0001995704 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 dei:BusinessContactMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 2024-12-31 0001995704 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2022-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2022-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2022-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2022-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2022-12-31 0001995704 2022-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member 2024-01-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember 2024-01-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember 2024-01-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember 2024-01-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2025-04-11 2025-04-11 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2025-04-11 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2025-05-08 2025-05-08 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2025-05-08 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-05-14 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-05-14 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:ComputerEquipmentMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 srt:MinimumMember CUPR:RenovationMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 srt:MaximumMember CUPR:RenovationMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:OfficeEquipmentMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerAMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerBMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerCMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerDMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerEMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerAMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerBMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerCMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerDMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerEMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerAMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerBMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerCMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerEMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerFMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerAMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerBMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerCMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerEMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerFMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerDMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerEMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerFMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerGMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerHMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerDMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerEMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerFMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerGMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CustomerHMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorAMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorBMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorCMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorDMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorAMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorCMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorAMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorCMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorDMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorEMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorAMember us-gaap:AccountsPayableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorCMember us-gaap:AccountsPayableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorDMember us-gaap:AccountsPayableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:VendorEMember us-gaap:AccountsPayableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:UnitedStateDollarMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:SingaporeDollarMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:ComputerEquipmentMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:RenovationMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:RenovationMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:OfficeEquipmentMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember 2022-07-07 0001995704 CUPR:BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember 2023-02-01 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:JointVentureAndAssociateMember 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:JointVentureAndAssociateMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:OfficePremiseOneMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:OfficePremiseTwoMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:OverAllotmentOptionMember 2025-04-11 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:OverAllotmentOptionMember 2025-05-08 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:JimmyLeePengSiewMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:JimmyLeePengSiewMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BaptistaCarlMarcMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BaptistaCarlMarcMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DavidQuekYongQiMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DavidQuekYongQiMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BryanTeoYingjieMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BryanTeoYingjieMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:RachelLeeLinMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:RachelLeeLinMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DoreaQuekEnQiMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DoreaQuekEnQiMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:TeoPengKwangMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:TeoPengKwangMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:NgBeePohMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:NgBeePohMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:BryanTeoYingjieMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:RachelLeeLinMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DoreaQuekEnQiMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:JimmyLeePengSiewMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:JimmyLeePengSiewMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:JimmyLeePengSiewMember 2025-06-30 0001995704 CUPR:DavidQuekYongQiMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:TeoPengKwangMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:NgBeePohMember 2024-12-31 0001995704 2024-11-01 2024-11-30 0001995704 2024-11-30 0001995704 us-gaap:InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 srt:MinimumMember us-gaap:InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 srt:MaximumMember us-gaap:InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 country:MY 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMalaysiaSdnBhdMember 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:InlandRevenueHongKongMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 us-gaap:InternalRevenueServiceIRSMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 srt:MinimumMember us-gaap:InternalRevenueServiceIRSMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 srt:MaximumMember us-gaap:InternalRevenueServiceIRSMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CosmeceuticalProductMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CosmeceuticalProductMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CosmeceuticalProductMember 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaAndAidoniePteLtdMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-01-29 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-01-29 0001995704 CUPR:CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-03-11 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-04-21 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-04-21 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-04-20 2026-04-20 0001995704 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-04-21 2026-04-21 0001995704 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2026-04-21 iso4217:USD shares iso4217:USD shares pure iso4217:SGD iso4217:SGD shares CUPR:Segment false 0001995704 F-1 Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited E9 c/o Blk 1090 Lower Delta Road #06-0 Singapore 169201 +65 8512 7275 Cogency Global Inc. 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor New York NY 10168 (212) 947-7200 true false 116472 3117682 2423760 26389 18218 14163 1272202 93085 237732 184818 146152 3957542 3076687 1730 1656030 7331174 5699428 58065 77525 60270 30940 316725 246229 779173 605748 89005 1173423 912247 1745035 8504597 6611675 1177 915 323971 30626 23809 5625996 2934650 2281466 55250 38728 30108 35812 110233 85698 6041029 3115414 2421996 163728 126201 98112 207557 161359 163728 333758 259471 6204757 3449172 2681467 0.008 3125000 489375 920625 5264 9666 7365 0.008 3125000 1760625 18939 18939 14724 18939 18939 14724 78722 13912778 10816122 -4561053 -9234500 -7179118 -1594 348542 271115 -4459722 5055425 3930208 1745035 8504597 6611675 100773 48321 49894 38789 64168 51345 50539 39290 36605 -3024 -645 -501 937200 1400873 4602300 3577937 167734 241362 226884 176385 1104934 1642235 4829184 3754322 -1068329 -1645259 -4829829 -3754823 39149 173865 234455 182271 -56587 -37210 -14724 -11447 -17438 136655 219731 170824 -1085767 -1508604 -4610098 -3583999 -1085767 -1508604 -4610098 -3583999 -33788 -51931 -63349 -49249 -1119555 -1560535 -4673447 -3633248 570 -1903 350136 272204 -1118985 -1562438 -4323311 -3361044 -0.50 -0.50 -0.69 -0.69 -1.83 -1.83 -1.42 -1.42 2250000 2250000 2250000 2250000 2558938 2558938 2558938 2558938 489375 5264 3125000 18939 78722 -1880963 -261 -1778299 -1119555 -1119555 570 570 489375 5264 3125000 18939 78722 -3000518 309 -2987284 -1560535 -1560535 -1903 -1903 489375 5264 3125000 18939 78722 -4561053 -1594 -4459722 431250 4402 13834056 13838458 -4673447 -4673447 350136 350136 920625 9666 3125000 18939 13912778 -9234500 348542 5055425 920625 9666 3125000 18939 13912778 -9234500 348542 5055425 920625 7365 3125000 14724 10816122 -7179118 271115 3930208 920625 7365 3125000 14724 10816122 -7179118 271115 3930208 -1119555 -1560535 -4673447 -3633248 35059 42185 36523 28394 28409 -2246 -1746 5935 1730 1345 106 -2112 -3807 -2960 -2484 1741 -141213 -109782 -33788 -51931 -63349 -49249 37511 -24430 -8151 -6337 -2488 32122 -10639 4457200 3465133 1164 -1177 -45863 123562 -290994 -227140 238900 69725 39465 30681 -894981 -1235981 -9133948 -7100947 67977 21884 58229 45268 -67977 -21884 -58229 -45268 17606040 13687351 647796 423787 2628743 2043647 200000 20574 23572 54049 42019 1101445 1588336 -2691506 -2092440 433075 1340977 12231742 9509245 -529883 83112 3039565 2363030 570 -1903 -38355 -29818 564576 35263 116472 90548 35263 116472 3117682 2423760 727 221 70584 54874 242287 <p id="xdx_805_eus-gaap--OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsDisclosureTextBlock_z3VMLFetIor8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>1</b></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_826_zpBRXHvTPD6d">Organization and business overview</span></b></span></td></tr></table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited is an exempted company incorporated on September 22, 2023 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. The Company, through its subsidiaries, manufactures, supplies and sells medical devices (i.e. primarily Maggot Debridement Therapy (“MDT”)), to manage and accelerate healing and closure of chronic wounds. The products are composed of nature-based bioactive, in the form of advanced wound dressings, derived from sustainable sources. These products have applications in the medical, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical industries and currently sold directly in Singapore and Hong Kong. The Company and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company”. The Company is headquartered in Singapore.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Reorganization of the Company’s legal structure (the “Reorganization”)</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company began business operations on August 28, 2019 when Cuprina Pte. Ltd. was incorporated in Singapore. As part of the Reorganization for the purpose of the listing, Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on October 3, 2023.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Reorganization was completed in January 2024. The Reorganization involved the transfer of <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20240131__srt--OwnershipAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_z9Az4EwQgcJd" title="Ownership interest">100</span>% of the equity interests in Cuprina Pte. Ltd. from its original shareholder, Cuprina Holding Pte. Ltd. to Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited. Subsequently, <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20240131__srt--OwnershipAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_z4T3RPjUxtq" title="Ownership interest">100</span>% of the equity interests in Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited were transferred to the Company, Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited. Consequently, Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited became the holding company of all the entities mentioned above and resulted in a change in the reporting entity from Cuprina Pte. Ltd. to Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Reorganization has been accounted for as a recapitalization among entities under common control since the same controlling shareholder of Cuprina Holding Pte. Ltd. controlled all these entities before and after the Reorganization. Cuprina Holding Pte. Ltd. owned <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_iI_pid_dp_c20240131__srt--OwnershipAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zDYPRdqSNeT6" title="Ownership interest">100.00</span>% equity interest in all these entities before the Reorganization and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20240131__srt--OwnershipAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_zkOESvxmDaD7" title="Ownership interest">78.25</span>% equity interest in all these entities through Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited after the Reorganization.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In a transaction that is considered to be a transfer of net assets or exchange of equity interest between entities under common control, the receiving entity reflects the transfer as a change in the reporting entity on a retrospective basis. ASC 805-50-30-5 applies to transfers of net assets or exchange of equity interest between entities under common control and requires the receiving entity to reflect the transfer in a manner similar to a pooling of interests. A pooling of interests was the method of accounting for the reorganization. The consolidation of the Company and its subsidiaries has been accounted for at historical cost and prepared on the basis as if the aforementioned transactions (transfer of net assets or exchange of equity interest) had become effective as of the beginning of the first period presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The assets and liabilities and results of operations for the periods presented comprise those of the previously separate entities combined from the beginning of the period to the end of the period eliminating the effects of intra-entity transactions.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the following entities:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><img alt="" src="fin_001.jpg"/></p> <p id="xdx_899_ecustom--ScheduleOfCompanyAndSubsidiariesTableTextBlock_zalba8sLSgw9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B0_zP1ohWdPiq9g" style="display: none">Schedule of company and subsidiaries</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 26%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Name</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 14%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Date of incorporation</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 14%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Percentage of direct or indirect interests</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 14%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Place of incorporation</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 24%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Principal activities</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_989_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zLkf4RMkDrE7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September 22, 2023</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zmdXuxjAYOb" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zk4aBfSKl3nc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cayman Islands </span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zwYridmOU75" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Holding business</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98F_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_znaPfbjirFl7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October 3, 2023</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_zvUBiVeDHP67" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_zKIp40pCsRUc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">British Virgin Islands</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_zMBi5pzXK1k2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Holding business</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Pte. Ltd. </span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_983_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zwZn2S62Sw4h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">August 28, 2019</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zDr6TQpHtdJ9" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zE8LZrMDQ4ik" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Singapore</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zWAtDTq4p9J8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina United States Inc.</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98F_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zTpkRRWjSIE2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April 6, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zUe7SNPuJNug" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_988_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zfpuRKDJLKY8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">United States</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zI0iHgowrgA9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Holding business</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_z2w6SWDQjk2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March 29, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_zUgerAogyYT4" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_981_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_zp2h2aPy3Pbi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Malaysia</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_zyReMVXoczp5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_988_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_zcgWPmEwggjc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July 26, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_zQxrfeMjiXIj" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_980_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_zUUSAEKOQ7jf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">China</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_z8GcyEvvXoJf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Hong Kong Limited</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zi1SMZt9pbx3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 17, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zMbMXAVB8Ysb" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_981_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zhdfwKE9pkO1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Hong Kong</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zQMKGZZ8ACHh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A6_zobrufKJocbc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On April 11, 2025, the Company has completed the Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) of <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20250411__20250411__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember_zT6ZY1KbDVg2" title="Stock issued during period shares new issues">375,000</span> Class A Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq Capital Market, at a public offering price of US$<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SharePrice_iI_pid_c20250411__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember_zZliAM5pvKDj" title="Share price">32.00</span> per share, and give rise to total gross proceeds of US$<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering_pn5n6_c20250411__20250411__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember_zwKqwXZfcC95" title="Proceeds from issuance initial public offering">12.0</span> million. The Ordinary Shares were previously approved for listing on Nasdaq Capital Market on April 9, 2025 and commenced trading under the ticker symbol “CUPR” on April 10, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On May 8, 2025, the Company has closed the sale of an additional <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20250508__20250508__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember_zTvIImHnSLIi" title="Stock issued during period shares new issues">56,250</span> Class A Ordinary Shares of the Company, pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option granted in connection with the Company’s IPO, at the IPO price of US$<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharePrice_iI_pid_c20250508__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember_zODy1QwjN3ml" title="Share price">32.00</span> per share.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">On May 14, 2026, shareholders’ resolutions were passed to authorize a share consolidation of the Company’s issued and authorized Class A and Class B ordinary shares on 8-for-1 basis, with a corresponding increase in par value from US$<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_c20260514__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zZCzNXNgZrOd" title="Common stock, par value">0.001</span> to US$<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_c20260514__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassBMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zkBP44PGJ4yh" title="Common stock, par value">0.008</span> per share, and the rounding of fractional shares (“Share Consolidation”). The Company effected the Share Consolidation on May 27, 2026, and the Company’s Ordinary Shares began trading on a post-consolidation basis on the same date.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b></b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b></b></span></p> 1 1 1.0000 0.7825 <p id="xdx_899_ecustom--ScheduleOfCompanyAndSubsidiariesTableTextBlock_zalba8sLSgw9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B0_zP1ohWdPiq9g" style="display: none">Schedule of company and subsidiaries</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 26%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Name</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 14%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Date of incorporation</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 14%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Percentage of direct or indirect interests</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 14%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Place of incorporation</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 24%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Principal activities</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Holdings (Cayman) Limited</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_989_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zLkf4RMkDrE7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September 22, 2023</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zmdXuxjAYOb" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zk4aBfSKl3nc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cayman Islands </span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsCaymanLimitedMember_zwYridmOU75" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Holding business</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98F_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_znaPfbjirFl7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October 3, 2023</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_zvUBiVeDHP67" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_zKIp40pCsRUc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">British Virgin Islands</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingsBVILimitedMember_zMBi5pzXK1k2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Holding business</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Pte. Ltd. </span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_983_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zwZn2S62Sw4h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">August 28, 2019</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zDr6TQpHtdJ9" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zE8LZrMDQ4ik" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Singapore</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member_zWAtDTq4p9J8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina United States Inc.</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98F_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zTpkRRWjSIE2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April 6, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zUe7SNPuJNug" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_988_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zfpuRKDJLKY8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">United States</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaUnitedStatesInc.Member_zI0iHgowrgA9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Holding business</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_z2w6SWDQjk2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March 29, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_zUgerAogyYT4" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_981_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_zp2h2aPy3Pbi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Malaysia</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdn.Bhd.Member_zyReMVXoczp5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_988_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_zcgWPmEwggjc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July 26, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_zQxrfeMjiXIj" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_980_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_zUUSAEKOQ7jf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">China</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaBeijingBiotechnologyCo.Ltd.Member_z8GcyEvvXoJf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"> </td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Hong Kong Limited</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--EntityIncorporationDateOfIncorporationDescription_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zi1SMZt9pbx3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Date of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 17, 2022</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zMbMXAVB8Ysb" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">100</span>%</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_981_ecustom--PlaceOfIncorporation_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zhdfwKE9pkO1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center" title="Place of incorporation"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Hong Kong</span></td> <td> </td> <td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentDescriptionOfPrincipalActivities_c20250101__20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaHongKongLimitedMember_zQMKGZZ8ACHh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify" title="Principal activities"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices</span></td></tr> </table> September 22, 2023 1 Cayman Islands Holding business October 3, 2023 1 British Virgin Islands Holding business August 28, 2019 1 Singapore Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices April 6, 2022 1 United States Holding business March 29, 2022 1 Malaysia Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices July 26, 2022 1 China Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices May 17, 2022 1 Hong Kong Manufacture, distribution, and supply of medical devices 375000 32.00 12000000.0 56250 32.00 0.001 0.008 <p id="xdx_80B_eus-gaap--SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_zpTcP1wffFk7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>2</b></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82A_za3rVSbKbUOh">Summary of significant accounting policies</span></b></span></td></tr></table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--BusinessDescriptionAndAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_zkAsBQwz1OQi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">Basis of presentation</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This summary of significant accounting policies is presented to assist in understanding the Company’s consolidated financial statements and have been consistently applied in the preparation of the financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock_z56e5JhWen74" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidation</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company balances, investment and capital, if any, have been eliminated upon consolidation.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_z8c38MlkItSe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Use of estimates</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making the judgements about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, useful lives and impairment of long-lived assets, allowance for expected credit losses against financial assets, write-down of inventories, allowance for deferred tax assets, and accounting of operating lease right-of-use assets. Actual results may differ from these estimates.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_843_ecustom--CashFlowsReportingPolicyTextBlock_zTD8Mt5fxY21" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Cash Flows Reporting</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We follow ASC 230, Statements of Cash Flows, for cash flows reporting, and classify cash receipts and payments according to whether they stem from operating, investing, or financing activities and provides definitions of each category. We use the indirect or reconciliation method (“Indirect method”) as defined by ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows, to report net cash flow from operating activities by adjusting net income (loss) to reconcile it to net cash flow from operating activities by removing the effects of all deferrals of past operating cash receipts and payments and all accruals of expected future operating cash receipts and payments and all items that are included in net (loss) income that do not affect operating cash receipts and payments.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_z2qt8tvVrZa3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Cash and cash equivalents</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cash equivalents primarily consist of bank deposits with original maturities of three months or less, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock_zBABg4HMkgVe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Accounts receivable, net</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from customers that meet the revenue recognition criteria. These accounts receivables are recorded net of any allowance for credit losses and specific customer credit allowances. The Company maintains an allowance for estimated credit losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. In establishing the required allowance, management considers historical losses adjusted to take into account current market conditions and the Company’s customers’ financial condition, the receivable amount in dispute, and the current receivables aging and current payment patterns, over the contractual life of the receivable. The Company writes off the receivable when it is determined to be uncollectible.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84A_ecustom--OtherAssetsPolicyTextBlock_z6gVUwJHStEg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Other assets</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other assets, net, primarily consists of deposits, prepayments made to vendors or services providers for future services that have not been provided, and other receivables from third parties. These advances are unsecured and are reviewed periodically to determine whether their carrying value has become impaired. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, management believes that the Company’s other current assets are not impaired.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--InventoryPolicyTextBlock_zDecPP81XV79" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Inventory</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inventories are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the first-in, first-out principle, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition. If inventories are damaged or obsolete, its cost are written down to net realizable value.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_849_ecustom--DeferredCostsPolicyTextBlock_zDiRQvUWu8a2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Deferred costs</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to ASC 340-10-25-2, deferred costs attributable to preproduction costs related to long-term supply arrangements shall be capitalized.