9.Fair Value Measurements

We utilize fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. From time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as individually evaluated loans and other real estate owned. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of the lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Additionally, we are required to disclose, but not record, the fair value of other financial instruments.

Fair Value Hierarchy

We group assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3 — Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

Following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value.

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9.Fair Value Measurements (continued)

Investment Securities

Available-for-sale securities are recorded at market value and held-to-maturity securities are carried at amortized cost. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, and U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter market funds. Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored enterprises and state, county and municipal bonds. Securities classified as Level 3 include asset-backed securities in less liquid markets (table in thousands).

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We estimate the fair value of these investments through independent pricing sources. Independent pricing sources utilize information such as similar security transactions and observable yield curves to estimate the fair value of individual securities.

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. The only assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis were individually evaluated loans of $89,927 and $206,086 as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Individually Evaluated Loans

We do not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, a loan is considered individually evaluated and a specific reserve is established within the allowance for credit losses. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are individually evaluated. Once a loan is identified as individually evaluated, management measures specific

reserves in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The fair value of individually evaluated loans is estimated using one of three methods, including collateral value, market value of similar debt, and discounted cash flows. Those individually evaluated loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. In accordance with GAAP, individually evaluated loans where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral require classification in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price, we record the individually evaluated loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is used or an appraisal is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the Bank records the individually evaluated loan as nonrecurring Level 3.

Real Estate Owned

Other real estate properties are adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to real estate owned. Subsequently, real estate owned assets are carried at fair value less estimated selling costs. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price, we record the other real estate as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is used or an appraisal is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, we record the other real estate asset as nonrecurring Level 3.