The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We use historical experience and various other assumptions and information that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances in developing our estimates and judgments. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be predicted with certainty and, accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as our operating environment changes. While we believe that the estimates and assumptions used in

the preparation of the financial statements are appropriate, actual results may differ from these estimates. Our significant estimates include the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, oil and natural gas reserves, impairment of proved and unproved oil and natural gas properties, valuation of derivative instruments and income taxes.

Restricted cash consists of funds earmarked for a special purpose and therefore not available for immediate and general use. Our restricted cash is composed of cash that is contractually required to be restricted for a variety of purposes including to fund acquisitions or to pay for the future abandonment of certain wells. Restricted cash is presented separately in current assets while the noncurrent portion is included in Other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented on our balance sheets to amounts shown in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:


	As of June 30,
	2026		2025
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	264,882	$	3,054
Restricted cash – current	5,467		3,840
Restricted cash – noncurrent	18,798		14,363
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	289,147	$	21,257

CEC is a holding company and its sole material asset is OpCo Units. OpCo is a partnership and is generally not subject to U.S. federal and certain state taxes. Crescent is subject to U.S. federal and certain state taxes on its allocable share of any taxable income of OpCo. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, we recognized income tax expense of $169.9 million and $87.6 million for an effective tax rate of 25.6% and 54.0%, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we recognized income tax expense of $41.1 million and of $43.7 million for an effective tax rate of 20.2% and 20.6%, respectively.

For the six months ended June 30, 2026, the effect of various discrete period tax items was a net tax expense of $46.7 million. Significant discrete items included permanent differences recognized in connection with the vesting of the performance stock units granted to our Manager (“Manager PSUs”). Excluding discrete items, our effective tax rate was 25.3% during the six months ended June 30, 2026. There were no significant discrete tax items affecting our effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

In addition to increasing our effective tax rate, the Corporate Simplification and the 2025 Class A Redemption increased our Deferred tax liability by $136.9 million with an offsetting decrease in APIC on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We evaluate and update the estimated annual effective income tax rate on a quarterly basis based on current and forecasted operating results and tax laws. Consequently, based upon the mix and timing of our actual earnings compared to annual projections, our effective tax rate may vary quarterly and may make quarterly comparisons not meaningful. The quarterly income tax provision is generally composed of tax expense on income or benefit on loss at the most recent estimated annual effective tax rate. The tax effect of discrete items is recognized in the period in which they occur at the applicable statutory rate.

We continually assess the available positive and negative evidence to determine if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. On the basis of this evaluation, a valuation allowance is recorded to recognize only the portion of the deferred tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted in the future.

We have U.S. federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and recognized built-in-loss (“RBIL”) property that are subject to limitation under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”). Pursuant to Sections 382 and 383 of the IRC, utilization of our NOL and RBIL carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation. These annual limitations may result in the expiration of U.S. federal NOL and RBIL carryforwards prior to utilization. Accordingly, we have maintained a valuation allowance related to U.S. federal NOL and RBIL carryforwards that we do not believe are recoverable due to these limitations under Section 382 of the IRC.


	Six Months Ended June 30,
		2026		2025
	(in thousands)
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized		$	212,263	$	145,342
Income tax payments (refunds)		391		7,279
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		$	204,269	$	173,208

Equity consideration for acquisitions		—		82,145
Vital purchase price allocation adjustment		13,528		—
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for leases		60,769		5,350