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84D_ecustom--DeferredOfferingCostsPolicyTextBlock_zLeHeoOHQyBg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Deferred offering cost</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In addition, pursuant to ASC 340-10-S99-1, offering costs directly attributable to an offering of equity securities are deferred and would be charged against the gross proceeds of the offering as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. These costs include legal and consulting fees related to the registration statement, and the expenses related to the SEC filing and printing.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">As of December 31, 2025, the Company has completed its IPO, and the related deferred stock issuance cost have been charged against the gross proceeds of the offering as a reduction of additional paid-in capital.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zvZvaurHBzC4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Property and equipment, net</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_89E_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zvAS0ntdzRUj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if applicable. The Company computes depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span id="xdx_8BF_zKs2kUL0f7N9" style="display: none">Schedule of estimated useful lives</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Property and equipment</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Capitalize of lease term or expected useful life</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Computers</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--ComputerEquipmentMember_zIAazGCKkbal" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Furniture and fittings</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--FurnitureAndFixturesMember_zqNoDJhl3nqh" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Renovation</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z0uy6ePuQ2ga" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> - <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zuaCP1ecrEea" title="Estimated useful lives">5</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office equipment</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--OfficeEquipmentMember_z9GcL4KJYbj9" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AC_z7hnILOuAQHf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while additions renewals and betterments, which are expected to extend the useful life of assets, are capitalized. The Company also re-evaluates the periods of depreciation to determine whether subsequent events and circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock_zsSbMXYDyn5a" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Impairment of long-lived assets</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets (asset groups), including property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of its asset (asset group) may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, the Company measures impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset (asset group) and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset (asset group), the Company recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset (asset group) over their fair value. Fair value is generally determined by discounting the cash flows expected to be generated by the asset (asset group), when the market prices are not readily available. The adjusted carrying amount of the asset is the new cost basis and is depreciated over the asset’s remaining useful life. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOfLongLivedAssetsToBeDisposedOf_do_c20250101__20251231_zlwfG4UoMrzc" title="Impairment of long-lived assets"><span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOfLongLivedAssetsToBeDisposedOf_do_c20240101__20241231_zAZ8TCMXdOv3" title="Impairment of long-lived assets">no</span></span> impairment of long-lived assets was observed and recognized.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentsPolicy_zzVUYmCAJtUl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Investments at equity</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to ASC 323-30-25-1, the joint venture is accounted for using the equity method of accounting as the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investee but does not have a controlling financial interest. Our judgment regarding the level of influence over an equity method investment includes considering key factors such as our ownership interest, representation on the board of directors, participation in policy making decisions and material intercompany transactions. Under this method of accounting, the Company records its proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the equity method investee and a corresponding increase or decrease to the investment balance. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the investments at equity of the Company were S$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestments_iI_dxL_c20251231_zhjzwFYPKKVl" title="::XDX::-"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0762">nil</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">and S$<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestments_iI_dxL_c20241231_zkIumqZGtMVh" title="::XDX::-"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0763">nil</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(US$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestments_iI_dxL_uUSD_c20251231_zvVWXVWw3oc9" title="::XDX::-"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0764">nil</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">), respectively. There is a general presumption that equity method should be suspended and losses should not be recognized in excess of the total investment (including any additional advances). It is important that investors continue to track unrecognized equity method losses to determine when to record subsequent period equity method earnings. However, an investor may record losses in excess of the carrying amount of the investment if the investor has guaranteed the investee’s obligations or has committed to provide further financial support to the investee, as described in ASC 323-10-35-20. </span>The excess of loss over equity are recorded as current liability in the balance sheet.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">The Company presents the net amount in the consolidated statement of financial position when, and only when, the Company currently has an enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84B_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_z8MIgCa08kC5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Fair value measurements</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in pricing the asset or liability. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level 1</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">- observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. </span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level 2</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">- other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace. </span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level 3</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">- unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity. </span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, contract assets, inventories, accounts payable, amount due to related parties, and accruals and other payables approximate their fair values because of their generally short maturities.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_845_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock_zPIQOT27VZk9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Revenue recognition</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company follows the revenue requirements of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606”). The core principle underlying the revenue recognition of this ASC allows the Company to recognize revenue that represents the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in such exchange. This will require the Company to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services transfers to a customer.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To achieve that core principle, the Company applies a five-step model to recognize revenue from customer contracts. The five-step model requires that the Company (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant future reversal will not occur, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the respective performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligation.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Revenues are generally recognized upon the transfer of control of promised products or services provided to our customers, reflecting the amount of consideration we expect to receive for those products or services.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>The Company generates revenue from the following streams:</b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sales of <b>Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company recognizes revenue from the respective hospitals after 36 hours from the delivery of the vials to the hospital for their treatment of respective patients, as the storage life of the vials are only 36 hours from the production and this is when the customer could direct the use of and obtain the benefits of their service. Maggot Debridement Therapy product is typically sold without a discount for early payment, rebates or rights of return.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment terms are generally 30 days from the date of invoice. The point of invoice is typically upon completion of the overall service and treatment, as at this point the Company is able to conclude whether the patient will be receiving (i) ala carte orders, (ii) one (1) week packages, or (iii) one (1) month packages, and invoice accordingly. The Company’s product sales contracts are primarily with customers, which is the hospital. The revenue occurs at a point in time, when the customer received the vials or maggots for their treatment to the respective patients. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account for revenue recognition. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation (if any) and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s performance obligations are satisfied after 36 hours from the delivery of maggots for the treatment of respective patients from the doctor.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sales of <b>Cosmeceutical Product</b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company provides sale of cosmeceutical product to its customers. Revenue from sale of cosmeceutical product is recognized when the Company satisfies a performance obligation at a point in time which generally coincides with delivery and acceptance of the goods sold. The customer would indicate the acceptance of the goods sold to them through acknowledgment on the delivery order. Cosmeceutical product is typically sold with a right of return and without discount for early payment and rebates. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for such returns at the time of sale. There has been no event for return of goods since the launching of the product.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Principal versus agent considerations</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><i> </i></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">The Company evaluates whether it is the principal or agent in revenue arrangements. The Company is considered the principal when it controls the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. The Company recognize the revenue from the delivery of goods on the gross basis as the Company responsible for the fulfilment of the delivery, has full discretion in establishing prices and as well as inventory risks and therefore, the principal in the arrangement.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ReconciliationOfRevenueFromSegmentsToConsolidatedTextBlock_zJRLEGmCQaYa" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Segments</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major clients in financial statements for detailing the Company’s business segments. Based on the criteria established by ASC 280, the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company. As a whole, the Company has only two reportable segments, being the Maggot Debridement Therapy Product and Cosmeceutical Product.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk_z29MLiVnBpB8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white"><i>Concentrations and credit risk</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company maintains cash with banks in Singapore (“SGN”) and United States of America (“USA”). Should any bank holding cash become insolvent, or if the Company is otherwise unable to withdraw funds, the Company would lose the cash with that bank; however, the Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant risks on its cash in bank accounts. In Singapore, a depositor has up to S$<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--InsuranceOfDeposit_iI_c20251231_zu7Ja8jcLLx" title="Insurance of deposit">100,000</span> insured by Singapore Deposit Insurance Corporation (“SDIC”). In USA, a depositor has up to US$<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--CashFDICInsuredAmount_iI_c20251231_zUgoyNfJkGca" title="Federal deposit insurance corporation">250,000</span> insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company has designed their credit policies with an objective to minimize their exposure to credit risk. The Company’s accounts receivable are short term in nature and the associated risk is minimal. The Company conducts credit evaluations on its clients and generally does not require collateral or other security. The Company periodically evaluates the creditworthiness of the existing clients in determining the allowance for current expected credit loss primarily based upon the age of the receivables and factors surrounding the credit risk of specific clients.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Company’s assets were located in Singapore, Malaysia and United States of America, and the Company’s revenue was principally derived from the operation in Singapore.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2023, customer A, customer B, customer C, customer D, and customer E accounted for <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z3t8KvoRrkw7" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zyPitQnSdbX4" title="Concentration risk percentage">18.1</span>%, <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcrZSAuHObrf" title="Concentration risk percentage">17.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z8VaGbof2qnc" title="Concentration risk percentage">13.4</span>% and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zLcsPam2qP8c" title="Concentration risk percentage">10.7</span>% of the Company’s total revenue and <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zu4eyhpQnJec" title="Concentration risk percentage">25.1</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zieocrY2eyMe" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.8</span>%, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zkNkORDtt67" title="Concentration risk percentage">7.9</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zbJXI8xae4xj" title="Concentration risk percentage">6.5</span>%, and <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zBfUwzXyesHk" title="Concentration risk percentage">26.0</span>% of the Company’s total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2024, customer A, customer B, customer C, customer E, and customer F accounted for <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_ziz8IliHLG5i" title="Concentration risk percentage">8.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zALD2wIAdJzk" title="Concentration risk percentage">13.4</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zrCu5JR780Of" title="Concentration risk percentage">23.8</span>%, <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zGPTpin5vAK4" title="Concentration risk percentage">20.9</span>% and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zuuDSxf0Trl1" title="Concentration risk percentage">4.8</span>% of the Company’s total revenue and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z6YGwwtAZMHi" title="Concentration risk percentage">39.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zHllHPDoH3c5" title="Concentration risk percentage">32.5</span>%, <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zVNZQIudFmz2" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zy0EpVteq6sc" title="Concentration risk percentage">3.0</span>% and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zLR6ygUQgGOf" title="Concentration risk percentage">3.2</span>% of the Company’s total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2025, customer D, customer E, customer F, customer G, and customer H accounted for <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zWzXRWorPqyj" title="Concentration risk percentage">8.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z3DBOzTr8zUh" title="Concentration risk percentage">28.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z7OIrfcuoEBk" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.7</span>%, <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerGMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zJDkm5NfCjia" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.9</span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerHMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcmCstHO9Tl" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.5</span>% of the Company’s total revenue and <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zjB4GNe1PBBj" title="Concentration risk percentage">4.5</span>%, <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zOeacTNgayek" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.8</span>%, <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z4e17toTNNGa" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.1</span>%, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerGMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_ziydhLdQVTrl" title="Concentration risk percentage">5.1</span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerHMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zwPElnO0P8N3" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>% of the Company’s total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2023, vendor A, vendor B, vendor C, and vendor D accounted for <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zyY57XBHb9P1" title="Concentration risk percentage">34.6</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zmq9rzce2ZL7" title="Concentration risk percentage">19.4</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z6UIorkNfRPc" title="Concentration risk percentage">18.3</span>%, and <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_znTPWg32axC9" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.9</span>% of the Company’s total purchases, respectively. None of the vendors consisted more than 10% of accounts payable as of December 31, 2023.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2024, vendor A and vendor C accounted for <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zj9lFzqHRz2e" title="Concentration risk percentage">67.4</span>% and <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zkufi64WuEqe" title="Concentration risk percentage">18.0</span>% of the Company’s total purchases, respectively. None of the vendors consisted more than 10% of accounts payable as of December 31, 2024.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2025, vendor A, vendor C, vendor D and vendor E accounted for <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zDVSqN4Z3Jjd" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_znXgoxZWBpfi" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.6</span>%, <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zyQKMbCPUPJk" title="Concentration risk percentage">7.8</span>% and <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zIz666FrnStc" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.1</span>% of the Company’s total purchases and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zedEvRSk6m1c" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zTOBubVInmr7" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zF4Wb0EYc2yb" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>% and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zzM1ymofspU3" title="Concentration risk percentage">100.0</span>% of the Company’s total accounts payables as of December 31, 2025, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84A_eus-gaap--CommitmentsAndContingenciesPolicyTextBlock_zBKt3HRsYU1j" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white"><i>Commitments and contingencies</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to contingencies, including legal proceedings and claims arising out of the business that relate to a wide range of matters, such as government investigations and tax matters. The Company recognizes a liability for such contingency if it determines it is probable that a loss will be incurred and a reasonable estimate of the loss can be made. The Company may consider many factors in making these assessments including historical and the specific facts and circumstances of each matter.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Employee benefits</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Employee benefits are recognized as an expense, unless the cost qualifies to be capitalized as an asset.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.5in"> </td> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>i)</i></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Defined contribution plan</i></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 28.15pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Defined contribution plan are post-employment benefit plan under which the Company pays fixed contributions into separate entities such as the Central Provident Fund on a mandatory, and contractual basis. The Company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_84A_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zEgFZzINTZn1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white"><i>Research and development</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In connection with the design and development of products, the Company expenses all research costs as incurred, which primarily comprise internal and external costs related to execution of studies. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, research and development expenses were S$<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uSGD_c20230101__20231231_zbi7UWLztYh3" title="Research and development expenses">167,734</span>, S$<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uSGD_c20240101__20241231_zp2YfN7cuPSa" title="Research and development expenses">241,362</span> and S$<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uSGD_c20250101__20251231_zS3ZDUAGTTci" title="Research and development expenses">226,884</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zCqg0B9QbxAh" title="Research and development expenses">176,385</span>), respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_844_ecustom--RelatedPartiesPolicyTextBlock_z9opyNWc6F0c" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Related parties</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or significant influence of the same party, such as a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company follows ASC 850 Related Party Disclosures for the identification of related parties and disclosure of related party transactions.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84B_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock_zOh6dx8fvVx9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Foreign currency</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in Singapore Dollars (“S$”), which is the functional and reporting currency of the Company. The functional currencies of the subsidiaries for the Company are United State Dollar, Malaysia Ringgit, Chinese Renminbi and Hong Kong Dollar.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Translations of the consolidated balance sheet, consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss, consolidated statement of changes in shareholders’ deficit and consolidated statement of cash flows from S$ into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of US$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyExchangeRateTranslation1_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__custom--UnitedStateDollarMember_z1kL1cXj5vmc" title="Foreign currency, exchange rate">0.7774</span> = S$<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyExchangeRateTranslation1_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__custom--SingaporeDollarMember_zY85e9Pww0I8" title="Foreign currency, exchange rate">1</span>, as set forth in the statistical release of the Monetary Authority Singapore on December 31, 2025. No representation is made that the SGD amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2025, or at any other rate.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock_zylp2zzNkqj7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Income taxes</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company accounts for income taxes under FASB ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are also provided for net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized to offset future taxable income.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The provisions of FASB ASC 740-10-25, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes,” prescribe a more-likely-than-not threshold for consolidated financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken (or expected to be taken) in a tax return. This interpretation also provides guidance on the recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, and related disclosures.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company did not accrue any liability, interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in its provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. The Company does not expect that its assessment regarding uncertain tax positions will materially change over the next 12 months.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_840_ecustom--GovernmentGrantsPolicyTextBlock_z3UNYSIQn5v2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Government grants</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company accounts for government grants in accordance with ASC 832, Government Assistance. Government grants are recognized when it is probable that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to the grant and that the grant will be received. The Company’s grant is contingent upon the satisfaction of specified performance conditions and is received in stages upon approval by the granting authority; accordingly, no receivable or deferred income is recognized prior to meeting such conditions. The Company recognizes the grant as other income upon receipt, which coincides with the point at which all substantive conditions for the respective tranche have been satisfied. The Company evaluates the terms and conditions of the grant arrangement, including any repayment provisions, at each reporting date and presents grant income within other income in the consolidated statements of operations.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_846_eus-gaap--LesseeLeasesPolicyTextBlock_ziT1YWn63tf7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Leases</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company adopted ASC 842 on January 1, 2019. The Company is a lessee of non-cancellable operating leases for its corporate office premises and production space. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The Company generally uses the base, non-cancellable lease term in calculating the right-of-use assets and liabilities.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company has elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less. The Company recognizes the lease payments associated with its short-term leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company evaluates the impairment of its right-of-use assets consistent with the approach applied for its other long-lived assets. The assessment of possible impairment is based on its ability to recover the carrying value of the asset from the expected undiscounted future pre-tax cash flows of the related operations. The Company has elected to include the carrying amount of finance and operating lease liabilities in any tested asset group and include the associated lease payments in the undiscounted future pre-tax cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Company did not have any impairment loss against its operating lease right-of-use assets.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_zvpI8a5YikO" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Earnings (loss) per share</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if outstanding stock options, warrants and convertible debt were exercised or converted into ordinary shares. When the Company incurs a loss, diluted shares are not included, as their inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect. The Company did not have any dilutive securities or debt for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_z7k1RvQvUERg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Recent Accounting Pronouncements</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company is an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, an EGC can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company made the election to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting—Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). The standard requires incremental disclosures related to reportable segments, including disaggregated expense information and the title and position of the company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), as identified for purposes of segment determination. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities must adopt the changes to the segment reporting guidance on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2024. The additional required disclosures did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. The standard will be effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2025. The additional required disclosures did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02 Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU amends the ASC by removing references to various FASB Concepts Statements to simplify the ASC and draw a distinction between authoritative and non-authoritative literature. The amendments in this update apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance and are effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2025. The amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. This ASU requires disclosure in the notes to the financial statements of specified information about certain costs and expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. ASU 2024-03 should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. This ASU provides a practical expedient that allows entities to measure expected credit losses on current accounts receivable and contract assets by assuming that current economic conditions will remain unchanged over the asset’s life. ASU 2025-05 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2025-05 should be applied on a prospective basis. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities. This ASU applies to monetary and tangible nonmonetary government grants but explicitly excludes from its scope intangible asset grants, exchange transactions, and other arrangements. Under the ASU, an entity recognizes the impact of a government grant when it is probable that both (i) the entity will comply with the conditions attached to the grant, and (ii) the grant will be received. Asset-related grants may be accounted for using either a cost accumulation approach or a deferred income approach. Income grants must be systematically recognized over the related expense periods. ASU 2025-10 is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2028, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2029, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements, to enhance the clarity and usability of interim reporting guidance. The amendments do not change the underlying objective or expand existing interim disclosure requirements; instead, they reorganize and clarify Topic 270 to improve consistency and navigability. The ASU confirms that Topic 270 applies to all entities that issue interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP and introduces a more structured framework for determining which interim disclosures are required. Significantly, the standard creates a comprehensive list of GAAP-required interim disclosures within Topic 270 and incorporates a disclosure principle requiring entities to disclose events occurring after the latest fiscal year-end that have a material impact, aligning GAAP with prior SEC guidance. The amendments also clarify types of interim reporting, provide improved guidance on the form and content of interim financial statements (including when condensed statements may be used), and make extensive conforming edits throughout the codification to indicate when a disclosure is explicitly required in interim periods. The guidance is intended to reduce confusion, promote consistent application, and support more efficient navigation of interim requirements across topics. The amendments apply to public business entities for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. For all other entities, they are effective for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. Transition may be applied prospectively or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, Codification Improvements, as part of its ongoing effort to make targeted technical corrections and clarifications to the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). The update addresses 33 issues across a broad range of topics and is intended to clarify guidance, correct errors, and reduce unintended diversity in application without significantly changing current accounting practice. Notable amendments include:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Removal of the unused Master Glossary term “amortized cost”</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clarification of diluted earnings per share calculations when a loss from continuing operations exists</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Refinement of guidance for calculating reference amounts for beneficial interests</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clarification that certain transfers of receivables from contracts with customers are subject to Topic 860</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Updates to not-for-profit guidance related to receivables The amendments apply to all entities within the scope of the affected guidance and generally are expected to have a limited operational impact.