v3.26.1
Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2026
Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities  
Summary of significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurements of Level 3 assets and liabilities
The following tables provide a summary of the significant inputs and assumptions used in the fair value measurements developed by the Company or reasonably available to the Company of market risk benefits:
June 30, 2026
Fair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Inputs and AssumptionsRangeWeighted
 Average
(in millions)
Market risk benefits$(1,343)Discounted cash flow
Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (1)
0.0%52.8%11.9%
Surrender rate (2)
0.4%75.0%3.7%
Market volatility (3)
0.0%25.4%11.6%
Nonperformance risk (4)
60 bps60 bps
Mortality rate (5)
0.0%41.6%1.7%
December 31, 2025
Fair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Inputs and AssumptionsRangeWeighted
 Average
(in millions)
Market risk benefits$(1,092)Discounted cash flow
Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (1)
0.0%52.8%12.2%
Surrender rate (2)
0.4%75.0%3.6%
Market volatility (3)
0.0%24.9%11.2%
Nonperformance risk (4)
65 bps65 bps
Mortality rate (5)
0.0%41.6%1.8%
(1) The utilization of guaranteed withdrawals represents the percentage of contractholders that will begin withdrawing in any given year. The weighted average utilization rate represents the average assumption, weighted based on the benefit base. The calculation excludes policies that have already started taking withdrawals.
(2) The weighted average surrender rate represents the average assumption weighted based on the account value of each contract.
(3) Market volatility represents the implied volatility of each contractholder’s mix of funds. The weighted average market volatility represents the average volatility across all contracts, weighted by the size of the guaranteed benefit.
(4) The nonperformance risk is the spread added to the U.S. Treasury curve.
(5) The weighted average mortality rate represents the average assumption weighted based on the account value of each contract.
The following tables provide a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements developed by the Company or reasonably available to the Company of Level 3 assets and liabilities:
 
June 30, 2026
Fair ValueValuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRange Weighted Average
(in millions)
Corporate debt securities (private placements)$796 Discounted cash flow
Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries (1)
0.9%1.5%1.1%
Asset backed securities$Discounted cash flow
Annual short-term default rate (2)
2.0%2.0%
Annual long-term default rate (2)
2.0%2.0%
Discount rate13.0%13.0%
Constant prepayment rate20.0%20.0%
Loss recovery75.0%75.0%
Fixed deferred indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives$54 Discounted cash flow
Surrender rate (3)
0.6%92.3%10.0%
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives$53 Discounted cash flow
Surrender rate (3)
0.6%92.3%10.0%
 
Nonperformance risk (4)
60 bps60 bps
IUL embedded derivatives$1,085 Discounted cash flow
Nonperformance risk (4)
60 bps60 bps
Structured variable annuity embedded derivatives $4,948 Discounted cash flow
Surrender rate (3)
0.5%75.0%2.8%
Nonperformance risk (4)
60 bps60 bps
Contingent consideration liabilities$82 Discounted cash flow
Discount rate (5)
0.0%10.5%2.2%

 
December 31, 2025
Fair ValueValuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRangeWeighted Average
(in millions)
Corporate debt securities (private placements)$708 Discounted cash flow
Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries (1)
0.9%1.6%1.2%
Asset backed securities$Discounted cash flow
Annual short-term default rate (2)
3.0%3.0%
Annual long-term default rate (2)
3.5%3.5%
Discount rate15.0%15.0%
Constant prepayment rate20.0%20.0%
Loss recovery60.0%60.0%
Fixed deferred indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives$59 Discounted cash flow
Surrender rate (3)
0.5%89.8%5.1%
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives$58 Discounted cash flow
Surrender rate (3)
0.5%89.8%5.1%
Nonperformance risk (4)
65 bps65 bps
IUL embedded derivatives$1,042 Discounted cash flow
Nonperformance risk (4)
65 bps65 bps
Structured variable annuity embedded derivatives$3,879 Discounted cash flow
Surrender rate (3)
0.5%75.0%2.0%
Nonperformance risk (4)
65 bps65 bps
Contingent consideration liabilities$71 Discounted cash flow
Discount rate (5)
0.0%10.5%2.4%
(1) The weighted average for the yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries for corporate debt securities (private placements) is weighted based on the security’s market value as a percentage of the aggregate market value of the securities.
(2) The weighted average annual default rates of asset backed securities is weighted based on the security’s market value as a percentage of the aggregate market value of the securities.
(3) The weighted average surrender rate represents the average assumption weighted based on the account value of each contract.
(4) The nonperformance risk is the spread added to the U.S. Treasury curve.
(5) The weighted average discount rate represents the average discount rate across all contingent consideration liabilities, weighted based on the size of the contingent consideration liability.
Schedule of carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments not reported at fair value
The following tables provide the carrying value and the estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not reported at fair value:
June 30, 2026
Carrying ValueFair Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in millions)
Financial Assets
Mortgage loans, net$3,170 $— $1,027 $2,025 $3,052 
Policy loans1,085 — 1,085 — 1,085 
Receivables 10,529 845 2,660 5,955 9,460 
Restricted and segregated cash512 512 — — 512 
Other investments and assets268 — 203 66 269 
Financial Liabilities
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims
$25,064 $— $— $21,301 $21,301 
Investment certificate reserves7,378 — — 7,347 7,347 
Banking and brokerage deposits26,363 26,357 — 26,363 
Separate account liabilities — investment contracts2,561 — 2,561 — 2,561 
Debt and other liabilities4,956 908 4,062 4,972 
December 31, 2025
Carrying ValueFair Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in millions)
Financial Assets
Mortgage loans, net$2,824 $— $774 $1,979 $2,753 
Policy loans1,056 — 1,056 — 1,056 
Receivables9,480 201 2,274 6,012 8,487 
Restricted and segregated cash616 616 — — 616 
Other investments and assets250 — 194 57 251 
Financial Liabilities
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims$23,297 $— $— $19,636 $19,636 
Investment certificate reserves8,150 — — 8,128 8,128 
Banking and brokerage deposits25,611 25,596 15 — 25,611 
Separate account liabilities — investment contracts2,765 — 2,765 — 2,765 
Debt and other liabilities3,545 245 3,376 3,624 
Ameriprise Financial  
Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities  
Schedule of balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
The following tables present the balances of assets and liabilities of Ameriprise Financial measured at fair value on a recurring basis (See Note 4 for the balances of assets and liabilities for consolidated investment entities): 
June 30, 2026
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in millions)
Assets
Cash equivalents$4,725 $2,144 $— $6,869 
Available-for-Sale securities:
Corporate debt securities— 16,055 797 16,852 
Residential mortgage backed securities— 27,973 — 27,973 
Commercial mortgage backed securities— 3,486 — 3,486 
Asset backed securities— 3,803 3,804 
State and municipal obligations— 690 — 690 
U.S. government and agency obligations1,576 — — 1,576 
Foreign government bonds and obligations— — 
Total Available-for-Sale securities1,576 52,008 798 54,382 
Investments at net asset value (“NAV”)13 (1)
Trading and other securities389 31 — 420 
Separate account assets at NAV80,990 (1)
Cash equivalents segregated for regulatory purposes
399 — — 399 
Market risk benefits— — 2,386 2,386 (2)
Receivables:
Fixed deferred indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives— — 54 54 
Other assets:
Interest rate derivative contracts162 — 164 
Equity derivative contracts344 15,912 — 16,256 
Credit derivative contracts— — 
Foreign exchange derivative contracts19 — 20 
Total other assets 347 16,094 — 16,441 
Total assets at fair value$7,436 $70,277 $3,238 $161,954 
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims:
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives$— $— $53 $53 
IUL embedded derivatives— — 1,085 1,085 
Structured variable annuity embedded derivatives— — 4,948 4,948 
Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims— — 6,086 6,086 (3)
Market risk benefits— — 1,043 1,043 (2)
Customer deposits— — 
Other liabilities:
Interest rate derivative contracts278 — 279 
Equity derivative contracts607 9,243 — 9,850 
Credit derivative contracts— — 
Foreign exchange derivative contracts— — 
Other393 82 483 
Total other liabilities1,001 9,533 82 10,616 
Total liabilities at fair value$1,001 $9,536 $7,211 $17,748 
December 31, 2025
 
