3,600,000

 

26.5Environmental, Permitting and Social Considerations

 

The environmental and social governance work completed to date, as described in Section 20, has laid the foundation for work currently ongoing and planned through to Q2 2027. All of which is in full support of developing an impact assessment (IA) submission, formerly kicking off federal and provincial permitting of the project. During the development planning stage for the 2026 through 2027 environmental work plans, two (2) areas were identified as requiring enhanced technical study.

 

·Potential for the formation of methyl mercury.

 

·Hydrogeological connection between Moss Lake and the proposed open pit.

 

Both above potential concerns resulted in recommendations being brought forward, ultimately developing highly targeted studies currently underway. The enhanced studies required for the above were designed to ensure the appropriate engineered solution can be developed whilst ensuring sustainable development. The remainder of the various environmental programs are following a normal course of action with no anticipated delays and will all finalize reporting by Q2 2027 for inclusion in the IA. As shown in Table 26.1, an estimated $12.2M is required to complete baseline environmental programs in preparation for permitting submission.

 

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27. REFERENCES

 

Abitibi Geophysics, (June 2025) Induced Polarization Survey – Configurations OreVision IP & Gradient Logistics Report. 18 pages.

 

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Moss Gold Project

  

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Website: Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks: Environmental Noise Guideline – Stationary and Transportation Sources – Approval and Planning (NPC-300), site updated 2021-09-02, accessed on January 8, 2026. https://www.ontario.ca/page/environmental-noise-guideline-stationary-and-transportation-sources-approval-and-planning.

 

Website: Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks: Water Management: Policies, Guidelines, Provincial Water Quality Objectives, site updated 2021-08-16, accessed on January 8, 2026. https://www.ontario.ca/page/water-management-policies-guidelines-provincial-water-quality-objectives.

 

Website: Natural Resources Canada, Climate change: Adapting to impacts and reducing emissions, Climate change and forests, Forest Change indicators, Forest Change adaptation tools, Forest Change Data Catalogue, Drought - Climate Moisture Index (CMI), site updated 2020-12-08, accessed on May 24, 2023. https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/fc-data-catalogue/read/30; https://search.open.canada.ca/openmap/6163c6e4-5e0a-4dd1-9277-2e45b543c3cf; https://natural-resources.canada.ca/sites/nrcan/files/forest/climate_moisture_index_update%20RCP85_1140.gif.

 

Website: Ontario Environmental Registry of Ontario: Significant Wildlife Habitat Criteria Schedule for Ecoregion 3W, site updated 2018-01-16, accessed on January 8, 2026. https://ero.ontario.ca/notice/013-2018.

 

Website: Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks, Air Quality Ontario, Search: Air Pollutant Data, 2010-23, accessed on May 23, 2023. http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/index.php.

 

Website: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, The ecosystems of Ontario – Part 1: Ecozones and Ecoregions, site updated 2024-08-01, accessed on January 8, 2026. https://www.ontario.ca/page/ecosystems-ontario-part-1-ecozones-and-ecoregions.

 

Website: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources: Ecological Land Classification, site updated 2025-07-30, accessed on January 8, 2026. https://www.ontario.ca/page/ecological-land-classification

 

Wellstead, M, September (2022). 2021 Helicopter-borne VTEM and Magnetic Survey, Inversion Modelling and Target Generation: Moss Lake Project, Kashabowie, Ontario, Canada 19 p.

 

Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd., (2014). Wesdome and Moss Lake Announce Agreement for Proposed Acquisition by Wesdome of Remaining 42.4% of Moss Lake: Wesdome News Release available from

 

Section 27March 2026Page 27-11

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

  

the Wesdome website at https://www.wesdome.com/_resources/news-releases/01-24-14-WDO-MOK-Agrmt_FINAL.pdf, 4 p.

 

Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd., (2016). Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. And Canoe Mining Ventures Corp. Close Agreement for Purchase and Sale of Coldstream and Hamlin Properties: Wesdome.

 

Williams, P.J., (2010). “Magnetite-Group” IOCGs with Special Reference to Cloncurry (NW Queensland) Northern Sweden: Settings, Alteration, Deposit Characteristics, Fluid Sources, and Their Relationship to Apatite-Rich Iron Ores: GAC SCN 20: Exploring for IOCG deposits: Canada and global analogues, pp. 23-38.

 

Williams, P.J., Barton, M.D., Jonson, D.A., Fontboté, L., de Haller, A., Mark, G., Oliver, N.H.S. and Marschik, R., (2005). Iron-oxide Copper-gold Deposits: Geology, Spacetime Distribution, and Possible Modes of Origin: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, pp. 371-405.

 

Zhdanov, M; February (2023). Acquisition and 3D Inversion of NuTEM and Total Magnetic Intensity Data over Moss Lake gold Project (Vanguard/Hamlin Areas), Northwestern Ontario, Canada. TechnoImaging LLC.

 

Section 27March 2026Page 27-12

 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report

Moss Gold Project

 

 

 

APPENDIX A

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Moss Gold and Superion Drillholes as of August 12, 2025

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-21-001 653 155 -43.9 HQ DGPS 668736 5379143 431 635
MMD-21-002 978 156 -63.3 HQ DGPS 668737 5379142 431 958
MMD-21-003 661 155 -46 HQ DGPS 668854 5379121 434 659
MMD-21-004 831 154 -64.3 HQ DGPS 668853 5379122 433 830
MMD-21-005 480 154 -49.1 HQ DGPS 668928 5379142 430 455
MMD-21-006 536 155 -50.4 HQ DGPS 668659 5379089 428 510
MMD-21-007 810 158 -62.4 NQ DGPS 668928 5379142 430 789
MMD-21-008 588 154 -54.1 NQ DGPS 668948 5379326 438 580
MMD-21-010 501 133 -49.4 NQ DGPS 668401 5378841 430 490
MMD-22-011 840 154 -64.7 NQ DGPS 668659 5379089 428 824
MMD-22-012 102 135 -45 NQ DGPS 668456 5378936 429 89
MMD-22-012A 497 134 -45.8 NQ DGPS 668456 5378935 429 485
MMD-22-013 513 156 -45 NQ DGPS 669016 5379175 427 483
MMD-22-015 552 156 -44.9 NQ DGPS 669126 5379245 426 521
MMD-22-016 245 332 -52.6 NQ DGPS 668883 5378964 426 197
MMD-22-017 130 340 -52.4 NQ DGPS 668974 5379001 426 82
MMD-22-018 749 155 -60 NQ DGPS 668582 5378994 427 724
MMD-22-020 251 336 -54.2 NQ DGPS 669074 5378904 426 214
MMD-22-021 251 333 -58 NQ DGPS 668986 5378864 426 200
MMD-22-022 644 136 -50.2 NQ DGPS 668365 5378754 433 624
MMD-22-023 644 134 -50.6 NQ DGPS 668319 5378665 431 636
MMD-22-024 611 147 -61.7 NQ DGPS 669411 5379551 427 584
MMD-22-025 542 136 -51.9 NQ DGPS 668207 5378600 449 537
MMD-22-026 677 158 -45.8 NQ DGPS 669411 5379551 427 630
MMD-22-027 494 149 -51.9 NQ DGPS 668469 5378288 436 490
MMD-22-028 819 153 -69 NQ DGPS 668950 5379328 438 815
MMD-22-029 620 155 -45.7 NQ DGPS 669349 5379505 427 577
MMD-22-030 662 156 -59.2 NQ DGPS 669092 5379372 428 657
MMD-22-031 521 119 -49.3 NQ DGPS 668469 5378288 436 513

