mnlk-20260630

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(MARK ONE)
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2026

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-39630

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)


Cayman Islands						98-1711963
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Dorfstrasse 29
6300 Zug
Switzerland						N/A
(Address of principal executive offices)						(ZIP Code)

41 415108022
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A Ordinary Share, par value $0.0001 per share

MLTX

The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer     ☒                    Accelerated filer        ☐
Non-accelerated filer        ☐                    Smaller reporting company    ☐
                                Emerging growth company    ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 1, 2026, there were 85,106,685 of the registrant's Class A Ordinary Shares, $0.0001 par value (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”) issued and outstanding.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED JUNE 30, 2026

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION			2
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)			2
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets			2
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss			3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes i n Equity			4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			6
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements			7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			24
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			39
Item 4. Controls and Procedures			40
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION			41
Item 1. Legal Proceedings			41
Item 1A. Risk Factors			41
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			42
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities			43
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures			43
Item 5. Other Information			43
Item 6. Exhibits			44
SIGNATURES			45

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


(in thousands, except share and per share data)	June 30, 2026 (Unaudited)		December 31, 2025
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	477,905	$	334,517
Short-term marketable debt securities	59,125		59,451


Prepaid expenses	26,447		22,857
Other receivables	6,561		4,869

Total current assets	570,038		421,694

Non-current assets
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,078		1,566
Property and equipment, net	487		577




Other non-current assets	1,344		596
Total non-current assets	3,909		2,739
Total assets	$	573,947	$	424,433

Liabilities and Equity
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables	$	17,038	$	29,553
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27,108		14,691
Short-term portion of operating lease liabilities	1,246		1,234



Total current liabilities	45,392		45,478

Non-current liabilities
Long-term debt	99,514		74,100
Long-term portion of operating lease liabilities	772		374
Pension liability	74		—

Total non-current liabilities	100,360		74,474
Total liabilities	145,752		119,952
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)

Shareholders' equity



Class A Ordinary Shares: $0.0001 par value per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 83,606,685 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2026; 71,373,579 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025	8		7

Additional paid-in capital	1,021,980		766,781
Accumulated deficit	(594,423)		(462,911)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	630		604
Total shareholders’ equity	428,195		304,481
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	573,947	$	424,433

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2026		2025		2026		2025


Operating expenses
Research and development	$	(50,221)	$	(49,762)	$	(104,736)	$	(86,221)
General and administrative	(11,439)		(10,936)		(26,949)		(21,962)
Total operating expenses	(61,660)		(60,698)		(131,685)		(108,183)
Operating loss	(61,660)		(60,698)		(131,685)		(108,183)

Interest expense	(2,632)		(2,037)		(4,901)		(2,056)
Other income, net	2,577		6,779		5,786		13,876


Loss before income tax	(61,715)		(55,956)		(130,800)		(96,363)

Income tax expense	(90)		(95)		(713)		(248)
Net loss	$	(61,805)	$	(56,051)	$	(131,513)	$	(96,611)
Of which: net loss attributable to controlling interests shareholders	(61,805)		(55,220)		(131,513)		(95,165)
Of which: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests shareholders	—		(831)		—		(1,446)

Net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities and short-term investments	16		(1,908)		94		(4,664)

Actuarial gain (loss) on employee benefit plans	292		13		(68)		108
Other comprehensive income (loss)	308		(1,895)		26		(4,556)
Comprehensive loss	$	(61,497)	$	(57,946)	$	(131,487)	$	(101,167)
Comprehensive loss attributable to controlling interests shareholders	(61,497)		(57,087)		(131,487)		(99,651)
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		(859)		—		(1,516)

Weighted-average number of Class A Ordinary Shares, basic and diluted	73,915,296		63,282,728		72,601,770		63,258,393
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to controlling interests shareholders	$	(0.84)	$	(0.87)	$	(1.81)	$	(1.50)

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Unaudited)


	Class A Ordinary Shares	Class C Ordinary Shares			Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	Total Shareholders' Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
(in thousands except share data)		Shares	Amount															Shares		Amount
Balance at January 1, 2025		63,077,431	$	6			841,269	$	—	$	677,415	$	(235,593)	$	4,997	$	446,825	$	6,566	$	453,391
Share-based compensation under the Employee Share Participation Plan and the Equity Incentive Plan		—	—				—	—		2,279		—		—		2,279		11		2,290
Conversion of MoonLake Class C Ordinary Shares into Class A Ordinary Shares		111,949	—				(111,949)	—		841		—		10		851		(851)		—
Options exercised and converted under the Employee Stock Option Plan, net of stamp duty fee		93,347	—				—	—		129		—		—		129		(9)		120
Issuance of Restricted Stock Awards under the Equity Incentive Plan		191,526	—				—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025		—	—				—	—		—		(39,944)		—		(39,944)		(615)		(40,559)
Other comprehensive loss		—	—				—	—		—		—		(2,620)		(2,620)		(41)		(2,661)
Balance at March 31, 2025		63,474,253	$	6			729,320	$	—	$	680,664	$	(275,537)	$	2,387	$	407,520	$	5,061	$	412,581
Share-based compensation under the Employee Share Participation Plan and the Equity Incentive Plan		—	—				—	—		3,298		—		—		3,298		11		3,309
Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2025		—	—				—	—		—		(55,220)		—		(55,220)		(831)		(56,051)
Other comprehensive loss		—	—				—	—		—		—		(1,867)		(1,867)		(28)		(1,895)

Balance at June 30, 2025		63,474,253	$	6			729,320	$	—	$	683,962	$	(330,757)	$	520	$	353,731	$	4,213	$	357,944

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Unaudited)


	Class A Ordinary Shares		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	Total Shareholders' Equity
(in thousands except share data)		Shares						Amount
Balance at January 1, 2026		71,373,579	$	7					$	766,781	$	(462,911)	$	604	$	304,481
Share-based compensation under the Employee Share Participation Plan and the Equity Incentive Plan		—	—						13,355		—		—		13,355
Issuance of Restricted Stock Awards under the Equity Incentive Plan		354,296	—						—		—		—		—
Options exercised under the Equity Incentive Plan		69,632	—						170		—		—		170
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares under the Sales Agreement, net of transaction costs		336,559	—						6,007		—		—		6,007
Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026		—	—						—		(69,707)		—		(69,707)
Other comprehensive loss		—	—						—		—		(282)		(282)
Balance at March 31, 2026		72,134,066	$	7					$	786,313	$	(532,618)	$	322	$	254,024
Share-based compensation under the Equity Incentive Plan		—	—						2,546		—		—		2,546
Options exercised under the Equity Incentive Plan		45,000	—						551		—		—		551
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares under the Sales Agreement, net of transaction costs		2,427,619	—						44,312		—		—		44,312
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants under the 2026 Offering, net of transaction costs		9,000,000	1						189,758		—		—		189,759
Stamp duty fees for capital injection from MoonLake to MoonLake AG		—	—						(1,500)		—		—		(1,500)
Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2026		—	—						—		(61,805)		—		(61,805)
Other comprehensive income		—	—						—		—		308		308
Balance at June 30, 2026		83,606,685	$	8					$	1,021,980	$	(594,423)	$	630	$	428,195

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2026		2025
Cash flow from operating activities
Net loss	$	(131,513)	$	(96,611)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,741		1,120
Share-based compensation expense	15,901		5,599

Net periodic pension benefit gain (loss) for the qualified pension plan	20		(9)
Other non-cash items	441		(1,211)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other receivables	(1,692)		(566)



Operating lease right-of-use assets	(22)		—
Prepaid expenses	(3,590)		(3,570)
Other non-current assets	(748)		(1,697)
Trade and other payables	(12,515)		8,087
Operating lease liabilities	(784)		(444)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	10,917		(3,368)


Net cash flow used in operating activities	(121,844)		(92,670)

Cash flow from investing activities
Purchase of short-term marketable debt securities	(117,816)		(206,207)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term marketable debt securities	118,236		350,742
Purchase of property and equipment	—		(35)
Net cash flow provided by investing activities	420		144,500

Cash flow from financing activities
Proceeds from long-term debt, net of issuance costs	24,467		73,022

Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares under the Sales Agreement, net of transaction costs	50,319		—
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants under the 2026 Offering, net of transaction costs	189,759		—

Proceeds from options exercised under the Equity Incentive Plan	721		—
Proceeds from options exercised under Employee Stock Option Plan	—		100








Net cash flow provided by financing activities	265,266		73,122

Effect of movements in exchange rates on cash held	(454)		1,303
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	143,388		126,255

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	334,517		180,426
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	477,905	$	306,681

Supplementary disclosure of cash flow information:

Cash paid for interest	$	3,955	$	1,156

Non-cash operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations	$	1,194	$	—

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

Note 1 — Overview of the Company

Corporate Information

MoonLake Immunotherapeutics (“the Company” or “MoonLake”) is a clinical stage biotechnology company advancing therapies to address significant unmet needs in inflammatory skin and joint diseases. MoonLake Immunotherapeutics is currently a single asset company focused on the development of Sonelokimab (“SLK”), a novel tri-specific IL-17A and IL-17F inhibiting Nanobody that has the potential, based on response levels seen in clinical trials, to drive disease modification in dermatology and rheumatology patients. The Company's Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “MLTX”.

The Company, a Cayman Islands exempted company was originally incorporated on August 13, 2020 under the name Helix Acquisition Corp. (“Helix”) as a special purpose acquisition company, formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization, or similar business combination with one or more businesses. On April 5, 2022, Helix consummated such business combination with MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG (“MoonLake AG”), a stock-based company incorporated in Switzerland in 2021, pursuant to that certain business combination agreement, dated October 4, 2021 (the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Helix, MoonLake AG, the existing equityholders of MoonLake AG set forth on the signature pages to the Business Combination Agreement and the equityholders of MoonLake AG that executed joinders to the Business Combination Agreement (collectively, the “ML Parties”), Helix Holdings LLC, a Cayman Islands limited liability company and the sponsor of Helix, and the representative of the ML Parties (such transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, collectively, the “Business Combination”). Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Helix changed its name from “Helix Acquisition Corp.” to “MoonLake Immunotherapeutics”, and MoonLake AG merged with and into Helix, with MoonLake AG as the surviving company in the Business Combination and, after giving effect to such Business Combination, MoonLake AG became a subsidiary of the Company. For financial accounting and reporting purposes, MoonLake AG was deemed the accounting acquirer and Helix was treated as the accounting acquiree, and the Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and its subsidiaries, MoonLake AG, a Swiss stock corporation (Aktiengesellschaft) registered with the commercial register of the Canton of Zug, Switzerland under the number CHE-433.093.536, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics Ltd., a private limited company incorporated in the United Kingdom, MNLK Immunotherapeutics, Unipessoal Lda, a private limited company incorporated in Portugal, and MoonLake Immunotherapeutics US, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in the United States, after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes hereto have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP as set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and in conformity with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X for interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnote disclosures normally required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the FASB.

