(4) Investments

Available-for-sale Securities. The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities were as follows:

All of our AFS mortgage- and asset-backed securities represent beneficial interests in variable interest entities (“VIEs”). We are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement in these VIEs equals the carrying value of the securities.

Expected maturities may differ from scheduled contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Held-to-maturity Security. Concurrent with the execution of the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement, Vidalia Re entered into a Surplus Note Purchase Agreement (the “Surplus Note Purchase Agreement”) with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Hannover Re”) and a newly formed limited liability company (the “LLC”) owned by a third- party service provider. Under the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, Vidalia Re issued a surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) to the LLC in exchange for a credit enhanced note from the LLC with an equal principal amount (the “LLC Note”). The principal amounts of the Surplus Note and the LLC Note have reached their peaks and are expected to decrease over time to coincide with the amount of policy reserves contractually supported under the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. Both the Surplus Note and the LLC Note mature on December 31, 2030 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50%. This financing agreement is non-recourse to the Parent Company and Primerica Life, meaning that neither of these companies has guaranteed the Surplus Note or is otherwise liable for reimbursement for any payments triggered by the LLC Note’s credit enhancement feature. The LLC Note is guaranteed by Hannover Re through a credit enhancement feature in exchange for a fee, which is reflected in interest expense in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. The Parent Company has agreed to support Vidalia Re’s obligation to pay the credit enhancement fee incurred on the LLC Note.

The LLC is a VIE as its owner does not have an equity investment at risk that is sufficient to permit the LLC to finance its activities without Vidalia Re or Hannover Re. The Parent Company, Primerica Life, and Vidalia Re share the power to direct the activities of the LLC with Hannover Re, but they do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive any residual returns related to the LLC’s primary risks or sources of variability. Through the credit enhancement feature, Hannover Re is the ultimate risk taker in this transaction and bears the obligation to absorb the LLC’s losses in the event of a Surplus Note default in exchange for the fee. Accordingly, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the LLC and does not consolidate the LLC within its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Hannover Re’s financial strength rating by A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“AM Best”) was A+ as of June 30, 2026.

The LLC Note is classified as a held-to-maturity debt security in the Company’s invested asset portfolio as we have the positive intent and ability to hold the security until maturity. As of June 30, 2026, the LLC Note had an estimated unrealized holding loss of $36.9 million based on its amortized cost and estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of the LLC Note is expected to be at least equal to the estimated fair value of the offsetting Surplus Note.

As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, no credit losses have been recognized on the LLC Note.

Investments on Deposit with Governmental Authorities. As required by law, we have investments on deposit with governmental authorities and banks for the protection of policyholders. The fair value of investments on deposit was $8.1 million and $8.2 million as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Securities Lending Transactions. We participate in securities lending transactions with broker-dealers and other financial institutions to increase investment income with minimal risk. We require minimum collateral on securities loaned equal to 102% of the fair value of the loaned securities. We accept collateral in the form of securities, which we are not able to sell or encumber, and to the extent the collateral declines in value below 100%, we require additional collateral from the borrower. Any securities collateral received is not reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. We also accept collateral in the form of cash, all of which we reinvest. For loans involving unrestricted cash collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability representing our obligation to return the collateral. We continue to carry the loaned securities as invested assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets during the terms of the loans, and we do not report them as sales. Cash collateral received and reinvested was $88.6 million and $84.9 million as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Accrued Interest. Accrued interest is recorded in accordance with the contractual interest schedule of the underlying security. In the event of default, the Company’s policy is to no longer accrue interest on these securities and to write off any remaining accrued interest. As a result, the Company has made the policy election to not record an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest.

Credit Losses for AFS Fixed-maturity Securities. The following tables summarize all AFS securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, aggregated by major security type and by length of time such securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

The amortized cost of AFS securities with a cost basis in excess of their fair values was $2,471.9 million and $2,074.3 million as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

As of June 30, 2026, no allowance for credit losses was recorded for AFS securities. The allowance for credit losses for AFS securities was $0.7 million as of December 31, 2025. Substantially all of the unrealized losses were the result of change in market interest rates compared to the date the securities were acquired rather than the credit quality of the securities, and we had no present intention to dispose of them as of the respective balance sheet dates.

We did not recognize any credit losses on AFS securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. When we do recognize credit losses on securities, it is due to: (i) our intent to sell them (unless the securities are sold and the loss is realized during the same quarter when we designate the securities as intend to sell); (ii) adverse credit events indicating that we will not receive the security’s contractual cash flows when contractually due, such as news of an impending filing for bankruptcy; (iii) analyses of the issuer’s most recent financial statements or other information indicating that significant liquidity deficiencies, significant losses and large declines in capitalization exist; and (iv) analyses of rating agency information for issuances with severe ratings downgrades indicating a significant increase in the possibility of default.

Tax Equity Investment. In the second quarter of 2026, the Company entered into a $110.0 million tax equity investment transaction for the purpose of obtaining federal income tax credits, other income tax benefits, and other investment income in the form of cash distributions through an interest in a newly-constructed solar energy generation facility operated by an independent power producer. As part of the tax equity investment transaction, the Company acquired an equity interest in a pass-through entity that then obtained an indirect ownership interest in a solar energy generation facility (collectively, the “2026 Tax Equity Investment”). The pass-through entity is a VIE that is managed by an independent capital management firm. We are not the primary beneficiary of the pass-through entity because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact its economic performance. Accordingly, we do not consolidate the pass-through entity in our financial statements.

The carrying value of the 2026 Tax Equity Investment, net of amortization, was $64.3 million as of June 30, 2026 and is included in Policy loans and other invested assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended June 30, 2026, we paid $22.0 million in capital contributions for the 2026 Tax Equity Investment. We have recognized our remaining funding commitment of $88.0 million as of June 30, 2026 in Other liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. We expect to fulfill our remaining funding commitment by early 2027.

The 2026 Tax Equity Investment will generate a return for the Company through the receipt of federal income tax credits, other income tax benefits and other non-income tax-related benefits that are primarily net investment income in the form of cash distributions. We have elected to apply the proportional amortization method (“PAM”) accounting for these types of investments. In accordance with PAM accounting, the Company amortizes the cost of its tax equity investments (less residual value) in Income taxes in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income based on the proportion of the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received during the period to the total income tax credits and other income tax benefits expected to be received over the life of the investment. The income tax credits and other income tax benefits generated by the investment are recognized as a reduction in Income taxes in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. We recognize our capital contributions for the tax equity investment in Purchases of property and equipment and other investing activities, net within Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities, and we recognize the reduction of income tax payments in Change in income taxes within Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Other net investment income generated by the tax equity investment is recognized when the cash distribution is realized or realizable in Investment income net of investment expenses in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company recognized income tax benefits of $50.3 million, which were offset by amortization of the 2026 Tax Equity Investment recognized within Income tax expense of $45.7 million. There was no non-income tax-related activity from the 2026 Tax Equity Investment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026.

Derivatives. We have a deferred loss related to closed forward contracts, which were settled several years ago, that were used to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates that resulted from the net investment in our Canadian operations. The amount of deferred loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was $26.4 million as of each of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. These deferred losses will not be recognized until such time as we sell or substantially liquidate our Canadian operations, although we have no such intention.