<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019e893e-4ed2-7620-9d2b-9f2591d4e62b,g:009261c7-fa42-47b0-ba63-f1c42ccbdc75-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:exr="http://www.extraspace.com/20260618" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:dtr-types="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.extraspace.com/20260618">
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2026/elts/srt-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap-ebp/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2026/ebp/elts/us-gaap-ebp-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2026/elts/us-gaap-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="exr-20260618_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="exr-20260618_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="exr-20260618_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="exr-20260618_cal.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/calculationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:roleType id="Cover" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/Cover">
        <link:definition>0000001 - Document - Cover</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="StatementsofAssetsAvailableforBenefits" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/StatementsofAssetsAvailableforBenefits">
        <link:definition>0000002 - Statement - Statements of Assets Available for Benefits</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="StatementofChangesinAssetsAvailableforBenefits" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/StatementofChangesinAssetsAvailableforBenefits">
        <link:definition>0000003 - Statement - Statement of Changes in Assets Available for Benefits</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DescriptionofthePlan" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/DescriptionofthePlan">
        <link:definition>0000004 - Disclosure - Description of the Plan</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SummaryofSignificantAccountingPolicies" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/SummaryofSignificantAccountingPolicies">
        <link:definition>0000005 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ExemptPartyInInterestTransactions" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/ExemptPartyInInterestTransactions">
        <link:definition>0000006 - Disclosure - Exempt Party-In-Interest Transactions</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="RiskandUncertainties" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/RiskandUncertainties">
        <link:definition>0000007 - Disclosure - Risk and Uncertainties</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="IncomeTaxStatus" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/IncomeTaxStatus">
        <link:definition>0000008 - Disclosure - Income Tax Status</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldatEndofYear" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldatEndofYear">
        <link:definition>0000009 - Disclosure - Schedule H, Line 4i, Schedule of Assets (Held at End of Year)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SummaryofSignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/SummaryofSignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies">
        <link:definition>0000010 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SummarySignificantofAccountingPoliciesTables" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/SummarySignificantofAccountingPoliciesTables">
        <link:definition>0000011 - Disclosure - Summary Significant of Accounting Policies (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DescriptionofthePlanDetails" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/DescriptionofthePlanDetails">
        <link:definition>0000012 - Disclosure - Description of the Plan (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SummaryofSignificantAccountingPoliciesNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/SummaryofSignificantAccountingPoliciesNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>0000013 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SummaryofSignificantAccountingPoliciesEBPInvestmentFairValueandNAVDetails" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/SummaryofSignificantAccountingPoliciesEBPInvestmentFairValueandNAVDetails">
        <link:definition>0000014 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - EBP, Investment, Fair Value and NAV (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ExemptPartyInInterestTransactionsDetails" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/ExemptPartyInInterestTransactionsDetails">
        <link:definition>0000015 - Disclosure - Exempt Party-In-Interest Transactions (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldatEndofYearDetails" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldatEndofYearDetails">
        <link:definition>0000016 - Disclosure - Schedule H, Line 4i, Schedule of Assets (Held at End of Year) (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldatEndofYearDetails_1" roleURI="http://www.extraspace.com/role/ScheduleHLine4iScheduleofAssetsHeldatEndofYearDetails_1">
        <link:definition>0000016 - Disclosure - Schedule H, Line 4i, Schedule of Assets (Held at End of Year) (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBP001Member" abstract="true" name="EBP001Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_ThresholdAxis" abstract="true" name="ThresholdAxis" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrldt:dimensionItem" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_ThresholdDomain" abstract="true" name="ThresholdDomain" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_ThresholdOneMember" abstract="true" name="ThresholdOneMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_ThresholdTwoMember" abstract="true" name="ThresholdTwoMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_ThresholdThreeMember" abstract="true" name="ThresholdThreeMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPParticipantContributionAfterTaxMinimumParticipantAge" abstract="false" name="EBPParticipantContributionAfterTaxMinimumParticipantAge" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPRequisiteServicePeriod" abstract="false" name="EBPRequisiteServicePeriod" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPParticipantContributionAfterTaxMaximumAnnualContributionToEligibleCompensationPercentage" abstract="false" name="EBPParticipantContributionAfterTaxMaximumAnnualContributionToEligibleCompensationPercentage" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:percentItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPParticipantContributionAfterTaxCatchUpContributionEligibilityMinimumAge" abstract="false" name="EBPParticipantContributionAfterTaxCatchUpContributionEligibilityMinimumAge" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPNoteReceivableFromParticipantGeneralLoanMaximumBorrowingTerm" abstract="false" name="EBPNoteReceivableFromParticipantGeneralLoanMaximumBorrowingTerm" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPNoteReceivableFromParticipantAccountPrimaryResidenceMaximumBorrowingTerm" abstract="false" name="EBPNoteReceivableFromParticipantAccountPrimaryResidenceMaximumBorrowingTerm" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPInvoluntaryCashOutMaximum" abstract="false" name="EBPInvoluntaryCashOutMaximum" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPInvoluntaryCashOutMinimum" abstract="false" name="EBPInvoluntaryCashOutMinimum" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPForfeitedNonvestedAccountExcessContributions" abstract="false" name="EBPForfeitedNonvestedAccountExcessContributions" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="exr_EBPEmployerCommonStockNumberOfSharesOutstanding" abstract="false" name="EBPEmployerCommonStockNumberOfSharesOutstanding" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:sharesItemType"/>
</xs:schema>