In the opinion of management, all material adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information, which are of a normal and recurring nature, have been made for the interim periods reported. Results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire fiscal year or any

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

other period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 have been prepared on the same basis as and should be read in conjunction with MoonLake’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2025 included in MoonLake’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.

All amounts are presented in U.S. Dollar (“$”) unless otherwise indicated. The term “CHF” refers to the legal currency of Switzerland, “GBP” refers to the legal currency of the United Kingdom, and “€” and “Euro” refer to the legal currency of the Eurozone, including Portugal.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses. The significant judgments, estimates and assumptions relevant to the Company relate to:

•the fair value of share-based compensation;

•the recoverability of the deferred tax asset; and

•accruals in connection with the completion of clinical trial milestones.

The Company bases its judgments and estimates on various factors and information, which may include, but are not limited to, the Company’s forecasts and future plans, current economic conditions and observable market-based transactions of its own shares, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities and recorded amounts of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. To the extent there are material differences between the Company’s estimates and the actual results, the Company’s future results of operations may be affected.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash accounts in large financial institutions which, at times, may exceed the CHF 100 thousand deposit protection limit in Switzerland, the $250 thousand Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation deposit insurance coverage limit in the United States, the GBP 120 thousand Financial Services Compensation Scheme deposit protection limit in the United Kingdom, or the €100 thousand Fundo de Garantia de Depósitos deposit protection limit in Portugal. The Company believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial strength of the depository institutions in which the cash and cash equivalents are held. Additionally, the Company ensures further protection against credit risk by diversifying its cash holdings across a variety of credit institutions, thereby minimizing the potential impact of any adverse events on a single institution. Further, the Company's investment strategy for cash (in excess of current business requirements) is set to invest in short-term marketable debt securities. Management actively monitors credit risk in the investment portfolio. Credit risk exposures are controlled in accordance with policies approved by the board of directors to identify, measure, monitor and control credit risks.

Significant Accounting Policies

See Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies included in MoonLake’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-07, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contract, which introduces a new scope exception to derivative

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

accounting for non-exchange-traded contracts with underlyings based on operations or activities specific to one of the parties to the contract, such as regulatory approval. Although it is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, the Company adopted early a modified retrospective application of ASU 2025-07 during the three months ended March 31, 2026. The adoption of ASU 2025-07 did not have a material impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures for the six months ended June 30, 2026.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosure, which requires a public entity to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements on an annual and interim basis. It is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01 to clarify that all public entities, including non-calendar year-end entities, should adopt the disclosure requirements of ASU 2024-03. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 3 – Risks and Liquidity

Going Concern, Liquidity and Capital Resources

MoonLake is subject to risks common to companies in the biopharmaceutical industry, and the Company believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Company's future financial position or results of operations: ability to obtain future financing, regulatory approval and market acceptance of, and reimbursement for, product candidates, performance of third-party contract research organizations and manufacturers upon which the Company relies, protection of the Company's intellectual property, litigation or claims against the Company based on intellectual property, patent, product, regulatory, clinical or other factors, and the Company's ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth.

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities in its programs and for eventual commercialization. In particular, the Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply the Company with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to these programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs.

The Company's ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of SLK in one or more indications. The Company expects to continue to incur substantial expenses and operating losses for at least the next two years as the Company continues the development of SLK, and prepares for and invests in commercial launches. It is expected that operating losses will fluctuate notably from year to year depending on the timing of the Company's planned clinical development programs, efforts to achieve regulatory approval, and planned marketing and sales expenditures to support anticipated commercial launches.

The Company incurred a loss of $131.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026. As of June 30, 2026, the Company’s current assets exceeded its current liabilities by $524.6 million.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had $537.0 million of cash and cash equivalents and short-term marketable debt securities. Based on the Company's current operating plan, management believes that the Company has sufficient capital to fund its operations and capital expenditures to mid-2028.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

Note 4 – Debt

On March 31, 2025 (the “Closing Date”), MoonLake as a guarantor entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Original Loan and Security Agreement”) with its subsidiary, MoonLake AG, as borrower, the lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”), and Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), as the administrative and collateral agent for itself and the Lenders. The Original Loan and Security Agreement provided a non-dilutive senior secured term loan facility (the “Original Credit Facility”) of up to an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million. The Credit Facility (as defined below) matures on April 1, 2030 and bears interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of (i) prime rate as reported in The Wall Street Journal plus 1.45% and (ii) 8.45%, subject to a 0.25% reduction upon achievement of the United States Food and Drug Administration's (“FDA”) approval of a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) for SLK.

On February 20, 2026 (the “Amendment Closing Date”), the Company executed the First Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement (the “First Amended Loan and Security Agreement” and, together with the Original Loan and Security Agreement, the “Loan and Security Agreement”) with, among others, Hercules, as administrative and collateral agent for the Lenders, which amended the Original Loan and Security Agreement. The Loan and Security Agreement provides for six non-dilutive senior secured term loan facilities in the aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million (the “Amended Credit Facility” and, together with the Original Credit Facility, the “Credit Facility”).

The Credit Facility comprises:

a.A first tranche (the “Tranche 1 Loan”) in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million fully funded on the Closing Date,

b.A second tranche (the “Tranche 2 Loan”) in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million fully funded on the Amendment Closing Date,

c.Subject to the Company's announcement that the IZAR-1 and IZAR-2 Phase 3 studies of SLK in patients with active psoriatic arthritis each achieved their protocol-specified primary endpoint and that the efficacy and safety data available to the Company together support the planned commercialization strategy and outlook of the Company (the “Tranche 3 Milestone”), a third tranche (the “Tranche 3 Loan”) with additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million, available on the Tranche 3 Milestone achievement date through the earlier of (i) 60 days following such date and (ii) March 15, 2027,

d.Subject to MoonLake’s announcement that the VELA-1 and VELA-2 Phase 3 studies of SLK in adult patients with moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa each demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements across the 52-week endpoints with SLK having demonstrated an acceptable safety profile, which together support (x) the planned commercialization strategy and outlook of the Company and (y) the filing of the BLA for SLK with the FDA (together, the “Tranche 4 HS Milestone”), and immediately prior to the advance of a fourth tranche, MoonLake has closed the previous 10 consecutive trading days with a market capitalization of at least $1,500.0 million; provided that, the first trading day tested cannot be prior to the public announcement of the Tranche 4 HS Milestone (collectively with the Tranche 4 HS Milestone, the “Amended Tranche 4 Milestone”), this fourth tranche (the “Tranche 4 Loan”) with additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million, available on the Amended Tranche 4 Milestone achievement date through the earlier of (i) 60 days following the achievement of the Tranche 4 HS Milestone and (ii) December 15, 2026,

e.Subject to the Company’s achievement of the Tranche 4 HS Milestone and the FDA’s approval of the Company’s submission of a BLA for SLK (the “Approval Milestone”) (collectively, the “Tranche 5 Milestone”), a fifth tranche (the “Tranche 5 Loan”) with additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million, available on the Tranche 5 Milestone achievement date through the earlier of (i) 60 days following such date and (ii) December 15, 2027, and

f.Subject to approval by the Lenders in their discretion, a sixth tranche (the “Tranche 6 Loan”) of additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $200.0 million.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

On June 21, 2026, the Company announced the week 52 results from its Phase 3 VELA clinical trials (VELA 1 and VELA-2). The two Phase 3 studies of SLK in adult patients with moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa each demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements across the 52-week endpoints with SLK demonstrating an acceptable safety profile and, as a result, the Company achieved the Tranche 4 HS Milestone.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company's carrying value of long-term debt and recognized deferred charges on the condensed consolidated balance sheet consists of the following:


(in thousands)
Non-current liabilities	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025

Principal amount	$	100,000	$	75,000
Accreted present value of End of Term Charge	5,081		3,618
Less: Unamortized debt discount, issuance costs, and End of Term Charge	(5,567)		(4,518)
Carrying value	$	99,514	$	74,100

Non-current assets
Deferred charges - long-term debt	$	1,344	$	587
Total	$	1,344	$	587

The effective interest rate on the Tranche 1 and Tranche 2 Loans is 9.93%. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company recognized interest expense of $2.6 million and $4.9 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized interest expense of $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively. A portion of the debt issuance costs related to the undrawn tranches were recognized as deferred charges until drawn. During the period ended December 31, 2025, debt issuance costs related to the previously unavailable tranches were recognized as interest expense, reducing deferred charges. No such expense recognition has occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

The Company may prepay advances in whole at any time subject to a prepayment charge. Upon repayment of all term loans on or after April 1, 2027, the Company is further required to pay an additional charge equal to 6.95% for the Tranche 1 Loan, the Tranche 2 Loan, and any future draws under the Tranche 3 Loan, Tranche 4 Loan, or Tranche 5 Loan; 4.25% for any future draw under the Tranche 6 Loan, and if repayment occurs prior to 24 months, the charge applied will be 4.25% (“End of Term Charge”). As of June 30, 2026, the End of Term Charge is accrued at 6.95% of the Tranche 1 Loan and the Tranche 2 Loan balances and is recorded at present value as an addition to the long-term debt in non-current liabilities whereas the unamortized portion is recorded as contra non-current liabilities. The unamortized End of Term Charge contra liability will be amortized and the present value of the liability will be accreted up to the future value over the loan term as interest expense. The Tranche 1 Loan and the Tranche 2 Loan have a maturity requirement of $100.0 million due in 2030, with no other principal payments due for each of the five years following the date of the latest condensed consolidated balance sheets presented. Additional fees will be payable in connection with the Credit Facility upon drawing of future tranches.

The Loan and Security Agreement allows for the Company to satisfy a portion of the cash interest payments by capitalizing such interest payments as payment-in-kind (“PIK”). No PIK interest relating to the term loan has been recorded and included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2026.

The Loan and Security Agreement contains customary covenants, such as financial covenants and certain events of default after which loans under the Credit Facility may be due and payable immediately. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2026.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

All obligations under the Loan and Security Agreement are secured on a first-priority basis, subject to certain exceptions, by security interests in substantially all assets of the Company and material subsidiaries of the Company, including its intellectual property, and is guaranteed by material subsidiaries of the Company, including foreign subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions.

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents information about the Company's short-term marketable debt securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the Company classifies the fair value measurement:


(in thousands)	June 30, 2026				December 31, 2025
	Level 2		Total			Level 2		Total

Certificates of Deposit	59,125		59,125			59,451		59,451
Total	$	59,125	$	59,125		$	59,451	$	59,451

Cash and accounts payable approximate their fair values as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, due to their short-term nature. Pension plan assets fair value is determined based on Level 2 inputs. The fair value of the long-term debt is estimated using the net present value of the payments, discounted at an interest rate that is consistent with a market interest rate, which is a Level 2 input as it is not actively traded. As of June 30, 2026, long-term debt of $99.5 million is reported at amortized cost which approximates the fair value.

