3. Fair Value Measurements

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Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

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The Company determines fair values in compliance with The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the ASC (the “Fair Value Topic”). The Fair Value Topic defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The Fair Value Topic defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Fair Value Topic assumes that transactions upon which fair value measurements are based occur in the principal market for the asset or liability being measured. Further, fair value measurements made under the Fair Value Topic exclude transaction costs and are not the result of forced transactions.

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The Fair Value Topic includes a fair value hierarchy that classifies fair value measurements based upon the inputs used in valuing the assets or liabilities that are the subject of fair value measurements. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs, as indicated below.

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Fair Value Option

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The Company has elected to measure substantially all of PrimeLending’s mortgage loans held for sale and the retained mortgage servicing rights (“MSR”) asset at fair value, under the provisions of the Fair Value Option Subsections of the ASC (the “Fair Value Option”). The Company elected to apply the provisions of the Fair Value Option to these items so that it would have the opportunity to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the aggregate fair value of PrimeLending’s mortgage loans held for sale accounted for under the Fair Value Option was $901.7 million and $886.2 million, respectively, and the unpaid principal balance of those loans was $886.1 million and $870.1 million, respectively. The interest component of loans held for sale is reported as interest income on loans in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, while the fair value component for changes related to interest rate movements is reported in net gains from sale of loans and other production income within noninterest income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

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The Company holds a number of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, either by the application of the Fair Value Option or other authoritative pronouncements. The fair values of those instruments are determined primarily using Level 2 inputs, as further described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K. Those inputs include quotes from mortgage loan investors and derivatives dealers and data from independent pricing services. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using an exit price method.

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The following tables present information regarding financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands).

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The following tables include a rollforward for those material financial instruments measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs (in thousands).

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All net realized and unrealized gains (losses) in the tables above are reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The unrealized gains (losses) relate to financial instruments still held at June 30, 2026.

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For material Level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows.

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The fair value of certain available for sale securities held by the Company’s merchant bank subsidiary, including those measured at fair value under the provision of the Fair Value Option, are primarily measured using the income approach with Level 3 inputs. The fair value of such financial instruments are based upon estimates of expected cash flows using unobservable inputs, including credit spreads derived from comparable securities and benchmark credit curves, management’s knowledge of underlying collateral and recent transaction pricing.

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The fair value of certain loans held for sale that cannot be sold through normal sale channels or are non-performing are measured using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of such loans is generally based upon estimates of expected cash flows using unobservable inputs, including listing prices of comparable assets, uncorroborated expert opinions, and/or management’s knowledge of underlying collateral.

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The MSR asset is reported at fair value, under the provisions of the Fair Value Option, using Level 3 inputs. The MSR asset is valued by projecting net servicing cash flows, which are then discounted to estimate the fair value. The fair value of the MSR asset is impacted by a variety of factors. Prepayment and discount rates, the most significant unobservable inputs, are discussed further in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements.

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The Company has elected to measure certain equity investments held by the Company’s merchant bank subsidiary under the provisions of the Fair Value Option using Level 3 inputs to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by changes in fair value and better align with merchant bank investment strategy. Equity investments are reported as a component of other assets within the consolidated balance sheets and changes in fair value are reported within other noninterest income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

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The Company had no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the periods presented. Any transfers are based on changes in the observability and/or significance of the valuation inputs and are assumed to occur at the beginning of the quarterly reporting period in which they occur.

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The following tables present the changes in fair value of material instruments recognized in the consolidated statements of operations that are accounted for under the Fair Value Option (in thousands).

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Financial Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

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Real estate acquired through foreclosure (“OREO”) is recorded at the time of each property’s respective acquisition date using management’s estimate of fair value. The Company determines fair value primarily using independent appraisals of OREO properties, less estimated cost to sell. In addition, facts and circumstances may dictate a fair value measurement when there is evidence of impairment. The resulting fair value measurements are classified as Level 2 inputs. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the estimated fair value of OREO was $7.5 million and $8.0 million, respectively, and the underlying fair value measurements utilized Level 2 inputs. The amounts are included in other assets within the consolidated balance sheets. During the reported periods, all fair value measurements for OREO subsequent to initial recognition utilized Level 2 inputs. The Company recorded nominal losses during each of the three months ended June 30, 2026 and the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and losses of $0.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026, which represented a change in fair value subsequent to initial recognition of the asset.

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Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value on Recurring or Non-Recurring Basis

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The Fair Value of Financial Instruments Subsection of the ASC requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, including the financial assets and liabilities previously discussed. There have been no changes to the methods for determining estimated fair value for financial assets and liabilities as described in detail in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K.

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The following tables present the carrying values and estimated fair values of financial instruments not measured at fair value on either a recurring or non-recurring basis (in thousands).

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The Company held equity investments other than securities of $17.9 million and $18.9 million at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, which are included within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Of the $17.9 million of such equity investments held at June 30, 2026, $1.3 million do not have readily determinable fair values and each is measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The following table presents the adjustments to the carrying value of these investments during the periods presented (in thousands).

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Merchant Bank Transaction

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In January 2025, the Company’s merchant bank subsidiary entered into a definitive agreement to sell all of the capital stock of Moser Acquisition, Inc. to Atlas Energy Solutions Inc. (“Atlas”) for consideration including cash and Atlas common stock. On February 24, 2025, the sale of the operations associated with the Company’s approximate 30% aggregate interest in Moser Holdings, LLC, which owns Moser Acquisition, Inc., was consummated. The Company’s aggregate interest in Moser Holdings, LLC included equity investments that were included, and will continue to be included, within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets until liquidation of Moser Holdings, LLC. An initial pre-tax gain of $30.5 million ($23.6 million net of tax) was recorded during the first quarter of 2025 based on the Company’s aggregate interest in Moser Holdings, LLC and reported primarily as a component of other noninterest income within the consolidated statements of operations. Subsequently, during 2025, the Company recorded additional net adjustments associated with its aggregate interest in Moser Holdings, LLC and the liquidation of Atlas common stock that resulted in an aggregate pre-tax gain during 2025 of $27.8 million ($21.6 million net of tax). The gain is subject to change given customary post-closing adjustments and liquidation of Moser Holdings, LLC.