The NI Holdings, Inc. 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) is designed to promote the interests of the Company and its shareholders by aiding the Company in attracting and retaining employees, officers, consultants, independent contractors, advisors, and non-employee directors capable of assuring the future success of the Company, to offer such persons incentives to put forth maximum efforts for the success of the Company’s business and to afford such persons an opportunity to acquire an ownership interest in the Company, thereby aligning the interests of such persons with the Company’s shareholders.

The Plan provides for the grant of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalents, and performance share units (“PSUs”) to employees, officers, consultants, advisors, non-employee directors, and independent contractors designated by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”). Awards made under the Plan are based upon, among other things, a participant’s level of responsibility and performance within the Company.

The total aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the Plan shall not exceed 1,000,000 shares, subject to adjustments as provided in the Plan. No eligible participant may be granted any awards for more than 100,000 shares in the aggregate in any calendar year, subject to adjustment in accordance with the Plan. The aggregate amount payable pursuant to all performance awards denominated in cash to any eligible person in any calendar year is limited to $1,000 in value. Directors who are not also employees of the Company may not be granted awards denominated in shares that exceed $150 in any calendar year.

Restricted Stock Units

The Compensation Committee has awarded RSUs to non-employee directors and select executives. RSUs are promises to issue actual shares of common stock at the end of a vesting period. The RSUs granted to executives under the Plan are based on salary. RSUs granted prior to 2024 vest equally over a five-year period. Effective for executive grants beginning in 2024, the RSUs vest equally over a three-year period. As approved by the Compensation Committee, all executive share-based compensation granted in 2025 and 2026 was awarded as RSUs. The RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest 100% on the date of the next annual meeting of shareholders following the grant date. If applicable, dividend equivalents on RSUs are accrued during the vesting period and paid in cash at the end of the vesting period but are subject to forfeiture until the underlying shares become vested. Participants do not have voting rights with respect to RSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs for RSUs based on the grant date fair value. The compensation costs are normally expensed over the vesting periods to each vesting date; however, the cost of RSUs granted to executives are expensed immediately if the executive has met certain retirement criteria and the RSUs become non-forfeitable. Estimated forfeitures are included in the determination of compensation costs. No forfeitures are currently estimated.

A summary of the Company’s outstanding and unearned RSUs is presented below:

⁽¹⁾ Represents RSU forfeitures primarily related to the execution of the 2025 separation agreement with the former Chief Executive Officer.

The following table shows the impact of RSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

At June 30, 2026, there was $2,859 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding RSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.22 years.

Performance Share Units

The Compensation Committee has awarded PSUs to select executives. PSUs are promises to issue actual shares of common stock at the end of a vesting period, if certain performance conditions are met. The PSUs granted to employees under the Plan are based on salary and, prior to 2024, include a three-year adjusted book value cumulative growth target with threshold and stretch goals. For grants made in 2024, the performance metric is calculated based on an adjusted return on equity over a three-year period, with annual resets. There were no PSUs granted in 2025 or 2026. PSUs will vest on the third anniversary of the grant date, subject to the participant’s continuous employment through the vesting date and the level of performance achieved. If applicable, dividend equivalents on PSUs are accrued and paid in cash at the end of the performance period in accordance with the level of performance achieved but are subject to forfeiture until the underlying shares become vested. Participants do not have voting rights with respect to PSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs for PSUs based on the grant date fair value over the performance period of the awards. Estimated forfeitures are included in the determination of compensation costs. The current cost estimates represent the Company’s forecasted performance against cumulative growth targets.

A summary of the Company’s outstanding PSUs is presented below:

⁽¹⁾  Represents the change in PSUs issued based upon the attainment of performance goals established by the Company.

⁽²⁾  Represents PSU forfeitures primarily related to the execution of the 2025 separation agreement with the former Chief Executive Officer.

The following table shows the impact of PSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

The cost estimates for PSU grants represent initial target awards until we can reasonably forecast the financial performance of each PSU award grant. At the end of the performance period, we will reflect a performance adjustment, which may be either an increase or decrease from the initial target awards. The actual number of shares to be issued at the end of the performance period will range from 0% to 200% of the initial target awards. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, a performance adjustment was recorded to compensation expense related to the PSU awards granted during 2024 due to the Company's expectations regarding performance goals. During the year ended December 31, 2025, no performance adjustments were made to previously recognized compensation expenses.

At June 30, 2026, there was $26 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding PSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.67 years.