ser-20260630

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


			x			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2026


			o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________

Commission file number 1-38519

Serina Therapeutics, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						82-1436829
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

601 Genome Way, Suite 2001

Huntsville, Alabama 35806

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (256) 327-9630

Title of each class

Trading Symbol

Name of exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share

SER

NYSE American

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	o	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	x
		Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). o Yes x No

The number of shares common stock outstanding as of August 10, 2026 was 25,400,473, par value $0.0001 per share.

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SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


			Page Number
Part I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	4
		Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	5
		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	7
		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
		Notes to Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements	9
	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32

Part II – OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	35
	Item 3.	Default Upon Senior Securities	35
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	35
	Item 5.	Other Information	35
	Item 6.	Exhibits	36

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of these words or other comparable terminology.

Any forward-looking statements in this Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those discussed in this Report under Item 1 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, under Risk Factors in this Report, those incorporated by reference in the section titled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 25, 2026, as amended on March 27, 2026, and our other periodic reports and documents filed from time to time with the SEC. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

The description or discussion, in this Report, of any contract or agreement is a summary only and is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of the applicable contract or agreement.

As used herein, otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, references to “Serina,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or similar terms refer to Serina Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except par value amounts)


	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	23,024	$	3,056


Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,006		3,024
Total current assets	25,030		6,080

Property and equipment, net	482		465
Right of use assets - operating leases	277		377

Other long-term prepaid assets	25		29
TOTAL ASSETS	$	25,814	$	6,951

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,858	$	1,931
Accrued expenses	1,359		1,207
Warrant liability	—		88




Other current liabilities	545		337
Total current liabilities	3,762		3,563

Warrant liability, non-current	113		283
Convertible Note, net	3,087		2,946
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	122		196
TOTAL LIABILITIES	7,084		6,988

Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)

Stockholders’ equity (deficit):
Series A convertible preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 5,000 shares authorized; zero and 965 issued and outstanding at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively; liquidation preference of $0 and $5,000 at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively	—		4,940
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 125,000 and 40,000 shares authorized; 25,400 and 10,767 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively	3		1
Additional paid-in capital	95,481		58,536
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		(14)
Accumulated deficit	(76,754)		(63,500)


TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)	18,730		(37)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	$	25,814	$	6,951

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data)

(unaudited)


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2026		2025		2026		2025
REVENUES
Grant revenues	$	—	$	130	$	—	$	130
Total revenues	—		130		—		130

OPERATING EXPENSES
Research and development	3,816		3,152		7,015		6,103
General and administrative	2,968		2,543		6,049		5,450
Total operating expenses	6,784		5,695		13,064		11,553

Loss from operations	(6,784)		(5,565)		(13,064)		(11,423)

OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE), NET
Interest expense	(203)		(9)		(392)		(9)
Change in fair value of warrants	50		(956)		154		33

Change in fair value of tranche liability	347		—		1,377		—
Loss on extinguishment of financial commitment assets and contingent warrants, net	—		—		(1,616)		—
Other income, net	234		68		287		115
Total other income (expense), net	428		(897)		(190)		139



NET LOSS	(6,356)		(6,462)		$	(13,254)	$	(11,284)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	—		(14)		—		(23)
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.	$	(6,356)	$	(6,448)	$	(13,254)	$	(11,261)

NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO SERINA COMMON STOCKHOLDERS	$	(8,932)	$	(6,565)	$	(15,867)	$	(11,378)
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO SERINA COMMON STOCKHOLDERS, BASIC AND DILUTED	$	(0.55)	$	(0.66)	$	(1.11)	$	(1.15)

WEIGHTED-AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING, BASIC AND DILUTED	16,385		10,004		14,232		9,883

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2026		2025		2026		2025
NET LOSS	$	(6,356)	$	(6,462)	$	(13,254)	$	(11,284)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Foreign currency translation adjustment	8		—		14		—
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	(6,348)		(6,462)		(13,240)		(11,284)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	—		(14)		—		(23)
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.	$	(6,348)	$	(6,448)	$	(13,240)	$	(11,261)

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
	Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares	Par Value
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2025	965	$	4,940	10,767	$	1	$	58,536	$	(14)	$	(63,500)	$	(37)
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		138	—		8		—		—		8
Issuance of common stock under At The Market sales agreement, net of issuance costs of $234	—	—		3,109	—		10,169		—		—		10,169
Issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with private placement, net of issuance cost of $120 and tranche liability of $3,282	—	—		422	—		11,598		—		—		11,598
Issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with private placement and reclassification of tranche liability of $705	—	—		444	—		1,705		—		—		1,705
Issuance of common stock for Series A Convertible Preferred stock dividends	—	—		19	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		1,077		—		—		1,077
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		6		—		6
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,898)		(6,898)
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2026	965	4,940		14,899	1		83,093		(8)		(70,398)		17,628
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		10	—		1		—		—		1
Issuance of common stock for Series A Convertible Preferred stock conversion	(965)	(4,940)		2,222	1		4,939		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock for Series A Convertible Preferred stock dividends	—	—		19	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with private placement, net of issuance cost of $3 and reclassification of tranche liability of $1,200	—	—		89	—		6,397		—		—		6,397
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of prefunded warrants in connection with private placement	—	—		8,161	1		—		—		—		1

Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		1,051		—		—		1,051
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		8		—		8
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,356)		(6,356)
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 2026	—	$	—	25,400	$	3	$	95,481	$	—	$	(76,754)	$	18,730

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital						Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares	Par Value				Accumulated Deficit		Noncontrolling Interest
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2024	—	$	—	9,422	$	1	$	44,958	$	(44,318)	$	(133)	$	508
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		10	—		1		—		—		1
Issuance of common stock to Juvenescence, net of issuance costs	—	—		500	—		4,916		—		—		4,916
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		956		—		—		956
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(4,813)		(9)		(4,822)
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2025	—	—		9,932	1		50,831		(49,131)		(142)		1,559
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		42	—		1		—		—		1
Issuance of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs of $60	965	4,940		—	—		—		—		—		4,940
Issuance of common stock under At The Market sales agreement, net of issuance costs of $114	—	—		124	—		629		—		—		629
Issuance of common stock to consultant for services rendered	—	—		42	—		60		—		—		60
Release of restricted stock units to consultant for services rendered	—	—		5	—		29		—		—		29
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		890		—		—		890
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(6,448)		(14)		(6,462)
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 2025	965	$	4,940	10,145	$	1	$	52,440	$	(55,579)	$	(156)	$	1,646

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Six months ended June 30,
	2026		2025
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(13,254)	$	(11,284)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	36		33
Non-cash lease expense	107		116
Non-cash interest expense	251		—
Amortization of debt issuance costs	141		—

Stock-based compensation	2,128		1,846
Common stock issued to consultant for services rendered	—		60
Restricted stock units released to consultant for services rendered	—		29


Change in fair value of liability classified instruments	(1,531)		(33)

Loss on extinguishment of financial commitment assets and contingent warrants, net	1,616		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(664)		50
Accounts payable	(71)		963
Accrued expenses	113		(115)
Operating lease liabilities	(107)		(105)
Other current liabilities	(17)		368

Net cash used in operating activities	(11,252)		(8,072)

INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of equipment	(53)		(46)
Net cash used in investing activities	(53)		(46)

FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	9		2
Proceeds from Juvenescence stock purchase, net of issuance costs	—		4,916
Proceeds from issuance of Series A convertible preferred stock, net	—		4,940
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under at-the-market sales agreement, net	10,169		629
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with private placement, net	21,081		—


Net cash provided by financing activities	31,259		10,487
Effect of foreign currency on cash	14		—
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	19,968		2,369

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:
At beginning of the period	3,056		3,672
At end of the period	$	23,024	$	6,041



SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NON-CASH FINANCING AND INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Transfer of right‑of‑use assets to property and equipment upon title transfer	$	—	$	75










Initial recognition of Tranche Liability	$	3,282	$	—
Settlement of Tranche Liability	$	1,905	$	—
Deemed dividend on down round provision from Series A Convertible Preferred Stock	$	2,539	$	—
Conversion of Preferred Series A stock into common stock	$	4,940	$	—

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization, Business Overview and Liquidity

Serina Therapeutics, Inc. was incorporated as AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. in January 2017 in the state of Delaware. On March 26, 2024, AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. (“AgeX”) completed a merger transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of August 29, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among AgeX, Canaria Transaction Corporation, an Alabama corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of AgeX (“Merger Sub”), and Serina Therapeutics, Inc., an Alabama corporation (“Legacy Serina”), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Serina, with Legacy Serina surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of AgeX (the “Merger”). Additionally, on March 26, 2024, AgeX changed its name from “AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.” to “Serina Therapeutics, Inc.”. Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, together with its subsidiaries, "Serina" or (the "Company").

Following the consummation of the Merger, the business previously conducted by Legacy Serina became the business conducted by the Company, which is now a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing Legacy Serina’s drug product candidates. The Company’s headquarters are located in Huntsville, Alabama.