Note 6 – Investments

The fair value and amortized cost of investments in short-term marketable debt securities by major security type as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are as follows:


(in thousands)	June 30, 2026
	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Fair value

Certificates of Deposit	58,747		378		59,125
Total	$	58,747	$	378	$	59,125

Of which classified within short-term marketable debt securities	58,747		378		59,125


(in thousands)	December 31, 2025
	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Fair value

Certificates of Deposit	59,166		285		59,451
Total	$	59,166	$	285	$	59,451

Of which classified within short-term marketable debt securities	59,166		285		59,451

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

The following table presents the changes in fair values of the Company’s short-term marketable debt securities, classified as Level 2 financial assets, and recognized in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively:


(in thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
Balance as of January 1	$	285	$	5,407
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	2,235		5,955
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	(2,142)		(10,619)

Balance as of June 30	$	378	$	743

As of June 30, 2026, the Company’s marketable debt securities maturities are all due within one year.

Note 7 — Prepaid Expenses


(in thousands)	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
Non-clinical research and clinical development services	$	16,156	$	17,362
Supply and manufacturing services	7,700		3,494
Insurances	1,177		886


Other prepayments	1,414		1,115
Total	$	26,447	$	22,857

Note 8 — Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities


(in thousands)	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
Research and development services	$	17,022	$	4,225
Supply and manufacturing services	4,351		6,618
Bonuses and related employee compensation expenses	2,613		2,324
Tax liabilities	2,346		1,094
Consultant and other fees	776		430

Total	$	27,108	$	14,691

Note 9 — Leases

The Company has entered into various long-term, non-cancelable operating lease arrangements for office spaces in Switzerland, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Company does not have any finance leases.

The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for the operating leases as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 were as follows:

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)


	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
Weighted average remaining lease term	24 months		22 months
Weighted average discount rate	7.6	%	4.6	%

The future minimum annual lease payments under these operating leases as of June 30, 2026 are as follows:


(in thousands)
Fiscal Year	Amount
2026 (remainder of the year)	$	840
2027	741
2028	466
2029	103

Thereafter	—
Total lease payments	2,150
Less imputed interest	(132)
Total lease liability	2,018
Less current portion of lease liability	(1,246)
Long-term portion of operating lease liability	$	772

Operating cash outflows for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities were $786 thousand and $761 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

The Company recorded the following lease and variable lease expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively:


(in thousands)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2026		Three Months Ended June 30, 2025		Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
Operating lease expense	$	385	$	366	$	754	$	730
Variable lease expense	13		12		34		23
Total lease expense	$	398	$	378	$	788	$	753

Note 10 — Employee Benefit Plans

The Company operates a defined benefit pension plan in Switzerland (the “Plan”) and a defined contribution pension plan in the United Kingdom, in accordance with local regulations and practices. As of June 30, 2026, the Plan covers the Company’s employees in Switzerland with benefits in the event of death, disability, retirement, or termination of employment.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost under the Plan


(in thousands)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2026		Three Months Ended June 30, 2025		Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
Service cost	$	142	$	83	$	284	$	159
Interest cost	16		8		32		16
Expected return on plan assets	(39)		(20)		(78)		(39)

Amortization of unrecognized loss	—		3		—		6
Prior service credit recognized in current year	(3)		(3)		(5)		(5)
Net periodic benefit cost	$	116	$	71	$	233	$	137

Employer Contributions under the Plan

For the six months ended June 30, 2026, contributions of $213 thousand (CHF 168 thousand) were made to the Plan. The Company presently anticipates contributing an additional estimated amount of $214 thousand (CHF 168 thousand) to fund the Plan in 2026 for a total of $427 thousand (CHF 336 thousand).

Note 11 — Shareholders’ Equity

Class A Ordinary Shares

As of June 30, 2026, there were 83,606,685 Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. The Company is authorized to issue up to 500,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share. Each Class A Ordinary Share entitles the holders thereof to one vote per share.

Class B Ordinary Shares

As of June 30, 2026, there were no Class B Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class B Ordinary Shares”), issued and outstanding. The Company is authorized to issue up to 50,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share. Each Class B Ordinary Share entitles the holders thereof to one vote per share, but carries no economic rights.

Class C Ordinary Shares

As of June 30, 2026, there were no Class C Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. The Company is authorized to issue up to 100,000,000 Class C Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share. Each Class C Ordinary Share entitles the holders thereof to one vote per share, but carries no economic rights.

At the closing of the Business Combination, MoonLake, MoonLake AG and each ML Party entered into a Restated and Amended Shareholders' Agreement (the “A&R Shareholders' Agreement”). With the intent to approximate the rights, obligations and restrictions that an ML Party would have enjoyed if it were a holder of Class A Ordinary Shares, the A&R Shareholders’ Agreement (i) imposed certain transfer and other restrictions on the ML Parties, (ii) provided for the waiver of certain statutory rights and (iii) established certain mechanics whereby MoonLake and each of the ML Parties were able to effect the conversion of MoonLake AG Common Shares and Class C Ordinary Shares into a number of Class A Ordinary Shares as defined by the Business Combination Agreement equal to 33.638698 (the “Exchange Ratio”). As of June 30, 2026, all issued and outstanding Class C Ordinary Shares had been converted into

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

Class A Ordinary Shares pursuant to the A&R Shareholders' Agreement, and the A&R Shareholders' Agreement automatically terminated with the last conversion. The foregoing description of the A&R Shareholders' Agreement is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, and should be read in connection with, the full text of the A&R Shareholders' Agreement filed as an exhibit on the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 11, 2022.

Preference Shares

As of June 30, 2026, there were no preference shares (“preference shares”) issued and outstanding. The Company is authorized to issue up to 5,000,000 preference shares, par value $0.0001 per share. Each preference share entitles the holders thereof to one vote per share, but carries no economic rights.

Equity Offerings

At-the-Market Offering

On August 31, 2023, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with Leerink Partners (the “Sales Agreement”) through which the Company could issue and sell up to $350.0 million of its Class A Ordinary Shares (the “ATM Shares”), through Leerink Partners as its sales agent. The ATM Shares to be sold under the Sales Agreement are issued and sold pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274286), which was declared effective by the SEC on September 11, 2023, and a prospectus supplement thereto filed with the SEC on August 31, 2023. As of June 30, 2026, there was $213.8 million remaining for future sales under the Sales Agreement.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company sold 2,427,619 and 2,764,178 Class A Ordinary Shares under the Sales Agreement, respectively, at weighted average share prices of $18.55 and $18.52, respectively, for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $44.3 million and $50.3 million, respectively, after deducting sales agent's commissions and transaction costs.

November 2025 Public Offering of Class A Ordinary Shares

On November 5, 2025, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Leerink Partners as the underwriter, to issue and sell 7,142,857 Class A Ordinary Shares at a public offering price of $10.50 per share (the “2025 Offering”). The 2025 Offering closed on November 6, 2025, and net proceeds were $72.4 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses in the amount of $2.6 million.

June 2026 Public Offering of Class A Ordinary Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants

On June 23, 2026, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Leerink Partners, as representative of the underwriters, to issue and sell 9,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a public offering price of $20.00 per share (“2026 Offering Price”), and, in lieu of Class A Ordinary Shares to certain investors, pre-funded warrants (“Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a public offering price of $19.9999 per Pre-Funded Warrant (the “2026 Offering”). The 2026 Offering closed on June 25, 2026, and net proceeds were $189.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses in the amount of $10.2 million.

The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.0001 per share, are exercisable immediately and do not expire. Holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants will not be entitled to exercise any portion of any Pre-Funded Warrant which, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the aggregate number of Class A Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 9.99% of the number of Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Such percentage may be increased or decreased by the holder of the Pre-Funded Warrants to any other percentage not in excess of 19.99% upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable for cash; however, they may be exercised on a cashless exercise basis. After evaluating the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Company concluded the warrants are indexed to the Company's own shares and classified these instruments as equity. The relative fair value of the Pre-Funded Warrants of $20.0 million was recognized as additional paid in capital. The Pre-Funded Warrants do not provide any of the rights or privileges provided by the Class A Ordinary Shares, including any voting rights, until exercise and settlement in underlying Class A Ordinary Shares.

In connection with the 2026 Offering, the Company also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 1,500,000 additional Class A Ordinary Shares at the 2026 Offering Price less underwriting discounts and commissions (“Over-Allotment Option”). As of June 30, 2026, the Over-Allotment Option had not been exercised. Refer to Note 17 — Subsequent Events for further discussion regarding the exercise of the Over-Allotment Option subsequent to the period ended June 30, 2026.

Note 12 — Net Loss per Share

The following table sets forth the net loss per share calculations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:


(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2026		Three Months Ended June 30, 2025		Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
Numerator
Net loss attributable to controlling interests shareholders	$	(61,805)	$	(55,220)	$	(131,513)	$	(95,165)

Denominator
Total weighted average number of outstanding shares	73,915,296		63,282,728		72,601,770		63,258,393

Net loss per share – basic and diluted	$	(0.84)	$	(0.87)	$	(1.81)	$	(1.50)

There were 3,001,553 and 1,576,378 ordinary share equivalents outstanding in the form of unexercised stock options and unvested restricted stock awards under the Equity Incentive Plan (as defined below in Note 13 — Share-Based Compensation), as of June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and 1,500,000 and nil unexercised options related to the Over-Allotment Option as of June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, that have been excluded from the calculation of net loss per share – diluted as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

Class C Ordinary Shares have been excluded from the weighted average number of outstanding shares used to calculate the net loss per share – basic and diluted as they do not carry economic rights. As the exercise price per Pre-Funded Warrant is deemed non-substantive when compared to the fair value of the underlying Class A Ordinary Shares, such issuable shares are included in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share.

Note 13 — Share-Based Compensation

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had the following share-based compensation arrangements:

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

a.The Employee Share Participation Plan (the “ESPP”) – created in July 2021 by MoonLake AG (fully vested as of January 2026);

b.The Employee Stock Option Plan (the “ESOP”) – created in July 2021 by MoonLake AG (fully vested as of January 2024);

c.The Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”) – initially created in April 2022 and amended and restated in June 2026 by MoonLake.

The purpose of the arrangements is to attract and retain the best available personnel and to provide participants with additional incentive to increase their efforts on behalf and in the best interest of the Company and its subsidiaries. The reference to “Common Shares” refers to shares in MoonLake AG.

MoonLake AG's compensation plans were settled with its Common Shares and with a number of Class C Ordinary Shares of the Company, determined by multiplying the number of Common Shares by the Exchange Ratio. The owners of Common Shares had the right to exchange their Common Shares for a number of Class A Ordinary Shares derived using the Exchange Ratio. In the event MoonLake AG shareholders elected to exchange their Common Shares, such MoonLake AG shareholder would then forfeit a number of Class C Ordinary Shares equal to the number of Class A Ordinary Shares issued (refer to Note 11 — Shareholders’ Equity - Class C Ordinary Shares).