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-22-032 862 155 -61.4 NQ DGPS 668669 5379157 431 793
MMD-22-033 675 152 -61.9 NQ DGPS 669348 5379506 427 653
MMD-22-034 237 155 -55.8 NQ DGPS 668868 5379279 441 232
MMD-22-035 623 150 -50.9 NQ DGPS 668416 5378382 441 616
MMD-22-036 690 154 -71.3 NQ DGPS 668868 5379279 441 684
MMD-22-037 654 154 -59.4 NQ DGPS 668587 5379078 430 642
MMD-22-038 602 154 -58.9 NQ DGPS 669160 5379417 428 598
MMD-22-039 605 155 -60 NQ DGPS 669256 5379456 429 598
MMD-22-040 609 153 -69.7 NQ DGPS 668790 5379260 438 606
MMD-22-041 606 154 -60.7 NQ DGPS 668784 5379185 436 604
MMD-22-042 516 158 -50.2 NQ DGPS 668520 5378529 436 511
MMD-22-043 22 155 -55 NQ DGPS 668791 5379259 438 21
MMD-22-044 623 156 -45.1 NQ DGPS 669256 5379456 429 615
MMD-22-045 717 165 -54.4 NQ DGPS 668821 5379281 438 709
MMD-22-046 609 156 -61.2 NQ DGPS 668864 5379215 433 601
MMD-22-047 602 153 -47.3 NQ DGPS 669160 5379418 428 594
MMD-22-048 690 155 -52.3 NQ DGPS 668705 5379209 435 663
MMD-22-049 666 155 -60.2 NQ DGPS 668953 5379245 428 657
MMD-22-050 464 110 -50.1 NQ DGPS 668517 5378529 437 459
MMD-22-051 293 154 -45.3 NQ DGPS 668704 5379104 434 266
MMD-22-052 597 155 -60.3 NQ DGPS 668994 5379542 438 596
MMD-22-053 606 154 -61.3 NQ DGPS 669014 5379307 427 590
MMD-22-054 576 150 -70.4 NQ DGPS 668705 5379209 435 553
MMD-22-055 618 154 -59.3 NQ DGPS 668721 5379279 443 608
MMD-22-056 600 151 -61.3 NQ DGPS 668801 5379340 438 589
MMD-22-057 603 154 -70 NQ DGPS 668887 5379368 437 596
MMD-22-058 645 153 -60.1 NQ DGPS 668743 5379407 454 643
MMD-22-059 648 154 -50.5 NQ DGPS 668819 5379436 439 636
MMD-22-060 600 155 -60.1 NQ DGPS 668909 5379474 436 588
MMD-22-061 600 155 -60.1 NQ DGPS 669091 5379558 448 598

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-22-063 563 148 -50.5 NQ DGPS 668481 5378460 439 551
MMD-22-064 407 109 -50.8 NQ DGPS 668481 5378460 439 403
MMD-22-065 485 269 -44.9 NQ DGPS 668367 5378762 433 467
MMD-22-066 654 290 -50.1 NQ DGPS 669077 5378242 432 653
MMD-22-067 503 315 -45 NQ DGPS 668497 5379163 451 498
MMD-22-068 699 154 -60.1 NQ DGPS 669177 5379614 455 698
MMD-22-069 600 151 -58.8 NQ DGPS 669254 5379629 445 597
MMD-22-071 648 335 -50.8 NQ DGPS 669077 5378242 432 646
MMD-22-073 660 336 -50.3 NQ DGPS 669157 5378291 429 650
MMD-22-074 661 335 -51.2 NQ DGPS 669241 5378339 430 647
MMD-22-077 12 335 -60 NQ DGPS 669659 5379054 432 8
MMD-22-078 603 337 -49.6 NQ DGPS 669659 5379055 432 598
MMD-22-079 333 336 -49.7 NQ DGPS 669573 5379011 437 325
MMD-22-081 375 334 -48.3 NQ DGPS 669469 5378982 428 369
MMD-22-082 348 335 -45.7 NQ DGPS 669248 5378768 437 342
MMD-22-084 414 337 -45.4 NQ DGPS 668973 5378574 428 412
MMD-22-086 600 290 -50.7 NQ DGPS 668968 5378559 428 591
MMD-22-088 498 336 45.3 NQ DGPS 669031 5378642 431 494
MMD-22-089 498 314 -51.4 NQ DGPS 668972 5378560 428 488
MMD-22-091 494 332 -49.3 NQ DGPS 669172 5378762 431 490
MMD-22-093 651 289 -49.9 NQ DGPS 669018 5378463 430 649
MMD-22-095 420 345 -45.4 NQ DGPS 669090 5378690 428 409
MMD-22-105 249 110 -40.6 HQ DGPS 668498 5378484 438 243
MMD-22-106 450 126 -50.4 NQ DGPS 668438 5378379 440 447
MMD-22-107 450 127 -50.1 NQ DGPS 668208 5378030 442 445
MMD-22-108 450 125 -49.8 NQ DGPS 668524 5378519 437 448
MMD-22-109 501 125 -50.9 NQ DGPS 668466 5378591 427 490
MMD-22-110 402 126 -50.2 NQ DGPS 668166 5378056 448 401
MMD-22-111 552 143 -49.7 NQ DGPS 668147 5378114 445 551
MMD-23-112 600 125 -50.2 NQ DGPS 668172 5378186 443 593

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-23-113 450 126 -49.5 NQ DGPS 668494 5378469 438 449
MMD-23-114 402 123 -44 NQ DGPS 668533 5378424 428 394
MMD-23-115 324 125 -44.8 NQ DGPS 668388 5378145 429 313
MMD-23-116 525 124 -49.2 NQ DGPS 668387 5378392 446 524
MMD-23-117 450 124 -49.3 NQ DGPS 668334 5378203 435 443
MMD-23-118A 552 126 -54.2 NQ DGPS 668375 5378401 444 549
MMD-23-119 525 126 -49.9 NQ DGPS 668277 5378239 447 514
MMD-23-120 450 125 -49.5 NQ GPS 668255 5378123 436 439
MQD-21-009 1008 335 -46.7 NQ DGPS 670216 5379509 428 956
MQD-22-014 686 335 -48.4 NQ DGPS 670104 5379469 428 647
MQD-22-019 751 334 -46.2 NQ DGPS 670016 5379422 428 721
MQD-22-062 651 335 -50 NQ DGPS 669803 5378938 429 625
MQD-22-070 651 333 -48.9 NQ DGPS 670122 5379148 433 645
MQD-22-072 651 336 -50.3 NQ DGPS 670206 5379205 441 647
MQD-22-075 675 336 -47.4 NQ DGPS 670308 5379250 443 673
MQD-22-076 651 338 -47.2 NQ DGPS 670379 5379296 442 649
MQD-22-080 675 335 -50.1 NQ DGPS 670462 5379398 450 670
MQD-22-083 630 156 -50 NQ DGPS 670667 5379431 433 626
MQD-22-085 675 336 -48.9 NQ DGPS 670636 5379537 441 671
MQD-22-087 675 336 -49.1 NQ DGPS 670546 5379463 449 672
MQD-22-090 117 355 -50 NQ DGPS 670654 5379625 429 110
MQD-22-090A 606 346 -60 NQ DGPS 670654 5379625 429 601
MQD-22-092 735 337 -50 NQ DGPS 670059 5379068 439 731
MQD-22-094 750 337 -49.5 NQ DGPS 669984 5379010 441 748
MQD-22-096 651 336 -50.4 NQ DGPS 669733 5379076 433 641
MQD-22-097 750 335 -50.4 NQ DGPS 669894 5378952 446 748
MQD-22-098 651 337 -49.3 NQ DGPS 669829 5379161 431 646
MQD-22-099 750 336 -50.3 NQ DGPS 670664 5379431 433 746
MQD-22-100 525 335 -54.9 NQ DGPS 670477 5379624 428 513
MQD-22-101 750 337 -50.6 NQ DGPS 670606 5379384 441 748