</span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.55pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The amendments are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, and entities may elect transition and early adoption on an issue-by-issue basis. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Except as mentioned above, the Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations and cash flows.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--BusinessDescriptionAndAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_zkAsBQwz1OQi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">Basis of presentation</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This summary of significant accounting policies is presented to assist in understanding the Company’s consolidated financial statements and have been consistently applied in the preparation of the financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock_z56e5JhWen74" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidation</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company balances, investment and capital, if any, have been eliminated upon consolidation.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_z8c38MlkItSe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Use of estimates</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making the judgements about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, useful lives and impairment of long-lived assets, allowance for expected credit losses against financial assets, write-down of inventories, allowance for deferred tax assets, and accounting of operating lease right-of-use assets. Actual results may differ from these estimates.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_843_ecustom--CashFlowsReportingPolicyTextBlock_zTD8Mt5fxY21" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Cash Flows Reporting</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We follow ASC 230, Statements of Cash Flows, for cash flows reporting, and classify cash receipts and payments according to whether they stem from operating, investing, or financing activities and provides definitions of each category. We use the indirect or reconciliation method (“Indirect method”) as defined by ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows, to report net cash flow from operating activities by adjusting net income (loss) to reconcile it to net cash flow from operating activities by removing the effects of all deferrals of past operating cash receipts and payments and all accruals of expected future operating cash receipts and payments and all items that are included in net (loss) income that do not affect operating cash receipts and payments.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_z2qt8tvVrZa3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Cash and cash equivalents</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cash equivalents primarily consist of bank deposits with original maturities of three months or less, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock_zBABg4HMkgVe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Accounts receivable, net</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from customers that meet the revenue recognition criteria. These accounts receivables are recorded net of any allowance for credit losses and specific customer credit allowances. The Company maintains an allowance for estimated credit losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. In establishing the required allowance, management considers historical losses adjusted to take into account current market conditions and the Company’s customers’ financial condition, the receivable amount in dispute, and the current receivables aging and current payment patterns, over the contractual life of the receivable. The Company writes off the receivable when it is determined to be uncollectible.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84A_ecustom--OtherAssetsPolicyTextBlock_z6gVUwJHStEg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Other assets</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other assets, net, primarily consists of deposits, prepayments made to vendors or services providers for future services that have not been provided, and other receivables from third parties. These advances are unsecured and are reviewed periodically to determine whether their carrying value has become impaired. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, management believes that the Company’s other current assets are not impaired.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--InventoryPolicyTextBlock_zDecPP81XV79" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Inventory</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inventories are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the first-in, first-out principle, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition. If inventories are damaged or obsolete, its cost are written down to net realizable value.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_849_ecustom--DeferredCostsPolicyTextBlock_zDiRQvUWu8a2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Deferred costs</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to ASC 340-10-25-2, deferred costs attributable to preproduction costs related to long-term supply arrangements shall be capitalized.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84D_ecustom--DeferredOfferingCostsPolicyTextBlock_zLeHeoOHQyBg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Deferred offering cost</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In addition, pursuant to ASC 340-10-S99-1, offering costs directly attributable to an offering of equity securities are deferred and would be charged against the gross proceeds of the offering as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. These costs include legal and consulting fees related to the registration statement, and the expenses related to the SEC filing and printing.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">As of December 31, 2025, the Company has completed its IPO, and the related deferred stock issuance cost have been charged against the gross proceeds of the offering as a reduction of additional paid-in capital.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zvZvaurHBzC4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Property and equipment, net</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_89E_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zvAS0ntdzRUj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if applicable. The Company computes depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span id="xdx_8BF_zKs2kUL0f7N9" style="display: none">Schedule of estimated useful lives</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Property and equipment</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Capitalize of lease term or expected useful life</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Computers</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--ComputerEquipmentMember_zIAazGCKkbal" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Furniture and fittings</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--FurnitureAndFixturesMember_zqNoDJhl3nqh" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Renovation</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z0uy6ePuQ2ga" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> - <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zuaCP1ecrEea" title="Estimated useful lives">5</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office equipment</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--OfficeEquipmentMember_z9GcL4KJYbj9" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AC_z7hnILOuAQHf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while additions renewals and betterments, which are expected to extend the useful life of assets, are capitalized. The Company also re-evaluates the periods of depreciation to determine whether subsequent events and circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_89E_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zvAS0ntdzRUj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if applicable. The Company computes depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span id="xdx_8BF_zKs2kUL0f7N9" style="display: none">Schedule of estimated useful lives</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Property and equipment</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Capitalize of lease term or expected useful life</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Computers</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--ComputerEquipmentMember_zIAazGCKkbal" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Furniture and fittings</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--FurnitureAndFixturesMember_zqNoDJhl3nqh" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Renovation</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z0uy6ePuQ2ga" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> - <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zuaCP1ecrEea" title="Estimated useful lives">5</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office equipment</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--OfficeEquipmentMember_z9GcL4KJYbj9" title="Estimated useful lives">3</span> years</span></td></tr> </table> P3Y P3Y P3Y P5Y P3Y <p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock_zsSbMXYDyn5a" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Impairment of long-lived assets</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets (asset groups), including property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of its asset (asset group) may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, the Company measures impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset (asset group) and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset (asset group), the Company recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset (asset group) over their fair value. Fair value is generally determined by discounting the cash flows expected to be generated by the asset (asset group), when the market prices are not readily available. The adjusted carrying amount of the asset is the new cost basis and is depreciated over the asset’s remaining useful life. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOfLongLivedAssetsToBeDisposedOf_do_c20250101__20251231_zlwfG4UoMrzc" title="Impairment of long-lived assets"><span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOfLongLivedAssetsToBeDisposedOf_do_c20240101__20241231_zAZ8TCMXdOv3" title="Impairment of long-lived assets">no</span></span> impairment of long-lived assets was observed and recognized.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> 0 0 <p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentsPolicy_zzVUYmCAJtUl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Investments at equity</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to ASC 323-30-25-1, the joint venture is accounted for using the equity method of accounting as the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investee but does not have a controlling financial interest. Our judgment regarding the level of influence over an equity method investment includes considering key factors such as our ownership interest, representation on the board of directors, participation in policy making decisions and material intercompany transactions. Under this method of accounting, the Company records its proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the equity method investee and a corresponding increase or decrease to the investment balance. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the investments at equity of the Company were S$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestments_iI_dxL_c20251231_zhjzwFYPKKVl" title="::XDX::-"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0762">nil</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">and S$<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestments_iI_dxL_c20241231_zkIumqZGtMVh" title="::XDX::-"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0763">nil</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(US$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestments_iI_dxL_uUSD_c20251231_zvVWXVWw3oc9" title="::XDX::-"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0764">nil</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">), respectively. There is a general presumption that equity method should be suspended and losses should not be recognized in excess of the total investment (including any additional advances). It is important that investors continue to track unrecognized equity method losses to determine when to record subsequent period equity method earnings. However, an investor may record losses in excess of the carrying amount of the investment if the investor has guaranteed the investee’s obligations or has committed to provide further financial support to the investee, as described in ASC 323-10-35-20. </span>The excess of loss over equity are recorded as current liability in the balance sheet.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">The Company presents the net amount in the consolidated statement of financial position when, and only when, the Company currently has an enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84B_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_z8MIgCa08kC5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Fair value measurements</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in pricing the asset or liability. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level 1</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">- observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. </span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level 2</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">- other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace. </span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level 3</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">- unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity. </span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, contract assets, inventories, accounts payable, amount due to related parties, and accruals and other payables approximate their fair values because of their generally short maturities.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_845_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock_zPIQOT27VZk9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Revenue recognition</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company follows the revenue requirements of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606”). The core principle underlying the revenue recognition of this ASC allows the Company to recognize revenue that represents the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in such exchange. This will require the Company to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services transfers to a customer.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To achieve that core principle, the Company applies a five-step model to recognize revenue from customer contracts. The five-step model requires that the Company (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant future reversal will not occur, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the respective performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligation.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Revenues are generally recognized upon the transfer of control of promised products or services provided to our customers, reflecting the amount of consideration we expect to receive for those products or services.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>The Company generates revenue from the following streams:</b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sales of <b>Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company recognizes revenue from the respective hospitals after 36 hours from the delivery of the vials to the hospital for their treatment of respective patients, as the storage life of the vials are only 36 hours from the production and this is when the customer could direct the use of and obtain the benefits of their service. Maggot Debridement Therapy product is typically sold without a discount for early payment, rebates or rights of return.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment terms are generally 30 days from the date of invoice. The point of invoice is typically upon completion of the overall service and treatment, as at this point the Company is able to conclude whether the patient will be receiving (i) ala carte orders, (ii) one (1) week packages, or (iii) one (1) month packages, and invoice accordingly. The Company’s product sales contracts are primarily with customers, which is the hospital. The revenue occurs at a point in time, when the customer received the vials or maggots for their treatment to the respective patients. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account for revenue recognition. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation (if any) and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s performance obligations are satisfied after 36 hours from the delivery of maggots for the treatment of respective patients from the doctor.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sales of <b>Cosmeceutical Product</b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company provides sale of cosmeceutical product to its customers. Revenue from sale of cosmeceutical product is recognized when the Company satisfies a performance obligation at a point in time which generally coincides with delivery and acceptance of the goods sold. The customer would indicate the acceptance of the goods sold to them through acknowledgment on the delivery order. Cosmeceutical product is typically sold with a right of return and without discount for early payment and rebates. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for such returns at the time of sale. There has been no event for return of goods since the launching of the product.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Principal versus agent considerations</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><i> </i></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">The Company evaluates whether it is the principal or agent in revenue arrangements. The Company is considered the principal when it controls the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. The Company recognize the revenue from the delivery of goods on the gross basis as the Company responsible for the fulfilment of the delivery, has full discretion in establishing prices and as well as inventory risks and therefore, the principal in the arrangement.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font: normal 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ReconciliationOfRevenueFromSegmentsToConsolidatedTextBlock_zJRLEGmCQaYa" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Segments</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major clients in financial statements for detailing the Company’s business segments. Based on the criteria established by ASC 280, the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company. As a whole, the Company has only two reportable segments, being the Maggot Debridement Therapy Product and Cosmeceutical Product.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk_z29MLiVnBpB8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white"><i>Concentrations and credit risk</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company maintains cash with banks in Singapore (“SGN”) and United States of America (“USA”). Should any bank holding cash become insolvent, or if the Company is otherwise unable to withdraw funds, the Company would lose the cash with that bank; however, the Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant risks on its cash in bank accounts. In Singapore, a depositor has up to S$<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--InsuranceOfDeposit_iI_c20251231_zu7Ja8jcLLx" title="Insurance of deposit">100,000</span> insured by Singapore Deposit Insurance Corporation (“SDIC”). In USA, a depositor has up to US$<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--CashFDICInsuredAmount_iI_c20251231_zUgoyNfJkGca" title="Federal deposit insurance corporation">250,000</span> insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company has designed their credit policies with an objective to minimize their exposure to credit risk. The Company’s accounts receivable are short term in nature and the associated risk is minimal. The Company conducts credit evaluations on its clients and generally does not require collateral or other security. The Company periodically evaluates the creditworthiness of the existing clients in determining the allowance for current expected credit loss primarily based upon the age of the receivables and factors surrounding the credit risk of specific clients.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Company’s assets were located in Singapore, Malaysia and United States of America, and the Company’s revenue was principally derived from the operation in Singapore.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2023, customer A, customer B, customer C, customer D, and customer E accounted for <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z3t8KvoRrkw7" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zyPitQnSdbX4" title="Concentration risk percentage">18.1</span>%, <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcrZSAuHObrf" title="Concentration risk percentage">17.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z8VaGbof2qnc" title="Concentration risk percentage">13.4</span>% and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zLcsPam2qP8c" title="Concentration risk percentage">10.7</span>% of the Company’s total revenue and <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zu4eyhpQnJec" title="Concentration risk percentage">25.1</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zieocrY2eyMe" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.8</span>%, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zkNkORDtt67" title="Concentration risk percentage">7.9</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zbJXI8xae4xj" title="Concentration risk percentage">6.5</span>%, and <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zBfUwzXyesHk" title="Concentration risk percentage">26.0</span>% of the Company’s total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2024, customer A, customer B, customer C, customer E, and customer F accounted for <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_ziz8IliHLG5i" title="Concentration risk percentage">8.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zALD2wIAdJzk" title="Concentration risk percentage">13.4</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zrCu5JR780Of" title="Concentration risk percentage">23.8</span>%, <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zGPTpin5vAK4" title="Concentration risk percentage">20.9</span>% and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zuuDSxf0Trl1" title="Concentration risk percentage">4.8</span>% of the Company’s total revenue and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z6YGwwtAZMHi" title="Concentration risk percentage">39.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zHllHPDoH3c5" title="Concentration risk percentage">32.5</span>%, <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zVNZQIudFmz2" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zy0EpVteq6sc" title="Concentration risk percentage">3.0</span>% and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zLR6ygUQgGOf" title="Concentration risk percentage">3.2</span>% of the Company’s total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2025, customer D, customer E, customer F, customer G, and customer H accounted for <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zWzXRWorPqyj" title="Concentration risk percentage">8.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z3DBOzTr8zUh" title="Concentration risk percentage">28.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z7OIrfcuoEBk" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.7</span>%, <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerGMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zJDkm5NfCjia" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.9</span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerHMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcmCstHO9Tl" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.5</span>% of the Company’s total revenue and <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zjB4GNe1PBBj" title="Concentration risk percentage">4.5</span>%, <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zOeacTNgayek" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.8</span>%, <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerFMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z4e17toTNNGa" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.1</span>%, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerGMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_ziydhLdQVTrl" title="Concentration risk percentage">5.1</span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CustomerHMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zwPElnO0P8N3" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>% of the Company’s total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2023, vendor A, vendor B, vendor C, and vendor D accounted for <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zyY57XBHb9P1" title="Concentration risk percentage">34.6</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorBMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zmq9rzce2ZL7" title="Concentration risk percentage">19.4</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z6UIorkNfRPc" title="Concentration risk percentage">18.3</span>%, and <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20230101__20231231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_znTPWg32axC9" title="Concentration risk percentage">9.9</span>% of the Company’s total purchases, respectively. None of the vendors consisted more than 10% of accounts payable as of December 31, 2023.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2024, vendor A and vendor C accounted for <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zj9lFzqHRz2e" title="Concentration risk percentage">67.4</span>% and <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20241231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zkufi64WuEqe" title="Concentration risk percentage">18.0</span>% of the Company’s total purchases, respectively. None of the vendors consisted more than 10% of accounts payable as of December 31, 2024.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the year ended December 31, 2025, vendor A, vendor C, vendor D and vendor E accounted for <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zDVSqN4Z3Jjd" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.3</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_znXgoxZWBpfi" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.6</span>%, <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zyQKMbCPUPJk" title="Concentration risk percentage">7.8</span>% and <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsReceivableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zIz666FrnStc" title="Concentration risk percentage">22.1</span>% of the Company’s total purchases and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorAMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zedEvRSk6m1c" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorCMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zTOBubVInmr7" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorDMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zF4Wb0EYc2yb" title="Concentration risk percentage">0.0</span>% and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--VendorEMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--AccountsPayableMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zzM1ymofspU3" title="Concentration risk percentage">100.0</span>% of the Company’s total accounts payables as of December 31, 2025, respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> 100000 250000 0.220 0.181 0.170 0.134 0.107 0.251 0.228 0.079 0.065 0.260 0.083 0.134 0.238 0.209 0.048 0.390 0.325 0.000 0.030 0.032 0.083 0.283 0.097 0.099 0.095 0.045 0.008 0.001 0.051 0.000 0.346 0.194 0.183 0.099 0.674 0.180 0.223 0.226 0.078 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 <p id="xdx_84A_eus-gaap--CommitmentsAndContingenciesPolicyTextBlock_zBKt3HRsYU1j" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white"><i>Commitments and contingencies</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to contingencies, including legal proceedings and claims arising out of the business that relate to a wide range of matters, such as government investigations and tax matters. The Company recognizes a liability for such contingency if it determines it is probable that a loss will be incurred and a reasonable estimate of the loss can be made. The Company may consider many factors in making these assessments including historical and the specific facts and circumstances of each matter.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Employee benefits</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Employee benefits are recognized as an expense, unless the cost qualifies to be capitalized as an asset.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.5in"> </td> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>i)</i></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Defined contribution plan</i></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 28.15pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Defined contribution plan are post-employment benefit plan under which the Company pays fixed contributions into separate entities such as the Central Provident Fund on a mandatory, and contractual basis. The Company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_84A_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zEgFZzINTZn1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white"><i>Research and development</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In connection with the design and development of products, the Company expenses all research costs as incurred, which primarily comprise internal and external costs related to execution of studies. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, research and development expenses were S$<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uSGD_c20230101__20231231_zbi7UWLztYh3" title="Research and development expenses">167,734</span>, S$<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uSGD_c20240101__20241231_zp2YfN7cuPSa" title="Research and development expenses">241,362</span> and S$<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uSGD_c20250101__20251231_zS3ZDUAGTTci" title="Research and development expenses">226,884</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zCqg0B9QbxAh" title="Research and development expenses">176,385</span>), respectively.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> 167734 241362 226884 176385 <p id="xdx_844_ecustom--RelatedPartiesPolicyTextBlock_z9opyNWc6F0c" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Related parties</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or significant influence of the same party, such as a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company follows ASC 850 Related Party Disclosures for the identification of related parties and disclosure of related party transactions.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84B_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock_zOh6dx8fvVx9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Foreign currency</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in Singapore Dollars (“S$”), which is the functional and reporting currency of the Company. The functional currencies of the subsidiaries for the Company are United State Dollar, Malaysia Ringgit, Chinese Renminbi and Hong Kong Dollar.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Translations of the consolidated balance sheet, consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss, consolidated statement of changes in shareholders’ deficit and consolidated statement of cash flows from S$ into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of US$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyExchangeRateTranslation1_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__custom--UnitedStateDollarMember_z1kL1cXj5vmc" title="Foreign currency, exchange rate">0.7774</span> = S$<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyExchangeRateTranslation1_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__custom--SingaporeDollarMember_zY85e9Pww0I8" title="Foreign currency, exchange rate">1</span>, as set forth in the statistical release of the Monetary Authority Singapore on December 31, 2025. No representation is made that the SGD amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2025, or at any other rate.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> 0.7774 1 <p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock_zylp2zzNkqj7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Income taxes</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company accounts for income taxes under FASB ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are also provided for net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized to offset future taxable income.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The provisions of FASB ASC 740-10-25, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes,” prescribe a more-likely-than-not threshold for consolidated financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken (or expected to be taken) in a tax return. This interpretation also provides guidance on the recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, and related disclosures.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company did not accrue any liability, interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in its provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. The Company does not expect that its assessment regarding uncertain tax positions will materially change over the next 12 months.