Note 4. Fair Value Measurements

The fair value of the Company's financial instruments reflects the amounts that the Company estimates that it would receive in connection with the sale of an asset or pay in connection with the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The Company discloses and recognizes the fair value of the assets and liabilities using a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to valuations based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to valuations based upon unobservable inputs that are significant to the valuation (Level 3 measurements). The guidance establishes three levels of the fair value hierarchy as follows:

Level 1 - Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liability either directly or indirectly, including inputs in markets that are not considered to be active.

Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and year ended December 31, 2025.

The Company had elected the fair value option for the EIB Loan guaranteed by the Company in connection with the EryDel Acquisition. The Company had adjusted the EIB Loan to fair value through the change in fair value of debt in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Subsequent unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option is elected were reported in earnings. The Company will break out any change in value due to credit loss in accumulated other comprehensive loss. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and year ended December 31, 2025, there was no change in value due to credit loss.

The Company classifies government and agency notes as Level 2 investments as the Company uses quoted prices for similar assets sourced from certain third-party pricing services. The third-party pricing services generally utilize industry standard valuation models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate the price or fair value of the securities. The primary input generally includes reported trades or quotes on the same or similar securities. The Company does not make additional judgments or assumptions made to the pricing data sourced from the third-party pricing services.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Contingent Consideration

The contingent consideration arrangement required the Company to pay up to $485.0 million of additional consideration in cash, comprised of up to $5.0 million upon the enrollment of the first patient in the Phase 3 NEAT clinical trial, which was paid in 2024, $25.0 million at NDA acceptance, up to $60.0 million upon the achievement of specified approval milestones, and up to $395.0 million upon the achievement of specified on market and sales milestones. As a result of the clinical readout of the Phase 3 NEAT study in January 2026, which led the Company to discontinue development of eDSP, the criteria for the contingent consideration payments will not be met, resulting in the related liability being reduced to zero during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

To estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration, the Company used a probability-weighted discounted cash flow model with an expected present value valuation technique with significant unobservable fair value inputs and is therefore classified as a Level 3 measurement. The estimates of fair value are uncertain and changes in the estimated inputs may result in significant adjustments to the fair value. The unobservable inputs consisted of the expected timing of milestone completion dates, probability of achievement, and discount rate. The change in the fair value of the contingent consideration during the six months ended June 30, 2025 is primarily due

to the expected timing of achieving various milestones, and the passage of time related to the contingent consideration earnout resulting from the EryDel Acquisition.

Debt

To estimate the fair value of the EIB Loan, the Company used an expected present value valuation technique with significant unobservable inputs resulting in classification as a Level 3 measurement. The estimate of fair value is uncertain and changes in the estimated inputs may result in significant adjustments to the fair value. The unobservable inputs consisted of discount rate which includes the credit quality of the Company and credit spreads for comparable debt.

Acquisition and Financing Warrants

In connection with the Orphai Acquisition, the Company issued to holders of Orphai warrants the Acquisition Warrants to purchase 10,964.505 shares of Series C Preferred Stock (or 570,169 shares on an as-converted-to-common basis, and without giving effect to any beneficial ownership limitations), at an exercise price of $996.90 per share of Series C Preferred Stock (or $19.17 per share on an as-converted-to-common basis, as adjusted for the June 2026 Reverse Stock Split).

Concurrent with the May 2026 Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company issued the Financing Warrants to purchase up to 72,100.322 shares of Series C Preferred Stock (or 3,749,231 shares, on an as-converted-to-common basis and without giving effect to any beneficial ownership limitations) at an exercise price of $996.90 per share (or $19.17 per share on an as-converted-to-common basis, as adjusted for the June 2026 Reverse Stock Split). Each Financing Warrant will be exercisable beginning on the trading day following the earlier of the Company’s public announcement of (a) top line data from the ongoing LAM-001 Phase 2 trial in Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (the “LAM-001 Trial”) and (b) the termination or suspension of the LAM-001 Trial and through the 30th day following such public announcement and will be exercisable at a price equal to $996.90 per share of Series C Preferred Stock (or $19.17 per share on an as-converted-to-common basis, as adjusted for the June 2026 Reverse Stock Split) for up to an

additional approximately $72.0 million in additional proceeds if exercised in full (with an additional up to $11.0 million in gross proceeds available upon the exercise of warrants issued to former Orphai stockholders).

The Acquisition and Financing Warrants will become exercisable for common stock following the Company’s receipt of stockholder approval for the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock issued in the Orphai Acquisition in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rules, among other related acquisition matters, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations.

The Acquisition and Financing Warrants are classified as liabilities on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet based on an assessment of the warrants' specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480. See Note 11 for further details. The warrant liability is initially measured at fair value upon issuance and is subsequently remeasured at fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company estimates the fair value of warrants utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is dependent upon several Level 3 inputs that are not observable in active markets, including the expected term, volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

June 2025 Warrants

During the year ended December 31, 2025, in connection with the June 2025 Private Placement (as defined below), the Company issued common and pre-funded warrants (the "June 2025 Warrants") which are classified as liabilities based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 815. See Note 11 for further details. The Company estimated the fair value of the common and pre-funded warrants utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which was dependent upon several Level 3 inputs that are not observable in active markets, such as expected term, volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires judgment to determine. In January 2026, all 10,000 shares of the pre-funded warrants were exercised through a cashless exercise into 9,989 shares of the Company's common stock. In May 2026, the common warrants were terminated as a result of the Orphai Acquisition.