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MQD-22-102 396 336 -45.1 NQ DGPS 670398 5379573 428 391
MQD-22-103 552 336 -50.2 NQ DGPS 670162 5379469 428 514
MQD-22-104 801 339 -50.4 NQ DGPS 670528 5379315 441 799
MMD-23-112 600 125 -50.2 NQ DGPS 668172 5378186 443 593
MMD-23-113 450 126 -49.5 NQ DGPS 668494 5378469 438 449
MMD-23-114 402 123 -44.0 NQ DGPS 668533 5378424 428 394
MMD-23-115 324 125 -44.8 NQ DGPS 668388 5378145 429 313
MMD-23-116 525 124 -49.2 NQ DGPS 668387 5378392 446 524
MMD-23-117 450 124 -49.3 NQ DGPS 668334 5378203 435 443
MMD-23-118A 552 126 -54.2 NQ DGPS 668375 5378401 444 549
MMD-23-119 525 126 -49.9 NQ DGPS 668277 5378239 447 514
MMD-23-120 450 125 -49.5 NQ Handheld GPS 668250 5378114 439 439
MBD-24-121 270 311 -44.1 NQ DGPS 670116 5378915 434 268
MBD-24-122 258 132 -45.2 NQ DGPS 670123 5379146 434 252
MBD-24-124 210 299 -59.9 NQ DGPS 670057 5379026 440 205
MBD-24-123 205 320 -60.2 NQ DGPS 670022 5378974 439 205
MBD-24-125 231 329 -45.6 NQ DGPS 670081 5379026 440 227
MBD-24-126 201 109 -45.4 NQ DGPS 669889 5378958 446 194
MBD-24-127 205 321 -60.3 NQ DGPS 669965 5378858 439 201
MMD-24-128 252 145 -44.3 NQ DGPS 667995 5377829 430 247
MMD-24-129 252 146 -45.2 NQ DGPS 667884 5377954 449 248
MMD-24-130 252 146 -44.8 NQ DGPS 667707 5377693 446 246
MMD-24-131 252 325 -44.7 NQ DGPS 667866 5377577 439 251
MMD-24-132 201 146 -45.3 NQ DGPS 667784 5377592 437 199
MMD-24-133 225 88 -45.0 HQ DGPS 668514 5378327 429 218
MMD-24-134 225 105 -44.7 HQ DGPS 668523 5378304 428 221
MMD-24-135 228 130 -45 HQ DGPS 668530 5378289 428 225
MMD-24-136 228 353 -44.4 HQ DGPS 668652 5378014 428 224
MMD-24-137 219 321 -45 HQ DGPS 668651 5378014 428 214

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-24-138 177 316 -44.4 HQ DGPS 668603 5377965 431 175
MMD-24-139 537 315 -50.5 HQ DGPS 668568 5377921 432 535
MMD-25-140 552 318 -49.4 HQ DGPS 668434 5377857 429 551
MMD-25-141 555 132 -54.4 HQ DGPS 668350 5378283 445 550
MMD-25-142 375 321 -45.8 HQ DGPS 668357 5377944 427 346
MMD-25-143 551 140 -54.2 HQ DGPS 668306 5378340 451 548
MMD-25-144 276 136 -44.4 HQ DGPS 668350 5378084 428 270
MMD-25-145 300 135 -44.7 HQ DGPS 668420 5378214 438 298
MQD-25-146 258 155 -45.4 HQ DGPS 669851 5380005 428 241
MMD-25-147 279 131 -44.2 HQ DGPS 668462 5378236 436 276
MQD-25-148 252 155 -44.8 HQ DGPS 669907 5379915 428 223
MQD-25-149 252 159 -44.4 HQ DGPS 670016 5380050 428 207
MQD-25-150 210 156 -45.5 HQ DGPS 670055 5379981 428 161
MQD-25-151 150 155 -48.0 HQ DGPS 670138 5379811 428 116
MQD-25-152 150 156 -45.7 HQ DGPS 670209 5379849 428 110
MQD-25-153 147 156 -44.1 HQ DGPS 670048 5379762 428 101
MQD-25-154 156 158 -49.7 HQ DGPS 669956 5379720 428 98
MQD-25-155 450 156 -49.9 HQ DGPS 670282 5379941 427 414
MQD-25-156 147 157 -44.1 HQ DGPS 669870 5379683 428 77
MQD-25-157 447 156 -50 HQ DGPS 670372 5379985 428 427
MQD-25-158 300 154 -45.2 HQ DGPS 670483 5380136 428 244
MQD-25-159 300 155 -44.4 HQ DGPS 670566 5380206 428 239
MQD-25-160 150 157 -45.1 HQ DGPS 670412 5380044 428 119
MQD-25-161 234 155 -46.1 HQ DGPS 670353 5380089 428 195
MQD-25-162 300 155 -45.5 HQ DGPS 670590 5380352 429 212
MQD-25-163 201 155 -46.6 HQ DGPS 670235 5380051 428 167
MQD-25-164 255 155 -50.2 HQ DGPS 670354 5380247 428 205
MMD-25-165 258 312 -67.3 NQ DGPS 668768 5378491 426 220
MMD-25-165a 90 312 -72.9 NQ DGPS 668770 5378490 426 54
MMD-25-166 252 317 -67.1 NQ DGPS 668677 5378584 426 173

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-25-167 252 319 -69.0 NQ DGPS 668768 5378570 426 221
MQD-25-168 252 155 -49.8 HQ DGPS 670783 5380442 428 161
MMD-25-169 252 320 -67.0 NQ DGPS 668714 5378635 426 203
MQD-25-170 450 155 -49.8 HQ DGPS 669802 5379649 427 388
MQD-25-171 501 155 -49.2 HQ DGPS 669722 5379623 428 474
MMD-25-172 252 328 -66.5 NQ DGPS 668831 5378606 426 235
MMD-25-173 252 328 -66.9 NQ DGPS 668795 5378690 426 199
MQD-25-174 354 156 -48.8 HQ DGPS 669912 5380013 428 324
MQD-25-175 336 154 -49.3 HQ DGPS 669812 5379961 429 297
MQD-25-176 288 155 -49.0 HQ DGPS 669941 5379939 428 262
MQD-25-177 252 155 -49.0 HQ DGPS 669867 5379892 428 215
MQD-25-178 327 161 -49.6 HQ DGPS 669639 5379690 428 295
MQD-25-179 480 150 -49.7 HQ DGPS 669588 5379845 435 477
MQD-25-180 381 157 -50.1 HQ DGPS 669706 5379798 428 358
MQD-25-181 379 158 -48.6 HQ DGPS 669791 5379844 428 350
MMD-25-182 450 134 -59.9 HQ DGPS 668481 5378514 439 448
MMD-25-183 609 141 -64.2 HQ DGPS 668307 5378339 451 607
MMD-25-184 249 80 -44.8 HQ DGPS 668537 5378547 437 247
MMD-25-185 552 141 -54.5 HQ DGPS 668204 5378255 455 552
MMD-25-186 291 101 -44.9 HQ DGPS 668537 5378546 437 289
MMD-25-187 429 101 -65 HQ DGPS 668537 5378546 437 428
MMD-25-188 612 142 -50.1 HQ DGPS 668212 5378361 442 611
MMD-25-189 567 135 -54.5 HQ DGPS 668436 5378461 443 565
MMD-25-190 600 140 -49.6 HQ DGPS 668339 5378440 431 596
MMD-25-191 627 140 -63.3 HQ DGPS 668436 5378461 443 626
MMD-25-192 249 104 -45.5 HQ DGPS 668981 5379169 427 227
MMD-25-193 252 155 -45.3 HQ DGPS 668983 5379169 427 230
MMD-25-194 150 155 -45.0 HQ DGPS 668945 5379162 429 140
MMD-25-195 411 92 -44.9 HQ DGPS 668412 5378643 428 358
MMD-25-196 162 155 -44.5 HQ DGPS 668894 5379177 431 155