The Equity Incentive Plan is the only plan which remains active as of June 30, 2026, whereas the ESOP and the ESPP are fully vested as of January 2024, and January 2026, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the share-based compensation expense was mainly driven by the accelerated expense recognition due to a voluntary cancellation of 566,163 unvested stock option awards for no consideration, resulting in an expense of $11.0 million, with the remainder due to vesting of awards in compensation plans active during the period:


(in thousands)

Compensation Plan	Three Months Ended June 30, 2026		Three Months Ended June 30, 2025		Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
ESPP	$	—	$	733	$	145	$	1,458


ESOP	—		—		—		(18)


Equity Incentive Plan	2,546		2,576		15,756		4,159
Total share-based compensation expense	$	2,546	$	3,309	$	15,901	$	5,599
Of which: included in research and development expense	664		905		7,471		1,532
Of which: included in general and administrative expense	1,882		2,404		8,430		4,067

The Company expects that all future employee awards will be made under the Equity Incentive Plan. As of June 30, 2026, 6,020,591 Class A Ordinary Shares from the authorized pool of 9,353,948 Class A Ordinary Shares remain available for future grants, and 2,503,611 Class A Ordinary Shares are reserved for issuance upon exercise of stock options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

Employee Share Participation Plan (ESPP) 2021-2026 - MoonLake AG

The ESPP grants vested 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. In the event of a termination of contractual relationship between the Company and the entitled employee, the awards could have been forfeited by MoonLake AG if certain conditions were met. The awards featured an accelerated vesting condition linked to a “Change of Control”, defined as any transfer of shares that resulted in the proposed acquirer holding more than 50% of the then issued share capital of MoonLake AG or the Company, as the case may be, where all the outstanding awards (whether currently outstanding or granted in the future) would have been fully vested.


ESPP	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Awards unvested as of January 1, 2026	25,902	10.00

Awards vested for the six months ended June 30, 2026	(25,902)	10.00

Awards unvested as of June 30, 2026	—	—

Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) 2021-2025 - MoonLake AG

The ESOP grants vested 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. In the event of a termination of the contractual relationship between the Company and the entitled employee, options could have been forfeited by MoonLake AG if certain conditions were met. The awards featured an accelerated vesting condition linked to a “Change of Control”, defined as any transfer of shares that resulted in the proposed acquirer holding more than 50% of the then issued share capital of MoonLake AG or the Company, as the case may be, where all the outstanding awards (whether currently outstanding or granted in the future) would have been fully vested.

MoonLake Immunotherapeutics 2022 Equity Incentive Plan

On April 5, 2022, the Company created the MoonLake Immunotherapeutics 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. On June 4, 2026 (the “Effective Date”), the Company adopted the Amended and Restated 2022 Equity Incentive Plan to promote and closely align the interests of employees, officers, non-employee directors and other service providers of MoonLake Immunotherapeutics and its shareholders by providing share-based compensation and other performance-based compensation.

The Equity Incentive Plan provides for the grant of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock and other share-based awards and for incentive bonuses, which may be paid in cash, Common Shares or a combination thereof, as determined by the compensation committee of the board of directors or such other committee as designated by the board of directors to administer the Equity Incentive Plan. The Equity Incentive Plan shall remain available for the grant of awards until the 10th anniversary of the Effective Date; however, stock options may not be granted under the Equity Incentive Plan after the 10th anniversary of the date of the board of directors' approval of the Equity Incentive Plan, which occurred on April 17, 2026.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)


Equity Incentive Plan (Options)	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)
Awards outstanding as of January 1, 2026	2,156,512	$	24.76	$	3,700	8.52
Awards granted for the six months ended June 30, 2026	1,189,675	$	12.16	n/a		n/a
Awards exercised for the six months ended June 30, 2026	(114,632)	$	6.29	n/a		n/a
Awards cancelled and forfeited for the six months ended June 30, 2026	(727,944)	$	41.56	n/a		n/a
Awards outstanding as of June 30, 2026	2,503,611	$	14.73	$	17,010	8.86
Awards exercisable as of June 30, 2026	478,231	$	15.21	$	4,833	6.28

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price and the selling price received by option holders upon the exercise of stock options during the period.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $1.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026. No options were exercised for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had $16.7 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to options under the Equity Incentive Plan that will be recognized over the weighted average period of 2.57 years.

The assumptions that the Company used to determine the grant-date fair value of options granted were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
Estimated fair value of the option on the grant date using Black-Scholes model ($)	8.28		28.36
Exercise price ($)	12.16		41.33
Expected term of the award on the grant date (years) (1)	6		6
Expected volatility of the share price (2)	75	%	75	%
Risk-free interest rate (3)	3.7	%	4.4	%
Expected dividend rate	—	%	—	%
(1) The expected term represents the period that share-based awards are expected to be outstanding. (2) The expected volatility was derived from the historical stock volatilities of comparable peer public companies within the Company’s industry. (3) The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the measurement date with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)


Equity Incentive Plan (Restricted Stock Awards)	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Awards unvested as of January 1, 2026	191,526	$	41.77
Awards granted for the six months ended June 30, 2026	354,296	11.29
Awards vested for the six months ended June 30, 2026	(47,880)	41.77

Awards unvested as of June 30, 2026	497,942	$	20.08

The weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted stock awards was $11.29 and $41.77 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had $8.8 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock awards under the Equity Incentive Plan that will be recognized over the weighted average period of 3.03 years.

Note 14 — Income Taxes

The Company's effective tax rate (“ETR”) was (0.1)% and (0.5)% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, and (0.2)% and (0.3)% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company is not aware of any items that would cause the quarterly or period-to-date ETR to be significantly different from the Company's annual ETR. The difference between the income tax provision that would be derived by applying the statutory rate to the Company's loss before income taxes and the income tax provision recorded was primarily attributable to the change in the valuation allowance. The Company continues to incur losses for the Cayman Islands and Swiss entities, and its ability to utilize the deferred tax asset related to the tax losses is not considered more likely than not. A full valuation allowance has been recorded against the deferred tax asset.

Note 15 — Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

The Company has entered into agreements as of June 30, 2026 primarily regarding the clinical and non-clinical development services with contract research organizations, as well as supply and logistics services with contract manufacturing organizations, for the advancement of SLK. As of June 30, 2026, the total committed expense under these agreements amounted to $172.1 million.

The Company's in-licensing agreement (the “In-License Agreement”) with Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany ("MHKDG") includes contractual milestone payments related to the achievement of pre-specified research, development, regulatory and commercialization events and indemnification provisions, which are common in such agreements. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company is obligated to make research and development and regulatory milestone payments upon the occurrence of certain events. Subject to the terms of the license, additional milestone payments of up to €299.6 million ($342.2 million using a June 30, 2026 exchange rate) are potentially payable upon satisfying specific milestones related to regulatory filing acceptance, first commercial sales, and aggregate annual net sales. The milestone payments are payable in cash. Milestone payments due prior to obtaining regulatory approval will be recorded as research and development expense upon determination that a milestone payment is probable to occur. Milestone payments due after obtaining regulatory approval will be capitalized when and if incurred. The Company will use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the milestones to occur. However, if the Company reasonably determines that a technical failure or commercial failure has occurred with respect to all or a part of the SLK Program, the

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)

Company, at its sole discretion, can terminate all or part of the SLK Program. As of June 30, 2026, the Company made a total of €7.5 million ($8.1 million using the then applicable exchange rate) in additional milestone payments.

In addition, on May 12, 2023, MoonLake AG entered into an agreement with Research Cooperation Technologies, Inc. (“RCT”) and MHKDG, effective as of June 1, 2023, pursuant to which the Company was granted a royalty-bearing, nonexclusive, sublicensable right and license under RCT’s patents and know-how related to a manufacturing process using an underlying yeast strain, Pichia pastoris, to develop, manufacture, use, sell, offer for sale, and import and otherwise commercialize SLK on a world-wide basis, subject to certain restrictions. This agreement replaces the Company’s sublicense for similar rights under the In-License Agreement. In the aggregate, the Company is required to pay royalties within the range of low to mid-teen percent of net sales under the aforementioned agreements with MHKDG and RCT.

Royalties will be recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss when net sales are recognized.

Note 16 - Segment Information

The Company operates as a single operating segment, focusing exclusively on the research, development, and eventual commercialization of its product. As the entire Company is centered around these activities, all consolidated parts of the Company are reviewed and analyzed as part of one segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s operations on a stand-alone basis for the purposes of allocating resources and assessing financial performance.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company's single operating segment had not generated revenue from any programs or services. The measure of segment assets is reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as total assets. The measure of segment profit or loss is reported on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss as net loss. The CODM uses this as a starting point alongside significant non-cash items and working capital changes to evaluate cash burn and determine financial sustainability, cost management patterns and overall business viability as the clinical trials progress. The CODM also uses this to manage operations and ensure the most efficient use of Company resources against current budgets, alignment with strategic goals and preparation of future forecasts.

Significant Segment Expenses

The measure of significant segment expenses is reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as “Research and development” and “General and administrative” for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

Non-cash share-based compensation is reported in Note 13 — Share-Based Compensation for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. Non-cash depreciation and amortization for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 was $1.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Geographical Data

Long-lived assets, consisting of property and equipment, net, and operating lease right-of-use assets by geographical area as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are as follows:

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2026

(Unaudited)


(in thousands)
Country	June 30, 2026		December 31, 2025
Portugal	$	878	$	1,017
United Kingdom	844		804
Switzerland	813		322
United States	29		—
Total	$	2,564	$	2,143

Note 17 — Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated events subsequent to the balance sheet date through the date the financial statements were issued and determined that the following subsequent events require disclosure in the financial statements.

Lease Agreement

On July 1, 2026, the Company entered into a new lease agreement for a corporate office space in the United States with a lease term of approximately 11 years. Total minimum lease payments are estimated to be approximately $16.5 million. The Company will recognize the related right-of-use asset and lease liability, which has not yet been determined, at the lease commencement date.

Over-Allotment Option

On July 10, 2026, the underwriters exercised in full the Over-Allotment Option in connection with the Company’s 2026 Public Offering. The transaction closed on July 14, 2026. The gross proceeds from the exercise of the Over-Allotment Option were $30 million, before deducting any underwriting discounts and other offering expenses.

Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement

On August 3, 2026, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (the "Second Amendment") with Hercules Capital, Inc., as administrative and collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto, amending the Company’s Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2025, as amended. The Second Amendment, among other things, (i) increased the permitted debt basket for cash-secured letter of credit reimbursement obligations from $1.0 million to $3.0 million, together with corresponding changes to the permitted liens and excluded accounts provisions and (ii) with respect to its U.S. chief executive office, increased the threshold for obtaining a landlord waiver from $1.0 million to $3.5 million. The Second Amendment did not modify the principal amount, interest rate, maturity date or financial covenants under the Loan and Security Agreement.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2026, appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”), and with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 25, 2026 (our “Annual Report”). Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2026 were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and presented in United States dollars ($).