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in millions)
Assets
Cash equivalents$2,657 $3,864 $— $6,521 
Available-for-Sale securities:
Corporate debt securities— 15,131 711 15,842 
Residential mortgage backed securities— 28,149 24 28,173 
Commercial mortgage backed securities— 3,687 — 3,687 
Asset backed securities— 3,752 3,753 
State and municipal obligations— 677 — 677 
U.S. government and agency obligations1,359 99 — 1,458 
Foreign government bonds and obligations— — 
Total Available-for-Sale securities1,359 51,496 736 53,591 
Investments at NAV13 (1)
Trading and other securities372 21 — 393 
Separate account assets at NAV80,044 (1)
Cash equivalents segregated for regulatory purposes
439 — — 439 
Market risk benefits— — 2,274 2,274 (2)
Receivables:
Fixed deferred indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives— — 59 59 
Other assets:
Interest rate derivative contracts142 — 143 
Equity derivative contracts218 12,722 — 12,940 
Credit derivative contracts— 15 — 15 
Foreign exchange derivative contracts— 24 — 24 
Total other assets219 12,903 — 13,122 
Total assets at fair value$5,046 $68,284 $3,069 $156,456 
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims:
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives$— $— $58 $58 
IUL embedded derivatives— — 1,042 1,042 
Structured variable annuity embedded derivatives— — 3,879 3,879 
Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims— — 4,979 4,979 (3)
Market risk benefits— — 1,182 1,182 (2)
Customer deposits— — 
Other liabilities:
Interest rate derivative contracts218 — 219 
Equity derivative contracts346 7,651 — 7,997 
Foreign exchange derivative contracts— — 
Other376 71 452 
Total other liabilities723 7,875 71 8,669 
Total liabilities at fair value$723 $7,879 $6,232 $14,834 
(1) Amounts are comprised of financial instruments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(2) See Note 10 for additional information related to market risk benefits, including the balances of and changes in market risk benefits as well as the significant inputs and assumptions used in the fair value measurements of market risk benefits.
(3) The Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk resulted in a $272 million and $258 million cumulative decrease to the embedded derivatives as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.
Summary of changes in Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis
The following tables provide a summary of changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities of Ameriprise Financial measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2026
$708 $135 $$844 $53 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(3)— — (3)— 
Purchases94 — — 94 — 
Settlements(2)— — (2)(3)
Transfers out of Level 3— (135)— (135)— 
Balance at June 30, 2026
$797 $— $$798 $54 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in net income relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$$— $— $(1)$— 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$(4)$— $— $(4)$— 

Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2026
$52 $1,002 $3,226 $4,280 $78 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)134 (2)1,993 (3)2,131 — 
Issues— (16)54 38 13 
Settlements(3)(35)(325)(363)(9)
Balance at June 30, 2026
$53 $1,085 $4,948 $6,086 $82 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2026
$— $134 (2)$1,993 (3)$2,127 $— 
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesResidential Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2025
$629 $25 $106 $760 $53 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 
Purchases82 — — 82 — 
Settlements(8)(2)(26)(36)(1)
Balance at June 30, 2025
$708 $23 $80 $811 $57 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2025
$$— $— $$— 
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2025
$51 $969 $1,841 $2,861 $65 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)67 (2)1,086 (3)1,158 — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 
Issues— 39 42 
Settlements— (40)(87)(127)(9)
Balance at June 30, 2025
$56 $999 $2,879 $3,934 $66 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2025
$— $66 (2)$1,086 (3)$1,152 $— 
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesResidential Mortgage Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2026
$711 $24 $— $$736 $59 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — — (1)
Other comprehensive income (loss)(9)— — — (9)— 
Purchases108 — 135 — 243 — 
Settlements(14)— — — (14)(6)
Transfers out of Level 3— (24)(135)— (159)— 
Balance at June 30, 2026
$797 $— $— $$798 $54 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in net income relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$$— $— $— $(1)$— 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$(9)$— $— $— $(9)$— 
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2026
$58 $1,042 $3,879 $4,979 $71 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)143 (2)1,488 (3)1,632 — 

