<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--XBRL document created with Toppan Merrill Bridge  11.4.0.1 -->
<!--Based on XBRL 2.1-->
<!--Created on: 8/5/2026 8:36:42 PM-->
<!--Modified on: 8/5/2026 8:36:42 PM-->
<xsd:schema targetNamespace="http://www.cogrx.com/20260630" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:ref="http://www.xbrl.org/2006/ref" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xl="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/XLink" xmlns:utr="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/utr" xmlns:us-gaap="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:negated="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negated" xmlns:attributeFormDefault="unqualified" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:srt="http://fasb.org/srt/2025" xmlns:enum2="http://xbrl.org/2020/extensible-enumerations-2.0" xmlns:dtr-types="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" xmlns:deprecated="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/deprecated" xmlns:net="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/net" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025" xmlns:cgtx="http://www.cogrx.com/20260630" xmlns:dtr="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/dtr" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:ecd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025" xmlns:ecd-sub="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd-sub/2025">
  <xsd:annotation>
    <xsd:appinfo>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/StatementBalanceSheets" id="StatementBalanceSheets">
        <link:definition>995200100 - Statement - BALANCE SHEETS</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/StatementStatementsOfOperationsAndComprehensiveLoss" id="StatementStatementsOfOperationsAndComprehensiveLoss">
        <link:definition>995200200 - Statement - STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/StatementStatementsOfCashFlows" id="StatementStatementsOfCashFlows">
        <link:definition>995200400 - Statement - STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPoliciesDetails" id="DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPoliciesDetails">
        <link:definition>99940201 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureFinancialInstrumentsAndFairValueMeasurementsDetails" id="DisclosureFinancialInstrumentsAndFairValueMeasurementsDetails">
        <link:definition>99940301 - Disclosure - Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureAccruedExpensesDetails" id="DisclosureAccruedExpensesDetails">
        <link:definition>99940401 - Disclosure - Accrued Expenses (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesLeasesDetails" id="DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesLeasesDetails">
        <link:definition>99940601 - Disclosure - Commitments and Contingencies - Leases (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesDetails" id="DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesDetails">
        <link:definition>99940602 - Disclosure - Commitments and Contingencies (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesDetailsCalc2" id="DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesDetailsCalc2">
        <link:definition>40602 - Disclosure - Commitments and Contingencies (Details) (Calc2)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureSegmentReportingDetails" id="DisclosureSegmentReportingDetails">
        <link:definition>99941001 - Disclosure - Segment Reporting (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" id="DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation">
        <link:definition>995200090 - Document - Document and Entity Information</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/StatementBalanceSheetsParenthetical" id="StatementBalanceSheetsParenthetical">
        <link:definition>995200105 - Statement - BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/StatementStatementsOfStockholdersEquity" id="StatementStatementsOfStockholdersEquity">
        <link:definition>995200300 - Statement - STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureDescriptionOfBusinessAndFinancialConditionDetails" id="DisclosureDescriptionOfBusinessAndFinancialConditionDetails">
        <link:definition>99940101 - Disclosure - Description of Business and Financial Condition (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureOtherCurrentLiabilitiesDetails" id="DisclosureOtherCurrentLiabilitiesDetails">
        <link:definition>99940501 - Disclosure - Other Current Liabilities (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureStockholdersEquityDetails" id="DisclosureStockholdersEquityDetails">
        <link:definition>99940701 - Disclosure - Stockholders' Equity - (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationDetails" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationDetails">
        <link:definition>99940801 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationFairValueOfOptionsDetails" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationFairValueOfOptionsDetails">
        <link:definition>99940802 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation - Fair value of options (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationAdditionalInformationDetails" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationAdditionalInformationDetails">
        <link:definition>99940804 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation - Additional Information (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationRestrictedStockUnitsDetails" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationRestrictedStockUnitsDetails">
        <link:definition>99940805 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation - Restricted Stock Units (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationCompensationExpenseDetails" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationCompensationExpenseDetails">
        <link:definition>99940806 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation - Compensation expense (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureNetLossPerShareDetails" id="DisclosureNetLossPerShareDetails">
        <link:definition>99940901 - Disclosure - Net Loss per Share (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureDescriptionOfBusinessAndFinancialCondition" id="DisclosureDescriptionOfBusinessAndFinancialCondition">
        <link:definition>995210101 - Disclosure - Description of Business and Financial Condition</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPolicies" id="DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPolicies">
        <link:definition>995210201 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureFinancialInstrumentsAndFairValueMeasurements" id="DisclosureFinancialInstrumentsAndFairValueMeasurements">
        <link:definition>995210301 - Disclosure - Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureAccruedExpenses" id="DisclosureAccruedExpenses">