References to “MoonLake”, “we”, “us”, “our”, “our Company”, “the Company” and “our business” refer to MoonLake Immunotherapeutics and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Special Note on Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Quarterly Report, including, without limitation, statements regarding the following, are forward-looking statements: our future results of operations and financial position, our expectations regarding industry trends, the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents, the anticipated sources and uses of cash, the anticipated investments in our business, our business strategy, expectations regarding our clinical programs and the plans and objectives of management for future operations and capital expenditures, and other information referred to in the sections titled “Business” and “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “expect”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “could”, “intend”, “target”, “project”, “contemplate”, “believe”, “estimate”, “predict”, “potential”, “might”, “possible”, or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, as well as expectations regarding the timing of regulatory submissions and potential commercialization for SLK (as defined below). Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of important risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements expressed or implied in this Quarterly Report. Such risks, uncertainties and other factors include, among others, the risks, uncertainties and factors set forth in the sections titled “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report and this Quarterly Report and the following risks, uncertainties and factors:

•our success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees or directors;

•factors relating to our business, operations and financial performance, including, but not limited to:

•we are substantially dependent on the success of our novel tri-specific Nanobody®, Sonelokimab (“SLK”, also known as M1095/ALX 0761), which we license from Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (“MHKDG”);

•our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our products, and any related restrictions or limitations of any approved products;

•competition and competitive pressures from other global companies in the industries in which we operate;

•we have incurred significant losses since inception, and we expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future;

•our ability to manage our growth effectively;

•the impact of adverse business and economic conditions including inflationary pressures, general economic slowdown or a recession, fluctuating interest rates, new or increased tariffs and other barriers to trade, changes in fiscal and monetary policy or government budget dynamics, the prospect of a shutdown of the United States federal government, and significant volatility in commodity prices, including the price of oil and the responses thereto;

•while we have initiated and completed clinical trials, we have no products approved for commercial sale;

•we require substantial additional capital to finance our operations, and if we are unable to raise such capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce, and/or eliminate one or more of our development programs or future commercialization efforts;

•our ability to renew existing contracts;

•our limited operating history;

•our ability to respond to general economic conditions;

•securities litigation following periods of volatility in the marketplace or our share price;

•the ability to adequately protect our intellectual property rights; and

•the other factors described under the caption “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report, as may be updated in this Quarterly Report, and our other filings with the SEC.

New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible to predict all such risks, nor can we assess the impact of all such risks on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

There may be other factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements, including factors disclosed in “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report or “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report. You should read this Quarterly Report and the documents that we reference herein completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biotechnology company advancing therapies to address significant unmet needs in inflammatory skin and joint diseases. We are currently a single asset company focused on the development of SLK, a novel tri-specific IL-17A and IL-17F inhibiting Nanobody, that we exclusively licensed from MHKDG and that has the potential, based on response levels seen in clinical trials, to drive disease modification in dermatology and rheumatology patients.

SLK is a proprietary Nanobody that was discovered by Ablynx N.V., Belgium, a Sanofi company (“Ablynx”), and previously studied by MHKDG and Avillion LLP under a 2017 co-development agreement. The terms “Nanobody” and “Nanobodies” used herein are registered trademarks of Ablynx. Nanobodies are able to bind selectively to a specific antigen with high affinity. Nanobodies have a fraction of the molecular weight compared to traditional antibodies. They

offer a number of potential advantages over traditional monoclonal antibodies, including the potential to create multivalent molecules with enhanced ability to penetrate inflamed tissue, especially when containing an additional albumin binding domain such as SLK, an easier manufacturing process and a higher thermostability.

We currently develop SLK in inflammatory diseases in dermatology and rheumatology where the pathophysiology is known to be driven by IL-17A and IL-17F. This group of diseases comprises our current target diseases, hidradenitis suppurativa (“HS”), psoriatic arthritis (“PsA”), axial spondyloarthritis (“axSpA”), palmoplantar pustulosis (“PPP”), and several other inflammatory conditions, including psoriasis (“PsO”). Our current target diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and we believe there is a need for improved treatment options. We believe that SLK has a differentiated mechanism of action and that its purposefully designed molecular characteristics, including its small size and its albumin binding site, facilitate deep tissue penetration in the skin and joints. We envision SLK as a key therapeutic alternative in our initial target indications and potentially in multiple other IL-17 driven inflammatory conditions.

HS Trials and Plans for Commercial Launch

In June 2026, we announced the week 52 results of the VELA-1 trial (M1095-HS-301) and VELA-2 trial (M1095-HS-302), marking the end of the parental trial time period. Week 52 data for SLK showed consistent and further improvement in all clinical scores, compared to week 16 data. Across VELA-1 and VELA-2, 67.2% of patients treated with SLK achieved HiSCR75 and 33.1% of patients achieved HiSCR100 at week 52 (n=396). The results were consistent across both trials (VELA-1: 68.3% HiSCR75, 31.2% HiSCR100; VELA-2: 66.0% HiSCR75, 35.1% HiSCR100). At week 52, 26.0% of patients (n=396) achieved an IHS4-100 response (VELA-1: 24.4%, VELA-2: 27.7%), reflecting inflammatory remission, defined as a 100% reduction in abscesses (A100), nodules (N100) and draining tunnels (DT100). The long-term results of the VELA program are higher than in previous Phase 3 HS programs with competing agents (using the same pooled, as observed, end of parental trial data analysis). The strong long-term clinical responses observed with SLK were accompanied by sustained improvements in Patient-Reported Outcomes, which we believe matter most to patients living with HS and their treating physicians. Patients treated with SLK consistently showed the largest reductions in the HS-specific Quality of Life score (HiSQOL) at week 52, with a -15.3 mean score difference between end of trial and baseline in VELA-1, and -14.8 in VELA-2 (as observed, n=395). The broader skin Dermatology Life Quality Index score confirmed the HiSQOL results and showed clinically meaningful response (≥4-point improvement from baseline) in 75.0% (VELA-1) and 69.4% (VELA-2) of patients (as observed, in patients with baseline DLQI ≥4, n=363). Responses for both these quality-of-life metrics were higher than previously demonstrated in competitor pivotal HS studies. In line with these data, 46.5% of patients experienced a marked reduction in pain, measured as at least a 3-point reduction from baseline in the worst skin pain numerical rating scale (VELA-1: 48.4%, VELA-2: 44.3%; as observed, in patients with baseline worst skin pain score of ≥3, n=241).

In June 2026, we presented an interim analysis of the VELA-TEEN clinical trial (M1095-HS-304) based on the latest available data. The data showed rapid onset and high response rates in adolescent patients with HS. At week 24, ~68% of patients treated with SLK achieved HiSCR75, alongside ~86% achieving HiSCR50 and ~45% achieving HiSCR100 (as observed, n=22). HiSCR75 rates in VELA‑TEEN were higher than those observed in the adult VELA program at comparable time points, indicating a pronounced clinical response in adolescent patients with earlier stage disease. SLK was generally well tolerated in this vulnerable patient population, and no new safety signals were observed. We expect to announce final topline results from the VELA-TEEN clinical trial in the second half of 2026.

The VELA trials are followed by an open-label extension for up to two years (the VELA-OLE trial (M1095-HS-303)).

The comparisons above to results reported in other sponsors' clinical programs, and between our own trials, are not based on head-to-head studies. Differences in trial design, patient populations, endpoints, analysis methods, timing and trial conduct may materially affect the comparability of these results, and regulators, physicians, payors and investors may weigh or interpret them differently than we do.

PsA Trials

In August 2026, we announced positive results from an analysis of the week 16 primary endpoint in the IZAR-1 trial (M1095-PSA-301) which met all clinical endpoints at week 16 for 60 mg SLK. 42.1% of biologic-naïve patients treated with SLK 60 mg with induction achieved an American College of Rheumatology 50 (ACR50) response at week 16, the primary endpoint of the trial. In addition, SLK demonstrated strong efficacy across multiple disease domains characteristic of PsA. Across key secondary clinical endpoints, 66.5% of patients achieved an American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) response, and 41.2% achieved Minimal Disease Activity (MDA). In patients with concomitant skin involvement, 61% achieved a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index 90 (PASI90) response. Patients treated with SLK also demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported and physical outcomes. Mean change from baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was -0.427, while improvements were observed in SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) with a score of 6.54. Consistent with the unblinding protocol defined with the FDA, topline disclosure at week 16 included absolute response levels and endpoint outcomes for the SLK 60 mg with induction arm. Comparative analyses versus placebo and detailed treatment arm data remain blinded until completion of the trial.

We expect to complete enrollment for the IZAR-2 trial (M1095-PSA-302) in the third quarter of 2026. In addition, we expect results of the P-OLARIS trial (M1095-snSpA-202) to become available at the end of 2026 or early 2027.

PPP Trials

We expect to commence enrollment for the Phase 3 NOVA trial (M1095-PPP-301) in the second half of 2026.

Financial Summary

We do not have any product candidates approved for commercial sale, and we have not generated any revenue from product sales. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of SLK in one or more indications. We expect to continue to incur substantial expenses and operating losses for at least the next two years as we continue the development of SLK and prepare for commercial launches. We expect that operating losses will fluctuate notably from year to year depending on the timing of our planned clinical development programs, efforts to achieve regulatory approval, and planned marketing and sales expenditures to support a commercial launch.

As of June 30, 2026, we had $537.0 million of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term marketable securities. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our operations and capital expenditures to mid-2028.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. If our development efforts for SLK are successful and result in regulatory approval or new license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales or milestone payments. However, there can be no assurance as to when we will generate such revenue, if at all.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including third-party license fees and efforts relating to the development of SLK. We expense research and development costs as incurred, which include:

•employee-related expenses, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation, and other related costs for those employees involved in research and development efforts;

•external research and development expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations as well as consultants that conduct our research program and development services;

•costs incurred under collaboration agreements;

•costs related to manufacturing material for our research program, clinical studies, and pre-launch inventory;

•costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and

•facilities, depreciation and other allocated expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent, utilities, and insurance.

We estimate research and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, contract research organizations, and contract manufacturing organizations that conduct and manage research studies and clinical trials on our behalf based on actual time and expenses incurred by them or probable achievement of milestone events that are associated with contractually agreed milestone payments.

We account for advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the services have been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

We do not allocate employee costs, facilities costs, including depreciation, or other indirect costs to specific programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We use internal resources primarily for managing our research program, clinical development, and manufacturing activities.

We expect to incur considerable research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development and manufacturing partnerships for SLK, conduct research activities and potentially expand our pipeline by pursuing additional indications for SLK or including new product candidates in our portfolio. We cannot determine with certainty the timing of initiation, the duration, or the completion costs of current or future research studies and clinical trials of SLK due to the inherently unpredictable nature of research activities and clinical development. Clinical development timelines, the probability of success and the development costs can differ materially from expectations. We anticipate that we will make determinations as to which indications to pursue and how much funding to direct to each indication on an ongoing basis in response to the results of ongoing and future research studies and clinical trials, regulatory developments, and our ongoing assessments as to each indication’s commercial potential.