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_840_ecustom--GovernmentGrantsPolicyTextBlock_z3UNYSIQn5v2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Government grants</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company accounts for government grants in accordance with ASC 832, Government Assistance. Government grants are recognized when it is probable that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to the grant and that the grant will be received. The Company’s grant is contingent upon the satisfaction of specified performance conditions and is received in stages upon approval by the granting authority; accordingly, no receivable or deferred income is recognized prior to meeting such conditions. The Company recognizes the grant as other income upon receipt, which coincides with the point at which all substantive conditions for the respective tranche have been satisfied. The Company evaluates the terms and conditions of the grant arrangement, including any repayment provisions, at each reporting date and presents grant income within other income in the consolidated statements of operations.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_846_eus-gaap--LesseeLeasesPolicyTextBlock_ziT1YWn63tf7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Leases</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company adopted ASC 842 on January 1, 2019. The Company is a lessee of non-cancellable operating leases for its corporate office premises and production space. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The Company generally uses the base, non-cancellable lease term in calculating the right-of-use assets and liabilities.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company has elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less. The Company recognizes the lease payments associated with its short-term leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company evaluates the impairment of its right-of-use assets consistent with the approach applied for its other long-lived assets. The assessment of possible impairment is based on its ability to recover the carrying value of the asset from the expected undiscounted future pre-tax cash flows of the related operations. The Company has elected to include the carrying amount of finance and operating lease liabilities in any tested asset group and include the associated lease payments in the undiscounted future pre-tax cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Company did not have any impairment loss against its operating lease right-of-use assets.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_zvpI8a5YikO" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Earnings (loss) per share</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if outstanding stock options, warrants and convertible debt were exercised or converted into ordinary shares. When the Company incurs a loss, diluted shares are not included, as their inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect. The Company did not have any dilutive securities or debt for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_z7k1RvQvUERg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Recent Accounting Pronouncements</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company is an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, an EGC can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company made the election to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting—Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). The standard requires incremental disclosures related to reportable segments, including disaggregated expense information and the title and position of the company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), as identified for purposes of segment determination. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities must adopt the changes to the segment reporting guidance on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2024. The additional required disclosures did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. The standard will be effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2025. The additional required disclosures did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02 Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU amends the ASC by removing references to various FASB Concepts Statements to simplify the ASC and draw a distinction between authoritative and non-authoritative literature. The amendments in this update apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance and are effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2025. The amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. This ASU requires disclosure in the notes to the financial statements of specified information about certain costs and expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. ASU 2024-03 should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. This ASU provides a practical expedient that allows entities to measure expected credit losses on current accounts receivable and contract assets by assuming that current economic conditions will remain unchanged over the asset’s life. ASU 2025-05 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2025-05 should be applied on a prospective basis. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities. This ASU applies to monetary and tangible nonmonetary government grants but explicitly excludes from its scope intangible asset grants, exchange transactions, and other arrangements. Under the ASU, an entity recognizes the impact of a government grant when it is probable that both (i) the entity will comply with the conditions attached to the grant, and (ii) the grant will be received. Asset-related grants may be accounted for using either a cost accumulation approach or a deferred income approach. Income grants must be systematically recognized over the related expense periods. ASU 2025-10 is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2028, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2029, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements, to enhance the clarity and usability of interim reporting guidance. The amendments do not change the underlying objective or expand existing interim disclosure requirements; instead, they reorganize and clarify Topic 270 to improve consistency and navigability. The ASU confirms that Topic 270 applies to all entities that issue interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP and introduces a more structured framework for determining which interim disclosures are required. Significantly, the standard creates a comprehensive list of GAAP-required interim disclosures within Topic 270 and incorporates a disclosure principle requiring entities to disclose events occurring after the latest fiscal year-end that have a material impact, aligning GAAP with prior SEC guidance. The amendments also clarify types of interim reporting, provide improved guidance on the form and content of interim financial statements (including when condensed statements may be used), and make extensive conforming edits throughout the codification to indicate when a disclosure is explicitly required in interim periods. The guidance is intended to reduce confusion, promote consistent application, and support more efficient navigation of interim requirements across topics. The amendments apply to public business entities for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. For all other entities, they are effective for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. Transition may be applied prospectively or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, Codification Improvements, as part of its ongoing effort to make targeted technical corrections and clarifications to the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). The update addresses 33 issues across a broad range of topics and is intended to clarify guidance, correct errors, and reduce unintended diversity in application without significantly changing current accounting practice. Notable amendments include:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Removal of the unused Master Glossary term “amortized cost”</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clarification of diluted earnings per share calculations when a loss from continuing operations exists</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Refinement of guidance for calculating reference amounts for beneficial interests</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clarification that certain transfers of receivables from contracts with customers are subject to Topic 860</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Updates to not-for-profit guidance related to receivables The amendments apply to all entities within the scope of the affected guidance and generally are expected to have a limited operational impact.</span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.55pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The amendments are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, and entities may elect transition and early adoption on an issue-by-issue basis. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Except as mentioned above, the Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations and cash flows.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p id="xdx_804_eus-gaap--AccountsAndNontradeReceivableTextBlock_z8nwf0y95QRh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>3</b></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_827_zSBUhx3j7eO8">Account receivable, net</span></b></span></td></tr></table> <p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccountsNotesLoansAndFinancingReceivableTextBlock_zleAxJuFZ6rj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8BB_zWzRnoM4nhib" style="display: none">Schedule of account receivable</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_497_20241231_zsgca1yHnvF8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20251231_zgKKBe9G5Ka7" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableGrossCurrent_iI_maARNCzEzC_zHN02HCv6n1a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Accounts receivable</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">75,536</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">67,365</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableGrossCurrent_iI_uUSD_maARNCzEzC_c20251231_zmgaqoSEj7oi" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">52,371</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iNI_di_msARNCzEzC_zd4WjPcyOqLb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: allowance for current expected credit loss</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iNI_di_uUSD_msARNCzEzC_c20251231_zAhZTF7LMPB4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(38,208</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableNetCurrent_iTI_mtARNCzEzC_zmmAxFctA5ui" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Total accounts receivable</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">26,389</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">18,218</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableNetCurrent_iTI_uUSD_mtARNCzEzC_c20251231_zlByd6kgyEg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">14,163</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A0_z4o0LiDhmtde" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableAllowanceForCreditLossTableTextBlock_zMqJx6jRoXM4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Movement of allowance for current expected credit loss are as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_zPSBnTyOzWkh" style="display: none">Schedule of allowance doubtful accounts</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20240101__20241231_z5hkqfhC4az8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_493_20250101__20251231_zi8ZGKcKc4O8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iS_zFTRCHbnliie" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Allowance for current expected credit loss, beginning balance</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iS_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z3uuOKWn7Dg3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">38,208</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivablePeriodIncreaseDecrease_zv43w2ywCbbe" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">Addition</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0918">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0919">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivablePeriodIncreaseDecrease_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z5KFNW80Qo3a" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0920">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iE_zNchzeQIWW45" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Allowance for current expected credit loss, ending balance</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iE_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zkS3YSdRFfQa" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">38,208</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A9_zvtCApYIV8Ud" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccountsNotesLoansAndFinancingReceivableTextBlock_zleAxJuFZ6rj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8BB_zWzRnoM4nhib" style="display: none">Schedule of account receivable</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_497_20241231_zsgca1yHnvF8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20251231_zgKKBe9G5Ka7" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableGrossCurrent_iI_maARNCzEzC_zHN02HCv6n1a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Accounts receivable</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">75,536</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">67,365</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableGrossCurrent_iI_uUSD_maARNCzEzC_c20251231_zmgaqoSEj7oi" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">52,371</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iNI_di_msARNCzEzC_zd4WjPcyOqLb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: allowance for current expected credit loss</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iNI_di_uUSD_msARNCzEzC_c20251231_zAhZTF7LMPB4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(38,208</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableNetCurrent_iTI_mtARNCzEzC_zmmAxFctA5ui" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Total accounts receivable</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">26,389</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">18,218</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableNetCurrent_iTI_uUSD_mtARNCzEzC_c20251231_zlByd6kgyEg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">14,163</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 75536 67365 52371 49147 49147 38208 26389 18218 14163 <p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--AccountsReceivableAllowanceForCreditLossTableTextBlock_zMqJx6jRoXM4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Movement of allowance for current expected credit loss are as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_zPSBnTyOzWkh" style="display: none">Schedule of allowance doubtful accounts</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20240101__20241231_z5hkqfhC4az8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_493_20250101__20251231_zi8ZGKcKc4O8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iS_zFTRCHbnliie" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Allowance for current expected credit loss, beginning balance</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iS_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z3uuOKWn7Dg3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">38,208</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivablePeriodIncreaseDecrease_zv43w2ywCbbe" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">Addition</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0918">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0919">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivablePeriodIncreaseDecrease_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z5KFNW80Qo3a" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0920">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iE_zNchzeQIWW45" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Allowance for current expected credit loss, ending balance</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">49,147</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivable_iE_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zkS3YSdRFfQa" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">38,208</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 49147 49147 38208 49147 49147 38208 <p id="xdx_802_eus-gaap--OtherCurrentAssetsTextBlock_z7SYxhF3yu6b" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; display: none"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>4</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_828_zViy3nSY9Xgi">Other assets</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfOtherCurrentAssetsTableTextBlock_zrld6IGtxd98" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8B0_zfugXdrJM898" style="display: none">Schedule of other current assets</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_493_20241231_zvaXsgvBJARb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20251231_zKBiH7SBjJx2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_iI_maOACzKYw_zDSoP4V4Dc6d" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%">Prepayment</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">79,727</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,867,250</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zUL3YHmG37f" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,006,492</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--DepositAssets_iI_maOACzKYw_zaM6A1ENIxX" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td>Deposit</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">66,425</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">86,626</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--DepositAssets_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zIf9VcIsrmTl" style="text-align: right">67,345</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--OtherAssetCurrent_iI_maOACzKYw_zGIFpRRZtM14" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Other assets</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0938">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,666</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_ecustom--OtherAssetCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zTA1euETfqp3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">2,850</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsCurrent_iTI_mtOACzKYw_maPENz97W_z4Lz8QgSdamh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total other current assets</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">146,152</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,957,542</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsCurrent_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_z8uZtvSkoT14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,076,687</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Non-current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsNoncurrent_iI_maPENz97W_zqSK8Bzpd2j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">Prepayment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0946">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">779,173</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zBoAJLAu9hH2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">605,748</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--OtherAssets_iTI_mtPENz97W_zkdrSkWXluqi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">146,152</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">4,736,715</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--OtherAssets_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_zBJBxVBsSfug" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">3,682,435</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AC_zfELlcq7YlBf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other assets primarily consist of prepayments, deposits and other current assets. Prepayments primarily derived from professional services engaged for the (i) businesses, assets, and, operation acquisition matters, and (ii) corporate development and business consultancy, as well as the Directors &amp; Officers’ Liability Insurance following the completion of IPO on April 11, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfOtherCurrentAssetsTableTextBlock_zrld6IGtxd98" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8B0_zfugXdrJM898" style="display: none">Schedule of other current assets</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_493_20241231_zvaXsgvBJARb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20251231_zKBiH7SBjJx2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_iI_maOACzKYw_zDSoP4V4Dc6d" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%">Prepayment</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">79,727</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,867,250</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zUL3YHmG37f" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,006,492</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--DepositAssets_iI_maOACzKYw_zaM6A1ENIxX" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td>Deposit</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">66,425</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">86,626</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--DepositAssets_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zIf9VcIsrmTl" style="text-align: right">67,345</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--OtherAssetCurrent_iI_maOACzKYw_zGIFpRRZtM14" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Other assets</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0938">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,666</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_ecustom--OtherAssetCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zTA1euETfqp3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">2,850</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsCurrent_iTI_mtOACzKYw_maPENz97W_z4Lz8QgSdamh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total other current assets</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">146,152</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,957,542</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsCurrent_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_z8uZtvSkoT14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,076,687</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Non-current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsNoncurrent_iI_maPENz97W_zqSK8Bzpd2j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">Prepayment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0946">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">779,173</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zBoAJLAu9hH2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">605,748</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--OtherAssets_iTI_mtPENz97W_zkdrSkWXluqi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">146,152</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">4,736,715</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--OtherAssets_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_zBJBxVBsSfug" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">3,682,435</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 79727 3867250 3006492 66425 86626 67345 3666 2850 146152 3957542 3076687 779173 605748 146152 4736715 3682435 <p id="xdx_808_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock_z4qoO18OJM28" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>5</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82B_zTVrOfAwPY9i">Property and equipment, net</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfPublicUtilityPropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zOJBFemEHkQ" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8B9_zp3u3hUT6aj" style="display: none">Schedule of property and equipment</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_493_20241231_ztP3zPwcxMIj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_494_20251231_zQ2DnVcIlB93" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--ComputerEquipmentMember_z907PkgSFTDb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%">Computers</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">17,793</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">18,013</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--ComputerEquipmentMember_zxbbKbBsurG3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">14,004</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--FurnitureAndFixturesMember_zMgYwZaZtf0e" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Furniture and Fittings</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">57,272</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">67,969</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--FurnitureAndFixturesMember_zig270ggaHT2" style="text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">52,841</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember_zhztf5HdDQVh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Renovation</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">96,098</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">141,098</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember_zkV2e98xaHrf" style="text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">109,693</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--OfficeEquipmentMember_zpffX6KQ5DE1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Office Equipment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">36,097</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">36,163</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--OfficeEquipmentMember_zTl0Fk0PN14d" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">28,114</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_maPPAENzvW9_zCPfsWmmhSTk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Total</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">207,260</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">263,243</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zo2Wa67Uvxmf" style="text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">204,652</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_di_msPPAENzvW9_z6smXdLroh1a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: accumulated depreciation</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(149,195</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(185,718</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zOKTlHSzVtb9" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less: accumulated depreciation">(144,382</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_iTI_mtPPAENzvW9_zUT5M8SXvKf6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Net book value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">58,065</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">77,525</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_zS3JE2Xse1g9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Net book value">60,270</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A4_z7gAjPv7Hjsh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was S$<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--Depreciation_c20230101__20231231_zGZEfBwmc3M6" title="Depreciation expense">35,059</span>, S$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--Depreciation_c20240101__20241231_zaJHjWee76Dh" title="Depreciation expense">42,185</span> and S$<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--Depreciation_c20250101__20251231_zBob3VT48Ape" title="Depreciation expense">36,523</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--Depreciation_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z02hvj8RQJqi" title="Depreciation expense">28,394</span>) respectively, out of which S$<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--CostOfGoodsAndServicesSoldDepreciation_c20230101__20231231_zGSTDNx3t9" title="Cost of revenue">8,064</span>, S$<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--CostOfGoodsAndServicesSoldDepreciation_c20240101__20241231_zn0WuddECJp6" title="Cost of revenue">10,499</span> and S$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CostOfGoodsAndServicesSoldDepreciation_c20250101__20251231_zqdWtHzKFAw5" title="Cost of revenue">10,038</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--CostOfGoodsAndServicesSoldDepreciation_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zI27YJLOrTkj" title="Cost of revenue">7,804</span>) of the depreciation expense was recognized in the cost of revenue.</span></p> <p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfPublicUtilityPropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zOJBFemEHkQ" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8B9_zp3u3hUT6aj" style="display: none">Schedule of property and equipment</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_493_20241231_ztP3zPwcxMIj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_494_20251231_zQ2DnVcIlB93" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--ComputerEquipmentMember_z907PkgSFTDb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%">Computers</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">17,793</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">18,013</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--ComputerEquipmentMember_zxbbKbBsurG3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">14,004</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--FurnitureAndFixturesMember_zMgYwZaZtf0e" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Furniture and Fittings</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">57,272</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">67,969</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--FurnitureAndFixturesMember_zig270ggaHT2" style="text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">52,841</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember_zhztf5HdDQVh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Renovation</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">96,098</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">141,098</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--RenovationMember_zkV2e98xaHrf" style="text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">109,693</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_hus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--OfficeEquipmentMember_zpffX6KQ5DE1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Office Equipment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">36,097</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">36,163</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--OfficeEquipmentMember_zTl0Fk0PN14d" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">28,114</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_maPPAENzvW9_zCPfsWmmhSTk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Total</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">207,260</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">263,243</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zo2Wa67Uvxmf" style="text-align: right" title="Property and equipment, gross">204,652</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_di_msPPAENzvW9_z6smXdLroh1a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: accumulated depreciation</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(149,195</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(185,718</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zOKTlHSzVtb9" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less: accumulated depreciation">(144,382</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_iTI_mtPPAENzvW9_zUT5M8SXvKf6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Net book value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">58,065</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">77,525</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_zS3JE2Xse1g9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Net book value">60,270</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 17793 18013 14004 57272 67969 52841 96098 141098 109693 36097 36163 28114 207260 263243 204652 149195 185718 144382 58065 77525 60270 35059 42185 36523 28394 8064 10499 10038 7804 <p id="xdx_800_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentsDisclosureTextBlock_zV4FCvCvkBxj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>6</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82E_z9VHleZlobie">Investments at equity</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b></b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Biotherapeutic Solutions Sdn. Bhd. (“BSSB”) – Malaysia</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company owned a <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20220707__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember_zyAAj60Qw6X9" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">50</span>% interest in Cuprina GHHS LLP, a joint arrangement which was established on July 7, 2022 with GHHS Healthcare Management Sdn, Bhd (“GHHS”). This joint arrangement was principally engaged in wound management services.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subsequently, on February 1, 2023, the joint arrangement has ceased operations following the incorporation and replacement from the new joint venture entity, namely Biotherapeutic Solutions Sdn. Bhd. of which the Company owned a <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20230201__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember_zniZicvmpJji" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">40</span>% equity interest under the new agreement.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On July 11, 2023, the joint venture agreement has been terminated with an immediate effect following the mutual agreement from both parties and the joint venture entity has been closed down accordingly. The parties have agreed that any residual net assets or liabilities from the joint venture entity belong to GHHS.