9. IMPAIRMENT OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS

Barnes & Noble Education performed long-lived asset impairment testing of the asset groups associated with the affected locations. Each asset group consists of the following assets attributable to each bookstore location or portfolio: (i) operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets; (ii) customer relationship intangible assets recognized in connection with the respective bookstore management services agreements; (iii) leasehold improvements, capitalized implementation and signing bonuses, and capital improvement reimbursements classified within property and equipment; and (iv) other assets.

Barnes & Noble Education determined that the carrying values of the affected asset groups were not recoverable, as the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows attributable to each asset group was insufficient to recover the respective carrying values given the planned cessation of operations. Accordingly, Barnes & Noble Education measured and recognized an impairment loss equal to the amount by which each asset group's carrying value exceeded its estimated fair value. Fair value was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach; for operating lease ROU assets, fair value reflected the present value of reasonably obtainable sublease income, which was determined to be nominal given the campus-specific nature of the bookstore locations.