The Company is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing a pipeline of wholly-owned drug product candidates to treat neurological diseases and other indications. The Company’s POZ drug delivery technology is designed to enable certain existing drugs and novel drug candidates to be modified in a way that provides the potential to improve the integrated efficacy and safety profile of multiple modalities including small molecules, RNA-based therapeutics, and antibody-based drug conjugates (ADCs). The Company’s proprietary POZ technology is based on a synthetic, water soluble, low viscosity polymer called poly(2-oxazoline) and is engineered to provide greater control in drug loading and more precision in the rate of release of attached drugs delivered via easy-to-administer, long-acting subcutaneous injection.

The therapeutic agents in the Company’s product candidates are typically well-understood and marketed drugs that are effective but are limited by pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles that can include toxicity, side effects and short half-life. The Company believes that by using POZ technology, drugs with narrow therapeutic windows can be designed to maintain more desirable and stable levels in the blood. The Company believes that POZ technology can be applied to small molecules, proteins, antibody drug conjugates, and other classes of molecules.

Liquidity and Going Concern

In addition to general economic and capital market trends and conditions, the Company’s ability to raise sufficient additional capital to finance its operations from time to time will depend on a number of factors specific to the Company’s operations such as operating expenses and progress in out-licensing its technologies and development of its product candidates.

The unavailability or inadequacy of financing to meet future capital needs could force the Company to modify, curtail, delay, or suspend some or all aspects of planned operations. Sales of additional equity securities could result in the dilution of the interests of its stockholders. The Company cannot assure that adequate financing will be available on favorable terms, if at all.

The Company recognized a net loss of $13.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026. The Company used $11.3 million in net cash from operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2026, and has historically incurred losses from operations and expects to continue to generate negative cash flows as the Company implements its business plan.

Management believes that its cash and cash equivalents of $23.0 million as of June 30, 2026 are not expected to be sufficient to satisfy the Company’s anticipated operating and other funding requirements for the twelve months from the issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements. As such, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, technical risks associated with the successful research, development and manufacturing of therapeutic candidates, development by competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, and the ability to secure additional capital

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to fund operations. Therapeutic drug candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval prior to commercialization. These efforts will require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel, and infrastructure. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize revenue from product sales. The Company expects to largely rely on raising capital from equity investors for funding its operations. Some funding may be obtained through licensing agreements or other arrangements with commercial entities.

As a result of recurring losses from operations and recurring negative cash flows from operations, there is substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate its business effectively. If sufficient capital is not available, the Company would be required to delay, limit, reduce, or terminate its product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market therapeutic candidates to other entities. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise additional funds or that the terms and conditions of any future financings will be workable or acceptable to the Company or its shareholders. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements presented herein, and as discussed below, have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. In accordance with those rules and regulations, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in comprehensive consolidated financial statements have been condensed or omitted. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2026 and the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, and 2025 and condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026, and 2025 are unaudited. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP. These condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 25, 2026, as amended on March 27, 2026.

The accompanying condensed consolidated interim financial statements, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The condensed consolidated results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or for the entire year.

Principles of consolidation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The Company established Serina Therapeutics Australia Pty Ltd on July 2, 2025, for the purpose of conducting clinical research activities in Australia. For consolidated entities where the Company has less than 100% of ownership, the Company records net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest on the consolidated statement of operations equal to the percentage of the ownership interest retained in such entities by the respective noncontrolling parties. The noncontrolling interest is reflected as a separate element of stockholders’ equity (deficit) on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Any material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) at the inception of the arrangement and at each reporting date. This assessment is based on its power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the Company’s obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If the entity is within the scope of the variable interest model and meets the definition of a VIE, the Company considers whether it must consolidate the VIE or provide additional disclosures regarding its involvement with the VIE. If the Company determines that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, the Company will consolidate the VIE. This analysis is performed at the initial investment in the entity or upon any reconsideration event. For entities the Company holds as an equity investment that are not consolidated under the VIE

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model, the Company will consider whether its investment constitutes a controlling financial interest in the entity and therefore should be considered for consolidation under the voting interest model.

NeuroAirmid Therapeutics, Inc. ("NeuroAirmid") was jointly owned by the Company and certain researchers from the University of California and was organized to pursue certain cell therapies, focusing initially on Huntington’s Disease. Until November 2025, the Company owned 47.5% of the outstanding capital stock of NeuroAirmid. The Company consolidated NeuroAirmid despite not having majority ownership interest as it had the ability to influence decision making and financial results through contractual rights and obligations as per Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation. On October 28, 2025, a special committee of the Board of Directors approved the Company entering into a stock redemption agreement whereby NeuroAirmid redeemed the shares of NeuroAirmid capital stock held by the Company in exchange for the right to receive 5% of the net revenues recognized by NeuroAirmid in connection with the sale, lease, license, transfer, distribution or use of any products, assets or services of NeuroAirmid developed or commercialized for the purpose of treating Huntington's Disease (the "NeuroAirmid Transaction"). The NeuroAirmid Transaction was completed on November 25, 2025 and NeuroAirmid was subsequently deconsolidated with an immaterial impact on the Company's financial statements.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and (ii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period, in each case with consideration given to materiality. Significant estimates and assumptions which are subject to significant judgment include those related to assumptions used to value stock-based awards, liability classified warrants and tranche liability. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Foreign currency translation and transactions

The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiary located in Australia is the Australian Dollar. Balance sheets prepared in the functional currencies are translated to the reporting currency at exchange rates in effect at the end of the accounting period, except for stockholders’ equity (deficit) accounts, which are translated at rates in effect when these balances were originally recorded. Revenue and expense accounts are translated using an average exchange rate during the year. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses resulting from exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in earnings as incurred.

Tranche liability

Concentration of credit risk and other risks and uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of risk consist principally of cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured financial institutions and may at times hold investments at Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) insured broker-dealers. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding our cash, cash equivalents and investments to the extent recorded on the balance sheet.

Product candidates developed by the Company and its subsidiaries will require approvals or clearances from the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or foreign regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no

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assurance that any of the product candidates being developed or planned to be developed by the Company or its subsidiaries will receive any of the required approvals or clearances. If regulatory approval or clearance were to be denied or any such approval or clearance were to be delayed, it would have a material adverse impact on the Company.

Segment reporting

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment.

Collaboration Agreements

The Company evaluates its contractual arrangements to assess whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements ("Topic 808"). A collaborative arrangement exists if both contractual parties are active participants in the activity and are exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activity.

For elements of collaborative arrangements accounted for pursuant to Topic 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined in a manner consistent with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or by applying a reasonable accounting policy election, whereby the income statement classification is based on the nature of the arrangement or its business operations and the contractual terms of the arrangement. Payments or reimbursements resulting from the collaborative arrangement, rather than a customer relationship, such as co-development activities, are recorded as increases or decreases to research and development expense or general and administrative expense, as appropriate.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, to improve disclosures by providing more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-07, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contract. The ASU adds a scope exception for certain non-exchange traded contracts whose underlyings are based on operations or activities specific to one party and not based on market rates or prices, indexes, or the price or performance of a financial asset or liability of either party. It also clarifies that share-based noncash consideration from a customer in a revenue contract is within the scope of Topic 606 until the entity’s right to receive or retain such consideration becomes unconditional under that Topic. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted on either a prospective or modified retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In April 2026, the FASB issued ASU 2026-01-Equity (Topic 505), Initial Measurement of Paid-in-Kind Dividends on Equity-Classified Preferred Stock. The amendments in this ASU clarify how issuers initially measure paid-in-kind ("PIK") dividends on equity-classified preferred stock by requiring issuers to use the PIK dividend rate stated in the preferred stock agreement. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted on either a prospective or modified retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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3. Selected Balance Sheet Components

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets were as follows (in thousands):


	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
	(unaudited)
Financial commitment assets	$	—	$	1,721
Prepaid research and development services	781		585
Prepaid insurance	428		182
Other prepaid expenses	797		227
Other current assets	—		309
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2,006	$	3,024

Accrued expenses

Accrued expenses were comprised of the following (in thousands):


	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
	(unaudited)
Research program and services	$	537	$	231
Accrued compensation	556		812
Other accrued expenses	266		164
Total accrued expenses	$	1,359	$	1,207

4. Related Party Transactions

Common Stock Warrants

The Company previously granted Juvenescence Limited and its affiliates (“Juvenescence”) warrants for the purchase of 129,593 shares of common stock with exercise prices ranging from $20.75 to $25.85 per share. These warrants were issued in connection with drawdowns of loan funds by AgeX from Juvenescence under the 2022 Secured Note and were equity classified. As of June 30, 2026, these warrants had expired. See Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), for details.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

On April 8, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with related parties for a private placement of 965,250 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 (the "Series A Preferred Stock"), at $5.18 per share for net proceeds of $4.9 million. As of June 30, 2026, all Series A Convertible Preferred stock were converted into common stock. See Note 6, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

2025 Convertible Note and Warrants

On September 9, 2025, the Company entered into an unsecured convertible note (the “2025 Convertible Note”) with a member of the Company’s Board of Directors, providing for aggregate borrowing of up to $20 million in five tranches tied to certain clinical and operational milestones.

