Use of Estimates

Preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the amounts disclosed in the related notes to the financial statements. The Company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The amounts of assets and liabilities reported in the Company’s condensed balance sheets and the amounts of expenses reported for each of the periods presented are affected by estimates and assumptions, which are used for, but not limited to, the determination of fair value on digital assets, impairment assessments of digital intangible assets, fair value calculations for equity securities and derivative instruments linked to digital assets, establishment of valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, revenue recognition, the valuation of derivative instruments, reserves for credit losses, the recovery of deferred costs and the deferral of revenues. Certain of the Company’s estimates could be affected by external conditions, including those unique to the Company as well as general economic conditions. It is reasonably possible that actual results could differ from those estimates.

See Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Stock-Based Compensation in the 2025 Form 10 - K for additional discussion of the use of estimates in estimating the fair value of the Company’s common stock.

Digital Assets

The Company’s digital assets and digital intangible assets primarily include HYPE (the Hyperliquid network’s native token), HYPE LSTs, KNTQ (the governance token of the Kinetiq liquid staking protocol), sKNTQ (a KNTQ liquid staking token, or “KNTQ LST”), HPL (the governance token of the HyperLend protocol), sHPL (a HPL liquid staking token, or “HPL LST”), and Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares (discussed below). HYPE, KNTQ, and HPL are accounted for in accordance with ASC 350-60, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (“ASC 350-60”) and are presented as digital assets in the condensed balance sheets. HYPE LSTs, KNTQ LSTs, and HPL LSTs are collectively referred to as the Company’s “LSTs”. The Company’s LSTs and Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares are classified as intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350-30, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—General Intangibles Other Than Goodwill (“ASC 350-30”) and are presented as digital intangible assets in the condensed balance sheets. Since the Company’s LSTs and Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares represent a claim on their underlying tokens, they do not fall within the scope of ASC 350-60.

HYPE, KNTQ, and HPL digital assets are initially recorded at cost and then subsequently remeasured at fair value as of the balance sheet date (midnight UTC) with changes in fair value recognized as unrealized gains or losses in operating income (expense). Upon derecognition of digital assets into LSTs, the Company recognizes realized gains or losses in operating income (expense).

The Company’s LSTs and Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares are digital intangible assets with indefinite lives; they are not amortized but are subject to impairment. The Company’s LSTs and Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares are recorded at acquisition cost, reflecting the fair value of underlying digital assets deposited in the liquid staking pool or smart contract enabled vault, as the case may be, and tracked by lot. These assets are presented as digital intangible assets in the condensed balance sheets at cost, net of any recognized impairments. The Company tests digital intangible assets for impairment quarterly and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. The test for impairment consists of a comparison of the fair value of the digital intangible assets with their carrying amounts. Should market prices fall below carrying value, the resulting difference is recognized as an impairment charge. Such impairment charges are presented as “Impairment loss – digital intangible assets in operating income (expense)”.

Digital assets that are subject to contractual restrictions or are pledged as collateral and not available for general corporate purposes are classified as restricted digital assets and are presented separately on the accompanying condensed balance sheets. The Company uses the specific identification method to track the cost basis of all digital assets and digital intangible assets.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), applying the five-step model: identify the contract, identify performance obligations, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to performance obligations, and recognize revenue when or as performance obligations are satisfied. Transaction prices include fixed and variable consideration, and estimates of variable consideration are included only to the extent that a significant reversal of revenue is not probable; the Company applies the as-invoiced practical expedient when applicable. The Company evaluates whether it is a principal or agent and reports revenue net when acting as an agent.

HYPE Native Staking

The Company operates a co-branded Hyperliquid validator, known as “Kinetiq × Hyperion” (“KxH”), with Kinetiq Research Pte. Ltd. (“Kinetiq”) and MAVAN Services Pty Ltd (“MAVAN”). MAVAN was formerly known as Pier Two Pty Ltd. The Company earns HYPE as rewards and commission income from native staking by validating transactions and maintaining network security. The Company participates in the native staking through both self-staking (using the Company’s own tokens) and providing validation services to third-party delegators. The Company delegates its own HYPE digital assets to the co-branded KxH validator node and receives staking rewards in return. The Company is also entitled to commission income charged to third party delegators, for successfully validating transactions. Commission income from validation services is shared among the Company, Kinetiq and MAVAN. These rewards are received by the Company directly from the Hyperliquid network. The provision of services related to transaction validation on the Hyperliquid blockchain network (through both staking rewards and commission income) is an output of the Company’s ordinary activities.

The Company recognizes revenue from native staking in accordance with ASC 606, by following the five steps. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services (i.e., performance obligations) to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for promised goods or services.

The Company earns commission income in the form of HYPE from validator operations and staking rewards in the form of HYPE from self-staking. A contract with enforceable rights and obligations exists when the Company stakes its tokens to the validator and starts solving blocks on the Hyperliquid blockchain, which is the customer by analogy. Staking rewards and commission income are recognized as revenue when the Company satisfies its performance obligations (i.e., successfully validates blocks or transactions as determined by the protocol). HYPE rewards are variable consideration, resolved at the conclusion of each block. The HYPE earned is noncash consideration and therefore measured at fair value at the inception of each contract. Subsequent changes in fair value of HYPE earned are recognized within “Unrealized gain (loss) - digital assets” in the condensed statements of operations.

The Company participates in Hyperliquid blockchain validation activities through its arrangements with third-party validator operators, Kinetiq and MAVAN. While the Company obtained unilateral control over the private keys beginning on December 15, 2025, the ongoing operation, maintenance, and performance of validator infrastructure, and the process of validation are conducted by the Company’s third-party validator operators. Given the Company does not perform the primary validating activities, the Company’s

performance obligation is limited to delegating and arranging for validation services. Therefore, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company has determined it acts as an agent under ASC 606. Revenue is recognized on a net basis, representing the portion of blockchain rewards retained by the Company after amounts owed to third-party validator operators and third-party token delegators.

Temporary HAUS Agreements

The Company enters into arrangements with customers under which it provides the temporary use of its HYPE tokens in exchange for consideration. The Company’s obligation is to make the digital assets available for use over a defined period, which represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time as the counterparty simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of use. In arrangements where control of the digital assets transfers to the customer, the Company records a receivable representing its right to receive the digital assets at the end of the contractual term. Consideration is primarily based on transaction volume, trading activity, or other usage-based metrics generated during the contract term. The Company recognizes revenue in the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed, consistent with the application of the right-to-invoice practical expedient.

HyperLend Private Pool Participation Agreement and Revenue-Sharing Agreement

In the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company received 10 million HPL tokens from HyperLend Inc. (“HyperLend”), pursuant to two separate partnership agreements between the parties as detailed further below. As of June 30, 2026, all of the Company’s HPL tokens have been liquid staked in exchange for sHPL tokens, and the Company’s sHPL tokens are included within “Digital intangible assets” on the condensed balance sheets.

The Company first received 1 million HPL in connection with a Private Pool Participation Agreement (the “Private Pool Participation Agreement”) with HyperLend. Pursuant to this agreement, the Company anticipated becoming a borrower on the HyperLend platform in the future (denominated in USDH stablecoin), and HyperLend’s role in the agreement is a vendor. The Company accounted for these 1 million HPL tokens in accordance with ASC 705 – Cost of Sales and Service, given HyperLend’s role as a vendor. These 1 million HPL tokens represent vendor consideration and therefore the value recognition was deferred to reduce future obligations of the Company owed to HyperLend. As of June 30, 2026, following Native Markets’ announcement on May 14, 2026 that it would cease supporting the USDH stablecoin, the Company no longer anticipates becoming a borrower on the HyperLend platform in the future.

The Company subsequently received 9 million HPL tokens on March 31, 2026 in connection with a Revenue-Sharing Agreement (the “Revenue-Sharing Agreement”) with HyperLend. Pursuant to this agreement, the Company has a performance obligation to introduce borrowers to the HyperLend platform for the purposes of originating eligible loans, and HyperLend is the customer in the agreement. The Company accounts for these 9 million HPL as a non-cash, nonrefundable upfront referral fees by HyperLend in accordance with ASC 606. The fair value at contract inception of these 9 million tokens received is recognized ratably by the Company over the Revenue-Sharing Agreement’s one-year initial term. The Company also may earn additional referral fee revenue subsequent to June 30, 2026.

Liquid Staking Income

Beginning in July 2025, the Company used the proceeds from its capital raising activities to acquire and deploy HYPE in staking activities, which includes native staking and liquid staking. Revenue from native staking is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606.

The Company engages in liquid staking arrangements by staking HYPE in exchange for HYPE LSTs, primarily kHYPE and HiHYPE. kHYPE serves as the standard retail liquid staking receipt token for HYPE, while HiHYPE is an institutional variant of kHYPE. HiHYPE is issued through Kinetiq’s gated iHYPE pool specifically for the Company, offering the same economic exposure as kHYPE. Both HiHYPE and kHYPE feature a floating redemption rate determined by the value of the underlying staked HYPE and associated rewards, penalties, and fees. HiHYPE and kHYPE tokens are transferable, can be monetized, and may be utilized in other transactions, even while the original HYPE assets remain staked.

In November 2025, the Company received KNTQ digital assets through a network-initiated token distribution by Kinetiq. The Company does not native stake its KNTQ digital assets, but the Company began liquid staking its KNTQ in exchange for sKNTQ in March 2026. All of the Company’s KNTQ are liquid staked as of June 30, 2026.

As described above, in March 2026, the Company received 10 million HPL tokens from HyperLend in connection with the Private Pool Participation Agreement and the Revenue-Sharing Agreement between HyperLend and the Company. As of June 30, 2026, all of the Company’s HPL tokens are deposited into liquid staking activities in exchange for sHPL LSTs.

When HYPE, KNTQ, or HPL are deposited into liquid staking pools, the Company recognizes any realized gains or losses on the HYPE, KNTQ, or HPL, as applicable, in accordance with ASC 610-20, Operating (Income) Expense — Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, since the Company relinquishes control over the underlying digital assets deposited in the pool. No staking rewards accrued on liquid staking tokens are recognized by the Company until the liquid staking tokens are redeemed for the underlying digital asset.

Digital Assets Receivable, Digital Intangible Assets Receivable, and Credit Loss Allowance

The Company records digital assets receivable or digital intangible assets receivable when digital assets or digital intangible assets, respectively, are transferred or deposited into a wallet controlled by a third party and the Company determines that it has lost control of the assets in accordance with the definition of control in ASC 606 (i.e., the Company no longer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the digital assets). In assessing whether control has transferred, the Company considers factors such as legal title, rights to transfer or pledge the assets, access to private keys, contractual restrictions, and the practical ability to direct the use of the digital assets. The Company evaluates the legal form and economic substance of each arrangement and documents the basis for its control conclusions. If the economic substance of an arrangement is more akin to a financing or lending arrangement, the Company accounts for the arrangement in a manner consistent with crypto asset lending arrangements rather than as a sale or transfer of digital assets.

Digital assets receivable and digital intangible assets receivable are initially and subsequently measured at the fair value of the underlying digital assets, with changes in fair value recognized in “Unrealized gains or losses — digital assets” and “Unrealized gains or losses — digital intangible assets receivable”, respectively, on the condensed statements of operations. For digital intangible assets receivable, the fair value is based upon the underlying HYPE digital assets, without accounting for accrued and unrealized staking rewards (which can only be realized upon future potential redemption of the LSTs back into HYPE). The recognition of accrued and unrealized staking rewards is constrained by uncertainty on the ultimate settlement of the Company’s liquid staking tokens back to native tokens.

The Company records an allowance for credit losses on digital assets receivable and digital intangible assets receivable arising from arrangements in which control of the digital assets transfers to a third party, as described in Note 6 – Digital Assets. The allowance for credit losses is measured in accordance with the current expected credit loss model under ASC 326, Current Expected Credit Losses (“ASC 326”). In estimating expected credit losses, the Company considers counterparty-specific information, contractual terms, conditions in the digital asset market, conditions in the broader financial services market (including observed industry delinquency trends), corporate default rate forecasts published by third-party industry participants, and other relevant transaction-specific factors. Due to limited historical loss experience for digital assets receivable, the Company utilizes external data and applies a probability of default and loss given default methodology.

OTC HYPE Options

The Company operates an over-the-counter (“OTC”) options strategy on the price of HYPE to mitigate risk and enhance yield on its digital asset treasury. In the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company sold out of the money covered call option agreements on the price of HYPE, which call options were sold against and collateralized by HYPE owned by the Company (including HYPE LSTs), as well as out of the money put option agreements on the price of HYPE collateralized by the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and USDH.

Premiums received at inception are initially recorded on the condensed balance sheets, and subsequently reflected in earnings consistent with the subsequent fair value changes of the related options. The fair value of these written options is measured using standard option-pricing models incorporating observable market inputs, including HYPE spot prices, implied volatility, and time to expiration. As such, the options are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy (see “Fair Value Measurements” below). Changes in the fair value of the options are recognized on the condensed statements of operations within “Operating (income) expense, net”. Outstanding derivative liabilities are presented on the condensed balance sheets within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities”.

In connection with the Company’s OTC HYPE covered call options strategy, the Company pledges or transfers HYPE or HYPE LSTs to institutional counterparties to collateralize the underlying transactions. In the six months ended June 30, 2026, these transactions were governed by long-form confirmations and International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreements (together, “Derivative Agreements”). Under the Derivative Agreements, the Company’s HYPE or HYPE LSTs are pledged as collateral and can be rehypothecated, re-pledged, or otherwise deployed by the derivative counterparties. As the Company has determined that it has lost control of these assets, the HYPE or HYPE LST collateral is presented as digital assets receivable or digital intangible asset receivable on the condensed balance sheets.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company has no outstanding OTC HYPE options.

Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares

In March 2026, the Company launched in partnership with the Rysk protocol an Institutional Volatility Income Vault (“IVIV”). The purpose of this vault is to facilitate the execution of HYPE options (puts and calls) via smart-contracts on-chain, and the Company began executing on-chain put sales on the price of HYPE in March 2026. In order to collateralize these HYPE options, the Company first creates a standalone collateralization liquidity pool of the Company’s assets. Until May 2026, the Company’s liquidity pool was denominated in USDH; following Native Markets’ announcement on May 14, 2026 that it would cease supporting the USDH stablecoin, beginning in June 2026, the Company’s liquidity pool is denominated in USDC. When the Company’s USDC is deposited into the IVIV, the Company relinquishes control of its USDC and receives in return Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares, which represent a claim on the IVIV assets in a matter akin to liquid staking tokens. Any increase in the amount of underlying USDC within the IVIV is not recognized as income until the Hyperion Rysk Vault Shares are redeemed for USDC, akin to accrued staking rewards on liquid staking tokens.

Assets Held For Sale

In connection with the wind-down of its Ophthalmic Technology segment (the “Biotech Operations”), including the Optejet User Filled Device platform, the Company committed to a plan to sell the related assets (the “Biotech Assets”). Management substantially completed the wind-down of Biotech Operations as of May 31, 2026. Management has concluded that the Biotech Assets meet the criteria in ASC 360-10-45-9 to be classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2026, as (i) management committed to a plan to sell the Biotech Assets, (ii) the Biotech Assets were available for immediate sale in their present condition, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer had been initiated, (iv) the sale was probable and expected to be completed within one year, (v) the Biotech Assets were being actively marketed at a reasonable price, and (vi) it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan would be made.

Assets classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell and are no longer depreciated or amortized once so classified. The Company wrote off $57,773 related to its right-of-use asset associated with the Biotech Operations lease during the three months ended June 30, 2026 as a result of the wind-down. No other Biotech Assets were written down during the six months ended June 30, 2026. Accordingly, the carrying value of the Biotech Assets was zero as of June 30, 2026.

On July 30, 2026, the Company completed the sale of substantially all intellectual property associated with its legacy ophthalmic drug delivery (Optejet) program to Arctic Vision (Hong Kong) Limited pursuant to an Intellectual Property Purchase, Sale and Assignment Agreement. The assigned assets consisted of the Company’s Optejet-related patents and patent applications, trademarks, and associated know-how, technical, clinical and regulatory documentation. Consideration consisted of a release of a $100,000 liability owed by the Company to Arctic Vision. The intellectual property was transferred on an “as is” basis, and Arctic Vision assumed all patent and trademark maintenance obligations accruing on or after the closing date. In connection with the transaction, the Company and Arctic Vision terminated their license agreement dated August 10, 2020, as amended, and the Company entered into a mutual termination, release and settlement agreement with Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. terminating the exclusive license agreement dated March 18, 2015, as amended, under which the Company paid Senju $15,000 and the parties exchanged mutual releases. In connection with the transaction, Arctic Vision paid the Company $15,000.

The Company determined that the wind-down of the Biotech Operations does not represent a strategic shift that has a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, and accordingly does not qualify for discontinued operations presentation under ASC 205-20.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2024, The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Updated (“ASU”) 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220 – 04). This update requires an entity to disclose more detailed information regarding expenses for the entity. The amendments require that at each interim and the annual reporting period, the entity must disclose amounts related to purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization and depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil and gas- producing activities. Including the amounts, the entity is required to disclose and qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions, and to disclose the total amount of selling expenses and the definition of selling expenses. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively to financial statements issued for the current period presented, and retrospectively to any prior periods presented in the financials. Although early adoption is permitted, the new guidance becomes effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Since this new ASU addresses only disclosures, the Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have any material effects on its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270) - Narrow-Scope Improvements (“ASU 2025-11”) to improve the guidance in Topic 270, Interim Reporting, by improving the navigability of the required interim disclosures and clarifying when that guidance is applicable. ASU 2025-11 is effective for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025-11 on its condensed financial statements.

In April 2026, the FASB issued ASU 2026-01, Equity (Topic 505): Initial Measurement of Paid-in-Kind Dividends on Equity-Classified Preferred Stock (“ASU 2026-01”). The amendments in this update require entities to initially measure paid-in-kind (“PIK”) dividends on equity-classified preferred stock using the PIK dividend rate stated in the preferred stock agreement, rather than at fair value. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2026-01 on its condensed financial statements and related disclosures.