Any changes in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of SLK could mean a notable change in the costs and timing associated with its development. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for SLK. We may obtain unexpected results from our clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify clinical trials or focus on other product candidates. For example, if the FDA, the EMA, or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of SLK’s clinical development.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expense (“G&A”) consists primarily of employee related costs, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation and other related costs for our executive and administrative functions. G&A expense also includes professional services, including legal, accounting and audit services, and other consulting fees, as well as facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, insurance and other general administrative expenses.

Based on our strategy, there are a number of factors that we expect will impact the level of research and development expenses, G&A expenses, and capital expenditures incurred by the business.

These factors include:

•Completing the development of SLK in our current focus indications, HS, PsA, axSpA and PPP — We expect to incur considerable research and development expenses and G&A expenses as we: (i) conduct clinical trials for SLK including the ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials in PsA and adolescent HS, the ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial in PsA, potential future Phase 3 clinical trials in PPP and axSpA, the ongoing open-label extension trials in HS, and potential future clinical trials of SLK in other indications; (ii) attract, hire and retain additional clinical, scientific, quality control, and administrative personnel; and (iii) add clinical, operational, financial and management information systems and personnel.

•Strengthening the differentiation elements for future SLK patients — In parallel with our clinical trials, we expect to incur additional research expenditures as we conduct non-clinical research to continue refining our understanding of SLK/Nanobody biology and the potential impact in our selected and other therapeutic indications.

•Preparing for commercialization of SLK — We have started preparing the BLA to seek approval of SLK in the United States in HS and adolescent HS. We expect to incur significant research and development and G&A expenses in this process, as we make milestone and commercial payments under the In-License Agreement, dated April 29, 2021, by and between MoonLake AG and MHKDG (the “In-License Agreement”) (based on regulatory filing acceptances, first commercial sales, and aggregate annual net sales) and as we establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize SLK including further establishing a presence in the United States. We expect to submit the BLA at the end of the third quarter of 2026 and, subject to FDA approval, we expect a commercial launch in the United States in the second half of 2027.

•Building our manufacturing capabilities — We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities, and currently have no plans to establish any. We partner with third-party CMOs for both drug substance and finished drug product. We obtain our supplies from these manufacturers based on purchase orders. Therefore, we expect to incur research and development costs for the purchase of our supplies on an as needed basis to conduct our clinical trials. We have executed technology transfers for drug substance and drug product to commercial scale CMOs, and we have successfully manufactured Process Performance Qualification batches, but we may pursue additional technology transfers and process improvements. This is designed to allow us to scale up while SLK is in clinical development and advance potential commercial requirements. The improvement of our manufacturing capabilities will be important in driving efficiency, maintaining high standards of quality control, and ensuring that investigators, physicians, and patients have adequate access to our product candidates, if approved. We began stock-piling drug substance as pre-launch inventory during the third quarter of 2025 and expect to continue doing so throughout the rest of 2026.

•Deepening our intellectual property portfolio to support our Nanobody technology and product candidates — We expect to continue to incur additional research and development expenditures as we continue extending our global intellectual property portfolio consisting of patents and patent applications, trade secrets, trademarks, and know-how to protect the product candidates developed from our Nanobody technology. We plan to expand our intellectual property portfolio as we continue to advance and develop existing product candidates.

•Broadening our portfolio — We believe that there are other indications beyond HS, PsA, axSpA and PPP where SLK has the potential to represent a differentiated therapeutic alternative and we may initiate clinical trials of SLK in such other indications. In addition, to further enhance our overall potential and provide increased optionality, we may supplement our current strategy with the in-licensing or acquisition of additional product candidates for clinical development (beyond SLK), rather than discovering such candidates ourselves, which would lead to additional research and development expenses, G&A expenses, and capital expenditures.

•Granting share-based compensation awards and vesting of existing plans — We expect to continue to grant awards to selected employees, directors and non-employees pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”). Further, we expect to continue to incur share-based compensation charges in connection with this plan.

We also expect to incur additional IT, legal, accounting, leasing, and other expenses as we continue to grow our business. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, depending on the timing of our clinical trials and our expenditures on other research and development and commercialization activities.

We expect our existing cash and cash equivalents to be sufficient to advance the development of SLK in multiple indications, including the completion of all ongoing clinical trials and our planned Phase 3 clinical trial of SLK in PPP, to submit a BLA for SLK, and to support a first commercial launch of SLK in the United States, if approved. Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with uncertain outcomes and is subject to risks described in Item 1A. Risk Factors, in our Annual Report, including that our non-clinical studies or clinical trials may not be conducted as planned or completed on schedule and may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA, EMA, or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. If we are required to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials of SLK beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are delayed or unable to successfully complete clinical trials of SLK or other testing, or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may require additional funding. Moreover, we may require additional capital to commercialize SLK and to discover, develop, obtain regulatory approval and commercialize any future product candidates, as applicable. We expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity, additional debt, or product collaborations. Additional capital may not be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms, if at all. The current market environment for small biotechnology companies, like us, and broader macroeconomic factors may preclude us from successfully raising additional capital.

If we do not raise additional capital, we may not be able to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, our business and financial condition will be negatively impacted and we may need to: significantly delay, scale back or discontinue research and discovery efforts and the development or commercialization of SLK or any other product candidates or cease operations altogether; seek strategic alliances for research and development programs when we otherwise would not, or at an earlier stage than we would otherwise desire or on terms less favorable than might otherwise be available; or relinquish, or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or SLK or any other product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves.

Foreign Currency

Our functional currency is the United States dollar. Balances and transactions denominated in foreign currencies are converted as follows: monetary assets and liabilities are translated using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates and non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates. Income and expenses are translated at the daily exchange rate on the respective transaction date.

Gains or losses from foreign currency translations are included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in “Other income, net”. We recognized a net foreign currency transaction loss of $294 thousand for the three months ended June 30, 2026, a net foreign currency transaction loss of $238 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2026, and a foreign currency transaction gain of $378 thousand and $343 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025


(in thousands, except percentages)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2026		Three Months Ended June 30, 2025		Change		Change %

Operating expenses
Research and development	$	(50,221)	$	(49,762)	$	(459)	0.9	%
General and administrative	(11,439)		(10,936)		(503)		4.6	%
Total operating expenses	(61,660)		(60,698)		(962)		1.6	%
Operating loss	(61,660)		(60,698)		(962)		1.6	%



Interest expense	(2,632)		(2,037)		(595)		29.2	%
Other income, net	2,577		6,779		(4,201)		(62.0)	%
Loss before income tax	(61,715)		(55,956)		(5,758)		10.3	%

Income tax expense	(90)		(95)		4		(5.3)	%
Net loss	(61,805)		(56,051)		(5,754)		10.3	%

Net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities and short-term investments	16		(1,908)		1,924		(100.8)	%

Actuarial gain on employee benefit plans	292		13		279		2,146.2	%
Other comprehensive income (loss)	308		(1,895)		2,203		(116.3)	%
Comprehensive loss	$	(61,497)	$	(57,946)	$	(3,551)	6.1	%

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were $50.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $49.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The increase of $0.5 million, or 0.9%, is primarily related to an increase of $3.7 million in expenses pertaining to clinical development trials with CROs, including the Phase 3 IZAR program in PsA and startup activities for the Phase 3 NOVA program in PPP, and an increase of $0.5 million in other research and development fees. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $3.3 million in manufacturing, supply and logistics expenses through CMOs, primarily reflecting the net impact of lower clinical supply costs following the completion of certain clinical programs. The remaining offsetting decrease was driven by a decrease of $0.8 million in advisory and consulting expenses.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses were $11.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $10.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The increase of $0.5 million, or 4.6%, is primarily related to an increase of $1.1 million in marketing and communications expenses related to pre-commercial activities. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $0.9 million in other general and administrative expenses.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $2.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The increase of $0.6 million, or 29.2%, is related to additional recognized interest on the First Amended Loan and Security Agreement (as defined below) and drawdown of a second debt tranche earlier in 2026.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net was $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $6.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The decrease of $4.2 million, or (62.0)%, is primarily related to a decrease of $3.6 million in realized interest on cash held in bank and cash investments in short-term marketable debt securities and a decrease of $0.9 million in net realized currency gains.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive income was $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to other comprehensive loss of $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The decrease in other comprehensive loss of $2.2 million, or (116.3)%, is primarily related to the unrealized gains from investments in short-term marketable debt securities recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income during the three months ended June 30, 2026.

Comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025


(in thousands, except percentages)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025		Change		Change %

Operating expenses
Research and development	$	(104,736)	$	(86,221)	$	(18,515)	21.5	%
General and administrative	(26,949)		(21,962)		(4,987)		22.7	%
Total operating expenses	(131,685)		(108,183)		(23,502)		21.7	%
Operating loss	(131,685)		(108,183)		(23,502)		21.7	%



Interest expense	(4,901)		(2,056)		(2,845)		138.4	%
Other income, net	5,786		13,876		(8,091)		(58.3)	%
Loss before income tax	(130,800)		(96,363)		(34,437)		35.7	%

Income tax expense	(713)		(248)		(465)		187.5	%
Net loss	(131,513)		(96,611)		(34,902)		36.1	%

Net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities and short-term investments	94		(4,664)		4,758		(102.0)	%

Actuarial gain (loss) on employee benefit plans	(68)		108		(175)		(163.0)	%
Other comprehensive income (loss)	26		(4,556)		4,582		(100.6)	%
Comprehensive loss	$	(131,487)	$	(101,167)	$	(30,320)	30.0	%

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were $104.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $86.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The increase of $18.5 million, or 21.5%, is primarily related to an increase of $8.2 million in expenses pertaining to clinical development trials with CROs, driven by higher costs from the Phase 3 IZAR program in PsA, partially offset by lower costs from the Phase 3 VELA program in HS, an increase of $7.0 million in share-based compensation and personnel-related costs to support research and development efforts, of which $6.3 million is a result of accelerated expense recognition due to a voluntary cancellation of unvested awards, and an increase of $3.2 million in manufacturing, supply and logistics expenses through CMOs, which is primarily related to the production of stockpiled pre-launch inventory. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $0.6 million in consulting expenses.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses were $26.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $22.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The increase of $5.0 million, or 22.7%, is primarily related to an increase of $6.1 million in share-based compensation and personnel-related costs, of which $4.8 million is a result of accelerated expense recognition due to a voluntary cancellation of unvested awards, and an increase of $1.3 million in

marketing and communications expenses related to pre-commercial activities. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $2.5 million in legal and advisory expenses.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $4.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $2.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The increase of $2.8 million, or 138.4%, is related to additional recognized interest on the First Amended Loan and Security Agreement and drawdown of a second debt tranche earlier in 2026.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net was $5.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $13.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The decrease of $8.1 million, or (58.3)%, is primarily related to a decrease of $7.9 million in realized interest on cash held in bank and cash investments in short-term marketable debt securities and a decrease of $0.9 million in net realized currency gains.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive income was $26 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to other comprehensive loss of $4.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The decrease in other comprehensive loss of $4.6 million, or (100.6)%, is primarily related to the unrealized gains from investments in short-term marketable debt securities recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have no products approved for commercial sale, have not generated any revenue from product sales, and cannot guarantee when or if we will generate any revenue from product sales.