Borrowings under the 2025 Convertible Note bear interest at an annual rate of 10%, initially payable in cash on the first anniversary of the initial funding and on a quarterly basis after. The 2025 Convertible Note contains customary events of default, including an additional 2% of default interest following an event of default, and has a maturity date of five years after the initial funding date. The Company can prepay the 2025 Convertible Note at any time with no penalty. The Company is required to repay all obligations outstanding under the 2025 Convertible Note in cash in the event of certain liquidity events or a change of control of the Company, all as defined in the 2025 Convertible Note.

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The 2025 Convertible Note is convertible, at the option of the holder, into shares of the Company's common stock, at any time until the maturity date at a conversion price of $5.18 per share. The conversion price is subject to standard anti-dilution adjustments.

Borrowings under the 2025 Convertible Note constitute senior unsecured obligations of the Company and rank senior in right of payment to all indebtedness of the Company expressly subordinated to the 2025 Convertible Note, and pari passu in right of payment with all other unsecured indebtedness of the Company. The Company may incur additional indebtedness that is junior to the 2025 Convertible Note without restriction, but may not incur additional indebtedness that is senior or pari passu in right of payment to the 2025 Convertible Note without the prior written consent of the holder.

Under the 2025 Convertible Note, the Company also issued warrants ("Contingent Warrants") for the purchase of shares of the Company's common stock on each funding date in an amount equal to 100% of the number of shares issuable upon conversion of the funds. See Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), for terms regarding these warrants.

While the Contingent Warrants were not legally issued until the Company drew down on the associated tranches of the 2025 Convertible Note, they were considered to be issued for accounting purposes. As no amounts were drawn as of the effective date of the 2025 Convertible Note agreement, the Contingent Warrants were recorded as Financial Commitment Assets (“FCAs”), corresponding to each of the five 2025 Convertible Note tranches, at the initial fair value of the Contingent Warrants of $3.7 million, in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company determined that the Contingent Warrants were liability classified as the number of shares underlying the warrants was variable (see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements, and Note 6, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)).

In September 2025, the Company drew down the first tranche of $5.0 million under the 2025 Convertible Note ("First Tranche"), incurring $0.1 million in transaction costs which were accounted for as a debt discount. The Company also reclassified a pro rata portion of the FCA associated with the First Tranche, recorded at the initial warrant fair value of $2.0 million, as a debt discount resulting in the net carrying value of the Convertible Note of $2.9 million and issued 965,251 shares underlying the First Tranche Contingent Warrants.

The Company determined that the First Tranche included a compound embedded derivative related to mandatory redemption features in the event of certain liquidity events or change of control of the Company and contingent interest upon an event of default feature. The fair value of the compound embedded derivative is not material and has not been separately recognized on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As a condition to the initial closing of the March 2026 PIPE (defined below), the Company and the holders of its 2025 Convertible Note, entered into an amendment of such note, effective upon the initial closing, removing any further obligations to borrow or loan funds under the 2025 Convertible Note, other than those related to the outstanding First Tranche loan. In connection with the amendment, the Company remeasured the remaining related contingent warrant liability to fair value immediately prior to extinguishment. The Company derecognized the contingent warrant liability and related undrawn FCA. The net impact was recognized as a loss on extinguishment of financial commitment and contingent warrants in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

March 2026 Securities Purchase

On March 17, 2026, the Company entered into the March 2026 securities purchase agreement (the “March 2026 PIPE”) with a lead investor who is a member of the Company’s Board of Directors and is a lender in the 2025 Convertible Note. In connection with the initial closing of the March 2026 PIPE (“Tranche A”) and the subsequent closing of the March 2026 PIPE ("Tranche B"), the member of the Board of Directors purchased approximately 6.7 million pre-funded warrants and approximately 3.3 million redeemable warrants for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $15.0 million. Upon receiving stockholder approval at the Company's 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders in June 2026, all 6.7 million pre-funded warrants were exercised. (See Note 6, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)).

5. Fair Value Measurements

The Company's liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of its warrant liabilities,and the Tranche Liability prior to their settlement in the second quarter of 2026. All recurring fair value measurements are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as the valuations are based on significant unobservable inputs. There were no

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transfers into or out of Level 3 during the periods presented, other than as described below. The following table presents the Company's liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
	(unaudited)
Merger Warrant Liability	$	113	$	283
Contingent Warrant Liability	—		88
Total	$	113	$	371

Warrant Liabilities

The Company classifies the Contingent Warrants and Merger Warrants (as defined in Note 4, Related Party Transactions, and Note 6, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit), respectively) as liabilities. At the end of each reporting period, changes in fair value during the period are recognized as a component of other (expense) income, net within the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The change in fair value of these warrant liabilities recognized during the three and six months ending June 30, 2026 amounted to $0.1 million and $0.2 million gain, respectively and a $1.0 million and an immaterial loss for the three and six months ending June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company will continue adjusting the warrant liability for changes in fair value until the earlier of a) the exercise or expiration of the warrants or b) when the conditions for equity classification are met, at which time the warrant liabilities will be derecognized. In July 2025, the remaining unexercised Post-Merger Warrants (as defined in Note 6, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)) and the corresponding Incentive Warrants expired, resulting in a gain of $0.7 million. In September 2025, in connection with the First Tranche drawdown of the 2025 Convertible Note, the Contingent Warrant related to the First Tranche met equity classification criteria and was remeasured at its estimated fair value of $2.0 million and reclassified to additional paid-in capital. In March 2026, in connection with the March 2026 PIPE, the Company remeasured the remaining Contingent Warrant liability to fair value immediately prior to extinguishment, resulting in a gain of $0.1 million. See Note 6, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the Merger Warrant and Contingent Warrant liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (in thousands):


	Merger Warrants		Contingent Warrants		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2025	$	283	$	88	$	371

Change in fair value	(170)		16		(154)
Extinguishment	—		(104)		(104)
Balance as of June 30, 2026	$	113	$	—	$	113

Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	3,582	$	—	$	3,582

Change in fair value	(33)		—		(33)

Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	3,549	$	—	$	3,549

The Company estimates the fair value of these warrants using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model with the following assumptions:


	Six months ended June 30,
	2026	2025
Expected volatility	93.6% - 94.3%	65.1% - 99.5%
Expected term (in years)	1.7 - 2.0	1.1 - 2.7
Risk-free interest rate	3.8% - 4.1%	3.7% - 4.4%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%

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Expected volatility is estimated using the historical volatilities of comparable publicly traded companies over a period equal to the expected term of the warrants if the Company does not have sufficient trading history. The Company estimates the expected term using time to expiration of the warrant. The risk-free interest rate is the yield on a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a remaining term equal to or approximating the expected term of the warrant.

Tranche Liability

The Company recognized a Tranche Liability for its contingently issuable common shares, pre-funded warrants and redeemable warrants. The Tranche Liability was remeasured to fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized as the change in fair value of tranche liability within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company adjusted the Tranche Liability for changes in fair value until the settlement of the Tranche Liability. See Note 6, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of Tranche Liability measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the six months ended June 30, 2026 (in thousands):


	Tranche Liability
	(unaudited)
Balance as of December 31, 2025	$	—
Fair value at inception	3,282
Change in fair value	(1,377)
Settlement of Tranche Liability	(1,905)
Balance as of June 30, 2026	$	—

The Company estimated the fair value of the Tranche Liability using an option pricing model, that considered the probability of issuance of the instruments, and for the contingently issuable redeemable warrants, the probability of exercise of the redemption call option is factored into the expected term. The Company estimated the fair value of the Tranche Liability with the following assumptions:


	Six months ended June 30, 2026
	Pre-Funded Warrants	Redeemable Warrants
Expected volatility	85.81% - 126.48%	95.70% - 99.13%
Expected term (in years)	0.1	4.1
Risk-free interest rate	3.71% - 3.72%	3.78% - 3.87%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%

6. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

Increase in Authorized Shares

Effective June 17, 2026, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the Company's First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation at the Company’s 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, from 40 million shares to 125 million shares.

March 2026 Securities Purchase Agreement

On March 17, 2026, the Company entered into the March 2026 PIPE with certain investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) and redeemable warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the “Redeemable Warrants”, and collectively, the “Securities”). The purchase price for the

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Securities in the March 2026 PIPE was $2.25 per share of common stock (or $2.2499 per Pre-Funded Warrant, reflecting a $0.0001 exercise price).

The Pre-Funded Warrants were issued in lieu of common stock to certain investors to satisfy applicable beneficial ownership and stockholder approval requirements. The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable for shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The Pre-Funded Warrants became exercisable on the later of (i) the date stockholder approval was obtained, or (ii) determined to not be required. The Pre-Funded Warrants will remain outstanding and exercisable until exercised in full. As of June 30, 2026 there are 306,009 Pre-Funded Warrants remained outstanding and unexercised.

