We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general, and administrative expense.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded charges of $7.9 billion in GMNA related to our EV strategic realignment. These charges included non-cash impairment and other charges of $3.2 billion and cash related charges of $4.7 billion, primarily consisting of supplier commercial settlements, contract cancellation fees, battery cell JV settlements, and other charges that will have a cash impact when paid. The non-cash impairment charges include the cost of writing down EV-related tooling and equipment to its nominal salvage value. We incurred cash outflows of $400 million related to these charges in the year ended December 31, 2025. In the three months ended June 30, 2026, we recorded additional net charges of $2.3 billion, primarily related to $1.3 billion for ongoing commercial negotiations with our supply base and joint venture partners, $1.1 billion of losses on contractual supply agreements, and $493 million associated with compliance-related assets, net of $660 million of recoveries under a cost sharing arrangement. Of these charges, $1.6 billion will have a cash impact when paid. The charges associated with losses on contractual supply agreements and compliance-related assets are not included in the table above. For the six months ended June 30, 2026, net charges were $3.4 billion and, in addition to the charges recorded in the three months ended June 30, 2026, consisted of $1.0 billion of charges for ongoing commercial negotiations with our supply base and joint venture partners. Of these charges, $2.5 billion will have a cash impact when paid. We incurred cash outflows of $4.1 billion related to these charges in the six months ended June 30, 2026. We expect to recognize additional charges in the year ending December 31, 2026, and while circumstances may change in the future, we believe we have substantially completed the recognition of material cash charges related to our EV strategic realignment.