We expect our expenses and capital requirements to remain consistent with our current spending levels as we continue to:

•contract with third parties, including CROs and CMOs, to support the clinical trials of SLK, including trials in HS, PsA, adolescent HS, PPP and axSpA, and to produce pre-launch inventory;

•conduct other research and development activities related to SLK;

•prepare for regulatory filing and commercialization of SLK;

•attract, hire and retain additional management, scientific and administrative personnel;

•maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio, including patents, trade secrets and know how;

•implement operational, financial and management information systems; and

•operate as a public company.

For the six months ended June 30, 2026, we incurred a loss of $131.5 million, which includes non-cash items such as share-based compensation expense of $15.9 million, and cash outflow from operations of $121.8 million. As of June 30, 2026, we had a total of $537.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities. Based on our current operating plan, we believe our available cash, cash equivalents, and short-term marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements to mid-2028.

We expect to incur notable expenses and operating losses for at least the next two years, assuming we continue the clinical development of, and seek regulatory approval for, SLK, and as we invest in its commercial launch. It is expected that operating losses will fluctuate significantly from year-to-year due to the timing of clinical development programs, efforts to achieve regulatory approval, and sales and marketing efforts. We may require additional funding to bring our product candidate to market and support our continuing operations. In addition, with a change in the presidential administration in 2025, there has been an economic policy shift towards increasing tariffs, which in turn has led and could lead to further retaliatory tariffs. These may have the potential to impact expenses as well as our ability to,

if ever, generate revenue or maintain profitability. Until such time that we can generate significant revenue from product sales or other sources, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings, or other capital sources, which may include income from collaborations, strategic partnerships, or marketing, distribution, licensing or other strategic arrangements with third parties, or from grants. If we are unable to acquire additional capital or resources, we will be required to modify our operational plans to fund our operating expense requirements. Refer to “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Business, Financial Condition, and Results of Operations” in Item 1A. of our Annual Report for further details related to the risk of raising additional capital to fund our operations.

Term Loan Facility

In March 2025, we entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Original Loan and Security Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) and certain of its affiliates (collectively with Hercules, the “Lenders”) for an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million, of which $300.0 million was fully committed subject to achievement of milestones (the “Original Credit Facility”). An initial tranche of $75.0 million (the “Tranche 1 Loan”) was funded under the Loan and Security Agreement on March 31, 2025 (the “Closing Date”).

On February 20, 2026 (the “Amendment Closing Date”), we executed the First Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement (the “First Amended Loan and Security Agreement” and, together with the Original Loan and Security Agreement, the “Loan and Security Agreement”) with, among others, Hercules, as administrative and collateral agent for the Lenders, which amended the Original Loan and Security Agreement. The Loan and Security Agreement provides for six non-dilutive senior secured term loan facilities in the aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million (the “Amended Credit Facility” and, together with the Original Credit Facility, the “Credit Facility”). A second tranche (the “Tranche 2 Loan”) in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million was fully funded on the Amendment Closing Date. In addition to the Tranche 1 Loan and Tranche 2 Loan, the Credit Facility provides for additional tranches as follows:

a.Subject to our announcement that the IZAR-1 and IZAR-2 Phase 3 studies of SLK in patients with active psoriatic arthritis each achieved their protocol-specified primary endpoint and that the efficacy and safety data available together support the planned commercialization strategy and outlook of our Company (the “Tranche 3 Milestone”), a third tranche with additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million, available on the Tranche 3 Milestone achievement date through the earlier of (i) 60 days following such date and (ii) March 15, 2027,

b.Subject to our announcement that the VELA-1 and VELA-2 Phase 3 studies of SLK in adult patients with moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa each demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements across the 52-week endpoints with SLK having demonstrated an acceptable safety profile, which together support (x) the planned commercialization strategy and outlook of our Company and (y) the filing of the BLA for SLK with the FDA (together, the “Tranche 4 HS Milestone”), and immediately prior to the advance of a fourth tranche, we have closed the previous 10 consecutive trading days with a market capitalization of at least $1,500.0 million; provided that, the first trading day tested cannot be prior to the public announcement of the Tranche 4 HS Milestone (collectively with the Tranche 4 HS Milestone, the “Amended Tranche 4 Milestone”), this fourth tranche with additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million, available on the Amended Tranche 4 Milestone achievement date through the earlier of (i) 60 days following the achievement of the Tranche 4 HS Milestone and (ii) December 15, 2026,

c.Subject to our achievement of the Tranche 4 HS Milestone and the FDA’s approval of our submission of a BLA for SLK (the “Approval Milestone”) (collectively, the “Tranche 5 Milestone”), a fifth tranche with additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million, available on the Tranche 5 Milestone achievement date through the earlier of (i) 60 days following such date and (ii) December 15, 2027, and

d.Subject to approval by the Lenders’ in their discretion, a sixth tranche of additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $200.0 million.

In June 2026, we achieved the Tranche 4 HS Milestone.

For each trading day since July 3, 2026, we have closed the previous 10 consecutive trading days following the achievement of the Tranche 4 HS Milestone with a market capitalization of at least $1,500.0 million. Therefore, we have achieved the Amended Tranche 4 Milestone and a fourth tranche with additional term loans is available to us until August 20, 2026 (provided that we maintain the Amended Tranche 4 Milestone market capitalization limit for 10 consecutive trading days prior to funding).

The Amended Credit Facility matures on April 1, 2030 (the “Maturity Date”) and bears interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of (i) prime rate as reported in The Wall Street Journal plus 1.45% and (ii) 8.45% with the initial interest rate equal to 8.95%. As of June 30, 2026, the Amended Credit Facility bears interest at 8.45%. This rate is subject to a 0.25% reduction upon achievement of the Approval Milestone. Certain additional commitment and undrawn amount fees are also payable in connection with the Amended Credit Facility.

The Amended Credit Facility does not provide for scheduled amortization payments during the term. All principal will be due on the Maturity Date. We may, at our option at any time, prepay all loans under the Amended Credit Facility by paying the principal balance, plus accrued and unpaid interest, subject to (i) a prepayment premium equal to a range of 0.0% to 2.0% and (ii) an end of term charge equal to a range of 4.25% to 6.95%, each based on when the prepayment occurs. If the Amended Credit Facility is repaid in full as a result of a change of our control, the prepayment premium shall be waived.

The First Amended Loan and Security Agreement allows for us to satisfy a portion of the cash interest payments by capitalizing such interest payments as payment-in-kind (“PIK”). No PIK interest relating to the term loans has been recorded and included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2026.

The First Amended Loan and Security Agreement contains customary covenants, such as financial covenants and certain events of default after which loans under the Amended Credit Facility may be due and payable immediately. We were in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2026.

All obligations under the First Amended Loan and Security Agreement are secured on a first-priority basis, subject to certain exceptions, by security interests in substantially all of our assets and our material subsidiaries, including our intellectual property, and are guaranteed by our material subsidiaries, including foreign subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions.

We are permitted to use the proceeds of the Amended Credit Facility for working capital and general corporate purposes of us and our subsidiaries.

Equity Offerings

At-the-Market Offerings

On August 31, 2023, we entered into a Sales Agreement with Leerink Partners (the “Sales Agreement”) through which we could issue and sell up to $350.0 million of our Class A Ordinary Shares (the “ATM Shares”), through Leerink Partners as our sales agent. The ATM Shares to be sold under the Sales Agreement are issued and sold pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274286), which was declared effective by the SEC on September 11, 2023, and a prospectus supplement thereto filed with the SEC on August 31, 2023. As of June 30, 2026, there was $213.8 million remaining for future sales under the Sales Agreement.

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, we sold 2,427,619 Class A Ordinary Shares under the Sales Agreement at a weighted average share price of $18.55, for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $44.3 million, after deducting sales agent's commissions and transaction costs. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, there were no sales under the Sales Agreement.

November 2025 Public Offering of Class A Ordinary Shares

On November 5, 2025, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Leerink Partners as the underwriter, to issue and sell 7,142,857 Class A Ordinary Shares at a public offering price of $10.50 per share (the “2025 Offering”). The 2025 Offering closed on November 6, 2025, and net proceeds were $72.4 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses in the amount of $2.6 million.

June 2026 Public Offering of Class A Ordinary Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Over-Allotment Option

On June 23, 2026, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Leerink Partners, as representative of the underwriters, to issue and sell 9,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a public offering price of $20.00 per share (“2026 Offering Price”), and, in lieu of Class A Ordinary Shares to certain investors, pre-funded warrants (“Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a public offering price of $19.9999 per Pre-Funded Warrant (the “2026 Offering”). The 2026 Offering closed on June 25, 2026, and net proceeds were $189.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses in the amount of $10.2 million.

In connection with the 2026 Offering, we also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 1,500,000 additional Class A Ordinary Shares at the 2026 Offering Price less underwriting discounts and commissions (“Over-Allotment Option”). As of June 30, 2026, the Over-Allotment Option had not been exercised.

On July 10, 2026, the underwriters exercised in full the Over-Allotment Option in connection with our 2026 Offering. The transaction closed on July 14, 2026. The gross proceeds from the exercise of the Over-Allotment Option were $30 million, before deducting any underwriting discounts and other offering expenses.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated.


(in thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2026		Six Months Ended June 30, 2025		Change		Change %
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(121,844)	$	(92,670)	$	(29,174)	31.5	%
Net cash provided by investing activities	420		144,500		(144,080)		(99.7)	%
Net cash provided by financing activities	265,266		73,122		192,144		262.8	%
Effect of movements in exchange rates on cash held	(454)		1,303		(1,757)		(134.8)	%
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	143,388	$	126,255	$	17,133	13.6	%

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

We did not generate any cash inflows from our operating activities. Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly influenced by our use of cash for operating expenses and working capital requirements, and we have historically experienced negative cash flows from operating activities as we invested in clinical research and related development.