Each March 2026 PIPE investor also received a Redeemable Warrant to purchase a number of shares of common stock equal to 50% of the common shares or Pre-Funded Warrants purchased in the March 2026 PIPE. The Redeemable Warrants have an exercise price of $5.00 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The Redeemable Warrants also became exercisable on the later of the date stockholder approval is obtained, or determined to not be required, and have a four-year term. The Company has the right to call the Redeemable Warrants, in whole or in part, for redemption at a price of $0.01 per underlying share of common stock at any time that the closing price of the Company's common stock equals or exceeds $10.00 per share, subject to adjustment, following the earlier of (i) 30 days after the dosing of the first patient in Cohort 2 of the Company’s SER-252 Phase 1b single-ascending dose (SAD) clinical study or (ii) September 30, 2026. Holders will have 30 days from the Company's exercise of the call option to exercise the Redeemable Warrants prior to redemption.

The Pre-Funded Warrants and Redeemable Warrants both also contain customary beneficial ownership limitations and customary anti-dilution adjustments. The exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Redeemable Warrants is subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the common stock.

The March 2026 PIPE provided that at the initial closing on or before March 20, 2026, investors would purchase at least an aggregate of $15.0 million of Securities under Tranche A. Investors were also given the right for one or more additional closings of up to an aggregate of $15.0 million under Tranche B (“Tranche B”), with an obligation for investors to purchase at least an aggregate $5.0 million of Securities under Tranche B within 20 days after the closing of Tranche A, with the lead investor obligated to backstop such amount, subject to syndication. Any additional amounts purchased under Tranche B above the $5.0 million were required to be funded within a subsequent 20-day period.

On March 19 and 20, 2026, the investors funded the full $15.0 million of Tranche A, and the Company issued 0.4 million shares of common stock, 6.2 million Pre-Funded Warrants and 3.3 million Redeemable Warrants.

On March 23, 2026, the Company completed the first closing of Tranche B and issued 0.4 million shares of common stock and 0.2 million Redeemable Warrants for gross proceeds of approximately $1.0 million. On April 8, 2026, the Company completed a second closing of Tranche B under the March 2026 PIPE and issued 0.1 million shares of common stock, 2.2 million Pre-Funded Warrants and 1.2 million Redeemable Warrants for gross proceeds of $5.2 million. The remaining $8.8 million of Securities available under Tranche B expired unexercised in April 2026.

Upon closing, total gross proceeds received under the March 2026 PIPE were $21.2 million. The closing also satisfied the requirements for the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock and any accrued but unissued PIK Shares into shares of the Company's common stock. The conversion price of the Series A Preferred Stock was also automatically adjusted to $2.25 per share from $5.18 per share.

In connection with the March 2026 PIPE, the Company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement covering the resale of the registrable securities on May 22, 2026, which was declared effective on June 3, 2026.

On June 17, 2026, pursuant to the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants, upon receiving stockholder approval at the Company's 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, 8,161,492 of the Pre-Funded Warrants were promptly net exercised into 8,161,444 shares of common stock as of June 19, 2026.

The Company concluded that the common stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Redeemable Warrants issued in the Tranche A closing met the conditions for equity classification and, accordingly, were recorded in additional paid-in capital on issuance. The Company determined that the commitment to issue common stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Redeemable Warrants under Tranche B is liability classified, since the number of Securities issuable varies based on the number of

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Securities ultimately purchased by investors. The Company recognized a Tranche Liability at fair value for these contingently issuable instruments, which will be remeasured to fair value each reporting period until settlement or expiration, with a charge or credit to change in fair value of tranche liability in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The remaining proceeds were allocated to the Securities issued in Tranche A and recorded in additional paid-in capital.

Upon issuance of the common stock and Redeemable Warrants under Tranche B on March 23, 2026, the Company concluded that these instruments met the conditions for equity classification as the shares underlying these instruments became fixed. Accordingly, the Company remeasured to fair value the portion of the Tranche Liability related to the instruments issued and reclassified the balance to additional paid-in capital.

As a condition to the initial closing, the Company and the holders of its 2025 Convertible Note, entered into an amendment of such note, effective upon the initial closing, removing any further obligations to borrow or loan funds under the Note. See Note 4, Related Party Transactions.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

On April 8, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement for a private placement of 965,250 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 (the "Series A Preferred Stock"), at $5.18 per share for net proceeds of $4.9 million. The Series A Preferred Stock earns cumulative dividends at a rate of 8% per annum that are declared annually beginning on March 31, 2026, and paid in shares of the Company's common stock ("PIK Shares").

The closing of the March 2026 PIPE in April 2026 reduced the Series A Preferred Stock conversion price from $5.18 to $2.25 per share, triggering both the mandatory conversion of all outstanding Series A Preferred Stock and the down-round protection feature under ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. To comply with NYSE American rules, conversion occurred in two tranches: a limited portion converted in May 2026 without stockholder approval, with the remainder converting following stockholder approval obtained at the Company's 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders on June 17, 2026. As of June 30, 2026, all Series A Preferred Stock had been converted, resulting in the issuance of approximately 2.3 million shares of common stock. The triggered down-round feature resulted in a deemed dividend of $2.5 million, recorded as a debit and offsetting credit to additional paid-in capital on our accompanying Balance Sheets, with no net impact on total stockholders' equity.

Merger Warrants

In connection with the March 2024 Merger, the Company issued each holder of AgeX common stock three warrants ("Post-Merger Warrants") for each five shares of AgeX common stock held by such stockholder, as well as warrants to purchases shares of its common stock (“Incentive Warrants”). In November 2024, the Company entered into a subsequent transaction with Juvenescence whereby Juvenescence surrendered its outstanding Post-Merger Warrants, including all underlying Incentive Warrants, and the Company would issue warrants to replace the surrendered warrants (“Replacement Incentive Warrants” and together with the Incentive Warrants, the “Merger Warrants”). As of June 30, 2026, Juvenescence held 377,865 Incentive Warrants and 755,728 Replacement Incentive Warrants, and an additional 65 Incentive Warrants were held by other holders (377,930 Incentive Warrants outstanding in total). The Merger warrants have an exercise price of $18.00 per share and expire on March 26, 2028. The Company classifies the Incentive and Replacement Incentive Warrants as liabilities. See Note 5, Fair Value Measurements, regarding accounting for warrant liabilities.

Contingent Warrants

On September 9, 2025, in connection with the 2025 Convertible Note, the Company agreed to issue to the lender Contingent Warrants exercisable into an aggregate of up to 3,861,004 shares of the Company's common stock based on amounts drawn under the note with an exercise price equal to $5.44 per share. See Note 4, Related Party Transactions, for a discussion of the impact of recent FDA communication on the clinical study and achievement of Milestones.

As the number of shares underlying each Contingent Warrant was not fixed and varied depending on the amount drawn under each tranche of the 2025 Convertible Note, the Contingent Warrants did not meet equity classification criteria and were recorded as a warrant liability.

In September 2025, upon the Company's draw down of the First Tranche of the 2025 Convertible Note, the number of shares underlying the First Tranche Contingent Warrants became fixed at 965,251 shares and equity classification criteria

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were met. Therefore, the Company remeasured the warrant liability related to the first tranche Contingent Warrants to the fair value of $2.0 million, and reclassified the first tranche Contingent Warrants from liabilities to additional paid-in capital.

In March 2026, in connection with the amendment of the 2025 Convertible Note, the remaining Contingent Warrants were extinguished. No liability-classified Contingent Warrants remain outstanding as of June 30, 2026. See Note 4, Related-Party Transactions, and Note 5, Fair Value Measurements, for additional information on the Contingent Warrants.

Former AgeX Warrants

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, 53,979 Former AgeX warrants expired. As of June 30, 2026, there were no Former AgeX warrants issued and outstanding. These warrants were issued in connection with drawdowns of loan funds by AgeX from Juvenescence under the 2022 Secured Note and were equity classified.

At-the-Market Offerings

On April 25, 2025, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (the "Sales Agent"), with respect to an ATM program under which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $13.3 million through the Sales Agent. The Company will pay the Sales Agent a commission up to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any shares sold under the Sales Agreement. As of June 30, 2026, the Company has sold 3.6 million shares of its common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of $13.2 million.

7. Stock-Based Awards

Equity Incentive Plan Awards

On January 1, 2026, in connection with our Serina 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2024 Incentive Plan") evergreen increase provision, 535,478 additional shares were automatically added to the shares authorized under the 2024 Incentive Plan.

On June 17, 2026, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2024 Incentive Plan to (i) increase the share reserve by an additional 2 million shares, from 3,210,478 shares to 5,210,478 shares and (ii) revise the evergreen increase mechanism such that the next automatic increase (equal to 5% of outstanding common stock as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year) will occur beginning on January 1, 2027.

