Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2026
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2026, unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, unaudited condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and the accompanying notes are unaudited. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2026 (as amended on March 13, 2026), which contains the audited financial statements and notes thereto. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to state fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2026, the results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. The December 31, 2025 condensed consolidated balance sheet included herein was derived from the audited financial statements, but it does not include all disclosures or notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for an entire year or for any future period. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements, which include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, FibroBiologics Australia Pty Ltd, have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. The most significant estimates include the warrant liability, fair value of forward contract liability, fair value of the SEPA put option liability, fair value of the short-term convertible debt, and stock-based compensation. Fair Value Option of Accounting The Company has elected the option under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 825-10, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), to measure its short-term convertible debt issued pursuant to the SEPA (see Note 8) at fair value. The fair value option may be elected on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable unless a new election date occurs. When the fair value option is elected for an instrument, unrealized gains and losses for such instrument are reported in the condensed consolidated statements of operations at each subsequent reporting date. Up-front costs and fees related to items for which the fair value option is elected shall be recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred. These amounts are included in other income/(expense) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. The Company has significant cash balances at financial institutions, which, throughout the year, regularly exceed the federally insured limit of $250,000. Any loss incurred or a lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Risks and Uncertainties The Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in any of the following areas that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on the future financial position or results of operations: the timing of, and the Company’s ability to advance its current and future product candidates into and through clinical development; costs and timelines associated with the manufacture of clinical supplies of the Company’s product candidates; regulatory approval and market acceptance of its product candidates; performance of third-party contract research organizations (“CROs”) and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”); competition from pharmaceutical companies with greater financial resources or expertise; protection of the intellectual property, litigation or claims against the Company based on intellectual property, or other factors; the need to obtain additional funding; and its ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth. Disruption from the operations of CROs, CMOs or suppliers would likely have a negative impact on the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of unrestricted cash balances and short-term, liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less at the time of purchase. The Company had $3.5 million and $4.9 million of cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Research and development supplies Materials acquired to be used in clinical research, that have an alternative future use, are capitalized when the materials are acquired, and included in research and development supplies. These supplies are recognized as expense as they are consumed through use for testing or clinical activities, or have spoiled. The costs of materials that were acquired for a particular research and development activity and have no alternative future use are expensed in the period acquired. Research and development supplies purchased, valued at cost, and capitalized for future use were $1.4 million and $0 at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally three to five years, and includes laboratory equipment that is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of five years. Depreciation expense is classified in either research and development expense or in general and administrative expense, depending upon the nature of the asset, in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. When property and equipment assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheets and the resulting gain or loss is recorded in other income (loss) in the period realized. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, the Company will recognize an impairment loss only if the carrying amount is not recoverable through its undiscounted cash flows and measure any impairment loss based on the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value. There were no such losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. An arrangement is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If a lease is identified, classification is determined at lease commencement. Operating lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit interest rate and therefore the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate to discount lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate reflects the interest rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over a similar term. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are based on the corresponding lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before commencement, initial direct costs, and lease incentives. Renewals or early terminations are not accounted for unless the Company is reasonably certain to exercise these options. Operating lease expense is recognized and the ROU asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use asset, operating lease liability, short-term, and operating lease liability, long-term on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has elected in accordance with ASC 842-20-25-2 an accounting policy to not record short-term leases, defined as those with terms of 12 months or less, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Rent expense recorded under leases, for financial statement purposes, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term based on the most recent contractual terms available. Fair Value Measurements ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. ASC 820 identifies fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a three-tiered value hierarchy that distinguishes between the following: Level 1 - Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable, such as quoted market prices, interest rates, and yield curves. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability (i.e., supported by little or no market activity). Level 3 inputs include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Derivatives Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Liability classified derivatives are remeasured at their fair value at each reporting date, with decreases or increases in the fair value recognized as other gain or loss, respectively, within the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. Equity classified derivatives are not remeasured at each reporting date. If a liability classified derivative becomes eligible for reclassification to an equity classified derivative, any gains or losses recognized up to the point of reclassification are not reversed. If an equity classified instrument is subsequently required to be reclassified as a liability, an amount reflective of that instrument's fair value would be reclassified to a liability at that time. Research and Development Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development costs consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries and bonuses, scientist recruiting costs, employee benefits, facilities costs, laboratory supplies, manufacturing expenses, preclinical expenses, research materials, and consulting and other contracted services. Costs for certain research and development activities are recognized based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development. Marketing and Advertising Costs Marketing and advertising costs to promote the Company and its product candidates are expensed as incurred. Marketing and advertising expenses were $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively. Marketing and advertising expenses were $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. Patent Costs As the Company continues to incur costs to obtain market approval of patented technology, patent costs are expensed as incurred in general, administrative and other expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Costs include fees to renew or extend the term of recognized intangible assets, patent defense costs, and patent application costs. Management will continue to expense such costs until market approval is obtained through regulatory approval by the appropriate governing body. Income Taxes The Company is a C corporation, and accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Under the provisions of ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, the Company evaluates uncertain tax positions by reviewing against applicable tax law all positions taken by the Company with respect to tax years for which the statute of limitations is still open. ASC 740-10 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees and nonemployees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant and recognizes expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. The fair value of stock options is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model which requires management to apply judgment and make estimates, including: • Fair Value of Common Stock—The estimated fair value of Common Stock underlying stock-based awards has been determined by the board of directors as of each option grant date with input from management. Prior to completion of the Direct Listing in January 2024, the fair value of Common Stock was based upon most recently available third-party valuations of Common Stock and the board of directors’ assessment of additional objective and subjective factors that it believed were relevant and which may have changed from the date of the most recent valuation through the date of the grant. These third-party valuations were performed in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation (the Practice Aid). After completion of the Direct Listing, a public trading market for Common Stock has been established so the fair value of Common Stock is based on the closing price as reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market on the date of grant. • Expected Term—The expected term represents the period that a stock-based award is expected to be outstanding. The Company uses the simplified method to determine the expected term, which is based on the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the option. • Expected Volatility— Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the expected volatility is estimated based on the average historical volatilities of common stock of comparable publicly traded entities over a period of time commensurate with the expected term of the stock option grants. The comparable companies are chosen based on their size, stage in the product development cycle, or area of specialty. The Company will continue to apply this process until sufficient historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock price becomes available. • Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the awards. • Expected Dividend—The Company has never paid dividends on its Common Stock and has no plans to pay dividends on its Common Stock. Therefore, the Company used an expected dividend yield of zero. Emerging Growth Company The Company is an emerging growth company (“EGC”), as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, an EGC can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies; however, the Company may adopt new or revised accounting standards early if the standard allows for early adoption. In addition, the Company will utilize other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided to EGCs by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, an EGC is not required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on the Company’s system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-EGC public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), or (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items, such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. Reverse Stock Split On March 30, 2026, the Company effected a reverse split of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock, (the "March 2026 Reverse Split"). The March 2026 Reverse Split was at a ratio of one share for every 20 shares previously held with no change in the par value per share. The March 2026 Reverse Split did not change the number of authorized shares of common stock. Pursuant to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock were proportionately adjusted following the March 2026 Reverse Split. The adjustment to the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock did not change the number of authorized shares of Series C Preferred Stock. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) – Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), which is intended to require more detailed disclosures about specified categories of expenses (including employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization) included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2026, unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, unaudited condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and the accompanying notes are unaudited. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2026 (as amended on March 13, 2026), which contains the audited financial statements and notes thereto. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to

state fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2026, the results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. The December 31, 2025 condensed consolidated balance sheet included herein was derived from the audited financial statements, but it does not include all disclosures or notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for an entire year or for any future period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. The most significant estimates include the warrant liability, fair value of forward contract liability, fair value of the SEPA put option liability, fair value of the short-term convertible debt, and stock-based compensation.

Fair Value Option of Accounting

The Company has elected the option under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 825-10, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), to measure its short-term convertible debt issued pursuant to the SEPA (see Note 8) at fair value. The fair value option may be elected on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable unless a new election date occurs. When the fair value option is elected for an instrument, unrealized gains and losses for such instrument are reported in the condensed consolidated statements of operations at each subsequent reporting date. Up-front costs and fees related to items for which the fair value option is elected shall be recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred. These amounts are included in other income/(expense) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in any of the following areas that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on the future financial position or results of operations: the timing of, and the Company’s ability to advance its current and future product candidates into and through clinical development; costs and timelines associated with the manufacture of clinical supplies of the Company’s product candidates; regulatory approval and market acceptance of its product candidates; performance of third-party contract research organizations (“CROs”) and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”); competition from pharmaceutical companies with greater financial resources or expertise; protection of the intellectual property, litigation or claims against the Company based on intellectual property, or other factors; the need to obtain additional funding; and its ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth. Disruption from the operations of CROs, CMOs or suppliers would likely have a negative impact on the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations.

Cash and cash equivalents consist of unrestricted cash balances and short-term, liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less at the time of purchase. The Company had $3.5 million and $4.9 million of cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Research and development supplies

Materials acquired to be used in clinical research, that have an alternative future use, are capitalized when the materials are acquired, and included in research and development supplies. These supplies are recognized as expense as they are consumed through use for testing or clinical activities, or have spoiled. The costs of materials that were acquired for a particular research and development activity and have no alternative future use are expensed in the period acquired.

