<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019e2bf6-83cd-7307-b4b4-61c2cf05d3dc,g:4c767090-c7ad-4259-9d23-a1dd0d8bec4d-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://compasspathways.com/role/Cover" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="cmps-20260805.xsd#Cover"/>
  <link:presentationLink xlink:role="http://compasspathways.com/role/Cover" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentType_019e2bf6-83cd-7877-8ed2-82a1dea391e9" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentType"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="1" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentType_019e2bf6-83cd-7877-8ed2-82a1dea391e9" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_019e2bf6-83cd-7928-80b4-26a97079ff21" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="2" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_019e2bf6-83cd-7928-80b4-26a97079ff21" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityRegistrantName_019e2bf6-83cd-799c-8c5c-d1ee491f5f99" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="3" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityRegistrantName_019e2bf6-83cd-799c-8c5c-d1ee491f5f99" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_019e2bf6-83cd-7dc6-a513-fcd0870cbcfb" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="4" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_019e2bf6-83cd-7dc6-a513-fcd0870cbcfb" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityFileNumber_019e2bf6-83cd-717b-a425-8f07a1808a74" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="5" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityFileNumber_019e2bf6-83cd-717b-a425-8f07a1808a74" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_019e2bf6-83cd-75c5-9b32-54220e58a2b3" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="6" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_019e2bf6-83cd-75c5-9b32-54220e58a2b3" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_019e2bf6-83cd-7eed-94e4-9d6cb28707e2" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="7" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_019e2bf6-83cd-7eed-94e4-9d6cb28707e2" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_019e2bf6-83cd-7f42-bdcf-ff87f165c37c" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="8" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_019e2bf6-83cd-7f42-bdcf-ff87f165c37c" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressCountry_019e2bf6-83cd-762a-9708-665ee44dfd28" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="9" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressCountry_019e2bf6-83cd-762a-9708-665ee44dfd28" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_CountryRegion_019e2bf6-83cd-7ab0-abb8-e0c18024126f" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CountryRegion"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="10" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_CountryRegion_019e2bf6-83cd-7ab0-abb8-e0c18024126f" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_CityAreaCode_019e2bf6-83cd-7482-a24a-6b6378c0bbb5" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="11" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_CityAreaCode_019e2bf6-83cd-7482-a24a-6b6378c0bbb5" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_LocalPhoneNumber_019e2bf6-83cd-7323-8cf3-ac62b51a3919" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="12" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_LocalPhoneNumber_019e2bf6-83cd-7323-8cf3-ac62b51a3919" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_WrittenCommunications_019e2bf6-83cd-73bd-899c-143f62c2043a" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="13" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_WrittenCommunications_019e2bf6-83cd-73bd-899c-143f62c2043a" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_SolicitingMaterial_019e2bf6-83cd-7440-893c-51a366c40f34" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="14" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_SolicitingMaterial_019e2bf6-83cd-7440-893c-51a366c40f34" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_019e2bf6-83cd-70b4-8a8c-e89a2483352c" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="15" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_019e2bf6-83cd-70b4-8a8c-e89a2483352c" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_019e2bf6-83cd-7a41-97f3-9464ea7516ba" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="16" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_019e2bf6-83cd-7a41-97f3-9464ea7516ba" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_Security12bTitle_019e2bf6-83cd-7d6d-91f2-79c7acc8cb7e" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="17" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_Security12bTitle_019e2bf6-83cd-7d6d-91f2-79c7acc8cb7e" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_TradingSymbol_019e2bf6-83cd-7903-851f-a87092ac77ee" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="18" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_TradingSymbol_019e2bf6-83cd-7903-851f-a87092ac77ee" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_SecurityExchangeName_019e2bf6-83cd-7db8-a41b-b95fa9662295" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="19" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_SecurityExchangeName_019e2bf6-83cd-7db8-a41b-b95fa9662295" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_019e2bf6-83cd-73ad-934b-06d490b9c5e8" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="20" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_019e2bf6-83cd-73ad-934b-06d490b9c5e8" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_AmendmentFlag_019e2bf6-83cd-7e2a-898c-ac04f0cb6f23" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="21" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_AmendmentFlag_019e2bf6-83cd-7e2a-898c-ac04f0cb6f23" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_019e2bf6-83cd-70da-932e-fbb2d8b5b1fb" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="22" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_019e2bf6-83cd-730d-a02c-16305611e1a1" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_019e2bf6-83cd-70da-932e-fbb2d8b5b1fb" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
  </link:presentationLink>
</link:linkbase>