A summary of stock option activity under all plans and related information was as follows (in thousands, except weighted average exercise price):


	Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per share)		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2025	3,157	$	5.18	7.0	$	2,282
Granted	1,480	$	2.22
Exercised	(148)	$	0.06
Cancelled/Forfeited	(71)	$	0.06
Balance at June 30, 2026	4,418	$	4.44	7.8	$	1,945
Options exercisable at June 30, 2026	1,982	$	4.48	6.1	$	1,903

Stock-based Compensation Expense

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted was $1.79 per share. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 was

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$0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock option grants of $8.1 million as of June 30, 2026 is expected to be recognized over a period of 2.4 years.

Stock-based compensation expense has been allocated to operating expenses as follows (in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2026		2025		2026		2025
Research and development	$	237	$	212	$	538	$	420
General and administrative	814		678		1,590		1,426
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,051	$	890	$	2,128	$	1,846

8. Income Taxes

The Company maintains a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of realizing future tax benefits from its net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2026 and 2025 that, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate.

9. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation – General

The Company is subject to various claims and contingencies in the ordinary course of its business, including those related to litigation, business transactions, employee-related matters, and others. When the Company is aware of a claim or potential claim, it assesses the likelihood of any loss or exposure. If it is probable that a loss will result and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company will record a liability for the loss. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount involved could be material. The Company is not aware of any claims likely to have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Indemnification

In the normal course of business, the Company may provide indemnifications of varying scope under the Company’s agreements with other companies or consultants, typically for the Company’s research and development programs. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company will generally agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses and expenses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties arising from claims of third parties in connection with the Company’s research and development. Indemnification provisions could also cover third-party infringement claims with respect to patent rights, copyrights, or other intellectual property licensed from the Company to third parties. Office and laboratory leases will also generally indemnify the lessor with respect to certain matters that may arise during the term of the lease.

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10. Net Loss Per Common Share

Net loss per common share is calculated in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic and diluted net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders is calculated for the periods presented as follows (in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2026		2025		2026		2025


NUMERATOR
Net loss	$	(6,356)	$	(6,462)	$	(13,254)	$	(11,284)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	—		(14)		—		(23)
Less: Deemed dividend on down round provision from Series A convertible preferred stock	(2,539)		—		(2,539)		—
Less: Series A Preferred Stock dividends - undeclared	(37)		(117)		(74)		(117)
Net loss attributable to Serina common stockholders	$	(8,932)	$	(6,565)	$	(15,867)	$	(11,378)

DENOMINATOR
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding used to calculate basic net loss per common share	16,385		10,004		14,232		9,883

Net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.55)	$	(0.66)	$	(1.11)	$	(1.15)

For each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company had net losses. See the following table for all the potential dilutive instruments that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,		Six months ended June 30,
	2026	2025	2026	2025
Stock options	4,418	3,295	4,418	3,295
Warrants	7,116	1,997	7,116	1,997
Series A convertible preferred stock	—	984	—	984
2025 Convertible Note	965	—	965	—
Total anti-dilutive securities	12,499	6,276	12,499	6,276

Note 11 – Segment Reporting

The Company has one reportable segment relating to the research and development of its POZ platform.

The Company’s CODM, its Chief Executive Officer and the senior executive leadership team manage the Company’s operations on an integrated basis for the purposes of allocating resources. When evaluating the Company’s financial performance, the CODM regularly reviews total expenses by specific categories to make informed decisions.

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The table below is a summary of the significant segment expenses (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2026		2025		2026		2025
Revenue	$	—	$	130	$	—	$	130
Less:
Research and development
Project specific (1)	2,105		1,191		3,510		2,714
Non-Project specific (2)	8		284		73		370
Compensation (3)	1,557		1,532		3,124		2,750
Infrastructure management and facilities	128		123		272		224
Depreciation	18		22		36		45
General and administrative
Professional and outside service fees (4)	1,220		910		2,536		2,124
Compensation (3)	1,527		1,545		3,143		3,162
Infrastructure management and facilities	221		88		370		164

Total operating expenses	6,784		5,695		13,064		11,553

Loss from operations	(6,784)		(5,565)		(13,064)		(11,423)
Total other income (expense), net	428		(897)		(190)		139

NET LOSS	$	(6,356)	$	(6,462)	$	(13,254)	$	(11,284)

(1) Research and development project specific expenses largely consist of costs incurred to develop the Company's lead product candidate, SER 252 (POZ-apomorphine) as well as expenses incurred to develop other small molecules, RNA-based therapeutics and antibody-based drug conjugates ("ADCs").

(2) Research and development non-project specific expenses mainly consist of laboratory expenses and fees paid to outside services.

(3) Compensation includes employee salary and fringe benefits, stock-based compensation and compensation to independent contractors.

(4) General and administrative professional and outside service fees mainly consist of legal, accounting and audit, board, insurance, and SEC filing fees.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 25, 2026, as amended on March 27, 2026. Past operating results are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur in future periods.

The following discussion includes forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements,” above. Forward‑looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and our actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated and from historical results depending upon a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A.

All information presented in this report is based on our fiscal year. Unless otherwise stated, references to particular years, quarters, months or periods refer to our fiscal years ending December 31 and the associated quarters, months and periods of those fiscal years.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing a pipeline of wholly owned drug product candidates to treat neurological diseases and other indications. Our POZ platform provides the potential to improve the integrated efficacy and safety profile of multiple modalities including small molecules, RNA-based therapeutics and antibody-based drug conjugates (“ADCs”). Our proprietary POZ technology is based on a synthetic, water soluble, low viscosity polymer called poly(2-oxazoline). Our POZ technology is engineered to provide greater control in drug loading and more precision in the rate of release of attached drugs. The therapeutic agents in our product candidates are typically well-understood and marketed drugs that are effective but are limited by pharmacokinetic profiles that can include toxicity, side effects and short half-life. We believe that by using POZ technology, drugs with narrow therapeutic windows can be designed to maintain more desirable and stable levels in the blood.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Note 1 to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and the related notes included in Item 1 of this Report.

Since inception our operations have been financed primarily by aggregate net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, private placements, convertible preferred stock, convertible notes, warrant exercises and our at-the-market (“ATM”) program. Since our inception in 2006, we have had significant operating losses. Our operating loss was $13.1 million and $11.4 million for six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. As of June 30, 2026, we had an accumulated deficit of $76.8 million and $23.0 million in cash and cash equivalents.

Our losses from operations, negative operating cash flows and accumulated deficit, as well as the additional capital needed to fund operations within one year of the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements issuance date, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We expect to incur substantial expenditures in the foreseeable future for the development of our product candidates and will require additional financing to continue this development.

Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in our accounts payable and accrued expenses. We expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect our research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, and capital expenditures will continue to increase. In particular, we expect our expenses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, as well as hire additional personnel, pay fees to outside consultants, attorneys, and accountants, and, incur other increased costs associated with being a public company. In addition, if and when we seek and obtain regulatory approval to commercialize any product candidate, we will also incur increased expenses in connection with commercialization and marketing of any such product. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, depending on the timing of our clinical trials and our expenditures on other research and development activities. We anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities as we:

•advance our lead product candidate, SER-252 through Phase I clinical trials;

•advance our other product candidates;

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•advance our preclinical programs to clinical trials;

•further invest in our pipeline;

•seek regulatory approval for our investigational medicines;

•maintain, expand, protect, and defend our intellectual property portfolio;

•secure facilities to support continued growth in our research, development, and commercialization efforts; and

•increase our headcount to support our development efforts and to expand our clinical development team.

We have not had any products approved for sale. We do not expect to generate any product sales unless and until we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution. As a result, until such time, if ever, that we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations, licenses, or similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed or on favorable terms, if at all. Any failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and on our ability to pursue our business plans and strategies, including our research and development activities. If we are unable to raise capital, we will need to delay, reduce, or terminate planned activities to reduce costs.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations discusses and analyzes data in our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual conditions may differ from our assumptions and actual results may differ from our estimates.

An accounting policy is deemed critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur, that could materially impact the financial statements. Other than noted below, management believes that there have been no significant changes during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the SEC on March 25, 2026, as amended on March 27, 2026.

Tranche Liability

Commitments to issue common stock and warrants in connection with future equity financings are accounted for as outstanding contingently issuable instruments. The contingently issuable instruments are evaluated to determine if they are freestanding and their classification as equity or liability instruments. We have determined the accounting classification of the contingently issuable instruments, as either liability or equity, by first assessing whether they meet liability classification in accordance with ASC 480-10, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity, then in accordance with ASC 815-40, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock. Under ASC 480, instruments are considered liability classified if they are mandatorily redeemable, thereby obligating us to settle the instrument or the underlying shares by paying cash or other assets, or instruments that must or may require settlement by issuing a variable number of shares. If the contingently issuable instruments do not meet liability classification under ASC 480-10, we assess the requirements under ASC 815-40, which states that contracts that require or may require the issuer to settle the contract for cash are liabilities recorded at fair value, irrespective of the likelihood of the transaction occurring that triggers the net cash settlement feature. If the instruments do not require liability classification under ASC 815-40, and in order to conclude equity classification, we also assessed whether they are indexed to our common stock and whether they are classified as equity under ASC 815-40 or other applicable U.S. GAAP. After all relevant assessments, we conclude whether the instruments are classified as liability or equity. Liability classified contingently issuable instruments are recorded as a tranche liability at fair value upon issuance and subsequently remeasured to fair value each reporting period until settlement with all changes in fair value

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recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Equity classified contingently issuable instruments are recorded at fair value upon issuance and are not subsequently remeasured.

