<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019d4f73-7ba5-733c-8f7d-bd25a4200c07,g:21e774ba-b5de-463f-8cc7-0dc28d630773-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:lly="http://www.lilly.com/20260623" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:dtr-types="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.lilly.com/20260623">
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2026/elts/srt-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap-ebp/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2026/ebp/elts/us-gaap-ebp-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2026/elts/us-gaap-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="lly-20260623_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="lly-20260623_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="lly-20260623_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="lly-20260623_cal.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/calculationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:roleType id="Cover" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/Cover">
        <link:definition>0000001 - Document - Cover</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="StatementsofNetAssetsAvailableforBenefits" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/StatementsofNetAssetsAvailableforBenefits">
        <link:definition>0000002 - Statement - Statements of Net Assets Available for Benefits</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="StatementsofChangesinNetAssetsAvailableforBenefits" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/StatementsofChangesinNetAssetsAvailableforBenefits">
        <link:definition>0000003 - Statement - Statements of Changes in Net Assets Available for Benefits</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DescriptionofthePlans" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/DescriptionofthePlans">
        <link:definition>0000004 - Disclosure - Description of the Plans</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SignificantAccountingPolicies" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/SignificantAccountingPolicies">
        <link:definition>0000005 - Disclosure - Significant Accounting Policies</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="MasterTrust" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/MasterTrust">
        <link:definition>0000006 - Disclosure - Master Trust</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurements" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/FairValueMeasurements">
        <link:definition>0000007 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="IncomeTaxStatus" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/IncomeTaxStatus">
        <link:definition>0000008 - Disclosure - Income Tax Status</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="RisksandUncertainties" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/RisksandUncertainties">
        <link:definition>0000009 - Disclosure - Risks and Uncertainties</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="TransactionswithRelatedParties" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/TransactionswithRelatedParties">
        <link:definition>0000010 - Disclosure - Transactions with Related Parties</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500">
        <link:definition>0000011 - Disclosure - Reconciliation of the Financial Statements to Form 5500</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldAtEndofYear" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldAtEndofYear">
        <link:definition>0000012 - Disclosure - Schedule H, Line 4i &#8211; Schedule of Assets (Held At End of Year)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/SignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies">
        <link:definition>0000013 - Disclosure - Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="MasterTrustTables" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/MasterTrustTables">
        <link:definition>0000014 - Disclosure - Master Trust (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurementsTables" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/FairValueMeasurementsTables">
        <link:definition>0000015 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500Tables" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500Tables">
        <link:definition>0000016 - Disclosure - Reconciliation of the Financial Statements to Form 5500 (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DescriptionofthePlansDetails" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/DescriptionofthePlansDetails">
        <link:definition>0000017 - Disclosure - Description of the Plans (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="MasterTrustDetails" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/MasterTrustDetails">
        <link:definition>0000018 - Disclosure - Master Trust (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurementsDetails" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/FairValueMeasurementsDetails">
        <link:definition>0000019 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="TransactionswithRelatedPartiesDetails" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/TransactionswithRelatedPartiesDetails">
        <link:definition>0000020 - Disclosure - Transactions with Related Parties (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500ReconciliationofNetAssetsAvailableforBenefitDetails" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500ReconciliationofNetAssetsAvailableforBenefitDetails">
        <link:definition>0000021 - Disclosure - Reconciliation of the Financial Statements to Form 5500 - Reconciliation of Net Assets Available for Benefit (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500ReconciliationofNetIncomeDetails" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/ReconciliationoftheFinancialStatementstoForm5500ReconciliationofNetIncomeDetails">
        <link:definition>0000022 - Disclosure - Reconciliation of the Financial Statements to Form 5500 - Reconciliation of Net Income (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldAtEndofYearDetails" roleURI="http://www.lilly.com/role/ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldAtEndofYearDetails">
        <link:definition>0000023 - Disclosure - Schedule H, Line 4i &#8211; Schedule of Assets (Held At End of Year) (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBP002Member" abstract="true" name="EBP002Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBP004Member" abstract="true" name="EBP004Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPRegisteredInvestmentCompaniesMember" abstract="true" name="EBPRegisteredInvestmentCompaniesMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPOtherCommonStockMember" abstract="true" name="EBPOtherCommonStockMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPAccruedIncomeAndPendingTradesSalesMember" abstract="true" name="EBPAccruedIncomeAndPendingTradesSalesMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPAccruedExpensesAndPendingTradesPurchasesMember" abstract="true" name="EBPAccruedExpensesAndPendingTradesPurchasesMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPPlanInterestInMasterTrustAccruedIncomeAndPendingTrades" abstract="false" name="EBPPlanInterestInMasterTrustAccruedIncomeAndPendingTrades" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPPlanInterestInMasterTrustAccruedExpensesAndPendingTrades" abstract="false" name="EBPPlanInterestInMasterTrustAccruedExpensesAndPendingTrades" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_NetEBPChangeInNetAssetAvailableForBenefitAfterTransferIncreaseDecrease" abstract="false" name="NetEBPChangeInNetAssetAvailableForBenefitAfterTransferIncreaseDecrease" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPPlansMember" abstract="true" name="EBPPlansMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPRequisiteServicePeriodHours" abstract="false" name="EBPRequisiteServicePeriodHours" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:integerItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPRequisiteServicePeriod" abstract="false" name="EBPRequisiteServicePeriod" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPNumberOfConsecutivePeriods" abstract="false" name="EBPNumberOfConsecutivePeriods" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:integerItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPRequisiteServicePeriodPartTimeHours" abstract="false" name="EBPRequisiteServicePeriodPartTimeHours" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:integerItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPParticipantContributionMinimumAnnualCompensationToTotalCompensationPercentage" abstract="false" name="EBPParticipantContributionMinimumAnnualCompensationToTotalCompensationPercentage" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:percentItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPEmployerContributionVestingPercentage" abstract="false" name="EBPEmployerContributionVestingPercentage" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:percentItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPEmployerContributionVestingHours" abstract="false" name="EBPEmployerContributionVestingHours" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:integerItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="lly_EBPParticipantLoanBasisSpreadOnVariableRate" abstract="false" name="EBPParticipantLoanBasisSpreadOnVariableRate" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:percentItemType"/>
</xs:schema>
