Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair values stated below represent the best estimates based on a range of methods and assumptions. In determining the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, the Group gives the highest priority to a quoted market price in an active market. If such prices are not available, it establishes fair value using valuation techniques. The valuation techniques, if used, make maximum use of observable inputs, and rely as little as possible on unobservable inputs.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Carried at Fair Value

The Group undertakes a valuation process based on its valuation control framework, which governs internal control standards, methodologies and procedures to ensure that the fair values are determined or validated independently of the front office.

The Group uses valuation techniques commonly used by market participants to price the financial instruments and they have been demonstrated to provide reliable estimates of prices obtained in actual market transactions. The valuation techniques include the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method, option pricing models and reference to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same. Key adjustments, such as liquidity risk and credit risk adjustments are also taken into account to derive fair values.

Where valuation techniques are used to determine fair values, they are validated and reviewed. In principal subsidiaries, their risk management departments, which are independent from the business units, review significant valuation methodologies at least once a year, and recalibrate model parameters and inputs by comparing fair values derived from the valuation techniques to the external market data such as broker quotes.

Where the data obtained from third-party sources such as brokers and pricing service providers are utilized in determining fair values, those departments also examine those data, taking into account the consistency among the different sources, the aging of the data and other factors. In addition, accounting departments in those principal subsidiaries are responsible for ensuring that the accounting policies and procedures to determine fair values are in compliance with relevant accounting standards.

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified into one of three levels within a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

 

 

 

 

cluded in

 

The aggregate deferred day one profit yet to be renized in profit or loss at the beginning and end of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, and reconciliation of changes in the balances were as follows:

The Group has entered into transactions where the fair value is determined using valuation techniques for which not all inputs are observable in the market. The difference between the transaction price and the fair value that would be determined at initial recognition using a valuation technique is referred to as “day one profit and loss,” which is not recognized immediately in the consolidated income statements. The table above shows the day one profit and loss balances, all of which are derived from derivative financial instruments, financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss. The release to profit or loss results from the realization due to redemption or sales, and the amortization of the deferred day one profit and loss with the passage of time over the life of the instruments.

Financial instruments which are classified as trading assets and liabilities, derivative financial instruments, financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, investment securities at fair value through other comprehensive income and financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. These instruments are measured at fair value using a quoted market price, if they are traded in an active market, or, for others, using the fair value measurement techniques as discussed below.

Debt and equity instruments traded in an active market are measured at fair value using a quoted market price in such a market and they are categorized within Level 1. If a quoted market price is not available, they are measured by using a price quoted by a third party, such as a pricing service or broker, or by reference to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, based on inputs such as prices obtained from brokers, observable interest rates and spreads. These financial instruments are categorized within Level 2. Debt instruments measured at fair value using the DCF method, where primary inputs are observable interest rates and credit spreads, inferred from the prevailing market rates, are also categorized within Level 2.

Certain debt instruments are measured at fair value using the DCF method taking into account certain factors including market interest rates, credit risks and liquidity risks, which include significant unobservable inputs, and are categorized within Level 3.

Listed derivatives (including interest rates, bonds, currencies, stocks and commodities) are measured at fair value using the settlement price announced by the major exchange on which transactions are traded because the settlement price in the exchange reflects the most current transaction price, and is readily and regularly available from the exchange. Listed derivatives are categorized within Level 1.

 

(non-exchange-traded

In addition, the fair value of OTC derivatives incorporates both counterparty credit risk in relation to OTC derivative assets and own credit risk in relation to OTC derivative liabilities. The Group calculates the credit risk adjustments by applying the probability of default that reflects the counterparty’s or its own credit risk to the OTC derivative exposures and multiplying the result by the loss expected in the event of default. For the probability of default, the Group uses observable market data, where possible. The fair value of OTC derivatives also incorporates adjustments reflecting funding costs to uncollateralized components of these derivatives, based on market-observable spreads on the Group’s funding transactions. The OTC derivative exposures used are determined taking into consideration the effect of master netting agreements and collateral. As the Group manages the OTC derivatives on the basis of its net credit risk exposure, the credit risk adjustments of those OTC derivatives are measured on a portfolio basis in accordance with the exception set forth in IFRS 13.

Non-trading

Publicly traded stocks, investment trusts and funds are measured at fair value using the market price and are categorized within Level 1 if they are traded in an active market. Instruments whose prices are not available in the market, such as privately offered investment trusts, are measured at fair value based on the unit price, which is usually regarded as an exit price, obtained from the fund administrator or investment management firm. In such a case, these investment trusts and funds are categorized within Level 2. Other investment funds included in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, such as private equity funds and real estate investment funds, are generally measured at fair value based on net asset value, which includes significant unobservable inputs. These funds are categorized within Level 3.

Certain debt instruments and equity instruments are measured at fair value using the DCF method taking into account certain factors including counterparties’ credit ratings, pledged collateral and market interest rates, which include significant unobservable inputs, and are categorized within Level 3.

non-hybrid

 

Debt instruments are measured at fair value using a quoted market price and categorized within Level 1 if they are traded in an active market. Debt instruments are categorized within Level 2 if they are measured at fair value using a price quoted by a third party, such as a pricing service or broker, or by reference to the current fair value of another bond that is substantially the same based on inputs such as prices obtained from brokers, observable interest rates and spreads.

As for equity instruments, listed stocks are measured at fair value based on the market price at a stock exchange. If these stocks are traded in an active market, these instruments are categorized within Level 1, otherwise categorized within Level 2. Unlisted common and preferred stocks in this category are measured at fair value based on the market approach using market multiples or others in which unobservable inputs are used. If the stocks are measured at fair values using significant unobservable inputs, these instruments are categorized within Level 3, otherwise categorized within Level 2.

Certain financial liabilities containing embedded derivatives are measured at fair value using valuation techniques. The host contracts of those liabilities are measured at fair value based on the present values of the contractual cash flows for expected remaining maturities, using the relevant credit-adjusted rates based on observable market data on the Group’s funding transactions. The embedded derivatives, which forms part of the contractual cash flows, are measured at fair value by using the same procedures as described in “Derivative financial instruments (including embedded derivatives).” Those financial liabilities are measured at fair value by combining the fair values of the host contracts and embedded derivatives. The valuation techniques for most of those liabilities use inputs which are not directly observable in the market, including historical correlation coefficients and historical volatilities. If the impact of these unobservable inputs is significant to the fair value for those liabilities, the Group categorizes those liabilities within Level 3.

 

Significant Unobservable Inputs