NOTE 2– INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are summarized as follows:

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The Company's HTM municipal securities consist largely of private issues of municipal debt. The large majority of the municipalities are located within the greater Midwest. The municipal debt investments are underwritten using specific guidelines with ongoing monitoring.

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The Company's residential mortgage-backed and related securities portfolio consists entirely of government sponsored or government guaranteed securities. The Company has not invested in private mortgage-backed securities or pooled trust preferred securities.

Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2026, and December 31, 2025, are summarized in the tables below. Securities AFS, for which an allowance for credit losses has been provided, are not included in these disclosures as there are no unrealized losses remaining after consideration of the ACL.

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As of June 30, 2026, the investment portfolio included 683 securities. Of this number, 518 securities were in an unrealized loss position. The aggregate losses of these securities totaled approximately 14.3% of the total amortized cost of the portfolio. Of these 518 securities, there were 438 securities that were in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or more. Management has concluded unrealized losses as of June 30, 2026 were temporary due to the changing interest rate environment.  

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There was no allowance for credit losses for available for sale securities for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses for held to maturity securities by major security type for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

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Trading securities had a fair value of $116.0 million as of June 30, 2026 and $83.9 million as of December 31, 2025 and consisted of retained beneficial interests acquired in conjunction with Freddie Mac securitizations completed by the Company in prior years. The change in fair value on trading securities for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025

was a net loss of $45 thousand and $77 thousand, respectively. See also Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details of these securitizations.

There were no transfers of securities between classifications during either the three or six months ended June 30, 2026 or 2025.

There were no sales of securities during either the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 or 2025.

The amortized cost and fair value of securities as of June 30, 2026 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities of residential mortgage-backed and related securities and asset-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities because the residential mortgages underlying the securities may be prepaid without any penalties. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following table:

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Portions of the U.S. government sponsored agency securities and municipal securities contain call options, which, at the discretion of the issuer, terminate the security at par and at predetermined dates prior to the stated maturity, summarized as follows as of June 30, 2026:

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As of June 30, 2026, the Company's municipal securities portfolios were comprised of general obligation bonds issued by 80 issuers with fair values totaling $106.5 million and revenue bonds, issued by 160 issuers, primarily consisting of states, counties, towns, villages and school districts with fair values totaling $898.6 million. The Company also held investments in general obligation bonds in 18 states, including nine states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million, and in revenue bonds in 31 states, including 14 states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company's municipal securities portfolios were comprised of general obligation bonds issued by 80 issuers with fair values totaling $106.8 million and revenue bonds, issued by 164 issuers, primarily consisting of states, counties, towns, villages and school districts with fair values totaling $879.6 million. The Company held investments in general obligation bonds in 18 states, including nine states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million, and in revenue bonds in 31 states, including 14 states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million.

The Company monitors the investments and concentration closely. Both general obligation and revenue bonds are diversified across many issuers. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not hold general obligation

bonds of any single issuer, that in aggregate exceed 10% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity. Of the general obligation and revenue bonds in the Company's portfolio, the majority are unrated bonds that represent private issuances. All unrated bonds were underwritten according to the Company’s loan underwriting standards and have an average loan risk rating of 2, indicating very high quality. Additionally, many of these bonds are funding essential municipal services such as water, sewer, education, and medical facilities.

The Company's municipal securities are owned by its four subsidiary banks, whose investment policies set forth limits for various subcategories within the municipal securities portfolio. The investments of each charter are monitored individually, and as of June 30, 2026, all were within policy limitations approved by the Company’s board of directors. Policy limits are calculated as a percentage of each charter's total risk-based capital.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company's standard monitoring of its municipal securities portfolio had not uncovered any facts or circumstances resulting in significantly different credit ratings than those assigned by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, or in the case of unrated bonds, the rating assigned using the credit underwriting standards.

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The following table summarizes the fair value of investment securities pledged and held under derivatives, public deposits, short-term borrowings and other borrowings as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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* Municipal securities with an amortized cost of $168.2 million and $176.6 million were pledged on secured borrowings as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.