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-25-197 150 140 -44.4 HQ DGPS 668845 5379134 432 147
MMD-25-198 150 150 -45.4 HQ DGPS 668819 5379123 429 143
MMD-25-199 141 150 -44.6 HQ DGPS 668833 5379122 430 136
MMD-25-200 99 150 -44.0 HQ DGPS 668824 5379137 430 91
MMD-25-201 141 149 -44.8 HQ DGPS 668879 5379149 434 140
MMD-25-203 141 150 -45.3 HQ DGPS 668864 5379140 434 140
MMD-25-202 69 149 -45.2 HQ DGPS 668812 5379141 430 60
MMD-25-204 195 150 -45.1 HQ DGPS 668803 5379156 432 189
MMD-25-205 141 150 -45.2 HQ DGPS 668848 5379132 433 140
MMD-25-206 222 149 -45.1 HQ DGPS 668794 5379171 436 214
MMD-25-207 141 150 -45.5 HQ DGPS 668894 5379157 432 140
MMD-25-208 231 149 -45.1 HQ DGPS 668797 5379184 436 226
MMD-25-209 141 150 -45.0 HQ DGPS 668908 5379168 431 138
MMD-25-210 207 149 45.4 HQ DGPS 668807 5379168 434 203
MMD-25-211 153 150 -45.0 HQ DGPS 668913 5379179 430 146
MMD-25-212 186 151 -45.4 HQ DGPS 668816 5379153 431 179
MMD-25-213 171 150 -45 HQ DGPS 668904 5379194 430 160
MMD-25-214 150 150 -44.4 HQ DGPS 668836 5379134 431 146
MMD-25-215 195 150 -46.3 HQ DGPS 668895 5379207 431 182
MMD-25-216 171 153 -45.3 HQ DGPS 668827 5379150 431 167
MMD-25-217 222 150 -45.1 HQ DGPS 668886 5379224 432 211
MMD-25-218 195 149 -45.6 HQ DGPS 668819 5379165 433 192
MMD-25-219 162 150 -45.4 HQ DGPS 668901 5379182 431 152
MMD-25-220 222 151 -45.0 HQ DGPS 668810 5379181 435 220
MMD-25-221 186 150 -46.0 HQ DGPS 668892 5379197 431 173
MMD-25-222 231 150 -44.9 HQ DGPS 668813 5379192 437 228
MMD-25-223 207 149 -45.1 HQ DGPS 668883 5379213 432 192
MMD-25-224 231 150 -45.2 HQ DGPS 668829 5379201 437 229
MMD-25-225 231 151 -44.8 HQ DGPS 668874 5379227 433 226
MMD-25-226 222 150 -45.2 HQ DGPS 668825 5379189 437 220

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole Number End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
MMD-25-227 150 149 -45.5 HQ DGPS 668898 5379170 431 146
MMD-25-228 195 149 -45.2 HQ DGPS 668834 5379174 434 190
MMD-25-229 171 151 -45.5 HQ DGPS 668889 5379185 431 160
MMD-25-230 207 150 -44.9 HQ DGPS 668822 5379177 435 203
MMD-25-231 195 150 -45.5 HQ DGPS 668880 5379201 431 179
MMD-25-232 222 149 -45.2 HQ DGPS 668840 5379198 434 219
MMD-25-233 222 150 -45.7 HQ DGPS 668871 5379216 432 208
MMD-25-234 207 150 -44.7 HQ DGPS 668840 5379182 434 205
MMD-25-235 162 149 -45.2 HQ DGPS 668885 5379173 431 156
MMD-25-236 234 150 -45.6 HQ DGPS 668845 5379208 434 229
MMG-25-001 340 0 -90 NQ DGPS 668612 5379064 428 0
MQG-25-002 325 0 -90 NQ DGPS 670209 5379525 428 0
MMG-25-003 261 0 -90 NQ DGPS 669691 5379060 430 0
MMG-25-004 285 0 -90 NQ DGPS 669159 5378292 429 0
Total 105,184               100,449

 

Resampling of Moss Gold Historic Drillholes as of August 12, 2025

 

Hole
Number
End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
88-130 209 335 -60 BQ NAD83 Orix 669210 5379187 426 176
88-141 151 335 -60 - NAD83 Orix 669265 5379205 426 123
88-151 343 335 -60 - NAD83 Orix 669042 5378970 426 304
88-157 371 335 -57 - NAD83 Orix 669215 5379040 426 321
90-178 206 336.5 -48 NQ NAD83 Sumac 669561 5379323 427 169
90-179 202 336.5 -52 NQ NAD83 Sumac 669789 5379319 428 171
90-180 448 336.5 -50 - NAD83 Orix 669789 5379097 429 444
90-181 518 158.4 -59.9 NQ DGPS 668612 5379047 428 396
90-182 188 0 0 - DGPS 669892 5379398 428 144
90-183 203 156.5 -55 - NAD83 Sumac 668712 5378995 426 179

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole
Number
End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
90-184 254 156.5 -55 - NAD83 Sumac 668629 5378942 426 207
90-185 551 336.5 -64 - NAD83 Sumac 669301 5379009 426 522
90-186 407 336.5 -53 - NAD83 Sumac 669161 5378907 426 387
90-187 365 336.5 -70 NQ DGPS 669644 5379219 427 334
90-189 497 336.5 -70 - NAD83 Sumac 669755 5379195 428 492
90-194 400 336.5 -52 - DGPS 670060 5379409 428 411
90-195 302 335 -45 - DGPS 670130 5379545 428 205
90-196 257 337.4 -44.4 - DGPS 670250 5379575 428 212
90-197 329 0 0 - DGPS 670163 5379474 428 287
90-198 335 335 -45 - DGPS 670284 5379502 428 306
90-199 419 335 -45 - DGPS 670398 5379548 432 404
90-200 374 335 -45 - DGPS 670355 5379639 428 322
90-201 333 335 -40 - NAD83 Sumac 670087 5379491 428 275
90-202 233 335 -40 - DGPS 669981 5379433 428 195
90-203 302 335 -45 - DGPS 670111 5379441 428 264
90-204 313 335 -45 - DGPS 670004 5379381 428 267
90-205 218 335 -40 - DGPS 670192 5379559 428 162
90-206 205 335 -40 - DGPS 670307 5379600 428 148
90-207 292 335 -45 - DGPS 669926 5379329 428 273
90-208 284 335 -50 - DGPS 670317 5379577 428 238
90-209 292 335 -45 - DGPS 670216 5379509 428 242
90-210 167 338.3 -38.8 NQ DGPS 669816 5379388 428 115
90-211 341 335 -40 NQ DGPS 669764 5379320 428 304
90-212 215 335 -40 NQ DGPS 669661 5379255 427 177
90-213 248 335 -40 - NAD83 Sumac 669939 5379416 428 211
90-214 314 335 -40 - DGPS 669773 5379232 428 301
90-215 293 335 -40 - DGPS 670031 5379478 428 259
90-216 365 335 -60.5 NQ DGPS 670216 5379508 428 341
90-217 368 335.0 -63.6 - DGPS 670317 5379577 428 320
90-218 398 336.5 -59 - DGPS 670005 5379380 428 370

