Note 9. Debt

Anson Convertible Promissory Notes (the “Anson Notes”)

On August 12, 2024, the Company entered into the Anson Purchase Agreement with the Anson Investment Master Fund LP and Anson East Master Fund LP (collectively “Anson”). The Company agreed to sell, in three equal tranches, original issue discount Anson Notes in the aggregate principal amount of up to approximately $16.3 million for an aggregate purchase price of up to approximately $15.0 million and warrants to purchase that amount of shares equal to 50% of the principal amount of the Anson Notes divided by the VWAP of the Common Stock, as listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, on the day prior to the closing of each respective tranche under the Anson Warrants (as defined below), with a 7% cash fee paid to the placement agent.    

On August 14, 2024, the Company entered into the first tranche Senior Secured Convertible Note Agreements (the “First Tranche Notes”) with Anson at various amounts for an aggregate of $5.435 million subject to an original issuance discount of 8% or $435,000, less other cash issuance costs of $521,000, resulting in net cash proceeds of $4.5 million, prior to any allocation to the Anson Warrants. The First Tranche Notes bore interest at a rate of 6% per annum, maturing on November 14, 2025, and were convertible at the option of the holder at any time after issuance into Common Stock, at a per share conversion price equal to the lower of (a) $2.4168 or (b) a price equal to 92% of the lowest VWAP during the seven trading day period immediately preceding the effective conversion date. Certain additional pricing and purchase protections and covenants triggering repayment were also afforded to the holders, and the First Tranche Notes carried certain mandatory redemption features. In conjunction with the issuance of the First Tranche Notes, the Company also issued warrants to purchase up to 1,349,305 shares of Common Stock.

Pursuant to the Anson Purchase Agreement, on October 10, 2024 (the “Second Closing Date”), the Company sold a total of $5.4 million in Notes (the “Second Tranche Notes”), subject to an original issue discount of 8% or $435,000 less other cash issuance cost of $375,000, with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $5.0 million, and warrants to purchase up to 1,846,128 shares of Common Stock. The Second Tranche Notes were convertible into Common Stock, at a per share conversion price equal to by the lower of (a) $1.7664 or (b) a price equal to 92% of the lowest VWAP during the seven-trading day period immediately preceding the effective date set forth in a Notice of Conversion delivered by an Investor to the Company. The Conversion Price was subject to, among other customary provisions, downward adjustment in the event of any future issuance by the Company of Common Stock below the then effective Conversion Price. In connection with the Second Tranche Notes, the Company paid a cash fee of 7% of the gross proceeds the Company received in the Second Closing to a placement agent and incurred certain additional other issuance costs and reimbursement for legal counsel disbursements and placement agent, for aggregate issuance costs of approximately $0.4 million.

Pursuant to the Anson Purchase Agreement, on January 28, 2025 (the “Third Closing Date”), the Company sold a total of $5.435 million in Notes subject to an original issue discount of 8% or $0.435 million less other issuance costs of $0.4 million noted below (the “Third Tranche Notes” and collectively with the First Tranche Notes and Second Tranche Notes, the (“Anson Notes”)), with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $5.0 million, and Warrants to purchase up to 862,699 shares of Common Stock. The Third Tranche Notes were convertible into Common Stock, at a per share conversion price equal to by the lower of (a) $3.78 or (b) a price equal to 92% of the lowest VWAP during the seven-trading day period immediately preceding the effective date set forth in a Notice of Conversion delivered by an Investor to the Company. The Conversion Price is subject to, among other customary provisions, downward adjustment in the event of any future issuance by the Company of Common Stock below the then effective Conversion Price. In connection with the Third Tranche Notes, the Company paid a cash tail fee to the Placement Agent equal to 7% of the gross proceeds the Company received in the Third Closing and incurred certain additional other issuance costs and reimbursement for legal counsel disbursements, for aggregate issuance costs of approximately $0.4 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, Anson converted $4.2 million of principal and interest of the First Tranche Note into Common Stock, resulting in the issuances of 3,676,796 shares of Common Stock and loss on conversion of $1.3 million.

During the three months ended  March 31, 2025, Anson converted $1.3 million of principal and interest of the First Tranche Note into common stock, resulting in the issuances of 1,004,055 shares of Common Stock and loss on redemption of $1.6 million. Anson converted less than $0.1 million of principal and interest of the Third Tranche Note into common stock, resulting in the issuance of 5,463 shares of Common Stock and loss on redemption of less than $0.1 million.

During the remainder of the year ended December 31, 2025, Anson converted the remaining $1.3 million of principal and interest of the First Tranche Notes, and all of the principal and interest on the Second and Third Tranche Notes ($5.8 million and $5.5 million, respectively) into Common Stock, resulting in the aggregate issuances of 7.3 million shares of Common Stock valued at $18.9 million and loss on conversion of $6.2 million.

No Anson Notes remained outstanding as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Due to the embedded features within the Anson Notes, the Company elected to account for the First, Second, and Third Tranche Notes at fair value at inception. Subsequent changes in fair value were recorded as a component of other income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations. During the six months ended  June 30, 2025, the Company recorded a loss from the change in fair value of the Second and Third Tranche Notes of $5.6 million, which was recognized in other expense (income) on the condensed consolidated statements of operations as a result of the Company’s election of the fair value option. 

On or about January 27, 2025, the Company and Anson entered into a Consent and Waiver Agreement (the “CWA”), relating to certain rights and prohibitions arising under the Anson Purchase Agreement and the Notes. In the CWA, Anson provided its consent under certain restrictive provisions, and waived certain rights, including, among other things, a right to participate in certain Qualified Financings (as defined in the CWA) made by us under the Anson Purchase Agreement and the Notes, the prohibition on issuance of certain equity securities, and waiver of any potential liquidated damages arising under that certain Registration Rights Agreement by and between the Company and Anson dated August 14, 2024, until March 31, 2025. On March 20, 2025, following the conversion of less than $0.1 million of the Third Tranche Note into 5,463 shares of Common Stock, the Company issued 303,819 shares of Common Stock as Consideration Shares with a fair value of $0.6 million and 303,819 of Consideration Warrants with a fair value of $0.6 million to Anson in accordance with the terms of the CWA (see Note 11).  

In connection with the Second RD Purchase Agreement (see Note 11), and pursuant to the full ratchet anti-dilution provisions contained in the Anson financing agreements, the exercise price of all outstanding Common Stock purchase warrants issued on August 14, 2024, October 10, 2024, January 28, 2025, and January 29, 2025 (collectively, the “Anson Warrants”) were each adjusted to $1.65 per share, which was reflected in the change in fair value of convertible notes payable recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. In addition, the number of shares underlying the Anson Warrants was increased by an aggregate of 1,870,960 shares of Company’s Common Stock (see below under “Warrants”).

The holders of Anson Notes and Anson Warrants, in accordance with an agreement entered into with Anson on September 30, 2025, agreed to, among other things, i) certain trading volume limitations, and ii) a partial exercise on previously issued Anson Warrants for cash. Specifically, if the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock as reported on the Principal Market (as defined in the August 2024 Purchase Agreement) is below $3.25 on any trading day, Anson may not sell, dispose of, or otherwise transfer, in the aggregate, more than 12.5% of the composite daily trading volume of the Company’s common stock on that trading day. In accordance with the agreement, the holders exercised their Anson Warrants for cash, generating net proceeds of $3.09 million and resulting in the issuance of 1,870,960 shares of Company’s Common Stock on September 30, 2025 (see “Warrants” below).

The following table presents the Anson Notes as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):