12. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock Equity Offerings

On June 10, 2026, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain foreign accredited investors (the “Investors”), pursuant to which the Investors agreed to purchase from the Company an aggregate of 1,103,338 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 (the “Shares”) of the Company at a purchase price of $0.72 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $794,403, subject to the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement.

Concurrently with the entry into the Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with the Investors for the registration for resale of the Shares pursuant to a registration statement (the “Registration Statement”) to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Following the effectiveness of the resale Registration Statement, the Company is obligated to keep Registration Statement continuously effective from the date on which the SEC declares the Registration Statement effective until such date that all Registrable Securities (as such term is defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) covered by such Registration Statement have been sold pursuant to a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or under Rule 144 as promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act, or otherwise shall have ceased to be Registrable Securities. The Company will be responsible for the registration expenses incurred in connection with the registration statement.

Convertible Preferred Stock Equity Offerings

Series E Preferred Stock

A total of 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s Series E Preferred Stock were issued pursuant to a March 2025 Securities Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors (the “Investors”). The Company received proceeds of $1.0 million, net of issuance costs. All of the Series E preferred shares were converted into 458,333 shares of Common Stock and as of June 30, 2026, there were no remaining shares of the Series E Preferred Stock outstanding.

Series C and Series D Preferred Stock

A total of 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock and 2,100,000 shares of the Company’s Series D Preferred Stock were issued pursuant to a January 2025 Securities Purchase Agreement with David E. Lazar, pursuant to which he agreed to purchase from the Company 1,000,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) and 2,100,000 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series D Preferred Stock” and, together with the Series C Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock”) of the Company at a purchase price of $1.0 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $3.1 million, subject to the terms and conditions of the January 2025 Securities Purchase Agreement. The proceeds of the transaction were used to repay and settle outstanding liabilities of the Company and for other general corporate and operating purposes.

Each share of Series C Preferred Stock was convertible into 0.011042 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”), and each share of Series D Preferred Stock was convertible into 0.4583 shares of Common Stock. On February 24, 2025, all of the Series C preferred shares were converted in conjunction with the March 2025 Securities Purchase Agreement. As of June 30, 2026, there were no remaining shares of the Series C Preferred Stock outstanding.

All Series D preferred shares were converted in conjunction with the Purchase Agreement and as of June 30, 2026, there were no remaining shares of the Series D Preferred Stock outstanding.

Warrants

April 2024 Warrants

As of June 30, 2026, warrants to purchase a total of 1,242 shares of common stock issued pursuant to a securities purchase agreement in an April 2024 financing transaction (the “April 2024 Securities Purchase Agreement”) remained outstanding. A total of 62,750 warrants were issued pursuant to the April 2024 Securities Purchase Agreement. This consisted of i) pre-funded warrants to purchase 20,100 of common stock, exercisable immediately from the date of issuance, and with no expiry date, at an exercise price of $0.24 per warrant share, ii) series A warrants to purchase up to 20,704 shares of common stock, exercisable immediately from the date of issuance for a period of five and a half (5.5) years after the date of issuance, at an exercise price of $326.40 per warrant share, iii) series B warrants to purchase up to 20,704 shares of common stock, exercisable immediately from the date of issuance for a period of eighteen months after the date of issuance, at an exercise price of $326.40 per warrant share. The 1,242 Placement Agent Warrants issued pursuant to the Engagement Letter with the placement agent, are exercisable immediately from the date of issuance for a period of five and a half (5.5) years after the date of issuance, at an exercise price of $124.512 per warrant share.

There were no exercises of these warrants during the six months ended June 30, 2026 or June 30, 2025.

December 2023 Warrants

As of June 30, 2026, warrants to purchase a total of 1,750 shares of common stock issued pursuant to a securities purchase agreement in a December 2023 financing transaction remained outstanding. A total of 1,651 warrants, including 33 warrants issued in a concurrent private placement, are exercisable for a period of seven years after the date of issuance, at an exercise price of $765.60 per warrant share. A further 99 warrants issued in a concurrent placement agency agreement, are exercisable for a period of five years after the date of issuance, at an exercise price of $994.50 per warrant share.