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b></b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b></b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Cuprina MENA Co., Ltd. (“Cuprina MENA”)– Saudi Arabia</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2025, the Company owned a <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zUobQLCdv8d4" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">49</span>% equity interest in Cuprina MENA Co., Ltd., an affiliate which was incorporated on May 21, 2023 with New Future Medical Services Company. This affiliate is principally engaged in the supply of medical devices and the operation of medical laboratories and supporting medical services.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentsTextBlock_zJZe1Kg95oC8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Summarized financial information of the affiliate are set out below:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B2_zDCpo59D97Yc" style="display: none">Schedule of financial information of the joint venture and associate</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"> </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 97%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_4B6_us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_custom--BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember_z2R2nMoFCWs6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">BSSB</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_4B2_us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zSQnzHmuE8jb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Cuprina MENA</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_4B3_us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_custom--JointVentureAndAssociateMember_zjPCca7fK3Pf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">As of December 31, 2023</td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_434_c20231231_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_zHnmTZ8KO3md" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Current assets</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1019">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">17,580</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">17,580</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_43C_c20231231_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_zDcDi1AMUhj6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Current liabilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1023">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">35,274</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">35,274</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">For the year ended December 31, 2023</td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_43B_c20230101__20231231_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_z6x2fuPztxle" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Net loss</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(15,780</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(52,854</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(68,364</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_43F_c20230101__20231231_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_zKG3xBTfCfQi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Net loss attributable to the Company</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(7,890</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(25,898</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(33,788</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"> </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 97%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Cuprina MENA</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">As of</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Current assets</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zilxtONIMtu4" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">9,447</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zgAi1KRJBpB9" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">4,759</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zTXk6D4Ogqd" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,700</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Current liabilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zboAJg6ET5dj" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">164,840</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_z4oocKGbgjN7" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">278,129</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zuJZ8YICnIKd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">216,224</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline; text-align: left">For the year ended</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Net loss</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zJT2MQqKdpi6" style="text-align: right">(105,981</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zvf6WZ3C7qI8" style="text-align: right">(129,283</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_z8OCIlQxw6c5" style="text-align: right">(100,508</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Net loss attributable to the Company</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zEM86ytFHehc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(51,931</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zA3eE2kp9s0j" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(63,349</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zyy1iMhWOp5l" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(49,249</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AF_z2S0ZgMa9bMg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> 0.50 0.40 0.49 <p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentsTextBlock_zJZe1Kg95oC8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Summarized financial information of the affiliate are set out below:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B2_zDCpo59D97Yc" style="display: none">Schedule of financial information of the joint venture and associate</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"> </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 97%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_4B6_us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_custom--BiotherapeuticSolutionsSdnBhdMember_z2R2nMoFCWs6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">BSSB</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_4B2_us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zSQnzHmuE8jb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Cuprina MENA</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_4B3_us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_custom--JointVentureAndAssociateMember_zjPCca7fK3Pf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">As of December 31, 2023</td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_434_c20231231_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_zHnmTZ8KO3md" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Current assets</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1019">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">17,580</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">17,580</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_43C_c20231231_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_zDcDi1AMUhj6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Current liabilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1023">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">35,274</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">35,274</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">For the year ended December 31, 2023</td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_43B_c20230101__20231231_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_z6x2fuPztxle" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Net loss</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(15,780</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(52,854</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(68,364</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_43F_c20230101__20231231_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_zKG3xBTfCfQi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Net loss attributable to the Company</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(7,890</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(25,898</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(33,788</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"> </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 97%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Cuprina MENA</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">As of</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left">Current assets</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zilxtONIMtu4" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">9,447</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zgAi1KRJBpB9" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">4,759</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zTXk6D4Ogqd" style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,700</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Current liabilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zboAJg6ET5dj" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">164,840</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_z4oocKGbgjN7" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">278,129</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zuJZ8YICnIKd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">216,224</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline; text-align: left">For the year ended</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Net loss</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zJT2MQqKdpi6" style="text-align: right">(105,981</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zvf6WZ3C7qI8" style="text-align: right">(129,283</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_z8OCIlQxw6c5" style="text-align: right">(100,508</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Net loss attributable to the Company</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zEM86ytFHehc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(51,931</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zA3eE2kp9s0j" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(63,349</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentRealizedGainLossOnDisposal_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zyy1iMhWOp5l" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(49,249</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> 17580 17580 35274 35274 -15780 -52854 -68364 -7890 -25898 -33788 9447 4759 3700 164840 278129 216224 -105981 -129283 -100508 -51931 -63349 -49249 <p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_zjko4nyYamMl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>7</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82C_zyONJQDhtXsl">Leases</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception. US GAAP requires that the Company’s leases be evaluated and classified as operating or finance leases for financial reporting purposes. The classification evaluation begins at the commencement date and the lease term used in the evaluation includes the non-cancellable period for which the Company has the right to use the underlying asset, together with renewal option periods when the exercise of the renewal option is reasonably certain and failure to exercise such option which results in an economic penalty.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company has two office premises operating lease agreements with lease terms of <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseTermOfContract_iI_dc_c20251231_zA4Vv57Vxyk9" title="Operating lease term">three years</span>, respectively. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, no right-of-use (“ROU”) assets nor lease liability was recorded for the lease with a lease term of one year or less.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_89E_ecustom--ScheduleOfNoncancellableOperatingLeaseContractsTableTextBlock_zK3gML5yu1ik" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following non-cancellable operating lease contracts:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_zk2dPaZzPfI4" style="display: none">Schedule of non-cancellable operating lease contracts</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Description of lease</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Lease term</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office premise – Block 1090, #06-08</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseTermOfContract_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--OfficePremiseOneMember_zEL8Mnu1fdJj" title="Operating lease term">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office premise – Block 1090, #06-10, 11, 12 &amp; 13</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseTermOfContract_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--OfficePremiseTwoMember_zzAgjxjoj5jc" title="Operating lease term">3</span> years </span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A5_zty2DGRhk3Ff" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_89B_ecustom--ScheduleOfAmountRecognizedTheConsolidatedBalanceSheetsTableTextBlock_zLBiZQNaWsG3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a) Amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B3_zuqSw2W503s2" style="display: none">Schedule of amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20241231_zpnBABnTAVNg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_491_20251231_zBwMbaMM13u2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_iI_z02r129RKiMk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 46%; text-align: left">Right-of-use assets</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 14%; text-align: right">30,940</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 14%; text-align: right">316,725</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zgLON0pdZL9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Right-of-use assets">246,229</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Operating lease liabilities</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iI_maOLLzWiS_zFuTGDm0BAth" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt">Current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">35,812</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">110,233</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zGtAH35ndHEc" style="text-align: right" title="Current">85,698</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_maOLLzWiS_zpaGLvTeyx0l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt">Non-current</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1069">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">207,557</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zUPAotSjWMva" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Non-current">161,359</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iTI_mtOLLzWiS_zVFiJUgDTAIj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total operating lease liabilities</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">35,812</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">317,790</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_z0HjWRe1cvzc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Total operating lease liabilities">247,057</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A8_z24cSKhDw8V8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--LeaseCostTableTextBlock_zfprpQvDM2Nh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A summary of lease cost recognized in the Group’s consolidated statements of operations is as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B5_zZCAf64cY8Se" style="display: none">Schedule of lease cost</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20230101__20231231_zrHGN7sYcw8e" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20240101__20241231_zOjNUQanDJJ1" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20250101__20251231_zGOYl7ppyEod" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 44%; font-style: italic; text-align: left">Operating lease cost</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseCost_zprblSTbIHIc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Operating lease expense</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">46,402</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">44,185</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">63,352</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseCost_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zs7YmDiUihM" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Operating lease expense">49,251</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A3_zBRdIQPMKWa6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_893_ecustom--ScheduleofsupplementalCashFlowInformationRelatedToLeasesTableTextBlock_zJjzTqax2loi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c) Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BA_zNp6S5UrXZcb" style="display: none">Schedule of supplemental cash flow information related to leases</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20230101__20231231_zRsUNZnD3PMj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20240101__20241231_z7Awx140b3U6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20250101__20251231_zKHgPYEJbcIl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 44%; text-align: left">Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--OperatingLeasePayments_zomUDJoVQkHf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cash flows from operating leases</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">46,402</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">44,185</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">63,352</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--OperatingLeasePayments_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z8vkXbE2SK7h" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Cash flows form operating leases">49,251</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A8_z1jiobn96gy6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Lease Commitment</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_z3nc7UfJtg0a" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B7_zNJFYDaxbfI9" style="display: none">Schedule of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Minimum lease payment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: left; font-weight: bold">Twelve months ending December 31,</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">2026</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_maS2_c20251231_zvX1Yr5x8NU1" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">123,749</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_uUSD_maS2_c20251231_zeLarpoDXRsi" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">96,205</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">2027</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_iI_maS2_c20251231_zj08T5v094qj" style="text-align: right" title="2027">123,749</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_iI_uUSD_maS2_c20251231_zn8BMQS3EKmk" style="text-align: right" title="2027">96,205</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">2028</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_iI_maS2_c20251231_zmwddwK9dpjk" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2028">93,010</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_iI_uUSD_maS2_c20251231_zrfEEudGZif5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2028">72,309</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Total future minimum lease payments</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_mtS2_c20251231_zzd5RQYfT4Qf" style="text-align: right" title="Total future minimum lease payments">340,508</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_uUSD_mtS2_c20251231_z2UVA7xCE1ng" style="text-align: right" title="Total future minimum lease payments">264,719</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: imputed interest</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_di_c20251231_zVRnsezdBGib" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less imputed interest">(22,718</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zQ1pYdNTGlAi" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less imputed interest">(17,662</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Present value of operating lease liabilities</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_c20251231_zHqRTNZOIy25" style="text-align: right" title="Present value of operating lease liabilities">317,790</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zvW2d129mwrl" style="text-align: right" title="Present value of operating lease liabilities">247,057</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: current portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_di_c20251231_zbcpsNMt9D6g" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less: current portion">(110,233</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zzI484xx57Ki" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less: current portion">(85,698</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Long-term portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_c20251231_zXPSV8srTgca" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">207,557</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_z4bdSri9AWYg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">161,359</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AF_zVNStuLbmKMi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_891_ecustom--ScheduleOfOtherSupplementalInformationAboutLease_zHqfpVKt0iL2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The following summarizes other supplemental information about the Company’s lease as of December 31, 2025:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BC_zSWt4Qxam73a" style="display: none">Schedule of other supplemental information about lease</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Weighted average discount rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">Operating leases</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20241231_zFdPbeoMHHFi" title="Weighted average discount rate - operating leases">5.25</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">%</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231_z4FF8v1yZOA9" title="Weighted average discount rate - operating leases">5.25</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Weighted average remaining lease term</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Operating leases</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dc_c20241231_ztCLTsu0Vr4d" title="Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases">9 months</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dc_c20251231_zlMhmhXSWSmj" title="Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases">2 years 10 months</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A8_zwIHlF6gGWB7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> P3Y <p id="xdx_89E_ecustom--ScheduleOfNoncancellableOperatingLeaseContractsTableTextBlock_zK3gML5yu1ik" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following non-cancellable operating lease contracts:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_zk2dPaZzPfI4" style="display: none">Schedule of non-cancellable operating lease contracts</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Description of lease</b></span></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Lease term</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office premise – Block 1090, #06-08</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseTermOfContract_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--OfficePremiseOneMember_zEL8Mnu1fdJj" title="Operating lease term">3</span> years</span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office premise – Block 1090, #06-10, 11, 12 &amp; 13</span></td> <td> </td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseTermOfContract_iI_dtY_c20251231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--OfficePremiseTwoMember_zzAgjxjoj5jc" title="Operating lease term">3</span> years </span></td></tr> </table> P3Y P3Y <p id="xdx_89B_ecustom--ScheduleOfAmountRecognizedTheConsolidatedBalanceSheetsTableTextBlock_zLBiZQNaWsG3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a) Amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B3_zuqSw2W503s2" style="display: none">Schedule of amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20241231_zpnBABnTAVNg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_491_20251231_zBwMbaMM13u2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_iI_z02r129RKiMk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 46%; text-align: left">Right-of-use assets</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 14%; text-align: right">30,940</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 14%; text-align: right">316,725</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zgLON0pdZL9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Right-of-use assets">246,229</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Operating lease liabilities</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iI_maOLLzWiS_zFuTGDm0BAth" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt">Current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">35,812</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">110,233</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zGtAH35ndHEc" style="text-align: right" title="Current">85,698</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_maOLLzWiS_zpaGLvTeyx0l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt">Non-current</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1069">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">207,557</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zUPAotSjWMva" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Non-current">161,359</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iTI_mtOLLzWiS_zVFiJUgDTAIj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total operating lease liabilities</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">35,812</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">317,790</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_z0HjWRe1cvzc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Total operating lease liabilities">247,057</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 30940 316725 246229 35812 110233 85698 207557 161359 35812 317790 247057 <p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--LeaseCostTableTextBlock_zfprpQvDM2Nh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A summary of lease cost recognized in the Group’s consolidated statements of operations is as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B5_zZCAf64cY8Se" style="display: none">Schedule of lease cost</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20230101__20231231_zrHGN7sYcw8e" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20240101__20241231_zOjNUQanDJJ1" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20250101__20251231_zGOYl7ppyEod" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 44%; font-style: italic; text-align: left">Operating lease cost</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseCost_zprblSTbIHIc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Operating lease expense</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">46,402</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">44,185</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">63,352</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseCost_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zs7YmDiUihM" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Operating lease expense">49,251</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 46402 44185 63352 49251 <p id="xdx_893_ecustom--ScheduleofsupplementalCashFlowInformationRelatedToLeasesTableTextBlock_zJjzTqax2loi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c) Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BA_zNp6S5UrXZcb" style="display: none">Schedule of supplemental cash flow information related to leases</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20230101__20231231_zRsUNZnD3PMj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20240101__20241231_z7Awx140b3U6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20250101__20251231_zKHgPYEJbcIl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 44%; text-align: left">Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right"> </td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--OperatingLeasePayments_zomUDJoVQkHf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cash flows from operating leases</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">46,402</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">44,185</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">63,352</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--OperatingLeasePayments_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z8vkXbE2SK7h" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Cash flows form operating leases">49,251</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 46402 44185 63352 49251 <p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_z3nc7UfJtg0a" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B7_zNJFYDaxbfI9" style="display: none">Schedule of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Minimum lease payment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: left; font-weight: bold">Twelve months ending December 31,</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">2026</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_maS2_c20251231_zvX1Yr5x8NU1" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">123,749</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_uUSD_maS2_c20251231_zeLarpoDXRsi" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">96,205</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">2027</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_iI_maS2_c20251231_zj08T5v094qj" style="text-align: right" title="2027">123,749</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_iI_uUSD_maS2_c20251231_zn8BMQS3EKmk" style="text-align: right" title="2027">96,205</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">2028</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_iI_maS2_c20251231_zmwddwK9dpjk" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2028">93,010</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_iI_uUSD_maS2_c20251231_zrfEEudGZif5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2028">72,309</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Total future minimum lease payments</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_mtS2_c20251231_zzd5RQYfT4Qf" style="text-align: right" title="Total future minimum lease payments">340,508</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_uUSD_mtS2_c20251231_z2UVA7xCE1ng" style="text-align: right" title="Total future minimum lease payments">264,719</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: imputed interest</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_di_c20251231_zVRnsezdBGib" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less imputed interest">(22,718</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zQ1pYdNTGlAi" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less imputed interest">(17,662</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Present value of operating lease liabilities</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_c20251231_zHqRTNZOIy25" style="text-align: right" title="Present value of operating lease liabilities">317,790</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zvW2d129mwrl" style="text-align: right" title="Present value of operating lease liabilities">247,057</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Less: current portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_di_c20251231_zbcpsNMt9D6g" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less: current portion">(110,233</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zzI484xx57Ki" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Less: current portion">(85,698</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Long-term portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_c20251231_zXPSV8srTgca" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">207,557</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_z4bdSri9AWYg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">161,359</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 123749 96205 123749 96205 93010 72309 340508 264719 22718 17662 317790 247057 110233 85698 207557 161359 <p id="xdx_891_ecustom--ScheduleOfOtherSupplementalInformationAboutLease_zHqfpVKt0iL2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The following summarizes other supplemental information about the Company’s lease as of December 31, 2025:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BC_zSWt4Qxam73a" style="display: none">Schedule of other supplemental information about lease</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Weighted average discount rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">Operating leases</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20241231_zFdPbeoMHHFi" title="Weighted average discount rate - operating leases">5.25</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">%</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20251231_z4FF8v1yZOA9" title="Weighted average discount rate - operating leases">5.25</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Weighted average remaining lease term</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Operating leases</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dc_c20241231_ztCLTsu0Vr4d" title="Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases">9 months</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dc_c20251231_zlMhmhXSWSmj" title="Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases">2 years 10 months</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 0.0525 0.0525 P9M P2Y10M <p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAccruedLiabilitiesAndOtherLiabilitiesDisclosureCurrentTextBlock_zUCyHO76Qdbc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>8</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82D_zHGoxo9Dskcf">Accruals and other current liabilities</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_89A_ecustom--AccrualsAndOtherCurrentLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z7xUmqDEkY9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8BF_z385MTWEJVz7" style="display: none">Schedule of accruals and other current liabilities</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20241231_zHfcuDoqlV13" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20251231_zHnEbw3LyVF4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_maAPCzt6k_zTgOzeUMFha" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%">Accruals</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">82</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">22,582</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zK7GwL6aJcGj" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Accruals">17,555</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableOtherCurrent_iI_maAPCzt6k_zp6vHAqdNzL7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Other payables</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">323,889</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">8,044</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableOtherCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zVG4OcnGvnSk" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Other payables">6,254</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iTI_mtAPCzt6k_zIbMxu5eevl9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">323,971</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">30,626</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_zJ8LYOAbNfUc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Total">23,809</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A8_zp2tWL8ZEKgh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_89A_ecustom--AccrualsAndOtherCurrentLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z7xUmqDEkY9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8BF_z385MTWEJVz7" style="display: none">Schedule of accruals and other current liabilities</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20241231_zHfcuDoqlV13" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20251231_zHnEbw3LyVF4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_maAPCzt6k_zTgOzeUMFha" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 46%">Accruals</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">82</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">22,582</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zK7GwL6aJcGj" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Accruals">17,555</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableOtherCurrent_iI_maAPCzt6k_zp6vHAqdNzL7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Other payables</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">323,889</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">8,044</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableOtherCurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zVG4OcnGvnSk" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Other payables">6,254</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iTI_mtAPCzt6k_zIbMxu5eevl9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">323,971</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">30,626</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_zJ8LYOAbNfUc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Total">23,809</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 82 22582 17555 323889 8044 6254 323971 30626 23809 <p id="xdx_80F_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_z0RPaAVSXZI8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; display: none"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>9</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82A_zq9LDBRZRIAj">Equity</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Ordinary shares</i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands on September 22, 2023. As of December 31, 2025, the authorized share capital of the Company was US$<span id="xdx_906_esrt--StockRepurchaseProgramAuthorizedAmount1_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zFzw7hJKk1ee" title="Authorized share capital">50,000</span> divided into <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesAuthorized_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember_zI8nF3xBCf0l" title="Ordinary shares, shares authorized">3,125,000</span> Class A Ordinary Shares and <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesAuthorized_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassBMember_z0mYeSkckCL6" title="Ordinary shares, shares authorized">3,125,000</span> Class B Ordinary Shares, par value US$<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_uUSDPShares_c20251231__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassBMember_zHgJyc4p5Il1" title="Ordinary shares, par value">0.008</span> per share. <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--CommonStockVotingRights_c20250101__20251231_zJlRRe8tPyWh" title="Voting rights">Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each holder of our Class A Ordinary Share is entitled to one vote per share. Each holder of our Class B Ordinary Share was then entitled to 10 votes per share.