7. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

From inception through June 30, 2026, the Company sold 41,612,032 shares of common stock and 3,859,000 pre-funded warrants, generating net proceeds of approximately $665.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs.

Underwritten Public Offering

In January 2026, the Company sold 6,875,000 shares of common stock at a price of $16.00 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,250,078 shares of common stock at a price of $15.999 per pre-funded warrant, which represents the per share price for the common stock less the $0.001 per share exercise price for each such pre-funded warrant. The Company received gross proceeds of $130.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. The net purchase price after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses, was $15.01 per share or net proceeds of $122.0 million. Certain affiliates of Frazier Life Sciences IX, L.P., or Frazier, a significant stockholder and Dr. James Topper, who currently serves on the Company's Board of Directors, share voting and investment power of the securities held by Frazier. Frazier participated in the offering by purchasing pre-funded warrants on the same terms as all other investors at a purchase price of $15.999, which represents the per share public offering price for the common stock less the $0.001 per share exercise price for each pre-funded warrant. Each pre-funded warrant became exercisable upon issuance and will not expire until exercised in full. The pre-funded warrants may not be exercised if the aggregate number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by the holders thereof immediately following such exercise would exceed a specified beneficial ownership limitation.

The pre-funded warrants from the offering were classified as a component of equity in the Company's condensed balance sheets as they are freestanding financial instruments that are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its own shares and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares of common stock upon exercise. The Company valued the pre-funded warrants at issuance, concluding that their sales price approximated their fair value, and allocated net proceeds from the sale proportionately to the common stock and pre-funded warrants, of which $18.8 million was allocated to the pre-funded warrants and recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital during the first fiscal quarter of the 2026 fiscal year. As of June 30, 2026, none of the pre-funded warrants have been exercised.

ATM Offerings

In November 2020, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM, or the Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or the Sales Agent, under which the Company may, from time to time, sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to an amount registered under an effective registration statement through the Sales Agent.

In November 2023, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 which was declared effective by the SEC on November 17, 2023, which included an at-the-market prospectus pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, sell up to an aggregate of $150 million of the Company's common stock through the Sales Agent, or the 2023 ATM Offering. The Company is not obligated to, and cannot provide any assurances that the Company will, make any sales of the shares under the Sales Agreement. The Sales Agreement may be terminated by the Sales Agent or the Company at any time. No shares were sold during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. As of June 30, 2026, all of the available $150 million under the 2023 ATM Offering remains available.

Common Stock Reserves

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 40 million shares of preferred stock. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, there were no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding.

Equity Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, or the Prior Incentive Plan, provided for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, and other stock awards to eligible recipients, including employees, directors or consultants of the Company. The Company had 2,231,739 shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the Prior Incentive Plan, of which, 1,400,528 stock options and 16,260 restricted stock awards were granted in 2019. As a result of the adoption of the 2019 Incentive Award Plan, or the 2019 Plan, in October 2019, no further awards may be available for issuance under the Prior Incentive Plan.

2019 Incentive Award Plan

In October 2019, the Board of Directors adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved, the 2019 Plan, which became effective in connection with the IPO. Under the 2019 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, or RSUs, performance stock units, or PSUs, and other awards to individuals who are then employees, officers, non-employee directors or consultants of the Company or its subsidiaries. The number of shares initially available for issuance will be increased by (i) the number of shares subject to stock options or similar awards granted under the Prior Incentive Plan that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full after the effective date of the 2019 Plan and unvested shares issued pursuant to awards granted under the Prior Incentive Plan that are forfeited to or repurchased by the Company after the effective date of the 2019 Plan, with the maximum number of shares to be added to the 2019 Plan pursuant to clause (i) not to exceed 1,416,788 shares, and (ii) an annual increase on January 1 of each calendar year beginning in 2020 and ending in 2029, equal to the lesser of (a) 5% of the shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such smaller number of shares as determined by the Board of Directors.

As of June 30, 2026, 4,752,307 shares remain available for issuance under the 2019 Plan, which reflects 2,142,768 stock options, RSUs and PSUs granted, and 704,644 of awards cancelled or forfeited, during the six months ended June 30, 2026 as well as an increase of 3,570,952 shares authorized effective as of January 1, 2026.