There were no exercises of these warrants during the six months ended June 30, 2026 or June 30, 2025.

Other Outstanding Preferred Stock

Series A Preferred Stock

A total of 8,872 shares of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock were issued in a July 2017 Underwritten Public Offering. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder thereof, into a number of shares of common stock determined by dividing $1,000 by the initial conversion price of $144,000.00 per share, subject to a 4.99% blocker provision, or, upon election by a holder prior to the issuance of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, 9.99%, and is subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, distributions, subdivisions and combinations.

As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, 264 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock remain issued and outstanding. The 264 shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2026, are convertible into 2 shares of common stock.

In the event of a liquidation, the holders of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock may participate on an as-converted-to-common-stock basis in any distribution of assets of the Company. The Company shall not pay any dividends on shares of common stock (other than dividends in the form of common stock) unless and until such time as dividends on each share of Series A Preferred Stock are paid on an as-converted basis. There is no restriction on the Company’s ability to repurchase shares of Series A Preferred Stock while there is an arrearage in the payment of dividends on such shares, and there are no sinking fund provisions applicable to Series A Preferred Stock.

Subject to certain conditions, at any time following the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock, the Company has the right to cause each holder of the Series A Preferred Stock to convert all or part of such holder’s Series A Preferred Stock in the event that (i) the volume weighted average price of our common stock for 30 consecutive trading days, or Measurement Period exceeds 300% of the initial conversion price of the Series A Preferred Stock (subject to adjustment for forward and reverse stock splits, recapitalizations, stock dividends and similar transactions), (ii) the daily trading volume on each Trading Day during such Measurement Period exceeds $500,000 per trading day and (iii) the holder is not in possession of any information that constitutes or might constitute, material non-public information which was provided by the Company. The right to cause each holder of Series A Preferred Stock to convert all or part of such holder’s Series A Preferred Stock shall be exercised ratably among the holders of the then outstanding preferred stock.

The Series A Preferred Stock has no maturity date, will carry the same dividend rights as the common stock, and with certain exceptions contains no voting rights. In the event of any liquidation or dissolution of the Company, the Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the common stock in the distribution of assets, to the extent legally available for distribution.

6% Convertible Exchangeable Preferred Stock

As of June 30, 2026, there were 135,273 shares of the Company’s 6% Convertible Exchangeable Preferred Stock (the “6% Preferred Stock”) issued and outstanding at an issue price of $10.00 per share. Dividends on the 6% Preferred Stock are cumulative from the date of original issuance at the annual rate of 6% of the liquidation preference of the 6% Preferred Stock, payable quarterly on the first day of February, May, August and November, commencing February 1, 2005. Any dividends must be declared by the Company’s board of directors and must come from funds that are legally available for dividend payments. The 6% Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference of $10.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends. As of June 30, 2026, there were no accrued and unpaid dividends.

The Company may automatically convert the 6% Preferred Stock into common stock if the per share closing price of the Company’s common stock has exceeded a per share price of $213,192,000, which is 150% of the conversion price of the 6% Preferred Stock, for at least 20 trading days during any 30 day trading period, ending within five trading days prior to notice of automatic conversion.

The 6% Preferred Stock has no maturity date and no voting rights prior to conversion into common stock, except under limited circumstances.

The Company may, at its option, redeem the 6% Preferred Stock in whole or in part, out of funds legally available at the redemption price of $10.00 per share.

The 6% Preferred Stock is exchangeable, in whole but not in part, at the option of the Company on any dividend payment date beginning on November 1, 2005 (the “Exchange Date”) for the Company’s 6% Convertible Subordinated Debentures (the “Debentures”) at the rate of $10.00 principal amount of Debentures for each share of 6% Preferred Stock. The Debentures, if issued, will mature 25 years after the Exchange Date and have substantially similar terms to those of the 6% Preferred Stock. No such exchanges have taken place to date.