</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company issued <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember_zPE4YHpk4JFi" title="Ordinary shares, shares outstanding">489,375</span> Class A Ordinary Shares and <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassBMember_zu95UDHzcSp9" title="Ordinary shares, shares outstanding">1,760,625</span> Class B Ordinary Shares, which were outstanding as of December 31, 2024.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Upon completion of the IPO and the full exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option on April 11, 2025 and May 8, 2025, respectively, the Company had <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_c20250411__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember__us-gaap--SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis__us-gaap--OverAllotmentOptionMember_zKi5DqfMkyBd" title="Ordinary shares, shares outstanding"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesIssued_iI_c20250411__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember__us-gaap--SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis__us-gaap--OverAllotmentOptionMember_zh8v3tl7NRk7" title="Ordinary shares, shares issued">920,625</span></span> Class A Ordinary Shares and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_c20250508__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassBMember__us-gaap--SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis__us-gaap--OverAllotmentOptionMember_zITTiklHu3Zh" title="Ordinary shares, shares outstanding"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesIssued_iI_c20250508__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassBMember__us-gaap--SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis__us-gaap--OverAllotmentOptionMember_z1T99CqThzE3" title="Ordinary shares, shares issued">1,760,625</span></span> Class B Ordinary Shares, which were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> 50000 3125000 3125000 0.008 Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each holder of our Class A Ordinary Share is entitled to one vote per share. Each holder of our Class B Ordinary Share was then entitled to 10 votes per share. 489375 1760625 920625 920625 1760625 1760625 <p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock_zlgy1suCg5b3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>10</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82A_zrgkTK1zMCSd">Related party transactions and balances</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p id="xdx_899_ecustom--ScheduleOfMajorRelatedPartiesAndTheirRelationshipsWithTheCompany_zpVJSAyULaG3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_zIwXMMiRbC5a" style="display: none">Schedule of major related parties and their relationships with the company</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Name of related parties</b></span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Relationship with the Company</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Farm Sdn. Bhd. ⁽¹⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember_fKDEp_zncTJXMMQx01" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember_fKDEp_z9srxybfOZjb" title="Relationships with the company">Related Party</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Pollination Pte. Ltd. ⁽¹⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_fKDEp_zCFYbIcKC7M1" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_fKDEp_z0hlu60DOqul" title="Relationships with the company">Related Party</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pestoniks Innovations Pte. Ltd. ⁽¹⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember_fKDEp_zM110wr8CI49" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember_fKDEp_zhn73jgec8c7" title="Relationships with the company">Related Party</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina MENA Co., Ltd.</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zJqMs9HpZavb" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_z7pqRBeCvNa4" title="Relationships with the company">Affiliate</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Holding Pte. Ltd. </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_z6qwERRQX4h9" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_zTptxyXI7UA" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jimmy Lee Peng Siew</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_z4n7GBqfza67" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_zBP3Si4DgmGh" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Baptista Carl Marc ⁽²⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BaptistaCarlMarcMember_fKDIp_zCuaViUb8X05" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BaptistaCarlMarcMember_fKDIp_zELjhfh9qh7j" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">David Quek Yong Qi</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DavidQuekYongQiMember_z7MTbjvydplf" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DavidQuekYongQiMember_z6KQ9DfgFQ1b" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Bryan Teo Yingjie</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_zpMLR3nNaYVf" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_zNWdUURghSrh" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Teo Peng Kwang</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rachel Lee Lin</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_zovtzHvYlBVg" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_zZLP1rt6pyg8" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Jimmy Lee Peng Siew</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dorea Quek En Qi</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zONHeYejiOOb" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zEDxt69YJtQd" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">De Guzman Caroline Francesca Lee Ling ⁽²⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember_fKDIp_zDV6s36PsMs8" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember_fKDIp_z1ZTb2ID5Mg" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Baptista Carl Marc</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Teo Peng Kwang</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--TeoPengKwangMember_zGaQLMUi7OHa" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--TeoPengKwangMember_zkZQCTxJ3Fgj" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">iCapital Holdings (SG) Pte. Ltd. ⁽²⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember_fKDIp_zEYSRPbFAGre" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember_fKDIp_z7LmtQSoLOc5" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ng Bee Poh</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--NgBeePohMember_zjFr7i7BoI1a" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--NgBeePohMember_zSgjLbPaA4Y1" title="Relationships with the company">Immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi</span></span></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><sup id="xdx_F04_zEdrrnW8NYR">(1)</sup></td><td id="xdx_F13_zusabBIQgcT" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">Principal shareholders of these entities are also the principal shareholders of the Company</td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><sup id="xdx_F0E_zQH1XHa1mIQc">(2)</sup></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span id="xdx_F11_z98dWRqG3tr6" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ceased to be the related parties as of December 31, 2025 following the disposal of their shareholding (direct and indirect) in the Company during the year</span></td></tr></table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p id="xdx_8A7_zpkVjyGt2yxh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Amount due from related parties</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company gave advances to Cuprina Pollination Pte. Ltd. for working capital purposes. The receivable balance due from Cuprina Pollination Pte. Ltd. were S$<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_zko1sDSKzlic" title="Amount from due receivables balance">14,521</span> and S$<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_zJr0EIzzjND8" title="Amount from due receivables balance">115,237</span> (US$<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_zT80Z4mrLwH8" title="Amount from due receivables balance">89,588</span>) as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company gave advances to Pestroniks Innovations Pte. Ltd. for working capital purposes. The receivable balance due from Pestoniks Innovations Pte. Ltd. were S$<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember_z1CBNtfvmK36" title="Amount from due receivables balance">61,170</span> and S$<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember_zF22aEcTQrId" title="Amount from due receivables balance">61,170</span> (US$<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember_zz6xnANnJPdj" title="Amount from due receivables balance">47,555</span>) as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Amount due from an affiliate</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company gave advances to Cuprina MENA Co., Ltd. for working capital purposes. The receivable balance due from Cuprina MENA Co., Ltd. were S$<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_z4JaMZLJTo2d" title="Amount from due receivables balance">14,469</span> and S$<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zTuFwXCacSk8" title="Amount from due receivables balance">58,925</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zTq8HhXkZOgh" title="Amount from due receivables balance">45,810</span>) as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Amount due from shareholders</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The receivable balances due from Bryan Teo Yingjie was S$<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_z5hTb7sXnu2f" title="Amount from due receivables balance">605</span> as of December 31, 2024, and related to the outstanding share subscription with regards to the <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesIssued_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_znEbbSvxEPM9" title="Ordinary shares, shares issued">450</span> ordinary shares issued with <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_do_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_zDqaLpIaIWve" title="Ordinary shares, par value">no</span> par value in Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited prior to the Reorganization. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The receivable balances due from Rachel Lee Lin was S$<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_z28lS7fF2koa" title="Amount from due receivables balance">605</span> as of December 31, 2024, and related to the outstanding share subscription with regards to the <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesIssued_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_zaLlmtrlGpD8" title="Ordinary shares, shares issued">450</span> ordinary shares issued with <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_do_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_zxPENXbupkE7" title="Ordinary shares, par value">no</span> par value in Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited prior to the Reorganization. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The receivable balances due from Dorea Quek En Qi was S$<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zJmYWkHLb6J2" title="Amount from due receivables balance">605</span> as of December 31, 2024, and related to the outstanding share subscription with regards to the <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesIssued_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zrY2yzoToZD5" title="Ordinary shares, shares issued">450</span> ordinary shares issued with <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_do_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zojy6A8pJbM5" title="Ordinary shares, par value">no</span> par value in Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited prior to the Reorganization. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The receivable balances due from De Guzman Caroline Francesca Lee Ling was S$<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember_zchpXL6rFLV2" title="Amount from due receivables balance">605</span> as of December 31, 2024, and related to the outstanding share subscription with regards to the <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesIssued_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember_z8sVPGzigCld" title="Ordinary shares, shares issued">450</span> ordinary shares issued with <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_do_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember_zc5q2Rzg2YAc" title="Ordinary shares, par value">no</span> par value in Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited prior to the Reorganization. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The receivable balances due from iCapital Holdings (SG) Pte. Ltd. was S$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember_zw8XppSoaqhi" title="Amount from due receivables balance">505</span> as of December 31, 2024, and related to the outstanding share subscription with regards to the <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--CommonStockSharesIssued_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember_zfr26FZaIEWi" title="Ordinary shares, shares issued">375</span> ordinary shares issued with <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_do_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember_zYxAxPEv0Kb5" title="Ordinary shares, par value">no</span> par value in Cuprina Holdings (BVI) Limited prior to the Reorganization. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The receivable balances due from Jimmy Lee Peng Siew was S$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_zc8hWb7o0SZ4" title="Amount from due receivables balance">2,400</span> (US$<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OtherReceivables_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_zI61oWMVuIfj" title="Amount from due receivables balance">1,866</span>) as of December 31, 2025, and related to the payment made on behalf for the corporate secretarial services received. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without agreement.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Amount due to a related party</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The payable balance due to Cuprina Farm Sdn. Bhd, were S$<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember_zRr7IBhIq28i" title="Amount due to payable balance">4,134</span> and S$<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember_zB71INyykmB2" title="Amount due to payable balance">4,134</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_zD8f7302mHgc" title="Amount due to payable balance">3,214</span>) as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively, and related to the over-settlement for the receivable balance due from Cuprina Farm Sdn. Bhd. previously. This was due to the strengthening of the Malaysian Ringgit (“MYR”) relative to the Singapore Dollar (“SGD”) during the settlement, as the balances was denominated in MYR. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Amount due to shareholders</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our shareholder, Cuprina Holding Pte. Ltd. gave advances to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balance due to Cuprina Holding Pte. Ltd. were S$<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_zprsnJfImBoa" title="Amount due to payable balance">2,931,765</span> and S$<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_zFXccwMibXk6" title="Amount due to payable balance">2,930,516</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_uUSD_c20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_znIisF3uDRt" title="Amount due to payable balance">2,278,252</span>) as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">One of the ultimate individual shareholders, Jimmy Lee Peng Siew gave advances to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balances due to Jimmy Lee Peng Siew was S$<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_z43yRhlEUgm9" title="Amount due to payable balance">1,451,629</span> as of December 31, 2024. Out of the total payable balances, S$<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20250630__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_zxSP7bYBmdF2" title="Amount due to payable balance">986,860</span> is unsecured, due by June 30, 2025 or upon completion of IPO, whichever is earlier, and carries an interest of 6.0%. The remaining balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">David Quek Yong Qi gave an advance to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balance due to David Quek Yong Qi was S$<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DavidQuekYongQiMember_zQv6bogO4kBl" title="Amount due to payable balance">237,618</span> as of December 31, 2024. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Bryan Teo Yingjie gave an advance to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balance due to Bryan Teo Yingjie was S$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_zq97ihVUH4H" title="Amount due to payable balance">105,979</span> as of December 31, 2024. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rachel Lee Lin gave an advance to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balance due to Rachel Lee Lin was S$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_z2e2JhG0gvAg" title="Amount due to payable balance">67,654</span> as of December 31, 2024. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dorea Quek En Qi gave an advance to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balance due to Dorea Quek En Qi was S$<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zGGbM256VeKf" title="Amount due to payable balance">6,395</span> as of December 31, 2024. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Teo Peng Kwang gave an advance to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balance due to Teo Peng Kwang was S$<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--TeoPengKwangMember_zrdGhtDWY3Li" title="Amount due to payable balance">620,822</span> as of December 31, 2024. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ng Bee Poh, an immediate family member for one of the shareholders, David Quek Yong Qi gave an advance to the Company for working capital purposes. The payable balance due to Ng Bee Poh was S$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OtherLiabilities_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--NgBeePohMember_zRZV7ZcImq5l" title="Amount due to payable balance">200,000</span> as of December 31, 2024. Such balance is interest free, unsecured, and due on demand without an agreement. The balance has been fully settled as of December 31, 2025.</span></p> <p id="xdx_899_ecustom--ScheduleOfMajorRelatedPartiesAndTheirRelationshipsWithTheCompany_zpVJSAyULaG3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_zIwXMMiRbC5a" style="display: none">Schedule of major related parties and their relationships with the company</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 96%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Name of related parties</b></span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Relationship with the Company</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Farm Sdn. Bhd. ⁽¹⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember_fKDEp_zncTJXMMQx01" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaFarmSdnBhdMember_fKDEp_z9srxybfOZjb" title="Relationships with the company">Related Party</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Pollination Pte. Ltd. ⁽¹⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_fKDEp_zCFYbIcKC7M1" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaPollinationPteLtdMember_fKDEp_z0hlu60DOqul" title="Relationships with the company">Related Party</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pestoniks Innovations Pte. Ltd. ⁽¹⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember_fKDEp_zM110wr8CI49" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PestoniksInnovationsPteLtdMember_fKDEp_zhn73jgec8c7" title="Relationships with the company">Related Party</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina MENA Co., Ltd.</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_zJqMs9HpZavb" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember_z7pqRBeCvNa4" title="Relationships with the company">Affiliate</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Holding Pte. Ltd. </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_z6qwERRQX4h9" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaHoldingPteLtdMember_zTptxyXI7UA" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jimmy Lee Peng Siew</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_z4n7GBqfza67" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--JimmyLeePengSiewMember_zBP3Si4DgmGh" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Baptista Carl Marc ⁽²⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BaptistaCarlMarcMember_fKDIp_zCuaViUb8X05" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BaptistaCarlMarcMember_fKDIp_zELjhfh9qh7j" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">David Quek Yong Qi</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DavidQuekYongQiMember_z7MTbjvydplf" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DavidQuekYongQiMember_z6KQ9DfgFQ1b" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Bryan Teo Yingjie</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_zpMLR3nNaYVf" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--BryanTeoYingjieMember_zNWdUURghSrh" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Teo Peng Kwang</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rachel Lee Lin</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_zovtzHvYlBVg" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--RachelLeeLinMember_zZLP1rt6pyg8" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Jimmy Lee Peng Siew</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dorea Quek En Qi</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zONHeYejiOOb" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DoreaQuekEnQiMember_zEDxt69YJtQd" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">De Guzman Caroline Francesca Lee Ling ⁽²⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember_fKDIp_zDV6s36PsMs8" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--DeGuzmanCarolineFrancescaLeeLingMember_fKDIp_z1ZTb2ID5Mg" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Baptista Carl Marc</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Teo Peng Kwang</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--TeoPengKwangMember_zGaQLMUi7OHa" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--TeoPengKwangMember_zkZQCTxJ3Fgj" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">iCapital Holdings (SG) Pte. Ltd. ⁽²⁾</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember_fKDIp_zEYSRPbFAGre" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--IcapitalHoldingsSgPteLtdMember_fKDIp_z7LmtQSoLOc5" title="Relationships with the company">Shareholder</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ng Bee Poh</span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--NgBeePohMember_zjFr7i7BoI1a" title="Relationships with the company"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--NatureOfCommonOwnershipOrManagementControlRelationships_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--NgBeePohMember_zSgjLbPaA4Y1" title="Relationships with the company">Immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi</span></span></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> </td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><sup id="xdx_F04_zEdrrnW8NYR">(1)</sup></td><td id="xdx_F13_zusabBIQgcT" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">Principal shareholders of these entities are also the principal shareholders of the Company</td></tr> <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><sup id="xdx_F0E_zQH1XHa1mIQc">(2)</sup></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span id="xdx_F11_z98dWRqG3tr6" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ceased to be the related parties as of December 31, 2025 following the disposal of their shareholding (direct and indirect) in the Company during the year</span></td></tr></table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> Related Party Related Party Related Party Related Party Related Party Related Party Affiliate Affiliate Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Teo Peng Kwang Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Teo Peng Kwang Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Jimmy Lee Peng Siew Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Jimmy Lee Peng Siew Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Baptista Carl Marc Shareholder and immediate family member of a shareholder, Baptista Carl Marc Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Shareholder Immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi Immediate family member of a shareholder, David Quek Yong Qi 14521 115237 89588 61170 61170 47555 14469 58925 45810 605 450 0 605 450 0 605 450 0 605 450 0 505 375 0 2400 1866 4134 4134 3214 2931765 2930516 2278252 1451629 986860 237618 105979 67654 6395 620822 200000 <p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--DebtDisclosureTextBlock_zYOhFyct0srl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>11</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82A_z764c5mO34P9">Bank loans</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company has a <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentTerm_dtY_c20250101__20251231_zFsneYDntXRf" style="display: none" title="Debt instrument term">5</span>five-year S$<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--UnsecuredDebt_iI_c20251231_zIWsHnHJKAD9" title="Unsecured debt">100,000</span> unsecured fixed rate bank loan which expires in <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentMaturityDateDescription_c20250101__20251231_zxQ5r9FFQbn" title="Debt instrument maturity date">January 2026</span>. The bank loan carries an interest rate of <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentInterestRateIncreaseDecrease_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231_zFHV5A50NDjg" title="Interest rate">2.5</span>% per annum.</span> The bank loan has been fully repaid in January 2026.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In November 2024, the Company has secured another <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentTerm_dtY_c20241101__20241130_z6NVvS44HOsj" style="display: none" title="Debt instrument term">5</span>five-year S$<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--UnsecuredDebt_iI_c20241130_z3CbuspdEz2c" title="Unsecured debt">200,000</span> unsecured fixed rate bank loan which expires in <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentMaturityDateDescription_c20241101__20241130_zCFk7BKrcwnc" title="Debt instrument maturity date">November 2029</span>. The bank loan carries an interest rate of <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentInterestRateIncreaseDecrease_pid_dp_uPure_c20241101__20241130_zckthowAte97" title="Interest rate">8.0</span>% per annum.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At December 31, 2024 and 2025, the carrying amount of the bank loans were S$<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentCollateralAmount_iI_c20241231_znvBGMM0LNuh" title="Bank loan carrying amount">218,978</span> and S$<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentCollateralAmount_iI_c20251231_zvnu2qplpPg4" title="Bank loan carrying amount">164,929</span> (US$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentCollateralAmount_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zPJaW6npx4Ka" title="Bank loan carrying amount">128,220</span>), respectively. <span style="background-color: white">Interest expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 are S$<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--InterestExpense_c20230101__20231231_zsr1ST93AYtb" title="Interest expenses">727</span>, S$<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--InterestExpense_c20240101__20241231_zOcsaPchvRB" title="Interest expenses">1,783</span> </span>and S$<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--InterestExpense_c20250101__20251231_zF1rdB1zPEF8" title="Interest expenses">14,724</span> (US$<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--InterestExpense_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zx9sbTsICAb3" title="Interest expenses">11,447</span>), <span style="background-color: white">respectively.