Issues— (33)70 37 32 
Settlements(6)(67)(489)(562)(21)
Balance at June 30, 2026
$53 $1,085 $4,948 $6,086 $82 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2026
$— $143 
(2)
$1,488 
(3)
$1,631 $— 
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesResidential Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2025
$583 $38 $126 $747 $55 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — (1)
Other comprehensive income (loss)14 — — 14 — 
Purchases131 25 — 156 — 
Settlements(21)(2)(46)(69)(3)
Transfers out of Level 3— (38)— (38)— 
Balance at June 30, 2025
$708 $23 $80 $811 $57 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in net income relating to assets held at June 30, 2025
$$— $— $(1)$— 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2025
$14 $— $— $14 $— 
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2025
$53 $1,002 $2,461 $3,516 $68 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)72 (2)538 (3)615 (6)(4)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 
Issues— 52 54 19 
Settlements(2)(77)(172)(251)(16)
Balance at June 30, 2025
$56 $999 $2,879 $3,934 $66 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2025
$— $71 
(2)
$538 
(3)
$609 $— 
(1) Included in Net investment income.
(2) Included in Interest credited to fixed accounts.
(3) Included in Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses.
(4) Included in General and administrative expense.
Summary of changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
The following tables provide a summary of changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities of Ameriprise Financial measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2026
$708 $135 $$844 $53 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(3)— — (3)— 
Purchases94 — — 94 — 
Settlements(2)— — (2)(3)
Transfers out of Level 3— (135)— (135)— 
Balance at June 30, 2026
$797 $— $$798 $54 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in net income relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$$— $— $(1)$— 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$(4)$— $— $(4)$— 

Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2026
$52 $1,002 $3,226 $4,280 $78 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)134 (2)1,993 (3)2,131 — 
Issues— (16)54 38 13 
Settlements(3)(35)(325)(363)(9)
Balance at June 30, 2026
$53 $1,085 $4,948 $6,086 $82 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2026
$— $134 (2)$1,993 (3)$2,127 $— 
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesResidential Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2025
$629 $25 $106 $760 $53 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 
Purchases82 — — 82 — 
Settlements(8)(2)(26)(36)(1)
Balance at June 30, 2025
$708 $23 $80 $811 $57 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2025
$$— $— $$— 
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at April 1, 2025
$51 $969 $1,841 $2,861 $65 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)67 (2)1,086 (3)1,158 — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 
Issues— 39 42 
Settlements— (40)(87)(127)(9)
Balance at June 30, 2025
$56 $999 $2,879 $3,934 $66 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2025
$— $66 (2)$1,086 (3)$1,152 $— 
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesResidential Mortgage Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2026
$711 $24 $— $$736 $59 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — — (1)
Other comprehensive income (loss)(9)— — — (9)— 
Purchases108 — 135 — 243 — 
Settlements(14)— — — (14)(6)
Transfers out of Level 3— (24)(135)— (159)— 
Balance at June 30, 2026
$797 $— $— $$798 $54 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in net income relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$$— $— $— $(1)$— 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2026
$(9)$— $— $— $(9)$— 
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2026
$58 $1,042 $3,879 $4,979 $71 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)143 (2)1,488 (3)1,632 — 

Issues— (33)70 37 32 
Settlements(6)(67)(489)(562)(21)
Balance at June 30, 2026
$53 $1,085 $4,948 $6,086 $82 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2026
$— $143 
(2)
$1,488 
(3)
$1,631 $— 
Available-for-Sale SecuritiesReceivables
Corporate Debt SecuritiesResidential Mortgage Backed SecuritiesAsset Backed SecuritiesTotalFixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Ceded Embedded Derivatives
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2025
$583 $38 $126 $747 $55 
Total gains (losses) included in:
Net income— — (1)
Other comprehensive income (loss)14 — — 14 — 
Purchases131 25 — 156 — 
Settlements(21)(2)(46)(69)(3)
Transfers out of Level 3— (38)— (38)— 
Balance at June 30, 2025
$708 $23 $80 $811 $57 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in net income relating to assets held at June 30, 2025
$$— $— $(1)$— 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at June 30, 2025
$14 $— $— $14 $— 
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and ClaimsOther Liabilities
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded DerivativesIUL Embedded DerivativesStructured Variable Annuity Embedded DerivativesTotal
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2025
$53 $1,002 $2,461 $3,516 $68 
Total (gains) losses included in:
Net income(2)72 (2)538 (3)615 (6)(4)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 
Issues— 52 54 19 
Settlements(2)(77)(172)(251)(16)
Balance at June 30, 2025
$56 $999 $2,879 $3,934 $66 
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at June 30, 2025
$— $71 
(2)
$538 
(3)
$609 $— 
(1) Included in Net investment income.
(2) Included in Interest credited to fixed accounts.
(3) Included in Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses.
(4) Included in General and administrative expense.