Components of Operating Results

Grant Revenues

Our grants and contracts reimburse us for direct and indirect costs relating to the grant projects and also provide us with a pre-negotiated profit margin on total direct and indirect costs of the grant award, excluding subcontractor costs, after giving effect to directly attributable costs and allowable overhead costs. Funds received from grants and contracts are generally deemed to be earned and recognized as revenue as allowable costs are incurred during the grant or contract period and the right to payment is realized.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses since inception have consisted primarily of research and development expenses and general and administrative costs.

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of our product candidates and our drug discovery efforts, which include:

•personnel costs, which include salaries, benefits and equity-based compensation expense;

•expenses incurred under agreements with consultants and contract organizations that conduct research and development activities on our behalf;

•costs related to production of preclinical and clinical materials, including fees paid to contract manufacturers;

•laboratory and vendor expenses related to the execution of preclinical studies and planned clinical trials; and

•facility related costs, laboratory supplies and equipment used for internal research and development activities.

We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. Costs for certain research and development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors and service providers.

Our research and development expenses are not currently tracked on a program-by-program basis. We use our personnel and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development programs directed toward identifying and developing product candidates and therefore have not implemented the systems and procedures to track research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis. We track research and development expenses based on the type of expense as further described below under “Results of Operations – Research and Development Expenses.” Substantially all our historical research and development costs were incurred in the development of our preclinical candidates and advancing research on our POZ lipid technology.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in research and development activities related to developing our product candidates, including investments in conducting clinical trials, manufacturing and otherwise advancing our programs. The process of conducting the clinical research necessary to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming, and the successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and the current stage of development of our product candidates and programs, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs necessary to complete the remainder of the development of our product candidates or programs. We are also unable to predict if, when, or to what extent we will obtain approval and generate revenues from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates. The duration, costs and timing of preclinical studies and clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:

•successful completion of preclinical studies and initiation of clinical trials for future product candidates;

•successful enrollment and completion of clinical trials for our current product candidates;

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•data from our clinical programs that support an acceptable risk benefit profile of our product candidates in the intended patient populations; acceptance by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) or other applicable regulatory agencies of the Investigational New Drug (“IND”) applications, clinical trial applications and/or other regulatory filings for SER-252 and other product candidates;

•expansion and maintenance of a workforce of experienced scientists and others to continue to develop our product candidates;

•successful application for and receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•obtainment and maintenance of intellectual property protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;

•making of arrangements with contract manufacturing organizations for, or establishment of, commercial manufacturing capabilities;

•establishment of sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and successful launch of commercial sales of our product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

•acceptance of our product candidates, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third party payors;

•effective competition with other therapies;

•obtainment and maintenance of coverage, adequate pricing, and adequate reimbursement from third party payors, including government payors;

•maintenance, enforcement, defense, and protection of our rights in our intellectual property portfolio;

•avoidance of infringement, misappropriation, or other violations with respect to others’ intellectual property or proprietary rights; and

•maintenance of a continued acceptable safety profile of our products following receipt of any marketing approvals.

We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. We may obtain unexpected results from our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay, or modify clinical trials of some product candidates or focus on others. A change in the outcome of any of these factors could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of our current and future preclinical and clinical product candidates. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development, or if we experience significant delays in execution of or enrollment in any of our preclinical studies or clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of preclinical and clinical development. On November 3, 2025, we announced that we received a notice from the FDA, placing a clinical hold on our IND application for SER-252, our lead development program for advanced Parkinson’s disease. The FDA requested additional information related to a commonly used excipient in the formulation of SER-252. The FDA’s feedback did not relate to the active drug substance or its proposed mechanism of action.

In January 2026, we announced that the FDA had cleared its IND application for SER-252, which allowed us to proceed with regulatory and site-level activities to support initiation of a planned Phase 1b registrational clinical study evaluating SER-252 in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease and in February 2026 we enrolled and dosed our first patient into the clinic. Research and development activities account for a significant portion of our operating expenses.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to implement our business strategy, which includes advancing SER-252 and our other product candidates, through clinical development, expanding our research and development efforts, including hiring additional personnel to support our research and development efforts, and seeking regulatory approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials. In addition, product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally incur higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect our research and development expenses to increase as our product candidates advance into later stages of clinical development. However, we do not believe that it is possible at this time to accurately project total program specific expenses through commercialization. There are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of our product candidates, including future trial design and various regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time based on our stage of development.

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General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, and other expenses for outside professional services, including legal, recruiting, audit and accounting, insurance and facility related costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses. Personnel costs consist of salaries, benefits and equity-based compensation expense for our personnel in executive and other administrative functions. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase over the next several years to support our continued research and development activities, manufacturing activities, increased costs of expanding our operations and operating as a public company. These increases will likely include increases related to the hiring of additional personnel and legal, regulatory, and other fees and services associated with maintaining compliance with the New York Stock Exchange American Company Guide and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance costs, and investor relations costs associated with being a public company.

Other (Expense) Income, net

Our other (expenses) income are comprised of interest income on our cash equivalents, changes in fair value of our liability-classified instruments (convertible notes, warrants, and tranche liability), gains/(losses) from extinguishment of such liabilities, interest accrued from the convertible notes and foreign currency transaction gains/(losses).

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (in thousands):


	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
	Three months ended June 30,				$ Increase/ (Decrease)		Six months ended June 30,				$ Increase/ (Decrease)
	2026		2025				2026		2025
REVENUES
Grant revenues	$	—	$	130	$	(130)	$	—	$	130	$	(130)

OPERATING EXPENSES
Research and development	3,816		3,152		664		7,015		6,103		912
General and administrative	2,968		2,543		425		6,049		5,450		599
Total operating expenses	6,784		5,695		1,089		13,064		11,553		1,511

Total other income (expense), net	428		(897)		1,325		(190)		139		(329)


NET LOSS	$	(6,356)	$	(6,462)	$	106	$	(13,254)	$	(11,284)	$	(1,970)

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $3.2 million for the same period in 2025. The $0.6 million increase was primarily driven by increases of $0.2 million in salaries, payroll related expenses and stock based compensation as a result of increased headcount and a $0.7 million increase in clinical related activities. These increases were primarily offset by a decrease in consultant spend of $0.2 million and $0.1 million decrease in facility related expenses.

Research and development expenses were $7.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $6.1 million for the same period in 2025. The increase of $0.9 million was primarily due to increases of $1.3 million in clinical related activities and $0.6 million in salaries, payroll related expenses and stock based compensation as a result of increased headcount. These increases were primarily offset by decreases of $0.4 million in outsourced external research services,

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$0.3 million in consultant spend and a decrease of $0.3 million amortization for a prepaid technology access fee that was fully amortized in 2025.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $2.5 million for the same period in 2025. The increase of $0.5 million was primarily driven by a $0.6 million increase legal expenses due to patent and financing activities and a $0.1 million increase in miscellaneous expense amounts that were individually insignificant. These increases were primarily offset by a decrease of $0.2 million in consultant expenses.

General and administrative expenses were $6.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $5.4 million for the same period in 2025. The increase of $0.6 million was primarily driven by increases of $0.6 million in legal expenses due to patent and financing activities, $0.2 million in compensation expense and $0.2 million in miscellaneous expense amounts that were individually insignificant. These increases were primarily offset by decreases of $0.3 million in consultant expenses and $0.1 million in director and officer insurance.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other income was $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to other expense of $0.9 million for the same period in 2025. The $1.3 million increase in income was primarily attributable to a $1.0 million non-cash gain due changes in fair value of our liability-classified warrants, $0.3 million non-cash gain related to settlement of the tranche liability in connection with the closing of our March 2026 PIPE.

Other expense was $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to other income of $0.1 million for the same period in 2025. The $0.3 million decrease was primarily attributable to the net non-cash loss of $1.6 million on extinguishment of financial commitment assets in connection with our 2025 Convertible Note and $0.1 million increase in miscellaneous expense amounts that were individually insignificant. These losses were offset by a $1.4 million gain due to the settlement of the tranche liability in connection with the closing of our March 2026 PIPE.

See Note 5, Fair Value Measurements, and Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information on fair value adjustments associated with the tranche liabilities in connection with the March 2026 PIPE, convertible promissory notes, Legacy Serina warrants, and the liability classified Merger Warrants and Contingent Warrants.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We had $23.0 million in cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2026. Our operations have been financed primarily by the issuance of common stock, private placements, convertible preferred stock, convertible notes, warrant exercises and our ATM program.

In April 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain investors for a private placement of 965,250 shares of newly authorized Series A Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $5.18 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $4.9 million. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of our common stock, at a conversion price of $5.18 per share, subject to standard anti-dilution adjustments, and earns a cumulative annual dividend at a rate of 8% per annum that are declared annually beginning on March 31, 2026 and paid in shares of the Company’s common stock (“PIK Shares”). In April 2026, upon closing of the March 2026 PIPE, requirements were satisfied, subject to shareholder approval, for the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock and any accrued but unissued PIK Shares into shares of the Company's common stock. The conversion price of the Series A Preferred Stock was also automatically adjusted to $2.25 per share from $5.18 per share. Upon shareholder approval in June 2026, the Series A Preferred Stock converted into 2.3 million shares of the Company's common stock at the adjusted conversion price of $2.25 per share. No shares of Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding as of June 30, 2026.

Additionally, on April 25, 2025, we entered into a sales agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (the “Sales Agent”), with respect to an at-the-market program (the “ATM”) under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $13.3 million through the Sales Agent. We pay the Sales Agent a commission up to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any

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shares sold under the Sales Agreement. In 2026, we have sold 3.1 million shares of our common stock at a gross average price of $3.35, resulting in gross proceeds of $10.4 million under the ATM. To date, we have issued 3.6 million shares of common stock under the ATM program at a gross average per share price of $3.67, resulting in gross proceeds of $13.2 million.

On September 9, 2025, we entered into the “2025 Convertible Note” with a member of our Board of Directors, making available to Serina an aggregate principal amount of up to $20.0 million. Under the 2025 Convertible Note, borrowings were to be drawn at our discretion in five tranches tied to certain clinical and operational milestones. See the section entitled “Components of Operating Results” above for a discussion of the impact of recent FDA communication on the clinical study.

The 2025 Convertible Note was convertible, at the option of the holder, into shares of our common stock, at any time until the maturity date at a conversion price of $5.18 per share. The conversion price was subject to standard anti-dilution adjustments.

In September 2025, we drew down the first tranche of $5.0 million under the 2025 Convertible Note, incurring $0.1 million in transaction costs which were accounted for as a debt discount.

On March 17, 2026, the Company entered into the March 2026 PIPE, a private placement of common stock and pre-funded warrants led by a member of the Board of Directors, at $2.25 per share. Each share of common stock and pre-funded warrant was accompanied by redeemable warrants to purchase a number of shares equal to 50% of the aggregate shares purchased at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The redeemable warrants expire four years from the date of issuance and are callable by us upon the earlier of (i) 30 days following the dosing of the first patient in Cohort 2 of the SER-252 Phase 1b SAD study, or (ii) September 30, 2026, and in each case subject to the Company’s share price exceeding $10.00 per share on the relevant date. Under the terms of the agreements, the initial funding provided for at least $15.0 million of gross proceeds, with one or more additional closings for aggregate gross proceeds of at least $5.0 million and up to $15.0 million to be funded within 20 days after the initial closing, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. To date, gross proceeds of $21.2 million have been received. In connection with the closing of the March 2026 PIPE, the 2025 Convertible Note was amended to remove any further obligations to borrow or loan funds under the 2025 Convertible Note.

Our primary use of cash is to fund operating expenses, which consist primarily of research and development expenditures and general and administrative expenditures. Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Since inception, we have had significant operating losses and negative cash flows and as of June 30, 2026, we had an accumulated deficit of $76.8 million. Our losses from operations, negative operating cash flows and accumulated deficit, as well as the additional capital needed to fund operations within twelve months of the issuance date of our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Report, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We expect to incur substantial expenditures in the foreseeable future for the development of our product candidates and will require additional financing to continue this development. Our unaudited consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The consolidated interim financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

The unavailability or inadequacy of financing to meet future capital needs could force us to modify, curtail, delay, or suspend some or all aspects of planned operations.

Funding Requirements

Any product candidates we may develop may never achieve commercialization, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We expect that our research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, and capital expenditures will continue to increase. Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, costs related to pre-clinical and clinical research, clinical studies, manufacturing, and development services; laboratory expenses and costs for related supplies; compensation and related expenses; license payments or milestone obligations that may arise; legal and other regulatory expenses and general overhead costs.

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We believe that our cash on hand will not be sufficient to enable us to fund our operations at least twelve months following the issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements based on our current plan. To finance our operations beyond that point, we will need to raise additional capital, which cannot be assured. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. We will continue to require additional financing to advance our current product candidates through clinical development, to develop, acquire or in license other potential product candidates and to fund operations for the foreseeable future. We will continue to seek funds through equity offerings, debt financings, or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses, and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. If we do raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. Any failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and on our ability to pursue our business plans and strategies. If we are unable to raise capital, we will need to delay, reduce, or terminate planned activities to reduce costs.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development, and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

•the progress, costs and results of IND enabling studies for our lead product candidate SER-252 and our potential future clinical trials for SER-252;

•the scope, progress, results and costs of discovery research, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our other product candidates;

•the costs, timing, and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

•our ability to enter into contract manufacturing arrangements for supply of active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”), and manufacture of our product candidates and the terms of such arrangements;

•our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such arrangements;

•the payment or receipt of milestones and receipt of other collaboration-based revenues, if any; the costs and timing of any future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, sales, marketing, and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we may receive marketing approval;

•the amount and timing of revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

•the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property and proprietary rights and defending any intellectual property related claims;

•the extent to which we acquire or in license other products, product candidates, technologies, or data referencing rights;

•the ability to receive additional nondilutive funding, including grants from organizations and foundations; and

•the costs of operating as a public company.

Further, our operating plans may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for clinical trials and other research and development activities. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated product development programs.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes the major sources and uses of cash for the periods set forth below (in thousands):


	Six months ended June 30,
	2026		2025		Change
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(11,252)	$	(8,072)	$	(3,180)
Net cash used in investing activities	(53)		(46)		(7)
Net cash provided by financing activities	31,259		10,487		20,772
Effect of foreign currency on cash and cash equivalents	14		—		14
Net increase in cash	$	19,968	$	2,369	$	17,599

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $11.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, and primarily consisted of our net loss of $13.3 million, partially offset by net non-cash charges of $2.7 million, and unfavorable changes in operating assets and liabilities of $0.7 million. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of $2.1 million in stock-based compensation, $1.6 million loss from extinguishment of financial commitment assets and contingent warrants in connection with the March 2026 PIPE, $0.4 million of debt-related charges and $0.1 million of non-cash lease, offset by a non-cash gain of $1.5 million related to the change in fair value of liability-classified instruments. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were driven primarily by a $0.7 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Net cash used in operating activities was $8.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and primarily consisted of our net loss of $11.3 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $2.1 million and favorable changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.2 million. Non-cash charges consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $1.8 million, non-cash lease expenses of $0.1 million, and $0.2 million in other non-cash changes that were individually insignificant. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were driven primarily by increases of $1.0 million in accounts payable and $0.4 million in other current liabilities, partially offset by decreases of $0.1 million in accrued expenses and $0.1 million in operating lease liabilities.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 consisted entirely of purchases of equipment.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2026 of $31.3 million consisted of $21.1 million of net proceeds received from our March 2026 PIPE and $10.2 million of net proceeds from our ATM. See Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 of $10.5 million is primarily due to net proceeds received of $4.9 million from issuance of common stock to Juvenescence in January 2025, $4.9 million received in April 2025 from a Securities Purchase Agreement entered with certain investors for a private placement of securities, and $0.6 million net proceeds from our ATM. See Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), to our condensed consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Under SEC rules and regulations, as a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

It is management’s responsibility to establish and maintain adequate internal control over all financial reporting pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Following this review and evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2026.

Changes in Internal Controls

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness Over Financial Reporting

The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting, including ours, is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting, including ours, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable and not absolute assurances. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business, but there can be no assurance such improvements will be sufficient to provide us with effective internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. As of the date of this Report, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects are subject to various risks, including those described under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 25, 2026, as amended on March 27, 2026 (collectively, the “Form 10-K”), which we encourage you to review. There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in the Form 10-K, except as set forth below:

Our March 2026 purchase agreement involving a member of our Board of Directors and related governance arrangements may result in conflicts of interest, dilution, and increased investor influence over our affairs.

In the March 2026 PIPE, Gregory H. Bailey, M.D., a current member of our Board of Directors, acting as lead investor, and certain other investors, purchased shares of the Company’s common stock, pre-funded warrants, and redeemable warrants. As a result of this transaction, and following the receipt of stockholder approval and the exercise of certain of these warrants, Dr. Bailey and the other investors acquired significant ownership interests in the Company, resulting in dilution to existing stockholders and increasing the influence of these investors over matters submitted to stockholders. Because the issuance of shares of our common stock to Dr. Bailey required stockholder approval under the rules of the NYSE American, Dr. Bailey received his allocation in the March 2026 PIPE in the form of pre-funded warrants that were not exercisable until such approval was obtained. At our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 17, 2026, our stockholders approved the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying the securities held by Dr. Bailey, as well as an increase in our authorized common stock from 40,000,000 to 125,000,000 shares. Following receipt of such approval, the pre‑funded warrants became exercisable, and in June 2026 Dr. Bailey’s 6,666,667 pre-funded warrants were net exercised into shares of our common stock. As of August 10, 2026, Dr. Bailey beneficially owned approximately 41% of our common stock (including 3,333,333 shares issuable upon exercise of redeemable warrants held by him).