        <link:definition>995210401 - Disclosure - Accrued Expenses</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureOtherCurrentLiabilities" id="DisclosureOtherCurrentLiabilities">
        <link:definition>995210501 - Disclosure - Other Current Liabilities</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingencies" id="DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingencies">
        <link:definition>995210601 - Disclosure - Commitments and Contingencies</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureStockholdersEquity" id="DisclosureStockholdersEquity">
        <link:definition>995210701 - Disclosure - Stockholders' Equity</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensation" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensation">
        <link:definition>995210801 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureNetLossPerShare" id="DisclosureNetLossPerShare">
        <link:definition>995210901 - Disclosure - Net Loss per Share</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureSegmentReporting" id="DisclosureSegmentReporting">
        <link:definition>995211001 - Disclosure - Segment Reporting</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies" id="DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies">
        <link:definition>99920202 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPoliciesTables" id="DisclosureSummaryOfSignificantAccountingPoliciesTables">
        <link:definition>99930203 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureFinancialInstrumentsAndFairValueMeasurementsTables" id="DisclosureFinancialInstrumentsAndFairValueMeasurementsTables">
        <link:definition>99930303 - Disclosure - Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureAccruedExpensesTables" id="DisclosureAccruedExpensesTables">
        <link:definition>99930403 - Disclosure - Accrued Expenses (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesTables" id="DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesTables">
        <link:definition>99930603 - Disclosure - Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureStockholdersEquityTables" id="DisclosureStockholdersEquityTables">
        <link:definition>99930703 - Disclosure - Stockholders' Equity (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationTables" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationTables">
        <link:definition>99930803 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureNetLossPerShareTables" id="DisclosureNetLossPerShareTables">
        <link:definition>99930903 - Disclosure - Net Loss per Share (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureSegmentReportingTables" id="DisclosureSegmentReportingTables">
        <link:definition>99931003 - Disclosure - Segment Reporting (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesLeaseTermAndDiscountDetails" id="DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesLeaseTermAndDiscountDetails">
        <link:definition>99940603 - Disclosure - Commitments and Contingencies - Lease term and discount (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesOperatingLeaseLiabilitiesDetails" id="DisclosureCommitmentsAndContingenciesOperatingLeaseLiabilitiesDetails">
        <link:definition>99940604 - Disclosure - Commitments and Contingencies - Operating Lease Liabilities (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureStockholdersEquitySummaryOfCommonStockWarrantsOutstandingDetails" id="DisclosureStockholdersEquitySummaryOfCommonStockWarrantsOutstandingDetails">
        <link:definition>99940702 - Disclosure - Stockholders' Equity - Summary of common stock warrants outstanding (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationActivityForOptionsDetails" id="DisclosureEquityBasedCompensationActivityForOptionsDetails">
        <link:definition>99940803 - Disclosure - Equity-based Compensation - Activity for options (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="cgtx-20260630_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" />
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="cgtx-20260630_cal.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/calculationLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" />
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="cgtx-20260630_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" />
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="cgtx-20260630_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" />
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cogrx.com/role/DisclosureStandardAndCustomAxisDomainDefaults" id="DisclosureStandardAndCustomAxisDomainDefaults">
        <link:definition>99900 - Disclosure - Standard And Custom Axis Domain Defaults</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xsd:appinfo>
  </xsd:annotation>
  <xsd:import namespace="https://xbrl.org/2023/calculation-1.1" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/2023/calculation-1.1.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025/ecd-2025.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negated" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2025/elts/srt-2025.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd" />
  <xsd:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd-sub/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025/ecd-sub-2025.xsd" />
  <xsd:element name="GrantIncome" id="cgtx_GrantIncome" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="IncreaseDecreaseInGrantReceivables" id="cgtx_IncreaseDecreaseInGrantReceivables" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="GrantIncomePolicyPolicyTextBlock" id="cgtx_GrantIncomePolicyPolicyTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="EmergingGrowthCompanyPolicyTextBlock" id="cgtx_EmergingGrowthCompanyPolicyTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOfferingGross" id="cgtx_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOfferingGross" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="AllowanceForCreditLossGrantsReceivableCurrent" id="cgtx_AllowanceForCreditLossGrantsReceivableCurrent" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentExpenses" id="cgtx_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentExpenses" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="AmendedAndRestatedEquityIncentivePlan2017Member" id="cgtx_AmendedAndRestatedEquityIncentivePlan2017Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityToBePaidAfterYearFour" id="cgtx_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityToBePaidAfterYearFour" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="OtherCurrentLiabilitiesTextBlock" id="cgtx_OtherCurrentLiabilitiesTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="EquityIncentivePlan2021Member" id="cgtx_EquityIncentivePlan2021Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesUnderlyingPriorPlanRecycledNumber" id="cgtx_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesUnderlyingPriorPlanRecycledNumber" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="EmployeeStockPurchasePlanMember" id="cgtx_EmployeeStockPurchasePlanMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="DeferredGrantIncomeCurrent" id="cgtx_DeferredGrantIncomeCurrent" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="IncreaseDecreaseInDeferredGrantIncomeCurrent" id="cgtx_IncreaseDecreaseInDeferredGrantIncomeCurrent" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="OperatingLeaseAssets" id="cgtx_OperatingLeaseAssets" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="MaximumAggregateOfferingPrice" id="cgtx_MaximumAggregateOfferingPrice" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="AtMarketOfferingMember" id="cgtx_AtMarketOfferingMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="CantorFitzgeraldAndCoAndBRileySecuritiesIncMember" id="cgtx_CantorFitzgeraldAndCoAndBRileySecuritiesIncMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="EquityLineFinancingMember" id="cgtx_EquityLineFinancingMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="LincolnParkCapitalFundLlcMember" id="cgtx_LincolnParkCapitalFundLlcMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="PurchaseAgreementTerm" id="cgtx_PurchaseAgreementTerm" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="MaximumValueOfStockToBeIssuedUnderAgreement" id="cgtx_MaximumValueOfStockToBeIssuedUnderAgreement" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="SharesOfferingAgreementRemainingValueOfStockToBeIssued" id="cgtx_SharesOfferingAgreementRemainingValueOfStockToBeIssued" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesIssuableForEachAward" id="cgtx_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesIssuableForEachAward" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="NonEmployeeDirectorMember" id="cgtx_NonEmployeeDirectorMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="AaronFletcherMember" id="cgtx_AaronFletcherMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueVestingOfRestrictedStockUnits" id="cgtx_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueVestingOfRestrictedStockUnits" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesVestingOfRestrictedStockUnits" id="cgtx_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesVestingOfRestrictedStockUnits" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="CommonStockAdditionalCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance" id="cgtx_CommonStockAdditionalCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="RestrictedStockUnitsTimeBasedVestingMember" id="cgtx_RestrictedStockUnitsTimeBasedVestingMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="SegmentExpensesAbstract" id="cgtx_SegmentExpensesAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="ResearchAndDevelopmentClinicalPrograms" id="cgtx_ResearchAndDevelopmentClinicalPrograms" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="ResearchAndDevelopmentPersonnel" id="cgtx_ResearchAndDevelopmentPersonnel" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="ResearchAndDevelopmentManufacturing" id="cgtx_ResearchAndDevelopmentManufacturing" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="ResearchAndDevelopmentPreclinicalPrograms" id="cgtx_ResearchAndDevelopmentPreclinicalPrograms" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="LifeScienceSegmentMember" id="cgtx_LifeScienceSegmentMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="SegmentGrantIncome" id="cgtx_SegmentGrantIncome" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="ShareBasedPaymentArrangementEmployeeNonEmployeeNonEmployeeDirectorMember" id="cgtx_ShareBasedPaymentArrangementEmployeeNonEmployeeNonEmployeeDirectorMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="DepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationNetOfAdjustments" id="cgtx_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationNetOfAdjustments" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="RegisteredDirectOfferingMember" id="cgtx_RegisteredDirectOfferingMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesExercised" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesExercised" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsExpired" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsExpired" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantsOrRightsWeightedAverageExercisePrice" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantsOrRightsWeightedAverageExercisePrice" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsIssued" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsIssued" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsExercised" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsExercised" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfWarrantsIssued" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfWarrantsIssued" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesExpired" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesExpired" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfWarrantsExercisable" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfWarrantsExercisable" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsExercisable" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRightsExercisable" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageRemainingContractualLife" id="cgtx_ClassOfWarrantOrRightWeightedAverageRemainingContractualLife" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="NumberOfInstitutionInvestors" id="cgtx_NumberOfInstitutionInvestors" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="PlacementAgentFeesAsPercentageOfGrossProceeds" id="cgtx_PlacementAgentFeesAsPercentageOfGrossProceeds" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="PlacementAgentWarrantsMember" id="cgtx_PlacementAgentWarrantsMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="WarrantAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock" id="cgtx_WarrantAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="NumberOfInstitutionalInvestors" id="cgtx_NumberOfInstitutionalInvestors" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element name="InsurancePremiumFinancingAgreement3Member" id="cgtx_InsurancePremiumFinancingAgreement3Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="AtMarketOffering2025Member" id="cgtx_AtMarketOffering2025Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element name="GainOnLeaseModification" id="cgtx_GainOnLeaseModification" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element name="RemeasurementOfRightOfUseAssetAndOperatingLeaseLiability" id="cgtx_RemeasurementOfRightOfUseAssetAndOperatingLeaseLiability" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element name="SaleOfStockGrossConsiderationReceived" id="cgtx_SaleOfStockGrossConsiderationReceived" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
</xsd:schema>