Research and development supplies purchased, valued at cost, and capitalized for future use were $1.4 million and $0 at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally three to five years, and includes laboratory equipment that is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of five years. Depreciation expense is classified in either research and development expense or in general and administrative expense, depending upon the nature of the asset, in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. When property and equipment assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheets and the resulting gain or loss is recorded in other income (loss) in the period realized. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, the Company will recognize an impairment loss only if the carrying amount is not recoverable through its undiscounted cash flows and measure any impairment loss based on the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value. There were no such losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. An arrangement is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If a lease is identified, classification is determined at lease commencement. Operating lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit interest rate and therefore the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate to discount lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate reflects the interest rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over a similar term. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are based on the corresponding lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before commencement, initial direct costs, and lease incentives. Renewals or early terminations are not accounted for unless the Company is reasonably certain to exercise these options. Operating lease expense is recognized and the ROU asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use asset, operating lease liability, short-term, and operating lease liability, long-term on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has elected in accordance with ASC 842-20-25-2 an accounting policy to not record short-term leases, defined as those with terms of 12 months or less, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Rent expense recorded under leases, for financial statement purposes, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term based on the most recent contractual terms available.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. ASC 820 identifies fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a three-tiered value hierarchy that distinguishes between the following:

Level 1 - Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable, such as quoted market prices, interest rates, and yield curves.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability (i.e., supported by little or no market activity). Level 3 inputs include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk).

Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Derivatives

Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Liability classified derivatives are remeasured at their fair value at each reporting date, with decreases or increases in the fair value recognized as other gain or loss, respectively, within the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. Equity classified derivatives are not remeasured at each reporting date. If a liability classified derivative becomes eligible for reclassification to an equity classified derivative, any gains or losses recognized up to the point of reclassification are not reversed. If an equity classified instrument is subsequently required to be reclassified as a liability, an amount reflective of that instrument's fair value would be reclassified to a liability at that time.

Patent Costs

As the Company continues to incur costs to obtain market approval of patented technology, patent costs are expensed as incurred in general, administrative and other expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Costs include fees to renew or extend the term of recognized intangible assets, patent defense costs, and patent application costs. Management will continue to expense such costs until market approval is obtained through regulatory approval by the appropriate governing body.

Income Taxes

The Company is a C corporation, and accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

Under the provisions of ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, the Company evaluates uncertain tax positions by reviewing against applicable tax law all positions taken by the Company with respect to tax years for which the statute of limitations is still open. ASC 740-10 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees and nonemployees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant and recognizes expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. The fair value of stock options is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model which requires management to apply judgment and make estimates, including:

•

Fair Value of Common Stock—The estimated fair value of Common Stock underlying stock-based awards has been determined by the board of directors as of each option grant date with input from management. Prior to completion of the Direct Listing in January 2024, the fair value of Common Stock was based upon most recently available third-party valuations of Common Stock and the board of directors’ assessment of additional objective and subjective factors that it believed were relevant and which may have changed from the date of the most recent valuation through the date of the grant. These third-party valuations were performed in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation (the Practice Aid). After completion of the Direct Listing, a public trading market for Common Stock has been established so the fair value of Common Stock is based on the closing price as reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market on the date of grant.

•

Expected Term—The expected term represents the period that a stock-based award is expected to be outstanding. The Company uses the simplified method to determine the expected term, which is based on the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the option.

•

Expected Volatility— Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the expected volatility is estimated based on the average historical volatilities of common stock of comparable publicly traded entities over a period of time commensurate with the expected term of the stock option grants. The comparable companies are chosen based on their size, stage in the product development cycle, or area of specialty. The Company will continue to apply this process until sufficient historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock price becomes available.

•

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the awards.

•

Expected Dividend—The Company has never paid dividends on its Common Stock and has no plans to pay dividends on its Common Stock. Therefore, the Company used an expected dividend yield of zero.

Emerging Growth Company

The Company is an emerging growth company (“EGC”), as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, an EGC can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies; however, the Company may adopt new or revised accounting standards early if the standard allows for early adoption.

In addition, the Company will utilize other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided to EGCs by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, an EGC is not required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on the Company’s system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-EGC public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), or (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items, such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

On March 30, 2026, the Company effected a reverse split of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock, (the "March 2026 Reverse Split"). The March 2026 Reverse Split was at a ratio of one share for every 20 shares previously held with no change in the par value per share. The March 2026 Reverse Split did not change the number of authorized shares of common stock. Pursuant to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock were proportionately adjusted following the March 2026 Reverse Split. The adjustment to the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock did not change the number of authorized shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) – Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), which is intended to require more detailed disclosures about specified categories of expenses (including employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization) included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.