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Hole
Number
End
Depth
(m)
Azimuth Dip Core
Size
Survey East North Elevation Samples
(m)
90-219 359 335 -61 - DGPS 669926 5379329 428 317
90-220 386 335 -58 - DGPS 669846 5379291 428 377
90-221 398 153.5 -50 - NAD83 Sumac 668830 5379170 433 364
90-222 380 153.3 -49.5 - DGPS 668961 5379212 427 354
90-223 452 155 -50 - DGPS 668659 5379089 427 428
90-224 367 155 -40 NQ DGPS 668636 5379057 427 293
90-225 395 336.5 -45 - DGPS 670464 5379692 428 336
90-226 341 335 -40 - DGPS 670579 5379745 428 288
90-227 417 333.7 -45.2 - DGPS 670489 5379642 428 395
90-228 455 329 -51.5 - DGPS 670601 5379732 428 413
90-229 332 336.5 -40 - DGPS 670683 5379793 429 283
90-230 404 336.5 -45 - DGPS 670713 5379730 429 369
90-231 422 336.5 -40 - DGPS 670798 5379840 429 386
90-232 326 336.5 -40 NQ DGPS 670441 5379739 428 298
90-233 341 336.5 -40 NQ DGPS 670411 5379659 428 283
90-234 494 342 -57 - DGPS 670583 5379682 428 472
90-235 380 336.5 -51 - DGPS 670432 5379618 428 266
Total 19,158               16,895

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

List of Claims as of January 26, 2026

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
547743 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 7 avril 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
118315 Moss Lake BCMC Active 14 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.67
126379 Moss Lake BCMC Active 14 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 17.91
266864 Moss Lake BCMC Active 14 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.56
286441 Moss Lake BCMC Active 14 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 12.94
317609 Moss Lake BCMC Active 14 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.03
562051 Moss Lake MCMC Active 14 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 174.91
562049 Moss Lake MCMC Active 19 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 321.07
562050 Moss Lake MCMC Active 19 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 321.15
888709 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 30 avril 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
246027 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 2 mai 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
302109 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 2 mai 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
302110 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 2 mai 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
103089 Moss Lake BCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 8.88
189809 Moss Lake BCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 19.81
189810 Moss Lake BCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 19.16
207008 Moss Lake BCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.45
227141 Moss Lake BCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.27
227709 Moss Lake SCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
227710 Moss Lake BCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 9.54
266938 Moss Lake SCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
266939 Moss Lake SCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
323035 Moss Lake SCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
562052 Moss Lake MCMC Active 12 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 234.98
562053 Moss Lake MCMC Active 14 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 85.40
562054 Moss Lake MCMC Active 14 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 298.89
562056 Moss Lake MCMC Active 14 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 199.66
113708 Moss Lake SCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
133939 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 15.48
149366 Moss Lake SCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
176876 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 7.85
196762 Moss Lake SCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
217616 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 16.22
251387 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 16.36
262793 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 12.10
301332 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 9.92
332855 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 13.44
332856 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.90
562055 Moss Lake MCMC Active 15 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 284.58
256390 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.65
299799 Moss Lake SCMC Active 16 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.38
562021 Moss Lake MCMC Active 16 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 85.52
562074 Moss Lake MCMC Active 16 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 106.88
118395 Moss Lake BCMC Active 23 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.10
207009 Moss Lake BCMC Active 23 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 10.33
335344 Moss Lake BCMC Active 23 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 15.71
562008 Moss Lake MCMC Active 23 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 42.79
562058 Moss Lake MCMC Active 23 mai 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 297.65
126910 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 1 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
221632 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 1 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 8.38
228908 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 1 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
288812 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 1 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
157109 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
161340 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 8.04
166156 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 17.22
195451 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
195452 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
201746 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
213984 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 15.34
215488 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
256399 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
261450 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 19.03
269402 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 18.78
304971 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
309830 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
329344 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 juin 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 10.17
154411 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juin 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.72
147582 Moss Lake BCMC Active 18 juin 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.38
250295 Moss Lake BCMC Active 18 juin 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.08
278831 Moss Lake BCMC Active 18 juin 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.69
118394 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.42
125714 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 8.55
125715 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 8.57
170342 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 0.00
170343 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 19.66
226467 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.90
226469 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 8.56
266240 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.28
266243 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.54
293823 Moss Lake BCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 19.04
562065 Moss Lake MCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 128.43
562066 Moss Lake MCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 107.02
562067 Moss Lake MCMC Active 10 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 128.44
202231 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.47
293420 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 juillet 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.65
106449 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
120677 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 7.23
120678 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 14.10
165862 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 14.49
244119 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 20.87
251473 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
298654 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 20.95
298655 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 4.63
338939 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 27 juillet 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 7.23
102991 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 5.42
189811 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.25
189826 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 12.98
219772 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.86
226468 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 10.90
266242 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 17.24
323036 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 3.64
323051 Moss Lake BCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.79
562059 Moss Lake MCMC Active 1 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 256.85

