Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2026

The preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates reflected within these condensed consolidated financial statements include the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock utilized in the determination of stock-based compensation expense prior to the IPO, the determination of the incremental borrowing rate for leases, the estimated fair value of the convertible preferred stock and SAFE, revenue recognition, as well as accrued research and development expenses. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates as there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash equivalents consist of funds deposited in money market mutual funds and U.S. Treasury bills and are recorded at fair value.

A reconciliation of the cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows is as follows (in thousands):


	June 30,
	2026		2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,087,060	$	80,394
Restricted cash – long-term		2,855		2,855
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	1,089,915	$	83,249

Restricted Cash

As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, restricted cash consists of $2.9 million serving as collateral for a letter of credit required under the Company’s facility lease arrangement.

Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, and marketable securities. The Company’s cash deposits generally do not exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. The Company’s cash equivalents consist of money market funds that are not insured by the FDIC; however, the Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes that such funds are not exposed to any significant credit or concentration risk beyond the risks associated with commercial banking relationships. The Company maintains each of its cash and cash equivalents balances with financial institutions that management believes are creditworthy. The Company’s investment policy includes guidelines on the quality of the financial institutions and financial instruments and defines allowable investments that the Company believes minimize exposure to concentration of credit risk. The Company’s marketable securities consist of U.S. Treasury bills. The Company believes these investments present minimal credit risk.

The Company relies, and expects to continue to rely, on a small number of vendors and contract research organizations to manufacture certain supplies and raw materials for its research and development programs and to conduct clinical trials. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in these manufacturing services or the availability of raw materials, or an interruption in the provision of services provided by the Company’s contract research organizations.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures all stock options and other stock-based awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees based on the award’s fair value on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense related to those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company primarily issues stock options with only service-based vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. To a lesser extent, the Company has also granted awards with either service and performance-based vesting conditions or market and performance-based vesting conditions, and records expense based on the grant-date fair value over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method if the achievement of the performance condition is considered probable. At each reporting date, the Company estimates the probability that specified performance criteria will be achieved and does not begin to recognize compensation expense until it is probable that the performance-based vesting condition will be achieved.

The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs or service payments are classified.

The fair values of stock options with only service-based or performance-based conditions are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Prior to the IPO, the Company’s board of directors (the “Board of Directors”) determined the fair value of the Company’s common stock, with input from management, considering the Company’s most recently available third-party valuations of common stock, as well as additional factors which may have changed since the date of the most recent valuation through the date of grant. Subsequent to the completion of the IPO, the fair value of the Company’s common stock underlying its stock options is based on the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The expected volatility of the Company’s stock options is based upon the historical volatility of a set of publicly-traded peer companies, as there is limited stock price data available for the Company’s common stock since the IPO. The Company will continue to apply this process until sufficient historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock price becomes available. The expected term of the Company’s stock options granted has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options, which is presumed to be the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. If vesting is subject to a performance condition, the expected term is based on the mid-point between the explicit service period and the contractual term of the option. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. The expected dividend yield is zero, because the Company has never paid cash dividends on common stock and does not expect to pay any such dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company accounts for forfeitures of share-based compensation awards as they occur.

Revenue Recognition

The Company enters into license and collaboration agreements which are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), under which the Company licenses rights to its technology and certain of the Company’s drug candidates and performs research and development services for third parties. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-front fees; reimbursement of research and development costs; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products.

Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the

appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

The promised goods or services in the Company’s arrangements typically consist of license rights to the Company’s intellectual property and research and development services. The Company also has optional additional items in contracts, which are considered marketing offers and are accounted for as separate contracts with the customer if such option is elected by the customer, unless the option provides a material right which would not be provided without entering into the contract. Performance obligations are promised goods or services in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. Promised goods or services are considered distinct when (i) the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) the promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. In assessing whether promised goods or services are distinct, the Company considers factors such as the stage of development of the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities of the customer to develop the intellectual property on their own and the availability of the required expertise.

The Company estimates the transaction price based on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include both fixed consideration and variable consideration. At the inception of each arrangement that includes variable consideration and at each reporting period, the Company evaluates the amount of potential payment and the likelihood that the payments will be received. The Company utilizes either the most likely amount method or expected value method to estimate the amount expected to be received based on which method better predicts the amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the variable consideration is included in the transaction price.

