(3) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the separate performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of the revenue associated with performance obligations as they are satisfied. The Company applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price based on the estimated relative standalone-selling prices of the promised products or services underlying each performance obligation. The Company determines standalone-selling prices based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone-selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates the standalone-selling price considering available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

When determining the transaction price of a contract, an adjustment is made if payment from a customer occurs either significantly before or significantly after performance, resulting in a significant financing component. Applying the practical expedient in paragraph ASC 606-10-32-18, the Company does not assess whether a significant financing component exists if the period between when the Company performs its obligations under the contract and when the customer pays is one year or less. The Company did not have any contracts outstanding at December 31, 2025 and did not enter into any contracts during the six months ended June 30, 2026 that contained a significant financing component.

The Company records deferred revenue for product sales when (i) the Company has delivered products, but other revenue recognition criteria have not been satisfied, or (ii) payments have been received in advance of the completion of required performance obligations.

Thermal Barriers

The Company supplies fabricated, multi-part thermal barriers for use in battery packs in the EV market. These thermal barriers are customized to meet customer specifications. Although thermal barrier products are customized with no alternative use to the Company, the Company does not always have an enforceable right to payment. Under the provisions of ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when transfer of the control of the products is passed to the customer according to the terms of the contract, including under bill and hold arrangements. The timing of revenue recognition is assessed on a contract-by-contract basis.

Energy Industrial

The Company generally enters into contracts containing one type of performance obligation. For a majority of the contracts, the Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when transfer of control of the products is passed to the customer, which is generally upon delivery according to contractual shipping terms within customer purchase orders. For a limited number of customer arrangements for customized products with no alternative use to the Company and an enforceable right to payment for progress completed to date, the Company recognizes revenue over time using units of production to measure progress toward satisfying the performance obligations. Units of production represent work performed as the Company does not generate significant work in process and thereby best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Customer invoicing terms for contracts for which revenue is recognized under the over time methodology are typically based on certain milestones within the production and delivery schedule. The timing of revenue recognition is assessed on a contract-by-contract basis.

The Company also enters into rebate agreements with certain customers. These agreements may be considered an additional performance obligation of the Company or variable consideration within a contract. Rebates are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period the related revenue is recognized. A corresponding liability is recorded as a component of deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets. These arrangements are primarily based on the customer attaining contractually specified sales volumes.

The Company estimates the amount of its sales that may be returned by its customers and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates return liabilities using trailing historical rates of return, current quarter credit sales, and specific items of exposure on a contract-by-contract basis. Sales return reserves were approximately $0.3 million as of each of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as fulfillment costs and are included in the cost of product revenue. The associated amount of revenue recognized includes the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for incurring these shipping and handling costs.

Disaggregation of Revenue

Contract Balances

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company recognized $1.3 million of revenue that was included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2025.

A contract asset is recorded when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service and has earned the right to consideration from its customer. When there is a conditional right to consideration, these items are included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. When there is an unconditional right to consideration, these items are included within accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

A contract liability is recorded when consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services under the terms of the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue after control of the products or services is transferred to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria have been met.