</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_89B_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfMaturitiesOfLongTermDebtTableTextBlock_zIfkdQmyQAAb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">The maturities schedule is as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span style="display: none"><span id="xdx_8B6_zVWfQNi4L9qi">Schedule of maturities</span></span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Maturities schedule</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left; font-weight: bold">Year ending December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">2026</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInNextTwelveMonths_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_z9KJcGhplnWg" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">38,728</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInNextTwelveMonths_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_zKtplhAOQKc6" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">30,108</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">2027</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearTwo_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_zfPzSb85J8Vi" style="text-align: right" title="2027">40,022</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearTwo_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_zvgQmMk7NVmi" style="text-align: right" title="2027">31,114</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">2028</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearThree_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_z5GTBlNhZM26" style="text-align: right" title="2028">43,344</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearThree_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_ze5AmDQnCmx1" style="text-align: right" title="2028">33,697</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">2029</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearFour_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_zHGIiKvWKdgh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2029">42,835</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearFour_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_zSOz1IxjFZT5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2029">33,301</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Total</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--LongTermDebt_iTI_uSGD_mtcxiv_c20251231_zcQWfEFTkNtl" style="text-align: right" title="Total">164,929</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--LongTermDebt_iTI_uUSD_mtcxiv_c20251231_zyH1daFXIFwc" style="text-align: right" title="Total">128,220</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Less: current portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtCurrent_iNI_di_uSGD_c20251231_zr7ViDjCoEO3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Current portion">(38,728</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtCurrent_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_znZaD9bpdiQf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Current portion">(30,108</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Long-term portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtNoncurrent_iI_uSGD_c20251231_zHgSCKx9WMKi" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">126,201</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_z84Zrzvi1p23" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">98,112</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A7_zdvUR456SPr7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b></b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b></b></span></p> P5Y 100000 January 2026 0.025 P5Y 200000 November 2029 0.080 218978 164929 128220 727 1783 14724 11447 <p id="xdx_89B_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfMaturitiesOfLongTermDebtTableTextBlock_zIfkdQmyQAAb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">The maturities schedule is as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span style="display: none"><span id="xdx_8B6_zVWfQNi4L9qi">Schedule of maturities</span></span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Maturities schedule</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left; font-weight: bold">Year ending December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">2026</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInNextTwelveMonths_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_z9KJcGhplnWg" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">38,728</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInNextTwelveMonths_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_zKtplhAOQKc6" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="2026">30,108</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">2027</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearTwo_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_zfPzSb85J8Vi" style="text-align: right" title="2027">40,022</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearTwo_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_zvgQmMk7NVmi" style="text-align: right" title="2027">31,114</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">2028</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearThree_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_z5GTBlNhZM26" style="text-align: right" title="2028">43,344</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearThree_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_ze5AmDQnCmx1" style="text-align: right" title="2028">33,697</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">2029</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearFour_iI_uSGD_macxiv_c20251231_zHGIiKvWKdgh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2029">42,835</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtMaturitiesRepaymentsOfPrincipalInYearFour_iI_uUSD_macxiv_c20251231_zSOz1IxjFZT5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="2029">33,301</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Total</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--LongTermDebt_iTI_uSGD_mtcxiv_c20251231_zcQWfEFTkNtl" style="text-align: right" title="Total">164,929</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--LongTermDebt_iTI_uUSD_mtcxiv_c20251231_zyH1daFXIFwc" style="text-align: right" title="Total">128,220</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Less: current portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtCurrent_iNI_di_uSGD_c20251231_zr7ViDjCoEO3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Current portion">(38,728</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtCurrent_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_znZaD9bpdiQf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Current portion">(30,108</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Long-term portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtNoncurrent_iI_uSGD_c20251231_zHgSCKx9WMKi" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">126,201</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--LongTermDebtNoncurrent_iI_uUSD_c20251231_z84Zrzvi1p23" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Long-term portion">98,112</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 38728 30108 40022 31114 43344 33697 42835 33301 164929 128220 38728 30108 126201 98112 <p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_ztyHzhsp39Jc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>12</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_826_zdCZdZtmLMsi">Income taxes</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">Cayman Islands and BVIs</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company and its subsidiaries are domiciled in the Cayman Islands and British Virgin Islands. The Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands do not impose any income tax; accordingly, the Company does not accrue for income taxes.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">Singapore</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cuprina Pte. Ltd. is incorporated in Singapore and is subject to Singapore Corporate Tax on the taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Singapore tax laws. The applicable tax rate is <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember_zzvGqV01q5vd" title="Statutory income tax rate">17</span>% in Singapore, with <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z0SjjxszMS2b" title="Statutory income tax rate">75</span>% of the first S$<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInEnactedTaxRate_uSGD_c20250101__20251231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember_zRv7W6SRJkz" title="Profit tax rates">10,000</span> taxable income and <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zoHi9bM6Xe02" title="Statutory income tax rate">50</span>% of the next S$<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInEnactedTaxRate_uSGD_c20250101__20251231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InlandRevenueSingaporeIRASMember_zeOor8A86cRc" title="Profit tax rates">190,000</span> taxable income exempted from income tax.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">Malaysia</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">Cuprina Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., the subsidiary, is subject to Malaysian corporate income tax on its taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements, in accordance with applicable Malaysian tax laws. The standard corporate income tax rate in Malaysia is <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--StatementGeographicalAxis__country--MY_zYGkDdZ0HHEj" title="Statutory income tax rate">24</span>%. However, as Cuprina Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. is directly owned by a foreign company incorporated outside Malaysia, and such foreign ownership exceeds <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_c20251231__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMalaysiaSdnBhdMember_zsikJzEkR6Wf" title="Equity method investment ownership percentage">20</span>% of its paid-up ordinary share capital, the subsidiary does not qualify for the SME preferential tax rates and remains subject to the <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__srt--StatementGeographicalAxis__country--MY_zjsw7uQXfEpg" title="Statutory income tax rate">24</span>% corporate income tax rate. The subsidiary had no operating profit or tax liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">Hong Kong</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company’s subsidiary, Cuprina Hong Kong Limited, is considered a Hong Kong tax resident enterprise under Hong Kong tax laws; accordingly, it is subject to enterprise income tax on its taxable income as determined under Hong Kong tax laws and accounting standards at a statutory tax rate of <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InlandRevenueHongKongMember_zC0QSI3MJkEh" title="Statutory income tax rate">16.5</span>%.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">China, PRC</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company’s subsidiary, Cuprina (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., is considered a China tax resident enterprise under China tax laws; accordingly, it is subject to enterprise income tax on its taxable income as determined under China tax laws and accounting standards at a statutory tax rate of <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember_zvysu7AQRzsl" title="Statutory income tax rate">25</span>%. The subsidiary has no operating profit or tax liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i><span style="text-decoration: underline">United States</span></i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i> </i></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company’s subsidiary, Cuprina United States Inc., is domiciled in the United States; accordingly, it is subject to corporate income tax on its taxable income as determined under United States tax laws at a federal tax rate of <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InternalRevenueServiceIRSMember_zfoR5PVI8GCe" title="Statutory income tax rate">21</span>% and state tax rate range from <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InternalRevenueServiceIRSMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zHpvZp9I4um8" title="Statutory income tax rate">1</span>% to <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityNameAxis__us-gaap--InternalRevenueServiceIRSMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z6p0iExApJE5" title="Statutory income tax rate">12</span>%. The subsidiary has no operating profit or tax liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfComponentsOfIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitTableTextBlock_zZmXUYIb52db" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Significant components of the provision for income taxes are as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BE_zUKvy5ZMM4B4" style="display: none">Schedule of significant components of the provision for income taxes</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td colspan="13" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Years Ended December 31, </b></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>S$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>S$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>S$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>US$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Income tax expense is comprised of the following:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 44%">Current</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20230101__20231231_zW94db5c2rWf" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1419">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20240101__20241231_zaJEsQxZUETa" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1420">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20250101__20251231_zsAljrfPeBQh" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1421">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zj04fYW4cqd5" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1422">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">Deferred</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20230101__20231231_zJudB4v19l22" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1423">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20240101__20241231_zPWoiuePOZeg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1424">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20250101__20251231_zto4ib867s7l" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1425">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zQEVw5Z2wzo4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1426">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Total income tax expenses</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20230101__20231231_zxUgwUxMx2Ie" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1427">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20240101__20241231_z1PQELzcQwl9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1428">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20250101__20251231_zIt0wUrbETk7" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1429">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zVvKVySEGzQ9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1430">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A0_znJoTxgzaRp3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_891_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_zftFKY2bMrp2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A reconciliation between of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate are as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B1_zQBoHqLMjfJa" style="display: none">Schedule of reconciliation between of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_49B_20230101__20231231_zefDQ55ohfHl" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_493_20240101__20241231_zaC50uuI1AKb" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_495_20250101__20251231_zuxWSbzTl6qh" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_495_20250101__20251231_zGWHBxTDCOV3" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 44%; text-align: left">Loss before tax</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_c20230101__20231231_zddTNoKCg9Uc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(1,085,767</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_c20240101__20241231_zCGJSHTD6dc5" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(1,508,604</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_c20250101__20251231_zZd0Oz6DFeo" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(4,610,098</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z3y3R12tnKw7" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(3,583,999</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_iN_pid_dpi_uPure_ma19_z47nFA4TLBw" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Statutory tax rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(16.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(16.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(17.0</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(17.0</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline; text-align: left">Reconciling items:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationNondeductibleExpense_pid_dp_uPure_ma19_zSXTwGJqvQgb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Non-deductible expenses</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.7</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.5</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.4</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.4</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_pid_dp_uPure_ma19_zVhnIIG2KpC" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Income not subject to tax</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(0.8</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(1.9</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(2.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(2.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_403_ecustom--EffectiveIncomeTaxReconciliationTemporaryTaxAdjustments_pid_dp_uPure_ma19_z7P97Ey9AC2d" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Deferred tax assets on temporary differences not recognized</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">16.8</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">18.1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">19.3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">19.3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations_iT_pid_dp_uPure_mt19_z7hUN1YUNc4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Effective tax rate</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1462">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1463">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1464">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1465">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AE_zSsQpDqFoeLk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Deferred tax</span></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z1unevfW7Gpc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Significant components of deferred tax were as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B5_zrMvcDMgBuHb" style="display: none">Schedule of deferred tax</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49E_20241231_zF5wdUtZyBXi" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20251231_zbyqz18D2Lr4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_zJzcWcSHgvn5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 46%; text-align: left">Net operating loss carried forward</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 14%; text-align: right">4,561,053</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 14%; text-align: right">9,234,500</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zgtnfOlFJ77e" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Net operating loss carried forward">7,179,118</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iI_maDTANzyQX_z3yjCwoX5Gc9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Deferred tax assets, gross</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">753,680</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,018,217</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zshXLsmO8I95" style="text-align: right" title="Deferred tax assets, gross">791,586</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_di_msDTANzyQX_zHsPeHEyJTC5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Valuation allowance</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(753,680</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(1,018,217</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zlWJwd73ODFg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Valuation allowance">(791,586</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_mtDTANzyQX_zH5LJIs4eiyk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1484">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1485">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_z6HPwsBCjjNk" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1487">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AC_z3YLp5Q6Bpul" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Deferred tax assets are recognized in the consolidated financial statements only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the Company can utilize the benefits. The use of these tax losses is subject to the agreement of the tax authorities and compliance with certain provisions of the tax legislations of the respective countries in which the group companies operate.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The deferred tax assets not recognized as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 were S$<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iI_c20241231_zm524E2ppyC4" title="Valuation allowance">753,680</span> and S$<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iI_c20251231_zMDvqtfNhjD2" title="Valuation allowance">1,018,217</span> (US$<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zFgEyr4hTaIk" title="Valuation allowance">791,586</span>) respectively. The deferred tax assets not recognized were primarily related to the Company’s net loss (tax losses) carryforwards, in the judgment of management, are not more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> 0.17 0.75 10000 0.50 190000 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.165 0.25 0.21 0.01 0.12 <p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfComponentsOfIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitTableTextBlock_zZmXUYIb52db" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Significant components of the provision for income taxes are as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BE_zUKvy5ZMM4B4" style="display: none">Schedule of significant components of the provision for income taxes</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td colspan="13" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Years Ended December 31, </b></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>S$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>S$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>S$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>US$</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Income tax expense is comprised of the following:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="width: 44%">Current</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20230101__20231231_zW94db5c2rWf" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1419">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20240101__20241231_zaJEsQxZUETa" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1420">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20250101__20251231_zsAljrfPeBQh" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1421">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--CurrentIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zj04fYW4cqd5" style="width: 10%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1422">-</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">Deferred</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20230101__20231231_zJudB4v19l22" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1423">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20240101__20241231_zPWoiuePOZeg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1424">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20250101__20251231_zto4ib867s7l" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1425">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zQEVw5Z2wzo4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1426">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Total income tax expenses</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20230101__20231231_zxUgwUxMx2Ie" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1427">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20240101__20241231_z1PQELzcQwl9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1428">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_c20250101__20251231_zIt0wUrbETk7" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1429">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zVvKVySEGzQ9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1430">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_891_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_zftFKY2bMrp2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A reconciliation between of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate are as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B1_zQBoHqLMjfJa" style="display: none">Schedule of reconciliation between of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_49B_20230101__20231231_zefDQ55ohfHl" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_493_20240101__20241231_zaC50uuI1AKb" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_495_20250101__20251231_zuxWSbzTl6qh" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_495_20250101__20251231_zGWHBxTDCOV3" style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 44%; text-align: left">Loss before tax</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_c20230101__20231231_zddTNoKCg9Uc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(1,085,767</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_c20240101__20241231_zCGJSHTD6dc5" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(1,508,604</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_c20250101__20251231_zZd0Oz6DFeo" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(4,610,098</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_z3y3R12tnKw7" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Loss before tax">(3,583,999</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_iN_pid_dpi_uPure_ma19_z47nFA4TLBw" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Statutory tax rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(16.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(16.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(17.0</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(17.0</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline; text-align: left">Reconciling items:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationNondeductibleExpense_pid_dp_uPure_ma19_zSXTwGJqvQgb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Non-deductible expenses</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.7</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.5</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.4</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.4</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_pid_dp_uPure_ma19_zVhnIIG2KpC" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Income not subject to tax</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(0.8</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(1.9</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(2.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(2.7</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_403_ecustom--EffectiveIncomeTaxReconciliationTemporaryTaxAdjustments_pid_dp_uPure_ma19_z7P97Ey9AC2d" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Deferred tax assets on temporary differences not recognized</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">16.8</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">18.1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">19.3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">19.3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations_iT_pid_dp_uPure_mt19_z7hUN1YUNc4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Effective tax rate</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1462">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1463">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1464">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1465">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> -1085767 -1508604 -4610098 -3583999 0.167 0.167 0.170 0.170 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.004 -0.008 -0.019 -0.027 -0.027 0.168 0.181 0.193 0.193 <p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z1unevfW7Gpc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Significant components of deferred tax were as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B5_zrMvcDMgBuHb" style="display: none">Schedule of deferred tax</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49E_20241231_zF5wdUtZyBXi" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20251231_zbyqz18D2Lr4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">As of December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_zJzcWcSHgvn5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 46%; text-align: left">Net operating loss carried forward</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 14%; text-align: right">4,561,053</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 14%; text-align: right">9,234,500</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zgtnfOlFJ77e" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Net operating loss carried forward">7,179,118</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iI_maDTANzyQX_z3yjCwoX5Gc9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Deferred tax assets, gross</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">753,680</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,018,217</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iI_uUSD_c20251231_zshXLsmO8I95" style="text-align: right" title="Deferred tax assets, gross">791,586</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_di_msDTANzyQX_zHsPeHEyJTC5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Valuation allowance</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(753,680</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(1,018,217</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_di_uUSD_c20251231_zlWJwd73ODFg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Valuation allowance">(791,586</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_mtDTANzyQX_zH5LJIs4eiyk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1484">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1485">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_uUSD_c20251231_z6HPwsBCjjNk" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1487">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 4561053 9234500 7179118 753680 1018217 791586 753680 1018217 791586 753680 1018217 791586 <p id="xdx_804_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeAndExpenseTextBlock_zJ0F2FnPswVk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>13</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_82E_z7o0W3eSXYjb">Other income</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_893_ecustom--OtherExpenseTableTextBlock_zzH8bbYKUA64" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8B9_zx1RalpIf1Xg" style="display: none">Schedule of other income</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 44%; text-align: left">Government grants</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_zBd3kBvhlyT1" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">36,086</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zhCX7g8sw6kk" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">163,846</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zlOqan2Y9E" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">138,073</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zQEuyEeM78cg" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">107,341</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Cash /fund transfer rebates</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_znvYXxE57zVg" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">3,063</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zHULMyCS2Us" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">19</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_z3HZ4vthTOZj" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">2,206</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zdzJcC4fvlFg" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">1,715</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Interest income</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_zAMDJJnW2oI6" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1515">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zh2vkoOWpMgg" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1517">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zGcP0Q1pcg19" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income">26,562</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zNIvX2pqNBP3" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income">20,650</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_zG4Hwz5XRPz7" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1523">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zHhpvA7XeQXe" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities">10,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zdI6GLu7NVej" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities">67,614</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zQ82qPno9Fph" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities">52,565</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_mtvfrt_c20230101__20231231_z25vCvQT3NFg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">39,149</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_mtvfrt_c20240101__20241231_zD70LKhFSNd2" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">173,865</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_mtvfrt_c20250101__20251231_znoc3iVBG5b9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">234,455</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_uUSD_mtvfrt_c20250101__20251231_zMGEtD2wWnVc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">182,271</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8AB_z6X4h8nzCEW7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p id="xdx_893_ecustom--OtherExpenseTableTextBlock_zzH8bbYKUA64" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span><span id="xdx_8B9_zx1RalpIf1Xg" style="display: none">Schedule of other income</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 44%; text-align: left">Government grants</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_zBd3kBvhlyT1" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">36,086</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zhCX7g8sw6kk" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">163,846</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zlOqan2Y9E" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">138,073</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_ecustom--GovernmentGrants_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zQEuyEeM78cg" style="width: 10%; text-align: right" title="Government grants">107,341</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-align: left">Cash /fund transfer rebates</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_znvYXxE57zVg" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">3,063</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zHULMyCS2Us" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">19</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_984_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_z3HZ4vthTOZj" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">2,206</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_ecustom--CashFundTransferRebates_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zdzJcC4fvlFg" style="text-align: right" title="Cash fund transfer rebates">1,715</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Interest income</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_zAMDJJnW2oI6" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1515">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zh2vkoOWpMgg" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1517">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zGcP0Q1pcg19" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income">26,562</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncome_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zNIvX2pqNBP3" style="text-align: right" title="Interest income">20,650</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_mavfrt_c20230101__20231231_zG4Hwz5XRPz7" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1523">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_mavfrt_c20240101__20241231_zHhpvA7XeQXe" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities">10,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98C_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zdI6GLu7NVej" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities">67,614</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_ecustom--UsageOfCertifiedFacilities_uUSD_mavfrt_c20250101__20251231_zQ82qPno9Fph" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Usage of ISO13485 certified facilities">52,565</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_mtvfrt_c20230101__20231231_z25vCvQT3NFg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">39,149</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_mtvfrt_c20240101__20241231_zD70LKhFSNd2" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">173,865</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_mtvfrt_c20250101__20251231_znoc3iVBG5b9" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">234,455</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet_iT_uUSD_mtvfrt_c20250101__20251231_zMGEtD2wWnVc" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Other operating income expense net">182,271</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> 36086 163846 138073 107341 3063 19 2206 1715 26562 20650 10000 67614 52565 39149 173865 234455 182271 <p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareTextBlock_zaXuQ0S6GxOj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; display: none; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>14</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_827_zwqAqu7Q72X2">Loss per share</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic loss per share is the amount of losses available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per share is the amount of losses available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive common shares.</span></p> <p id="xdx_897_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEarningsPerShareBasicAndDilutedTableTextBlock_zSieZkOwtZ5h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BB_zJQfFELKRBOh" style="display: none">Schedule of calculation of basic and diluted net income per share</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49C_20230101__20231231_zUmmKVCu6hnh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_491_20240101__20241231_z5Oj4O1mtnxd" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49D_20250101__20251231_zeWhruuoSOQ9" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Numerator:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_zHBrbYoSBosb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 44%; text-align: left">Net loss available to common stockholders</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(1,119,555</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(1,560,535</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(4,673,447</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zJlh4T41yFQa" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(3,633,248</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Denominator:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20230101__20231231_zfZ5QDOcKJg8" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20230101__20231231_zr67VkWACT23" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,250,000</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20240101__20241231_zD94Q6TiKYz9" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20240101__20241231_zCHW9V3PGcog" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,250,000</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20250101__20251231_zZxXOOtRrWwc" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20250101__20251231_zwLXTQhDIb1f" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,558,938</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20250101__20251231_zIEdvZKe2GRk" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20250101__20251231_zDkIKm3uqSc" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,558,938</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Loss per common share:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Basic and diluted </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_c20230101__20231231_zpxSSGNbNfmk" title="Loss per ordinary share - basic (cents)"><span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_c20230101__20231231_zrxpPYAsE5El" title="Loss per ordinary share - diluted (cents)">(0.50</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_c20240101__20241231_ziErWnSZrjPg" title="Loss per ordinary share - basic (cents)"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_c20240101__20241231_zFyBFhiBoY02" title="Loss per ordinary share - diluted (cents)">(0.69</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_c20250101__20251231_zcNySYOLZql" title="Loss per ordinary share - basic (cents)"><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_c20250101__20251231_ziZsVEfC6Zrd" title="Loss per ordinary share - diluted (cents)">(1.83</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_uUSDPShares_c20250101__20251231_ziwi9TJrcPg4"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_uUSDPShares_c20250101__20251231_z8CDz9ku9JUi">(1.42</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A2_zbbkUlVZQm0a" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>CUPRINA HOLDINGS (CAYMAN) LIMITED </b></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p> <p id="xdx_897_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEarningsPerShareBasicAndDilutedTableTextBlock_zSieZkOwtZ5h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8BB_zJQfFELKRBOh" style="display: none">Schedule of calculation of basic and diluted net income per share</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49C_20230101__20231231_zUmmKVCu6hnh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_491_20240101__20241231_z5Oj4O1mtnxd" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49D_20250101__20251231_zeWhruuoSOQ9" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Numerator:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_zHBrbYoSBosb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 44%; text-align: left">Net loss available to common stockholders</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(1,119,555</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(1,560,535</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(4,673,447</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 2%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zJlh4T41yFQa" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; width: 10%; text-align: right">(3,633,248</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Denominator:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20230101__20231231_zfZ5QDOcKJg8" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20230101__20231231_zr67VkWACT23" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,250,000</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20240101__20241231_zD94Q6TiKYz9" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20240101__20241231_zCHW9V3PGcog" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,250,000</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20250101__20251231_zZxXOOtRrWwc" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20250101__20251231_zwLXTQhDIb1f" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,558,938</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_pid_c20250101__20251231_zIEdvZKe2GRk" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - basic"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_pid_c20250101__20251231_zDkIKm3uqSc" title="Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted">2,558,938</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Loss per common share:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">Basic and diluted </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_c20230101__20231231_zpxSSGNbNfmk" title="Loss per ordinary share - basic (cents)"><span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_c20230101__20231231_zrxpPYAsE5El" title="Loss per ordinary share - diluted (cents)">(0.50</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_c20240101__20241231_ziErWnSZrjPg" title="Loss per ordinary share - basic (cents)"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_c20240101__20241231_zFyBFhiBoY02" title="Loss per ordinary share - diluted (cents)">(0.69</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_c20250101__20251231_zcNySYOLZql" title="Loss per ordinary share - basic (cents)"><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_c20250101__20251231_ziZsVEfC6Zrd" title="Loss per ordinary share - diluted (cents)">(1.83</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasic_pid_uUSDPShares_c20250101__20251231_ziwi9TJrcPg4"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareDiluted_pid_uUSDPShares_c20250101__20251231_z8CDz9ku9JUi">(1.42</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> -1119555 -1560535 -4673447 -3633248 2250000 2250000 2250000 2250000 2558938 2558938 2558938 2558938 -0.50 -0.50 -0.69 -0.69 -1.83 -1.83 -1.42 -1.42 <p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--SegmentReportingDisclosureTextBlock_zqBJ0eyHrIfl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>15</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_826_zUeWKHQFtuh2">Segment information</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group in deciding how to allocate resources based on their potentials and opportunities and in assessing their performance. The Company evaluates operating results based on measures of performance, including revenue and gross profit (primary). The Company currently operates in the following <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--NumberOfReportableSegments_dc_uSegment_c20250101__20251231_zxzhUja1Te39" title="Number of reportable segments">two</span> reporting segments: Maggot Debridement Therapy Product and Cosmeceutical Product.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our reportable segments consist of Maggot Debridement Therapy Product and Cosmeceutical Product. We determine our operating segments based on how the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) manage the business, allocate resources, make operating decisions and evaluate operating performance. The Company’s CODM is the Chief Executive Officer. Our CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied by information about revenue by products type along with gross profit for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance, as such we have disclosed segment information up to gross profit for each reporting segment.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As discussed in Note 2, the Company operates in <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--NumberOfReportableSegments_dc_uSegment_c20250101__20251231_zzuhd7UnJIv2" title="Number of reportable segments">two</span> business segments – Maggot Debridement Therapy Product, which consists of operations related to the Company’s selling of maggot vials to the hospital for their treatment of respective patients; and Cosmeceutical Product, which consists of operations related to the Company’s selling of cosmeceutical product to its customer.</span></p> <p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock_zrZhtPelKtN5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_z97p3f07aRl1" style="display: none">Schedule of operation of business segments</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_496_20230101__20231231_z0wEI3dyCOGb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20240101__20241231_zOFkbsfpPwN4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_497_20250101__20251231_zcbPJPPwnm37" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Revenue</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--Revenues_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zTcPks7ISEch" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 44%; text-align: left">Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right">78,957</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right">34,417</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right">44,204</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--Revenues_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zOM7Sw4VuoQ2" style="width: 10%; text-align: right">34,365</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--Revenues_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zsxb0GeBI7D" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cosmeceutical Product</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">21,816</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">13,904</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">5,690</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--Revenues_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zqBabc9jeWTh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">4,424</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--Revenues_zQB0I2BlnWV7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <span style="font-size: 10pt">Revenue</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">100,773</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">48,321</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">49,894</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--Revenues_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zTonjGq0TGcg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">38,789</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Cost of revenues</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zATu5Amkrwt9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(46,684</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(45,592</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(48,843</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zI904mDcdmwk" style="text-align: right">(37,972</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zy02WPuWHdKb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cosmeceutical Product</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(17,484</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(5,753</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(1,696</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zvGwg0Bit1u" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(1,318</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_zso141pVMa1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <span style="font-size: 10pt">Cost of revenues</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(64,168</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(51,345</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(50,539</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zu714AiFkVAd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(39,290</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline; text-align: left">Gross profit/(loss)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zdHkg4CEPbaa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">32,273</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(11,175</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(4,639</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zz8pwauaogf5" style="text-align: right">(3,607</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zZcWarx4YoSb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cosmeceutical Product</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">4,332</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">8,151</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,994</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zXOv6pBVI1Wj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,106</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_zytfAtcg500i" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <span style="font-size: 10pt">Gross profit</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">36,605</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(3,024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(645</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zEHIb69TEM31" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(501</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> <p id="xdx_8A6_zowURloM8rQe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There were no material transactions between reportable segments during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Assets by reportable segment and operating costs by reportable segment are not presented as the Company does not allocate assets to its reportable segments, nor is such information used by management for purposes of assessing performance or allocating resources.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, substantially all of the Company’s assets were located in Singapore, and substantially all of the Company’s revenue was generated from customers based in Singapore.</span></p> 2 2 <p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock_zrZhtPelKtN5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span id="xdx_8B9_z97p3f07aRl1" style="display: none">Schedule of operation of business segments</span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 96%; margin-left: 0.25in"> <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_496_20230101__20231231_z0wEI3dyCOGb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20240101__20241231_zOFkbsfpPwN4" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" id="xdx_497_20250101__20251231_zcbPJPPwnm37" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2023</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">S$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">US$</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Revenue</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--Revenues_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zTcPks7ISEch" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 44%; text-align: left">Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right">78,957</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right">34,417</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 10%; text-align: right">44,204</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 2%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--Revenues_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zOM7Sw4VuoQ2" style="width: 10%; text-align: right">34,365</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--Revenues_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zsxb0GeBI7D" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cosmeceutical Product</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">21,816</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">13,904</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">5,690</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--Revenues_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zqBabc9jeWTh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">4,424</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--Revenues_zQB0I2BlnWV7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <span style="font-size: 10pt">Revenue</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">100,773</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">48,321</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">49,894</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--Revenues_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zTonjGq0TGcg" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">38,789</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="text-decoration: underline">Cost of revenues</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zATu5Amkrwt9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(46,684</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(45,592</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(48,843</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zI904mDcdmwk" style="text-align: right">(37,972</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zy02WPuWHdKb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cosmeceutical Product</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(17,484</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(5,753</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(1,696</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zvGwg0Bit1u" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(1,318</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_zso141pVMa1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <span style="font-size: 10pt">Cost of revenues</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(64,168</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(51,345</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(50,539</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--CostOfRevenue_iN_di_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zu714AiFkVAd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(39,290</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-decoration: underline; text-align: left">Gross profit/(loss)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zdHkg4CEPbaa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Maggot Debridement Therapy Product</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">32,273</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(11,175</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(4,639</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--MaggotDebridementTherapyProductMember_zz8pwauaogf5" style="text-align: right">(3,607</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_hus-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zZcWarx4YoSb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Cosmeceutical Product</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">4,332</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">8,151</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,994</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231__us-gaap--StatementBusinessSegmentsAxis__custom--CosmeceuticalProductMember_zXOv6pBVI1Wj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">3,106</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_zytfAtcg500i" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <span style="font-size: 10pt">Gross profit</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">36,605</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(3,024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(645</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--GrossProfit_uUSD_c20250101__20251231_zEHIb69TEM31" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(501</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> 78957 34417 44204 34365 21816 13904 5690 4424 100773 48321 49894 38789 46684 45592 48843 37972 17484 5753 1696 1318 64168 51345 50539 39290 32273 -11175 -4639 -3607 4332 8151 3994 3106 36605 -3024 -645 -501 <p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock_zt6gjmX1J3f2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>16</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_828_zYBERknIiEv2">Commitment and Contingencies</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For the details on future minimum lease payment under the non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2025, please refer to Note 7 set forth in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Company did not have any capital commitments and contingencies, except for the S$<span id="xdx_904_ecustom--UnrecognizedCommitmentsCapitalExpendituresToJointVenture_iI_c20241231_zxM7JLR4n2Pk" title="Capital commitment relation to joint venture"><span id="xdx_906_ecustom--UnrecognizedCommitmentsCapitalExpendituresToJointVenture_iI_c20251231_zraWvqz8PYMe" title="Capital commitment relation to joint venture">125,250</span></span> (US$<span id="xdx_90F_ecustom--UnrecognizedCommitmentsCapitalExpendituresToJointVenture_iI_uUSD_c20241231_z7M6Bqr2ELo2" title="Capital commitment relation to joint venture"><span id="xdx_90F_ecustom--UnrecognizedCommitmentsCapitalExpendituresToJointVenture_iI_uUSD_c20251231_z99Vm9nhT12g" title="Capital commitment relation to joint venture">97,372</span></span>) capital commitment in relation to the joint venture agreement entered on November 18, 2025. For the details of this capital commitment, please refer to Note 17(a) set forth in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.</span></p> 125250 125250 97372 97372 <p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--SubsequentEventsTextBlock_zIb38dciA9W9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>17</b></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="xdx_829_z6fdj7Zuyf54">Subsequent events</span></b></span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company has assessed all subsequent events through the date that the consolidated financial statements were issued, there are no further material subsequent events that require disclosure in these consolidated financial statements other than as follows:</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On November 18, 2025, Cuprina Pte. Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company has signed a joint venture company agreement with Singapore-based Aiodine Laboratory Pte Ltd. (“Aiodine”) to develop, test and market that company’s novel iodine-based disinfectant solution as a treatment for chronic and acute wounds, and in other common antiseptic applications.</span></td></tr></table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.55in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subsequently on January 29, 2026, the joint venture entity, namely Cuprina &amp; Aiodine Pte. Ltd. has been incorporated with an issued and paid-up capital of S$<span id="xdx_900_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_c20260129__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CuprinaAndAidoniePteLtdMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zL2uIT3VZs0g" title="Working capital">250,000</span>, of which Cuprina Pte. Ltd. owns <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20260129__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaPte.Ltd.Member__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zt6AAORkRY97" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">50.1</span>% of the proportionate ownership interest.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.55in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.55in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This event represents a non-recognized subsequent event as it occurred after the balance sheet date. The Company is currently evaluating the appropriate accounting treatment for its interest in the joint venture, including whether the entity will be consolidated or accounted for under the equity method. The financial impact, if any, are not yet finalized as of the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.</span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.55in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On March 11, 2026, Cuprina MENA Co. Ltd, an <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--EquityMethodInvestmentOwnershipPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20260311__srt--ScheduleOfEquityMethodInvestmentEquityMethodInvesteeNameAxis__custom--CuprinaMenaCoLtdMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zHxmN2yo1t5h" title="Percentage of direct or indirect interests">49</span>%-owned affiliate of the Company, has received official product classification from the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (“SFDA”) for MEDIFLY, the medical-grade maggot debridement therapy of the entity. The SFDA has classified MEDIFLY as a Medical Device–Drug combination product, with the primary mode of action regulated under the medical device framework. This classification, which allows the entity to finalize the scientific and technical requirements necessary for the commercial distribution of MEDIFLY across Saudi Arabia’s healthcare network, is a critical milestone in Company’s expansion strategy for the Middle East and North Africa (“MENA”) region.</span></td></tr></table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.25in"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)</span></td> <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On March 11, 2026, the Company announced the appointment of Enming Yong (“Dr. Yong”) to its Medical and Scientific Advisory Board. Dr. Yong is a highly respected consultant surgeon with the Vascular and Endovascular Service, Department of General Surgery at Tan Tock Seng Hospital (“TTSH”) in Singapore and concurrently Head of the Vascular Diagnostic Laboratory. A graduate of the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (“NUS”) and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Dr. Yong brings deep clinical expertise in managing complex vascular and endovascular conditions, particularly those intersecting with chronic wound care.</span></td></tr> </table> <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"> </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(d)</span></td> <td style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">On April 21, 2026, the Company announced certain proposed corporate actions, all of which are subject to shareholders’ approval in the Annual General Meeting to be held on May 14, 2026, and therefore were not effective as of the balance sheet date.</span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">The proposals include but not limited to:</p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"> </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(i)</td><td style="text-align: justify">a share consolidation of the Company’s issued and authorized Class A and Class B ordinary shares on 8-for-1 basis, with a corresponding increase in par value from US$<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_c20260421__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zae3F8b7KFMc" title="Common stock, par value">0.001</span> to US$<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_c20260421__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassBMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zQ40CdpmteUi" title="Common stock, par value">0.008</span> per share, and the rounding of fractional shares (the “Share Consolidation”);</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td></td><td>(ii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">a subsequent increase in authorized share capital from US$<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues_c20260420__20260420__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zCh1yTKsCnX7" title="Authorized share capital">50,000</span> to US$<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues_c20260421__20260421__us-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--CommonClassAMember__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zaLJU6Nc1xn6" title="Authorized share capital">100,000</span> immediately after the Share Consolidation;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td></td><td>(iii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">adoption of the Cuprina 2026 Employee Incentive Plan; and</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td></td><td>(iv)</td><td style="text-align: justify">authorization for potential future issuances of ordinary shares, in one or more public or non-public financing transactions, which may result in a change of control under Nasdaq Listing Rules or the issuance exceeds <span id="xdx_905_ecustom--SharesOutstandingPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20260421__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zBZQnExYMg26" title="Outstanding percentage">20</span>% or more of the Company’s outstanding Class A ordinary shares.</td></tr></table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.5in; text-align: justify"> </p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.5in; text-align: justify">Subsequently on May 15, 2026, following the completion of the Annual General Meeting, the Company announced that all the proposed corporate actions have been approved by the shareholders, including the above.</p> <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt"> </span></td> <td style="width: 0.25in"> </td> <td style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">The Company evaluated these events in accordance with ASC 855-10-25. The Company determined that they represent non-recognized subsequent events under ASC 855, and accordingly, no adjustments have been made to the accompanying financial statements, except for (i) above, which are required to be retroactively restated in accordance with ASC 260-10-55-12 and ASC 505-20-25.</span></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></p> <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></p> <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p> 250000 0.501 0.49 0.001 0.008 50000 100000 0.20 Retroactively restated to give effect to a share consolidation at a ratio of 1:8 ordinary shares effective on May 27, 2026. Retroactively restated to give effect to a share consolidation at a ratio of 1:8 ordinary shares effective on May 27, 2026. Retroactively restated to give effect to a share consolidation at a ratio of 1:8 ordinary shares effective on May 27, 2026. Principal shareholders of these entities are also the principal shareholders of the Company Ceased to be the related parties as of December 31, 2025 following the disposal of their shareholding (direct and indirect) in the Company during the year