The Company’s contracts often include development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments. At contract inception and at each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s control or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not included in the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect license, collaboration and other revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from its license and collaboration arrangement.

The Company allocates the transaction price based on the estimated standalone selling price of the underlying performance obligations or in the case of certain variable consideration to one or more performance obligations. The Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. The Company utilizes key assumptions to determine the standalone selling price, which may include other comparable transactions, pricing considered in negotiating the transaction and the estimated costs to complete the respective performance obligation. Certain variable consideration is allocated specifically to one or more performance obligations in a contract when the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of the performance obligation and the resulting amounts allocated to each performance obligation are consistent with the amounts the Company would expect to receive for each performance obligation.

For performance obligations consisting of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, up-front fees. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company will recognize revenue from non-refundable, up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license.

The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Up-front payments and fees are recorded as a contract liability (deferred revenue) upon receipt or when due until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the right to consideration is unconditional and only the passage of time is required before payment is due. If the right to consideration is subject to a condition other than the passage of time, then the amount is recorded as a contract asset until the right to payment becomes unconditional. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company presents contract assets and contract liabilities on a net basis by customer contract.

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional, accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded as a reduction of the proceeds from the offering, either as a reduction of the carrying value of the convertible preferred stock or in stockholders’ equity (deficit) as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. Should the planned equity financing be abandoned, the deferred offering costs are expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. At the closing of the IPO, a total of $5.4 million of deferred offering costs were reclassified to additional paid-in capital within stockholders’ equity (deficit). As such, no deferred offering costs were capitalized as of June 30, 2026. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $0.6 million of deferred offering costs included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss adjusted for cumulative dividends on convertible preferred stock accrued during the period, whether or not declared, and the value of any deemed dividends resulting from down-round adjustments to convertible preferred stock, where applicable, by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration of potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss allocable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, the convertible preferred stock, common stock warrants, preferred stock tranche rights, stock options, and SAFE are considered potentially dilutive securities.

Basic and diluted net loss allocable to common stockholders per share is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities as all series of convertible preferred stock and SAFE are considered participating securities. The Company’s participating securities do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. As such, the net loss was attributed entirely to common stockholders.

Following the closing of the IPO, the Company has two series of common stock outstanding comprised of voting common stock and non-voting common stock. The rights of the holders of voting common stock and non-voting common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of non-voting common stock may be converted into one share of voting common stock at any time at the option of the holder, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations. Net loss per share for each series of common stock issued is the same as they are entitled to the same liquidation and dividend rights.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate and discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”), in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's CODM, its chief executive officer, manages the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis for the purpose of allocating resources. All of the Company’s long-lived assets are held in the United States. Refer to Note 16, Segment Reporting, for further disclosure regarding the Company’s segment information.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. The Company qualifies as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and has elected not to “opt out” of the extended transition related to complying with new or revised accounting standards, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public and non-public companies, the Company can adopt the new or revised standard at the time non-public companies adopt the new or revised standard and can do so until such time that the Company either (i) irrevocably elects to “opt out” of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualifies as an emerging growth company. The Company may choose to adopt any new or revised accounting standards early whenever such early adoption is permitted for non-public companies.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”). ASU 2024-03 requires disclosure of disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items on an annual and interim basis, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization and depletion for each income statement line item that contains those expenses. ASU 2024-03 also requires certain amounts already disclosed under existing GAAP to also be disclosed as a separate category in disaggregated expense tables, if those amounts are recognized in the relevant expense line item. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 will be effective for the Company in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The standard may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-04, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Clarifications to Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer (“ASU 2025-04”), which requires that a grantor apply the guidance in ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”) to measure and classify share-based consideration payable to a customer. The amended guidance also requires a reporting entity to assess if share-based consideration payable to a customer contains vesting conditions, including whether or not those vesting conditions represent service conditions or performance conditions. During the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Company early adopted this standard on a modified retrospective basis effective January 1, 2026. The adoption of ASU 2025-04 did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.