Although the transaction was reviewed and approved by a special committee of independent and disinterested directors, transactions involving directors may present actual or perceived conflicts of interest and may be subject to heightened scrutiny by stockholders, regulators, proxy advisory firms, or courts. Any such scrutiny could result in reputational harm, stockholder litigation, increased costs, or adverse effects on the trading price of our common stock.

In addition, pursuant to the March 2026 PIPE, Dr. Bailey was appointed as Co-Chairman of our Board of Directors, and the investors obtained the right, subject to specified conditions, to designate an additional non-executive director. These governance rights may lead to increased investor influence over the composition of our Board and our strategic direction and could result in decisions that do not align with the interests of all stockholders.

The potential issuance of a substantial number of shares upon exercise of the redeemable warrants and other outstanding warrants, as well as the perception of future dilution or changes in control, could adversely affect the market price and volatility of our common stock and our ability to raise additional capital on favorable terms.

Dr. Bailey and Juvenescence together hold a significant concentration of our common stock and are able to control or substantially influence matters requiring stockholder approval, which limits the ability of our other stockholders to influence corporate matters.

As of August 10, 2026, Gregory H. Bailey, M.D., a member of our Board of Directors (“Board”) and Co‑Chairman of our Board, beneficially owned approximately 41% of our common stock (including shares issuable upon exercise of redeemable warrants held by him), and Juvenescence beneficially owned approximately 17% of our common stock (including shares issuable upon exercise of certain warrants held by them). Dr. Bailey is the Executive Chairman and a co-founder of Juvenescence, and Richard Marshall, CBE, M.D., Ph.D., another member of our Board, is the Chief Executive Officer of Juvenescence. Although Dr. Bailey and Juvenescence are separate beneficial owners of our common stock and report their holdings separately, their interests are closely aligned.

As a result, Dr. Bailey and Juvenescence, if they act together, are able to control or substantially influence the election of our directors and the outcome of substantially all matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, including the approval of mergers, amalgamations, sales of assets or other major corporate transactions, amendments to our organizational documents, and the approval of our equity incentive plans. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of the Company, could deprive our other stockholders of an

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opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of the Company, and may reduce the ability of our other stockholders to influence corporate matters, any of which could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

The interests of Dr. Bailey and Juvenescence may not always align with the interests of our other stockholders, and they may exercise their voting power in a manner that our other stockholders do not consider to be in their best interests. Because Dr. Bailey serves as the Executive Chairman and a co‑founder of Juvenescence, and Dr. Marshall, another member of our Board, serves as its Chief Executive Officer, the interests of Dr. Bailey and Juvenescence are likely to be aligned, and, although they report their beneficial ownership separately and have not reported as a group under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act, they may act in a similar fashion with respect to matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders.

The following risk factors update the corresponding risk factors set forth in the Form 10-K:

We have a history of operating losses and negative cash flows, and although our recent financings improved our liquidity and stockholders’ equity, substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern continues to exist.

As disclosed in the Form 10-K, the report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 contained an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. In March and April 2026, we completed the March 2026 PIPE, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $21.2 million, and we have also raised capital under our at-the-market offering program. As of June 30, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $23.0 million, total stockholders’ equity of approximately $18.7 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $76.8 million. Management has concluded that our existing cash and cash equivalents are not expected to be sufficient to fund our operations for the 12 months following the issuance of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended June 30, 2026, and that substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern continues to exist. We will require substantial additional financing to advance SER-252 and our other programs, and such financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate one or more of our research and development programs.

We are operating under an accepted plan to regain compliance with the continued listing standards of the NYSE American; if we fail to regain and maintain compliance, our common stock could be delisted.

On January 9, 2026, we received notice from the NYSE American that we were not in compliance with the continued listing standard set forth in Section 1003(a)(i) and (ii) of the NYSE American Company Guide, based on stockholders’ equity of approximately $1.6 million reported in our Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscal period ended September 30, 2025, which was below both the $2.0 million stockholders’ equity requirement of Section 1003(a)(i) and the $4.0 million requirement of Section 1003(a)(ii), together with reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in two of our three, and three of our four, most recent fiscal years. We submitted a compliance plan on February 8, 2026, and on March 24, 2026 the NYSE American notified us that it had accepted our plan, permitting our common stock to continue to be listed during a plan period through July 9, 2027, subject to periodic review, including quarterly monitoring, for compliance with the plan. As of June 30, 2026, our total stockholders’ equity was approximately $18.7 million; however, our continued listing remains subject to the NYSE American’s ongoing review under the plan, and there can be no assurance that we will maintain compliance with the continued listing standards. If we fail to do so, the NYSE American may commence delisting proceedings, which could reduce the trading volume, price and liquidity of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital.

The completion of the March 2026 PIPE significantly changed our capital structure, and the exercise of outstanding warrants and other potential issuances could result in substantial dilution.

In connection with the closing of the March 2026 PIPE, (i) all outstanding shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, together with accrued but unissued paid-in-kind dividends, automatically converted into shares of our common stock (resulting in the issuance of approximately 2.3 million shares), and (ii) the Senior Unsecured Convertible Promissory Note entered into on September 9, 2025 was amended to remove any further obligations to borrow or lend funds thereunder. At our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 17, 2026, our stockholders approved an increase in our authorized common stock from 40,000,000 to 125,000,000 shares, and, following that approval, an aggregate of 8.2 million pre‑funded warrants were net exercised into shares of our common stock in June 2026. As of August 10, 2026, we had 25,400,473 shares of common stock outstanding, and we had outstanding redeemable warrants and other securities exercisable for or convertible into additional shares of common stock. The exercise of these warrants, sales under our at-the-market offering program, and any future issuances of equity or equity-linked securities to fund our operations could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

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Our lead product candidate, SER-252, is in early-stage clinical development, and our business depends substantially on its progress.

In January 2026, the FDA cleared our investigational new drug application for SER-252, and in February 2026 we enrolled and dosed the first patient in our Phase 1b registrational clinical trial of SER‑252 in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. SER-252 remains in early-stage clinical development, and the risks described in the Form 10-K relating to the conduct, timing, enrollment and outcome of our clinical trials continue to apply. Clinical development is lengthy, expensive and uncertain, and the results of early‑stage trials may not be predictive of later results or of any regulatory determination.

Our recent financing and equity issuances may limit our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes.

As disclosed in the Form 10-K, our ability to utilize our federal and state net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income may be limited under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code if we experience one or more “ownership changes” (generally, a cumulative increase of more than 50 percentage points in ownership by 5% stockholders over a rolling three-year period). The March 2026 PIPE, the automatic conversion of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and other recent issuances of our common stock may have resulted in, or may in the future result in, such an ownership change. If an ownership change has occurred or occurs, our ability to use our pre‑change NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes could be materially limited, which could increase our future tax liability and adversely affect our cash flows.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Previously reported.

Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Certain Trading Arrangements

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, none of the directors or officers of the Company, adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of SEC Regulation S-K, except as described in the table below:


Name & Title	Date Adopted	Character of Trading Arrangement (1)	Duration (2)
Randall Moreadith, Chief Development Officer	6/22/2026	Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement	9/27/2027

(1) Except as indicated by footnote, each trading arrangement marked as a “Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement” is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), as amended (the “Rule”).

(2) Except as indicated by footnote, each trading arrangement permitted or permits transactions through and including the earlier to occur of the completion of all purchases or sales or the date listed in the table. Each trading arrangement marked as a “Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement” only permitted or only permits transactions upon expiration of the applicable mandatory cooling-off period under the Rule.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Incorporation By Reference

Exhibit Number

Description of Document

Form

SEC
File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

3.1

Amended and Restated Bylaws of Serina Therapeutics, Inc., adopted April 15, 2026.

8-K

001-38519

3.1

4/21/2026

3.2

First Certificate of Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Serina Therapeutics, Inc., dated June 17, 2026.

8-K

001-38519

3.1

6/17/2026

10.1

First Amendment to the Serina Therapeutics, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan.

8-K

001-38519

10.1

6/17/2026

31.1*

Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer

31.2*

Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer

32**

Section 1350 Certification

101.INS*

Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

101.SCH*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

101.CAL*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase

101.DEF*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

101.LAB*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase

101.PRE*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*Filed herewith.

**Furnished herewith.

†Certain schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on request.

#Schedules and exhibits to this Exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

‡Management contract or compensatory plan.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


			SERINA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Date: August 13, 2026			/s/ Steve Ledger
			Steve Ledger
			Chief Executive Officer

Date: August 13, 2026			/s/ Gregory S. Curhan
			Gregory S. Curhan
			Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer