NOTE 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the balances and results for the periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statement results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full fiscal year or any future period. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 27, 2026.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, merveille.ai, which was incorporated under the laws of Nevada on October 4, 2023, Rocket One.0 Inc., which was incorporated under the laws of Nevada on April 22, 2026, Hoth Therapeutics LLC, a limited liability company which was formed under the laws of Nevada on June 17, 2026, and Hoth Therapeutics Australia Pty Ltd, which was incorporated under the laws of the State of Victoria in Australia on June 5, 2019. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. The most significant estimates in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements relate to stock-based compensation, the valuation of common stock issued for services, and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations may be affected.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of bank accounts and highly liquid money funds and totaled $7,891,911 and $6,247,467 as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash deposits at the three financial institutions the Company utilizes for its banking requirements. The Company’s foreign bank account is not subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance. Cash held in foreign bank accounts totaled approximately $91,000 and $96,000 as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Company has significant cash balances at financial institutions which, throughout the year, regularly exceed the federally insured limit of $250,000. Any loss incurred or a lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

The fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities, which would qualify as financial instruments under ASC 820, approximates the carrying amounts represented in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, primarily due to their short-term nature.

The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

In some circumstances, the inputs used to measure fair value might be categorized within different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. During the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, there were no changes in valuation techniques or transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and classifies its leases at commencement. Operating leases are presented as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and the corresponding lease liabilities are included in operating lease liability, current and lease liability, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments in exchange for the ability to use the asset for the duration of the lease term.

The Company may have lease agreements which contain both lease and non-lease components, which it has elected to account for as a single lease component. As such, minimum lease payments include fixed payments for non-lease components within a lease agreement but exclude variable lease payments not dependent on an index or rate, such as common area maintenance, operating expenses, utilities, or other costs that are subject to fluctuation from period to period. Certain of the leases may contain an option to extend the term of the lease. The option to extend a lease is included in the lease term only when it is reasonably certain that the Company will elect that option. Additionally, the Company does not record ROU assets or lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of twelve months or less at lease commencement.

ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date and determined using the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on an estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing since the Company’s leases do not include an implicit interest rate. The estimated incremental borrowing rate considers market data, actual lease economic environment, and the lease term at commencement date.

Investment in Joint Ventures

Ownership interests in entities for which the Company has significant influence that are not consolidated are accounted for as equity method investments. SEC Staff Announcement: Accounting for Limited Partnership Investments (codified in ASC 323-30-S99-1) guidance requires the use of the equity method unless the investor’s interest “is so minor that the limited partner may have virtually no influence over partnership operating and financial policies.” The SEC staff’s position is that investments in limited partnerships of greater than 3% to 5% are considered more than minor and, therefore, should be accounted for using the equity method or fair value option. Investments accounted for using the equity method may be reported on a lag up to three months if financial statements of the investee are not available in sufficient time for the investor to apply the equity method as of the current reporting date. The determination of whether an investee’s results are recorded on a lag is made on an investment-by-investment basis. This investment in joint ventures is further described in Note 5 of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Digital Assets, at Fair Value

The Company’s digital assets primarily included Bitcoin (“BTC”), Ethereum (“ETH”) and Solana (“SOL”), which are actively traded on public exchanges. The Company distinguishes between digital assets which fall within the scope of ASC 350-60 and those which do not. The Company refers to digital assets which fall within the scope of ASC 350-60 (e.g., BTC) as “crypto assets.” Digital assets which do not fall within the scope of ASC 350-60, Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets, are referred to as “digital intangible assets.” As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not own any digital intangible assets that did not fall within the scope of ASC 350-60.

Crypto assets are recorded at fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Changes in fair value are recognized in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations within “other income (expenses), net” for the period in which they occur.

Digital assets are classified on the condensed consolidated balance sheets based on management’s intent and the expected period of use or sale:

The fair value of each cryptocurrency holding is based on the closing market price on the reporting date.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company held $191,367 of crypto assets comprised of BTC, ETH and SOL, which are in the scope of ASC 350-60 at fair value. In determining the fair value of the crypto assets in accordance with ASC 820, the Company utilizes Coinbase as the principal market. The Company uses a first-in, first-out methodology to assign costs to crypto assets. Sales and purchases of crypto assets are reflected as cash flows from investing activities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. As of June 30, 2026, the Company did not hold any crypto assets.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs, including acquired in-process research and development expenses for which there is no alternative future use, are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are accrued and then expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based payment awards exchanged for services at the estimated grant date fair value of the award. Stock options issued under the Company’s long-term incentive plans are granted with an exercise price equal to no less than the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant and expire up to ten years from the date of grant. Options are generally issued fully vested. The Company accounts for forfeited awards as they occur.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

Expected Term - The expected term of options represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding based on the simplified method, which is the half-life from vesting to the end of its contractual term.

Expected Volatility - The Company computes stock price volatility over expected terms based on its historical common stock trading prices.

Risk-Free Interest Rate - The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term.

Expected Dividend - The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common shares and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in its valuation models.

The Company grants restricted stock awards under its equity incentive plan. Restricted stock awards are granted to employees and non-employees. The restricted stock awards are measured based on the grant-date fair value. In general, the restricted stock awards vest over a service period of zero to three years. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized based on the straight-line basis over the requisite service period and forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

The Company has issued warrants to non-employees. The warrants are measured based on the grant-date fair value. In general, the warrants vest over a term of zero to ten years. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized based on the straight-line basis over the vesting term.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted into law. With the passing of this tax legislation, the most notable corporate tax issue that impacts the Company is the change to Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) §174. Since 2022, the Company has been required to capitalize U.S. and foreign research and development expenditures in accordance with IRC §174 and amortize those costs over 5 years for U.S. costs and 15 years for foreign costs. The new legislation no longer requires U.S. research and development costs to be capitalized; however, foreign costs will continue to be capitalized and amortized over 15 years. U.S. costs that were capitalized in tax years 2022 through 2024 can be expensed. Pursuant to the OBBBA’s transition rules, in 2025, the Company elected to expense all unamortized domestic research and experimental (“R&E”) expenditures previously capitalized between 2022 and 2024. The Company continues to evaluate various elections available to the Company under OBBBA related to IRC §174 capitalized R&E expenditures. The effect of expensing all unamortized domestic R&E expenditures was to decrease the Company’s deferred tax assets and decrease the related valuation allowance.

Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Since the Company had a net loss in the periods presented, basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock are the same. The following were excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding due to the losses for each period presented, as they would have had an anti-dilutive impact on the Company’s net loss:

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common shares, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are classified as liability and are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each condensed consolidated balance sheet date thereafter.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is composed of net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, other comprehensive income (loss) was attributable to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Foreign Currency

The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. For the Company’s subsidiary with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period. Equity transactions are translated using historical exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income – foreign currency translation as a component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency translation adjustments arising from differences in exchange rates from period to period are recorded within “Accumulated other comprehensive income – foreign currency translation” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Segment Reporting

On January 1, 2024, the Company adopted FASB ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (ASC 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses among other disclosure requirements. Through March 31, 2026, the Company operated as a single operating segment as a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing new generation therapies for unmet medical needs. During the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Company began the process of transitioning primarily into an AI semiconductor infrastructure company building nanomagnetic and spintronic computing for ultra-low-power AI, resilient edge, defense, and space. Accordingly, beginning in the second quarter of 2026, the Company began operating in two reportable segments which consist of (1) a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, herein known as the “Biopharmaceutical” segment, and (2) an AI semiconductor infrastructure and other technologies company, herein known as the “AI Infrastructure and Technologies” segment. The Company has determined that these reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products. These reportable segments shall be managed separately based on the fundamental differences in their operations.

In accordance with ASC 280, the Company’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company and decides how to allocate resources based on loss from operations, managing cash flows and evaluating research and development and general and administrative expenses. Existing guidance, which is based on a management approach to segment reporting, establishes requirements to report selected segment information quarterly and to report annually entity-wide disclosures about products and services, major customers, and the countries in which the entity holds material assets and reports revenue. The Company has enhanced its segment disclosures in this report to include the presentation of two segments. The adoption of this ASU only affects the Company’s disclosures with no impact on its consolidated financial condition or results of operations. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Company adopted ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, during the year ended December 31, 2025 using a retrospective approach. The ASU requires greater disaggregation of information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation and information on income taxes paid. The ASU applies to all entities subject to income taxes and is intended to help investors better understand an entity’s exposure to potential changes in jurisdictional tax legislation and assess income tax information that affects cash flow forecasts and capital allocation decisions. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 had no impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires entities to provide more detailed disaggregation of expenses in the income statement, focusing on the nature of the expenses rather than their function. The new disclosures will require entities to separately present expenses for significant line items, including, but not limited to, depreciation, amortization, and employee compensation. Entities will also be required to provide a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, provide a definition of what constitutes selling expenses. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a material impact on its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270), Narrow-Scope Improvements, to provide clarity about the current requirements, rather than evaluate whether to expand or reduce interim disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU 2025-11 result in a comprehensive list of interim disclosures that are required by GAAP. The amendments in ASU 2025-11 also include a disclosure principle that requires entities to disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. The amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2025-11 can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the disclosure impact that ASU 2025-11 may have on its financial statement presentation and disclosures.

Currently, management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.