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
136077 Moss Lake BCMC Active 2 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.07
188581 Moss Lake BCMC Active 2 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 10.78
217918 Moss Lake BCMC Active 2 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 13.99
237988 Moss Lake BCMC Active 2 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 11.18
291973 Moss Lake BCMC Active 2 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 5.79
562060 Moss Lake MCMC Active 2 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 170.81
106448 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
157111 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 10.57
251472 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 6 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 15.56
110865 Moss Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.08
167363 Moss Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 7.63
202447 Moss Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.93
202448 Moss Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 10.91
232853 Moss Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.76
299937 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 12.31
562061 Moss Lake MCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 155.18
562062 Moss Lake MCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 35.67
562063 Moss Lake MCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 162.00
120676 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.23
161752 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 17.01
216572 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
235120 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
256230 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 16.84
292776 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
305448 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 16.66
330354 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 7 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
145733 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 9.66
193861 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
226151 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
241025 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 18.05
249080 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
249081 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
277733 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
292775 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
343687 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 11 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
100777 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 11.34
106107 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 8.34
106108 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
156198 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
179400 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 3.62
179401 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
198857 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
215390 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
215391 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 13.00
253478 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 15.83
253479 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 16.35
302205 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 13.69
340933 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 14.36
340934 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 15 août 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
855643 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855644 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855645 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
855646 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855647 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855648 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855649 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855650 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855651 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855652 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855653 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855654 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855655 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855656 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855657 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855658 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
855659 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855660 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855661 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855662 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855663 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855664 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855665 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855666 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855667 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855668 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855669 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855670 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855671 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855672 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855673 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855674 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855675 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855676 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855677 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855678 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855679 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855680 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855681 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855682 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855683 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855684 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855685 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855686 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855687 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855688 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855689 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855690 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855691 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855692 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855693 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855694 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855695 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855696 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855697 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
855698 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855699 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855700 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855701 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855702 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855703 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855704 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855705 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855706 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855707 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855708 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855709 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855710 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855711 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855712 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855713 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855714 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855715 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855716 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855717 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855718 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855719 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855720 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855721 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855722 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855723 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855724 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855725 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855726 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855727 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855728 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855729 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855730 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855731 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855732 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855733 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855734 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855735 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855736 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855737 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855738 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855739 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855740 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855741 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855742 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855743 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855744 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855745 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855746 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855747 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855748 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855749 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
855750 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855751 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855752 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855753 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855754 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855755 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855756 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855757 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855758 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855759 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855760 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855761 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855762 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855763 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855764 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855765 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855766 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855767 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855768 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855769 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855770 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855771 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855772 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855773 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855774 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.40
855775 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855776 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855777 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855778 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855779 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855780 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855781 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855782 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
855783 Moss Lake SCMC Active 30 août 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
562009 Moss Lake MCMC Active 5 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 342.27
562019 Moss Lake MCMC Active 5 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 106.95
674799 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674800 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674801 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674802 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674803 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674804 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674805 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674806 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674807 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674808 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674809 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674810 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
674811 Moss Lake SCMC Active 7 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
221191 Moss Lake BCMC Active 9 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 13.31
335581 Moss Lake BCMC Active 9 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.32
103513 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
112956 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
118774 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 6.20
118775 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 0.14
120062 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
120073 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
120584 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 0.43
120863 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 12.93
121908 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
131108 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
147413 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 7.26
160386 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
161034 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
165274 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
166445 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 15.36
167082 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
169918 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
169919 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
176652 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 2.58
176653 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 4.88
180491 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 4.34
180492 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 0.56
184040 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
184615 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.25
184878 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
184879 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 20.57
193472 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
193473 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
195012 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
215825 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
215826 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
230073 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 16.94
231256 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
231882 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
244623 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 20.73
244624 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 6.86
249604 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
249605 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 9.20
250222 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 6.98
250859 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
252059 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
262504 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
266632 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 0.04
269124 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
271757 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 20.42
273902 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
279251 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
281211 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 20.02
281842 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 4.68
288732 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
289911 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 4.51
296756 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
297941 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 5.88

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
299088 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
310093 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
316138 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.36
316139 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.11
317038 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.21
328990 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 19.42
333991 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
338211 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 6.66
340075 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 20.70
341502 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 10 septembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
562014 Moss Lake MCMC Active 14 septembre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 98.10
148449 Moss Lake SCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
204542 Moss Lake SCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
204543 Moss Lake SCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
219810 Moss Lake SCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
263287 Moss Lake SCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
317790 Moss Lake SCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
337853 Moss Lake SCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
562064 Moss Lake MCMC Active 20 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 213.58
106344 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.26
123443 Moss Lake SCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
167452 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.78
204729 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 19.70
216838 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.72
233454 Moss Lake SCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.38
233455 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 8.04
262749 Moss Lake SCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.39
300548 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 6.96
341669 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.51
562018 Moss Lake MCMC Active 22 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 320.84
562016 Moss Lake MCMC Active 30 octobre 2026 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 171.64
110646 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
142963 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
157110 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
181614 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
182679 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
182680 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
182681 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
189059 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
189458 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
218834 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
226152 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
237575 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
237718 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
274459 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
305447 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
312197 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
343688 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
343769 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
343770 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 6 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
114308 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 18 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 0.03
131268 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 18 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.28

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
215610 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 18 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 12.15
249252 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 18 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 15.39
305446 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
627457 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
627458 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
103722 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 19 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 15.15
163940 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 19 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
176638 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 19 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
181228 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 19 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.31
627452 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 19 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
627456 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 19 décembre 2026 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
244045 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
262055 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 5.03
316777 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
332461 Vanguard-Iris Lake BCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 0.06
338862 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.35
627453 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
627454 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
627455 Vanguard-Iris Lake SCMC Active 18 janvier 2027 (100) Thunder Gold Corp. 21.34
125172 Moss Lake BCMC Active 19 janvier 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 11.47
127182 Moss Lake BCMC Active 19 janvier 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 15.53
169630 Moss Lake BCMC Active 19 janvier 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 10.22
273002 Moss Lake BCMC Active 19 janvier 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.71
285754 Moss Lake BCMC Active 19 janvier 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.37
562013 Moss Lake MCMC Active 19 janvier 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 171.10
562020 Moss Lake MCMC Active 19 janvier 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 427.66
779535   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779536   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779537   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779538   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779539   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779540   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779541   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779542   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779543   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779544   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779545   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779546   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779547   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
779548   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   30 janvier 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc.   21.35  
562006 Moss Lake MCMC Active 7 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 117.23
562007 Moss Lake MCMC Active 7 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 122.28
562015 Moss Lake MCMC Active 7 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 346.44
219768 Moss Lake BCMC Active 8 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 16.54

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
227707 Moss Lake BCMC Active 8 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 17.79
335340 Moss Lake BCMC Active 8 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 17.17
562028 Moss Lake MCMC Active 8 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 192.64
176771 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.51
219014 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.95
228785 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.83
252291 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.79
266865 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 16.81
293076 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.03
293077 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.28
314935 Moss Lake BCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.59
562017 Moss Lake MCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 301.46
562029 Moss Lake MCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 64.11
562068 Moss Lake MCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 85.49
562069 Moss Lake MCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 96.06
562072 Moss Lake MCMC Active 15 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 85.51
154410 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 0.63
171037 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.75
202913 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 0.64
227704 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 0.10
241283 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 17.35
287007 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.97
287008 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 5.47
288397 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.38
293822 Moss Lake SCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.38
295712 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 0.52
344994 Moss Lake BCMC Active 16 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.44
562057 Moss Lake MCMC Active 17 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 234.92
112902 Moss Lake SCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
151206 Moss Lake SCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
187811 Moss Lake SCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
199326 Moss Lake SCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
207349 Moss Lake SCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
266568 Moss Lake SCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
310592 Moss Lake SCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
562030 Moss Lake MCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 444.75
562031 Moss Lake MCMC Active 19 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 225.40
169629 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 13.64
190544 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.90
190545 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 6.29
209043 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.75
217795 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.11
225774 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.97
285052 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 8.70
285084 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.00
287012 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 5.59
287732 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.28
295056 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 3.50
344022 Moss Lake BCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 14.27
562011 Moss Lake MCMC Active 22 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 141.60
801444 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
801445 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
801446 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
801447 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
801448 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
801449 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
801450 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
801451 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
801452 Moss Lake-Iris SCMC Active 28 février 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.36
801463   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   28 février 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
801464   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   28 février 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
801465   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   28 février 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
801466   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   28 février 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
801467   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   28 février 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
801468   Moss Lake-Till Extension SCMC   Active   28 février 2027   (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.35
102992 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.09
126364 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.18
130135 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 8.35
130913 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.86
147615 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 3.63
183583 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.68
189224 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.69
189226 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.57
206903 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 3.39
212937 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 15.01
219686 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.41
242831 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 5.04
242832 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.31
262387 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 4.49
322967 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.03
322969 Moss Lake BCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.29
562038 Moss Lake MCMC Active 3 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 299.69
562039 Moss Lake MCMC Active 22 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 94.89
131952 Moss Lake SCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.34
158072 Moss Lake SCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.34
163390 Moss Lake SCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.34
196686 Moss Lake SCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.34
203212 Moss Lake BCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.98
258748 Moss Lake SCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.34
306541 Moss Lake BCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.75
313307 Moss Lake SCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.34
331591 Moss Lake BCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.57
562040 Moss Lake MCMC Active 23 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 320.17
206904 Moss Lake BCMC Active 27 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.41
314727 Moss Lake BCMC Active 27 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 20.51
109201 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 6.57
120959 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 16.45
130055 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.42
191028 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 13.76
195671 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.11