2025 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan

On March 30, 2025, the Board of Directors adopted the 2025 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan, or the Inducement Plan, and reserved 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to equity awards granted under the Inducement Plan to individuals not previously employees or non-employee directors of the Company (or following such individuals’ bona fide period of non-employment with the Company) as an inducement to join the Company. The Inducement Plan provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including nonstatutory stock options, RSUs, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, performance shares and PSUs, and its terms are substantially similar to the Company’s 2019 Plan, but with such other terms and conditions intended to comply with the Nasdaq inducement award exception or to comply with the Nasdaq acquisition and merger exception. As of June 30, 2026, the Company has granted 2,090,339 stock options, RSUs and PSUs under the Inducement Plan and 409,661 shares remain available for issuance.

Performance-Based Units

In 2025, the Board of Directors approved the grant of PSUs, whereby vesting depends on certain revenue performance milestones for 2025 and over the next two years and stock price hurdle PSUs. The Company estimates the likelihood of achievement of performance milestones for all PSU awards at the end of each reporting period. To the extent those awards or portions thereof are considered probable of being achieved, such awards or portions thereof are expensed over the performance period. Recognition of stock-based compensation expense related to the stock price hurdle PSUs commenced on the date of grant and the expense is being recognized ratably over the requisite service period of the award. The stock price hurdle PSUs are considered a market condition under FASB ASC Topic 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation and the fair value was estimated on the grant date using Monte Carlo simulations. The key assumptions used in determining this valuation included an expected volatility of 86.84%, a dividend yield of zero, a risk-free interest rate of 3.67%, and an expected term of 3.75 years.

For performance milestone PSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recorded based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the grant date and is recognized if and when the achievement of such performance milestones are determined to be probable by the Company. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, a revenue performance milestone was considered probable, and the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the probable vesting of PSUs. The fair value of the PSUs that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2026 was approximately $1.1 million.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had approximately $2.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to PSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.

Restricted Stock Units

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had $26.0 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the six months ended June 30, 2026, was approximately $4.7 million.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In October 2019, the Board of Directors adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved, the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, which became effective in connection with the IPO. The ESPP permits participants to purchase common stock through payroll deductions of up to 20% of their eligible compensation, which includes a participant’s gross base compensation for services to the Company, including overtime payments and excluding sales commissions, incentive compensation, bonuses, expense reimbursements, fringe benefits and other special payments. A total of 270,000 shares of common stock was initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP. In addition, the number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP will be annually increased on January 1 of each calendar year beginning in 2020 and ending in 2029, by an amount equal to the lesser of: (i) 1% of the shares outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (ii) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the Board of Directors. As of June 30, 2026, 1,859,861 shares of common stock remain available for issuance under the ESPP, which reflects the issuance of 211,837 shares sold to employees during the six months ended June 30, 2026 as well as an annual increase of 714,190 shares authorized on January 1, 2026.

The ESPP is considered a compensatory plan, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company recorded related stock-based compensation of $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively, compared to $0.5 million and $0.8 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2025. The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of ESPP awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model were as follows:

The estimated weighted-average fair value of ESPP awards for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, was $4.85 and $2.81, respectively. As of June 30, 2026, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the ESPP was $0.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.5 months.

401(k) Plan

During 2020, the Company established a 401(k) savings plan. The Company’s contributions to the plan are discretionary. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company incurred $1.3 million and $2.9 million, respectively, of expense related to estimated employer contribution liabilities, which was based on a 75% match of employees’ contributions during the periods, compared to $1.3 million and $3.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the Board of Directors approved employer matching contributions settled by contributing 132,035 and 290,165 shares of common stock, respectively.

Stock Options

The fair value of each employee and non-employee stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company, prior to the IPO on October 29, 2019, was a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, the Company estimated its expected volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. Due to the lack of historical exercise history, the expected term of the Company’s stock options for employees was determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards. The expected term of stock options granted to non-employees was equal to the contractual term of the option award. The risk-free interest rate was determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield was zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The estimated weighted-average fair value of employee and non-employee director stock options granted for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 was $12.08 and $3.77, respectively. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had $18.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company's common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company's common stock at June 30, 2026. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2026 was approximately $7.5 million.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense