The following is a summary of significant accounting policies followed by the Covenant Transportation Group 401(k) & Profit Sharing Plan (the “Plan”), in preparing its financial statements:

The following description of the Plan provides only general information. Participants should refer to the plan document for a more complete description of the Plan’s provisions.

The Plan is a defined contribution plan that covers substantially all employees of Covenant Logistics Group, Inc., and certain subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). The Plan provides for retirement savings to qualified active participants through both participant and Company contributions and is subject to certain provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan at the beginning of a calendar month after the completion of six months of service. The Plan does not include auto enrollment.

Contributions to the Plan may be made by both participants and the Company. Participants may contribute both pre-tax and after-tax Roth contributions up to a maximum of 85% of their annual compensation subject to the limitations of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 415(c)(3). The Company may make discretionary matching contributions to the Plan not to exceed 6% of each participant’s compensation and may make other types of discretionary contributions. Annual additions to a participant’s account during any plan year, when combined with the total annual additions to the accounts of the participant under any other qualified defined contribution plan maintained by the Company, cannot exceed certain levels established under IRC Section 402(g). The Company made matching contributions equal to 50% of each participant’s contribution up to 5% of the participant’s cash compensation during 2025.

Contributions receivable are stated at the amount that Plan management expects to collect from outstanding balances less an allowance for expected credit losses. The expected credit losses amount reflects Plan management's best estimate of amounts that will not be collected, which considers historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Plan management has concluded that no allowance for current expected credit losses is necessary as of December 31, 2025 or 2024.

The plan document requires that the assets of the Plan be accounted for separately as to participant and Company contributions and valued daily, allocating to each participant his or her share of income and losses. Company voluntary contributions are allocated to all eligible participants based on the participants’ contributions for the period. Participant accounts may be invested in one or more of the investment funds available under the Plan at the direction of the participant. As of December 31, 2025, there are various mutual fund and collective trust fund options as well as the Covenant Transportation Group, Inc. 401(k) Unitized Stock Fund (“Unitized CVTI Fund”) option.

The Unitized CVTI Fund invests principally in the common stock of Covenant Logistics Group, Inc. and holds cash or liquid short term investments to allow participants to buy or sell units in the fund without the usual trade period for stock transactions. Typically, the Unitized CVTI Fund holds three percent of its value in cash or liquid short-term investments. Participants may elect to transfer all or a portion of their balances in the Unitized CVTI Fund to any of the various fund alternatives at any time. Each participant is entitled to exercise voting rights attributable to the Company common stock allocated to his or her account and is notified by the State Street Bank & Trust Company (the “Trustee”) prior to the time that such rights are to be exercised. 

Subject to approval, a participant can secure a loan from the Plan against his/her account balance for a minimum of $1,000 up to the lesser of 50% of the vested account balance or $50,000. Loans may generally be repaid over one to five years. Loans must be repaid through automatic payroll deductions unless otherwise provided for by the plan administrator. A participant may only have one loan outstanding at a time. The interest rate is the prime rate at the time of loan issuance plus 1% and is fixed over the life of the loan. Individuals with loans may choose to continue to participate in the Plan.

Upon retirement, death, disability, or termination of service, a participant (or participant’s beneficiary in the event of death) may elect to receive a lump-sum distribution equal to the value of the participant’s vested account balance.

Benefits are recorded when paid.

The Plan permits distributions in the event of a hardship once a participant furnishes proof of hardship, as defined in the plan agreement. These distributions are taxable and subject to a tax penalty equal to 10% of the hardship distribution amount if the participant is younger than 59 ½ years old. Hardship withdrawals are limited to the participant’s elective account balance.

Participants are immediately vested in their contributions and the investment earnings (losses) thereon. Participants vest 100% in Company contributions after three years of credited service.

Amounts forfeited by participants who terminate from the Plan prior to being 100% vested are applied first, to restore participant accounts when a participant is rehired after a break in service, as defined in the plan document, then to pay plan expenses or to reduce subsequent Company contributions to the Plan. Participants forfeited $242,784 during 2025. During 2025, $279,075 was utilized to reduce Company contributions. Forfeitures of $40,979 and $81,103 were unallocated at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Amounts payable to participants totaling $245,316 and $137,676 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, for contributions in excess or amounts allowed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) are recorded as a liability with a corresponding reduction to cash contributions. The Plan distributed the 2025 and 2024 excess contributions to the applicable participants prior to March 15, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Certain expenses of maintaining the Plan are paid directly by the Company and are excluded from these financial statements. Plan service fees (Note 3), participant account maintenance charges, and fees related to the processing of distributions and the administration of notes receivable from participants are charged directly to the respective participants’ accounts and are included in administrative expenses.

While it is the Company’s intention to continue the Plan, the Company has the right under the Plan Document to discontinue its contributions at any time and to terminate the Plan subject to the provisions of ERISA and the plan agreement. In the event of the Plan’s termination, participants will become 100% vested in their accounts.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Plan held investments in bank accounts, collective trust funds, and money market accounts sponsored by the Trustee or affiliated entities with fair values totaling $215,488 and $201,749, respectively. The Plan also held shares of the Unitized CVTI Fund that includes Covenant Logistics Group, Inc. common stock with fair values of $4,390,934 and $4,713,974 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Plan also held notes receivables from participants with interest rates ranging from 4.25% to 9.50% with a fair value of $2,167,436 and $2,151,679 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. All administrative fees of the Plan were paid to parties-in-interest.

Transamerica Retirement Solutions Corporation (TRSC) provides certain administrative services for the Plan pursuant to a Pension Services Agreement (“Agreement”). TRSC receives revenue from investment plan service fees charged to participants’ accounts as specified in the Agreement. This revenue is used to offset certain amounts owed to TRSC for its administrative services to the Plan (i.e. required revenue). Any excess of the plan service fees above the required revenue, as defined in the Agreement, is held in an unallocated Expense Budget Account and may be used to pay other plan related expenses approved by the Company’s management or can be allocated to participants at the end of the year at the discretion of the Company’s management.

Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, a fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, fair value accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

The asset’s or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for asset measurement measured at fair value. There have been no changes in the methodologies used at December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Plan's management believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

The following tables set forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Plan’s assets at fair value as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

The following table summarizes investments for which the fair value is measured using the NAV per share practical expedient as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company adopted a volume submitter plan, which received a favorable opinion letter from the IRS on June 30, 2020, which stated that the volume submitter plan was designed in accordance with the applicable sections of the IRC. The Plan itself has not received a determination letter from the IRS stating that the Plan is qualified under Section 401(a) of the IRC. However, the plan administrator believes that the adopted volume submitter plan is designed, as amended, and is currently being operated in compliance with the applicable requirements of the IRC and is therefore, qualified and exempt from taxation.

U.S. GAAP requires plan management to evaluate tax positions taken by the Plan and recognize a tax liability (or asset) if the Plan has taken an uncertain position that more likely than not would not be sustained upon examination by the IRS. The plan administrator has analyzed the tax positions taken by the Plan, and has concluded that as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there are no uncertain positions taken or expected to be taken that would require recognition of a liability (or asset) or disclosure in the financial statements. The Plan is subject to routine audits by taxing jurisdictions; however, there are currently no audits for any tax periods in progress.

The Plan invests in various investment securities. Investment securities are exposed to various risks such as interest rate, market volatility and credit risks. Due to the level of risk associated with certain investment securities, it is at least reasonably possible that changes in the values of investment securities will occur in the near term and that such changes could materially affect participants’ account balances and the amounts reported in the financial statements and supplemental schedule.

Plan management has evaluated the effects of events that have occurred subsequent to December 31, 2025 through the issuance of these financial statements and have identified no subsequent events which require reporting or disclosure in these financial statements.

*Indicates Party-In-Interest to the Plan.

Note: Cost information has not been included in column (d) because all investments are participant directed.