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
210498 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 18.29
210509 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 7.12
239653 Moss Lake SCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.37
250265 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 17.06
252276 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 9.87
259250 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 16.23
262317 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 7.92
263780 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 6.29
280764 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 1.02
297401 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 6.21
297402 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 0.03
313733 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 6.84
316845 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 2.35
337722 Moss Lake BCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.09
562048 Moss Lake MCMC Active 31 mars 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 281.33
947163 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947164 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947165 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947166 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947167 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947168 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947169 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947170 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947171 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947172 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947173 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947174 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947175 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947176 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947177 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947178 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947179 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947180 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947181 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947182 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947183 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947184 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947185 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947186 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947187 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947188 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947189 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947190 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947191 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947192 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947193 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947194 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947195 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947196 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947197 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947198 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947199 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
947200 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947201 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947202 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947203 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947204 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947205 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947206 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947207 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947208 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947209 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947210 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947211 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947212 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.41
947213 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947214 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947215 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947216 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947217 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947218 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947219 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947220 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947221 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947222 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947223 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947224 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947225 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947226 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947227 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947228 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947229 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947230 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947231 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947232 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947233 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947234 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947235 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947236 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947237 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947238 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947239 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947240 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947241 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947242 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947243 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947244 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947245 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947246 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947247 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947248 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947249 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947250 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947251 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
947252 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947253 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947254 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947255 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947256 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947257 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947258 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947259 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947260 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947261 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947262 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.42
947263 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947264 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947265 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947266 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947267 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947268 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947269 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947270 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947271 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947272 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947273 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947274 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947275 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947276 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947277 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947278 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947279 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947280 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947281 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947282 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947283 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947284 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947285 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947286 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947287 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947288 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947289 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947290 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947291 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947292 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947293 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947294 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947295 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947296 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947297 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947298 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947299 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947300 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947301 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947302 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947303 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
947304 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947305 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947306 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947307 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947308 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947309 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947310 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.44
947311 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947312 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.43
947313 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947314 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947315 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947316 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947317 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947318 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947319 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947320 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947321 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947322 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947323 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947324 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947325 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.46
947326 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947327 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947328 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947329 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947330 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947331 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947332 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947333 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947334 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947335 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947336 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947337 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947338 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947339 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947340 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947341 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947342 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947343 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947344 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947345 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947346 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947347 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947348 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947349 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947350 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947351 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947352 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947353 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
947354 Fuego SCMC Active 15 mai 2027 (100) Goldshore Mining Inc. 21.45
102438 Huronian SCMC Active 12 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 16.66

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
191876 Huronian BCMC Active 12 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.67
229747 Huronian SCMC Active 12 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
229748 Huronian SCMC Active 12 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 11.02
337413 Huronian BCMC Active 12 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.11
118090 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
124511 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
125040 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
134356 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
134357 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 11.02
179548 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 6.30
179566 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
219825 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
245566 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
273032 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.18
281458 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.15
281471 Huronian SCMC Active 25 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.12
169669 Huronian BCMC Active 27 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.45
188409 Huronian BCMC Active 27 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.74
196950 Huronian BCMC Active 27 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 10.74
217796 Huronian BCMC Active 27 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.18
343999 Huronian BCMC Active 27 janvier 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 10.51
102948 Huronian BCMC Active 6 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.68
286378 Huronian BCMC Active 6 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 1.68
293687 Huronian BCMC Active 6 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.06
103014 Huronian SCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
126388 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.75
190543 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.00
219706 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.63
220466 Huronian SCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
220467 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.86
227149 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.27
228452 Huronian SCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
257649 Huronian SCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
257669 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.91
266869 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.66
274354 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 19.41
322979 Huronian SCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
322980 Huronian SCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
324251 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 4.03
337414 Huronian SCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
345370 Huronian BCMC Active 7 février 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 6.93
227409 Huronian BCMC Active 14 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.55
227410 Huronian BCMC Active 14 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 19.73
246874 Huronian BCMC Active 14 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 18.91
294057 Huronian BCMC Active 14 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.09
306222 Huronian BCMC Active 14 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 19.59
548724 Huronian SCMC Active 18 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.32
125839 Huronian BCMC Active 19 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 18.41
170939 Huronian BCMC Active 19 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 19.64
189202 Huronian BCMC Active 19 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.89
219149 Huronian BCMC Active 19 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 11.17
189128 Huronian BCMC Active 21 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.00

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
226502 Huronian SCMC Active 21 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
322248 Huronian SCMC Active 21 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.51
126380 Huronian BCMC Active 24 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 6.42
225824 Huronian SCMC Active 29 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
273567 Huronian SCMC Active 29 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
285648 Huronian BCMC Active 29 avril 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.34
102889 Huronian SCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
102890 Huronian BCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 9.10
102891 Huronian SCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
124481 Huronian BCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.24
225823 Huronian SCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
293130 Huronian SCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
321693 Huronian SCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
322364 Huronian SCMC Active 6 mai 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
121556 Huronian SCMC Active 8 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
197781 Huronian SCMC Active 8 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
264450 Huronian BCMC Active 8 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.50
290115 Huronian SCMC Active 8 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
132986 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
178231 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
186922 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
198397 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
205115 Huronian BCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 1.12
245544 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
253063 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
265727 Huronian BCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 1.74
273688 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
290127 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
290128 Huronian SCMC Active 26 juin 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
125843 Huronian SCMC Active 22 juillet 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
117981 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
117982 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
182446 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
196992 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 18.27
207612 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
207613 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
265566 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
344037 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
344039 Huronian SCMC Active 6 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
118302 Huronian SCMC Active 11 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 19.37
173146 Huronian BCMC Active 11 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 13.97
191877 Huronian SCMC Active 11 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.71
241281 Huronian BCMC Active 11 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.80
102713 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
103133 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.20
117989 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
117990 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 5.35
118168 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.30
118273 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
118274 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
118275 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
118435 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.36

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
125032 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.36
125033 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
125034 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
125035 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
125845 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.81
126387 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.74
126480 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.72
126481 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 18.10
154308 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.20
154309 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.45
154947 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 8.76
156286 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
162366 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.40
169665 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.93
169700 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
170942 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
170944 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
173127 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
175217 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
189081 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
189205 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 1.56
207052 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 16.93
208391 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
218356 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
218357 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.16
218385 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
218386 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
219153 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.49
219705 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
227147 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
227148 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
241282 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
265576 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 5.21
266334 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.09
266335 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
273030 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
273568 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
285623 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
285624 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 5.08
286401 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.91
286402 Huronian BCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 4.56
287049 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.36
321659 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.36
321660 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
322320 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.09
345334 Huronian SCMC Active 14 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
154306 Huronian SCMC Active 23 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
274309 Huronian SCMC Active 23 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.08
293715 Huronian BCMC Active 23 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 1.21
322937 Huronian BCMC Active 23 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 1.27
345332 Huronian BCMC Active 23 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 14.88
345333 Huronian BCMC Active 23 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.48

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
344038 Huronian BCMC Active 30 août 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.11
103322 Huronian SCMC Active 16 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
117437 Huronian BCMC Active 16 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 7.01
127181 Huronian BCMC Active 16 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.97
173163 Huronian SCMC Active 16 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
257667 Huronian SCMC Active 16 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
257668 Huronian BCMC Active 16 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.88
117960 Huronian SCMC Active 27 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
258435 Huronian SCMC Active 27 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 9.12
285081 Huronian SCMC Active 27 septembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.35
103132 Huronian BCMC Active 4 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 9.27
154946 Huronian SCMC Active 4 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.06
287048 Huronian BCMC Active 4 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 16.09
294364 Huronian SCMC Active 4 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 11.18
170345 Huronian SCMC Active 25 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
183154 Huronian BCMC Active 25 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 16.54
208299 Huronian BCMC Active 25 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.15
208300 Huronian BCMC Active 25 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.10
102825 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
102971 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
118203 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
118204 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
125738 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.24
170367 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
189106 Huronian BCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 7.74
207621 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.76
219034 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 19.53
225797 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.05
226506 Huronian BCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 7.12
265520 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 18.17
321602 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.98
321689 Huronian SCMC Active 31 octobre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
102845 Huronian BCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.28
118165 Huronian BCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.69
118179 Huronian BCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 13.50
153677 Huronian BCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.02
189099 Huronian BCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.24
208277 Huronian BCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 5.86
208278 Huronian BCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 6.49
219013 Huronian SCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
266227 Huronian SCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
285777 Huronian SCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
293075 Huronian SCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
322316 Huronian SCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
322317 Huronian SCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 11.92
322318 Huronian SCMC Active 1 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
196949 Huronian SCMC Active 2 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
207611 Huronian SCMC Active 2 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
265565 Huronian SCMC Active 2 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
272983 Huronian SCMC Active 2 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
102823 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
102846 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 18.41

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
118138 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 8.11
118166 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
118233 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.61
118234 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.98
125786 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 1.30
153656 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 3.44
153657 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 18.83
153748 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
153749 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
173079 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
183111 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 6.38
189079 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
208257 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
219095 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 5.69
227048 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 4.23
266198 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
266226 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 7.11
266868 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
273019 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
274265 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
285755 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.57
285776 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
285778 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
292418 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
293054 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
322319 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
322321 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
322400 Huronian SCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
322401 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 4.86
345291 Huronian BCMC Active 4 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 4.23
117967 Huronian SCMC Active 5 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
189105 Huronian BCMC Active 5 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.38
207602 Huronian SCMC Active 5 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
217821 Huronian BCMC Active 5 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 16.67
225777 Huronian BCMC Active 5 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 9.91
188405 Huronian SCMC Active 6 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
207622 Huronian SCMC Active 6 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
182425 Huronian SCMC Active 8 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 19.89
217817 Huronian SCMC Active 8 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
344021 Huronian SCMC Active 8 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.39
285704 Huronian BCMC Active 25 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 2.36
293002 Huronian SCMC Active 25 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
134283 Huronian BCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 16.74
149616 Huronian SCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
170341 Huronian SCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
170895 Huronian SCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
208258 Huronian SCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
273563 Huronian SCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
299487 Huronian SCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
300925 Huronian SCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.37
344724 Huronian BCMC Active 27 novembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.36
117995 Huronian BCMC Active 3 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 14.97

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Tenure
ID
Project Tenure Type Tenure
Status
Anniversary Date Holder Area
(ha)
182467 Huronian SCMC Active 3 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
209878 Huronian SCMC Active 3 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
210409 Huronian SCMC Active 3 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 12.87
321628 Huronian SCMC Active 3 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
124510 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
125716 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
125717 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
171623 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.92
207614 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 20.58
219842 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
273705 Huronian BCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.65
285082 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.26
285083 Huronian BCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 0.15
336783 Huronian SCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
344020 Huronian BCMC Active 6 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 15.04
169698 Huronian SCMC Active 13 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
265614 Huronian BCMC Active 13 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.40
273565 Huronian BCMC Active 13 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 10.50
292448 Huronian BCMC Active 13 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 17.76
102623 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
125020 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
169650 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 7.88
182441 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
183156 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 16.24
207585 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
207642 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
208302 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 8.33
227067 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
265522 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
285099 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 7.42
292449 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38
344027 Huronian SCMC Active 30 décembre 2030 (100) KESSELRUN RESOURCES LTD. 21.38

 

Appendix AMarch 2026 

Preliminary Economic Assessment NI 43-101 Technical Report
Moss Gold Project

 

Mining Lands as of January 26, 2026

 

Project* MLAS ID Type Surface
Rights
Mining
Rights
Status Expiry Date   Area (ha)
Huronian PAT-15491 Patent Yes Yes Active   64.75
Huronian PAT-15492 Patent Yes Yes Active   64.75
Huronian PAT-27361 Patent No Yes Active   153.38
Huronian PAT-27362 Patent No Yes Active   121.41
Moss Lake LEA-108107 Lease No Yes Active 31 août 2028 119.97
Moss Lake LEA-110199 Lease Yes Yes Active 31 janvier 2046 95.66
Moss Lake MLO-13250 MLO No Yes Active   98.89
Moss Lake MLO-13251 MLO No Yes Active   4.76
Moss Lake MLO-13260 MLO No Yes Active   11.74
Moss Lake MLO-13291 MLO No Yes Active   7.46
Moss Lake MLO-13443 MLO No Yes Active   411.22
Moss Lake PAT-28572 Patent No Yes Active   14.80
Moss Lake PAT-28573 Patent No Yes Active   16.62
Moss Lake PAT-28574 Patent No Yes Active   15.54
Moss Lake PAT-28575 Patent No Yes Active   16.37
Moss Lake PAT-28576 Patent No Yes Active   19.47
Moss Lake PAT-28577 Patent No Yes Active   13.95
Moss Lake PAT-28578 Patent No Yes Active   6.31
Moss Lake PAT-28579 Patent No Yes Active   5.32
Moss Lake PAT-28580 Patent No Yes Active   12.68
Moss Lake PAT-28581 Patent No Yes Active   15.20
Moss Lake PAT-28582 Patent No Yes Active   15.94
Moss Lake PAT-28583 Patent No Yes Active   13.30
Moss Lake PAT-28584 Patent No Yes Active   11.08
Moss Lake PAT-28586 Patent No Yes Active   13.33
Moss Lake PAT-28587 Patent No Yes Active   13.38
Moss Lake PAT-28588 Patent No Yes Active   11.29
Moss Lake PAT-28589 Patent No Yes Active   16.01
Moss Lake PAT-28590 Patent No Yes Active   19.36
Moss Lake PAT-28591 Patent No Yes Active   17.62
Moss Lake PAT-28592 Patent No Yes Active   14.48
Moss Lake PAT-28593 Patent No Yes Active   16.39
Moss Lake PAT-28594 Patent No Yes Active   15.85

 

Appendix AMarch 2026