Net cash used in operating activities was $121.8 million and $92.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase of net cash used in operating activities of $29.2 million was primarily driven by the increase in net loss of $34.9 million adjusted for non-cash items of $12.6 million. The remaining change of $6.9 million was related to the timing of receipts and payments in the ordinary course of business.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, net cash provided by investing activities was $0.4 million, consisting predominantly of $118.2 million in proceeds received from maturities of short-term marketable debt securities with original maturities longer than three months, largely offset by $117.8 million related to the purchase of short-term marketable debt securities. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was $144.5 million, consisting predominantly of $350.7 million in proceeds received from maturities of short-term marketable debt securities with original maturities longer than three months, partially offset by $206.2 million related to the purchase of short-term marketable debt securities.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, net cash provided by financing activities was $265.3 million consisting primarily of $189.8 million in net proceeds from the shares sold under the 2026 Offering, $50.3 million in net proceeds from the shares sold under the Sales Agreement, $24.5 million in net proceeds from the First Amended Loan and Security Agreement and drawdown of a second debt tranche and $0.7 million in net proceeds from the options exercised under the Equity Incentive Plan. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $73.1 million consisting primarily of $73.0 million in net proceeds from the Original Loan and Security Agreement.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following summarizes our significant contractual obligations and other obligations as of June 30, 2026, which we generally expect to satisfy with cash on hand and the maturity of short-term marketable debt securities:


(in thousands)	Total		Less than 1 year		1 to 5 Years		More than 5 years

Purchase obligations(1)	$	172,126	$	116,612	$	55,514	$	—
Lease commitments(2)	2,150		1,334		816		—
Long-term debt obligations(3)	139,107		7,863		131,244		—
Total contractual obligations	$	313,383	$	125,809	$	187,574	$	—

____________

(1) Purchase obligations refer to an agreement to purchase goods or services that is enforceable and legally binding on the Company that specifies all significant terms. The figures presented primarily relate to contractual commitments towards contract manufacturing and contract research organizations.

(2) We have committed ourselves to six leases, with terms that commenced on November 1, 2021, October 9, 2023, October 13, 2023, January 15, 2024, September 8, 2024 and June 1, 2026. These future lease commitments relate to the office leases for our headquarters in Zug, Switzerland, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Porto, Portugal, and New Jersey, United States and reflect minimum payments due.

(3) We have committed ourselves to a long-term debt obligation, with a term that commenced on March 31, 2025. This debt obligation relates to the First Amended Loan and Security Agreement and reflects the expected payments due, including principal repayment, interest payments, and an end of loan term charge.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

A summary of our critical accounting policies and estimates is presented in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report. There were no material changes to our critical accounting estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for more information about recent accounting pronouncements, the timing of their adoption, and our assessment, to the extent it has been made, of their potential impact on our financial condition and our results of operations and cash flows.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

As of June 30, 2026, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term marketable securities of $537.0 million, which consist primarily of bank deposits and certificates of deposit. The investments in these financial instruments are made in accordance with an investment policy which specifies the categories, allocations and ratings of securities permissible for investment. The primary objective of the investment activities is non-trading related and instead to preserve principal as well as to maximize income received without significantly increasing risk.

To minimize any inherent market risk, we maintain a diverse and highly liquid portfolio which includes cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investment securities available-for-sale in a variety of securities including certificates of deposit and commercial papers, all with various maturity dates. The fair value of the cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments would not be significantly affected by either an increase or decrease in interest rates due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Since they are classified as “available-for-sale”, no gains or losses are recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are due to credit losses. We have the ability to hold all such investments until maturity. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material effect on our financial results or financial condition as of June 30, 2026.

As of June 30, 2026, we had $99.5 million in variable rate debt outstanding. The Tranche 1 Loan and the Tranche 2 Loan, which together have a principal balance of $100.0 million and mature in April 2030, are subject to interest-only monthly payments. The outstanding loans bear interest at a floating rate equal to 8.45% as of June 30, 2026, calculated as the greater of: (i) the prime rate as reported in the Wall Street Journal plus 1.45% and (ii) 8.45%. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rate during any of the periods presented would not have had a material effect on our financial results or financial condition as of June 30, 2026.

We do not hold or issue derivatives, derivative commodity instruments or other financial instruments for speculative trading purposes.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

As of June 30, 2026, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) prior to the filing of this Quarterly Report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of June 30, 2026, the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In May 2026, we implemented a new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system, impacting our finance and procurement processes. As a result of the ERP system implementation, certain internal controls over financial reporting have been automated, modified, or newly designed to address the new control environment associated with the ERP system. Additionally, we completed pre-implementation and post-implementation internal control monitoring associated with the system launch.

Except as noted above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the three months ended June 30, 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Lastly, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us due to defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity, reputational harm and other factors, and there can be no assurances that favorable outcomes will be obtained.

On October 17, 2025, a putative class action captioned Peters v. MoonLake Immunotherapeutics, et al., Case No. 1:25-cv-8612 (the “Peters Action”) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court”), naming the Company, its Chief Executive Officer, and its Chief Financial Officer as defendants. The Peters Action is purportedly brought on behalf of a class of all investors who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares from March 10, 2024 through September 29, 2025 (the “Class Period”). The complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), based on allegedly false or misleading statements related to the clinical benefits and prospects of Sonelokimab. A substantially identical action captioned Bridgewood v. MoonLake Immunotherapeutics, et al., Case No. 1:25‑cv‑08500 (the “Bridgewood Action” and, together with the Peters Action, the “Class Actions”), was filed in the same court on October 15, 2025 and voluntarily dismissed without prejudice by the plaintiff on October 22, 2025.

On January 6, 2026, the Court appointed lead plaintiff and lead counsel. On April 16, 2026, lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint naming the Company, its Chief Executive Officer, its Chief Financial Officer, and its Chief Scientific Officer as defendants. The amended complaint covers the same Class Period and asserts substantially similar claims under the Exchange Act as the earlier complaints in the Class Actions. On June 16, 2026, defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint. The motion remains pending.

The defendants deny the allegations of wrongdoing in the Class Actions and intend to vigorously defend against the claims. The Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome of the Peters Action and therefore cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss, if any, that may result from the lawsuit.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Any of the risks described in our Annual Report are factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in this Quarterly Report. Any of these factors could result in a significant or material adverse effect upon our business, results of operations or financial condition. Additional risk factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, results of operations or financial condition. Except as described below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors that we included in our Annual Report. We may make changes to such risk factors or disclose additional risk factors from time to time in our future filings with the SEC.

Geopolitical events and global economic conditions, such as public health crises, the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, could seriously and adversely affect our preclinical studies and ongoing and anticipated clinical trials, business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of global economic conditions, including new or increased tariffs imposed by the United States government and potential retaliatory measures by foreign governments and other barriers to trade, especially in light of recent executive orders made by the presidential administration, trade and other international disputes, inflation and fluctuating interest rates, slower growth or recession, tighter credit, volatility in financial markets, high unemployment, labor availability constraints, public health crises, significant natural disasters, including as a result of climate change, changes to fiscal and monetary policy or government budget dynamics, particularly in the pharmaceutical and biotech areas, political and military conflict, including the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, we may in the future experience disruptions that could seriously harm our business. For example, in early April 2026, the U.S. Administration issued a proclamation under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 determining that imports of certain pharmaceutical products, including patented pharmaceuticals, associated active pharmaceutical ingredients and related materials could threaten U.S. national security and authorized the imposition of tariffs of up to 100% on covered imports, beginning July 31, 2026 (the “Pharmaceutical Tariffs”). Imports of certain listed products from specific partner countries, including South Korea and the European Union, may be subject to reduced tariff rates. Certain tariff exemptions or zero-rate treatment may be available for products where all approved indications are designated as orphan, subject to applicable determinations, conditions and implementation guidance. There remains substantial uncertainty as to the implementation and potential impacts of such tariffs, the duration of existing tariffs, tariff levels, and whether additional tariffs or other retaliatory actions may be imposed, modified or suspended. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in February 2026 that certain tariffs imposed by the U.S. federal government under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act exceeded presidential authority and therefore are invalid. However, tariffs imposed under different statutes (including the Pharmaceutical Tariffs, if implemented) were not directly impacted by the decision and therefore remain in place.

Other potential disruptions include but are not limited to: delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in, initiating or expanding our clinical trials, including delays or difficulties with clinical site initiation and recruiting clinical site investigators and clinical site staff; increased rates of patients withdrawing from our clinical trials following enrollment as a result of certain health conditions or being forced to quarantine; interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site data monitoring and efficacy, safety and translational data collection, processing and analyses, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by federal, state or local governments, employers and others or interruptions of clinical trial subject visits, which may impact the collection and integrity of subject data and clinical trial endpoints; diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of our clinical trials; delays or disruptions in preclinical experiments and IND-enabling studies due to restrictions of on-site staff and unforeseen circumstances at CROs and vendors; interruption or delays in the operations of the FDA, EMA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities including delays in receiving approval from local regulatory authorities to initiate our planned clinical trials; interruption of, or delays in receiving, supplies of SLK from our CMOs due to staffing shortages, raw materials shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages and disruptions in delivery systems; and limitations on employee or other resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our clinical trials and preclinical work, including because of sickness of employees or their families, the desire of employees to avoid travel or contact with large groups of people, an increased reliance on working from home, school closures or mass transit disruptions.

Geopolitical events and global economic conditions may also affect the ability of the FDA, EMA, and other regulatory authorities to perform routine functions. If such concerns prevent the FDA, EMA, or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA, EMA, or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

MoonLake Immunotherapeutics

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement

On August 3, 2026, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (the "Second Amendment") with Hercules Capital, Inc., as administrative and collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto, amending the Loan and Security Agreement. The Second Amendment, among other things, (i) increased the permitted debt basket for cash-secured letter of credit reimbursement obligations from $1.0 million to $3.0 million, together with corresponding changes to the permitted liens and excluded accounts provisions and (ii) with respect to its U.S. chief executive office, increased the threshold for obtaining a landlord waiver from $1.0 million to $3.5 million. The Second Amendment did not modify the principal amount, interest rate, maturity date or financial covenants under the Loan and Security Agreement.

A copy of the Second Amendment is filed as Exhibit 10.4 and is incorporated herein by reference. The foregoing description of the Second Amendment does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such exhibit.

Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, none of the directors or Section 16 officers of the Company adopted or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement”, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


No.						Description of Exhibit
3.1						Memorandum and Articles of Association of MoonLake Immunotherapeutics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 11, 2022)
10.1*#						Capacity Agreement, entered into on May 22, 2026, by and between MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG and Vetter Pharma International GmbH
10.2*#						Master Commercial Supply Agreement dated May 22, 2026, by and among MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG and Vetter Pharma International GmbH
10.3+						MoonLake Immunotherapeutics Amended and Restated 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 9, 2026)
10.4*						Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated August 3, 2026, by and among the Company, MoonLake AG, the Lenders party thereto and Hercules Capital, Inc.
31.1*						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*						Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1**						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2**						Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*						Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104*						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished.

+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

# Portions of the Exhibit have been omitted because they are both (i) customarily and actually treated as private and confidential and (ii) not material.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

MOONLAKE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS

/s/ Dr. Jorge Santos da Silva

Date:

August 10, 2026

Name:

Dr. Jorge Santos da Silva

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Matthias Bodenstedt

Date:

August 10, 2026