Nature of Operations—Central Plains Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company”) was formed to serve as the holding company for Home Federal Savings and Loan Association of Grand Island (the “Association”), upon conversion into the stock form of organization, which was completed on October 19, 2023.

The Company completed its stock offering on October 19, 2023. The Company sold 4,130,815 shares of common stock at $10.00 per share in its subscription offering for gross proceeds of approximately $41.3 million. Shares of the Company's common stock began trading on October 20, 2023 on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol "CPBI."

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Association, a wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) as codified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC).

The Association is a federally chartered stock savings and loan association whose primary business is providing mortgage, consumer, commercial real estate, and commercial loans in the Grand Island, Nebraska area, with additional lending opportunities through the Association’s participation network of banks in Nebraska and other states, and acquiring consumer and commercial deposits to fund these investments.

Use of Estimates—In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates that are particularly susceptible to change in the near term include the allowance for credit losses, the pension liability, and the fair value of investment securities. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Accounting Developments—The FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, in December 2023. The amendments require additional disclosures regarding the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 also removed certain existing disclosure requirements and is effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 effective April 1, 2025, and elected to adopt the amendments retrospectively. Other than the inclusion of additional disclosures, the adoption did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-01, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Applications of Profits Interests and Similar Awards” (ASU 2024-01). ASU 2024-01 adds an example to Topic 718 which illustrates how to apply the scope guidance to determine whether profits interests and similar awards should be accounted for as share-based payment arrangements under Topic 718 or under other U.S. GAAP. ASU 2024-01 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, although early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024‑03, Income Statement Reporting—Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires expanded disclosures regarding the disaggregation of certain expense categories, including employee compensation, depreciation, and other material components of operating expenses. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025‑01, which clarifies the effective date of ASU 2024‑03. The guidance is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance; however, as the update is limited to expanded disclosures, it is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company has evaluated other recently issued accounting standards and determined that they are either not applicable or are not expected to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, federal funds sold, demand deposits at other financial institutions, and short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased.

Investment Securities—Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and recorded at amortized cost. Securities not classified as held to maturity are classified as available for sale and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses on a net-of-tax basis excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income. The fair value of a security is determined based on quoted market prices. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is determined based on quoted market prices of similar instruments or discounted cash flow models that incorporate market inputs and assumptions including discount rates, prepayment speeds, and loss rates. The Company did not have any securities classified as trading at March 31, 2026 or 2025.

Purchased premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted to the earlier of call or maturity of the related security using the effective interest method. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are recognized on the specific identification method in the statements of income.

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the aforementioned criteria exists, the Company will record an ACL related to securities available-for-sale with an offsetting entry to the provision for credit losses on securities on the statement of operations. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the available-for-sale security is uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities, totaling $222,000 and $223,000 as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. If either of these criteria does not exist, the Company will evaluate the securities individually to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors, such as market interest rate fluctuations.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock—As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Topeka (FHLB), the Association is required to maintain an investment in the capital stock of the FHLB. For financial reporting purposes, such stock is carried at cost, which approximates fair value, based on the redemption provisions.

Loans Held for Sale—Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recorded as a valuation allowance and charged to earnings. Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with servicing rights retained. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related mortgage loan sold, which is reduced by the cost allocated to the servicing right. The Association generally locks in the sale price to the purchaser of the mortgage loan at the same time an interest rate commitment is made to the borrower.

Loans—Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are stated at the amount of unpaid principal less an allowance for credit losses and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest on loans is calculated by using the simple interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when management believes that the borrower may be unable to make payments as scheduled, generally when a loan becomes contractually delinquent for three months or more. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loan origination fees and commitment fees offset by certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized over the contractual life of the loan as a yield adjustment.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the contractual life of financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loans held for investment, held-to-maturity debt securities, and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. The ACL is established through a provision for credit losses charged to earnings and is presented as a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the related financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans—The ACL on loans is estimated using a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology, which considers historical loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The estimate reflects expected losses over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments.

The determination of the ACL requires significant management judgment and is inherently subjective, as it involves evaluating a variety of quantitative and qualitative factors that may affect collectability. These factors include, but are not limited to, economic conditions, portfolio composition, borrower creditworthiness, collateral values, and changes in underwriting standards.

Loans are evaluated on a collective (pool) basis when they share similar risk characteristics. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments:

The Company estimates expected credit losses using the Scaled CECL Allowance for Losses Estimator (“SCALE”) method, which utilizes publicly available regulatory data to develop proxy lifetime loss rates. These rates are adjusted for Company-specific factors and current conditions to arrive at an appropriate estimate of expected losses

Qualitative Adjustments—Management applies qualitative factor adjustments to reflect risks not fully captured in the quantitative model. These factors may include:

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, including collateral-dependent or nonperforming loans, are evaluated individually. For collateral-dependent loans, expected credit losses are generally measured based on the fair value of collateral, less estimated costs to sell, when repayment is expected to be derived from the collateral.

Charge-Off and Recovery Policy—Loans are charged off when management determines that a loan balance is uncollectible. Recoveries of amounts previously charged off are credited to the ACL. Adjustments to the ACL are recorded through the provision for credit losses. While the ACL methodology incorporates management’s best estimate of expected losses, actual losses may differ due to factors beyond the Company’s control. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost basis of loans for purposes of estimating expected credit losses. The Company has elected to write off accrued interest receivable in a timely manner when deemed uncollectible.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Loan Commitments—The Company estimates expected credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments, over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk, unless the obligation is unconditionally cancelable. The ACL for unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability within accrued expenses and other liabilities and is adjusted through the provision for credit losses. The estimate incorporates both the likelihood of funding and the expected credit losses on amounts expected to be funded.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Securities Available-for-Sale—For available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first evaluates whether it intends to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either condition is met, the security is written down to fair value through earnings. If neither condition is met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is attributable to credit-related factors. If so, an ACL is established for the credit loss component, limited to the amount by which amortized cost exceeds fair value. Noncredit-related changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income. In performing this assessment, management considers factors such as issuer financial condition, credit ratings, payment performance, and the nature of any guarantees or government support.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Held-to Maturity Securities—The ACL on held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities is estimated under the CECL framework and reflects expected credit losses over the contractual life of the securities. The Company’s HTM portfolio consists primarily of securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry minimal credit risk due to explicit or implicit government guarantees and a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, the Company has determined that expected credit losses on these securities are not material.

Premises and Equipment—Office properties and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed based on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 3 to 39 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the terms of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Costs incurred for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Premises and equipment are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a particular asset may not be recoverable.

Real Estate Owned—Real estate owned (“REO”) represents the collateral acquired through foreclosure in full or partial satisfaction of the related loan. REO is recorded at the fair value less estimated selling costs at the date of foreclosure. Any write-down at the date of transfer is charged to the allowance for credit losses related to loans. The recognition of gains or losses on sales of REO is dependent upon various factors relating to the nature of the property being sold and the terms of sale. REO values are reviewed on an ongoing basis and any decline in value is recognized as foreclosed asset expense in the current period. All legal fees and direct costs, including foreclosure and other related costs, are expensed as incurred.

Leases—Lease expense for operating and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Right-of-use assets represent the Association’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of the lease payments over the lease term. When the rate implicit in the lease is unknown, the present value of the lease payments is determined using our incremental borrowing rate based on the FHLB amortizing advance rate, adjusted for the lease term and other factors.

Revenue Recognition—Most of the Association’s revenue is not subject to ASC 606. Revenue subject to ASC 606 includes customer services fees charged for deposit account maintenance, overdrafts, wire transfers, and check fees. Also included is revenue generated through service charges from the use of of ATM machines and interchange income from the use of Association issued debit cards.

Under ASC 606, the Association must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligation(s) within the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) within the contract, and recognize revenue when (or as) the performance obligation(s) are satisfied. The core principle under ASC 606 requires the Association to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of services or products to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those services or products recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. The Association generally fully satisfies its performance obligations on its contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed; charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. Since performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, there is little judgment involved in applying Topic 606 that significantly affects the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers.

Mortgage Servicing Rights—Mortgage servicing rights are established based on the allocated fair value of servicing rights retained on loans originated by the Association and subsequently sold in the secondary market. Mortgage servicing rights are amortized into servicing fees on loans on the consolidated statements of income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated net servicing income and are evaluated for impairment based on their fair value. Each class of separately recognized servicing assets subsequently measured using the amortization method are evaluated and measured for impairment. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into tranches based on predominant characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type and investor type. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount of the servicing assets for that tranche. The valuation allowance is adjusted to reflect changes in the measurement of impairment after the initial measurement of impairment. Fair value in excess of the carrying amount of servicing assets for that stratum is not recognized.

Servicing fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned. The amortization of mortgage servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income.

Transfer of Financial Assets—Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Association, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Association does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before maturity.

Retirement Plans—Pension expense is the net of service and interest cost, return on plan assets, and amortization of gains and losses not immediately recognized. Deferred compensation and supplemental retirement plan expense allocates the benefits over years of service.

Interest Rate Risk—The Association is engaged principally in originating and investing in first mortgage loans, consumer loans to individuals, agricultural loans and commercial loans to businesses primarily in Grand Island, Nebraska. These loans are funded primarily with short-term liabilities that have interest rates that vary with market rates over time. The earnings of the Association are exposed to interest rate risk largely because of the mismatch between the repricing intervals of its assets and liabilities.

To reduce interest rate risk, the Association has employed the strategy of selling a majority of the single family fixed-rate home loans the Association originates into the secondary market. The Association holds any adjustable-rate single family home loans in their portfolio. In addition, the commercial loans the Association originates and maintains in its portfolio are either tied to some variant of Wall Street Journal Prime (WSJP) and adjust as WSJP adjusts or they contain shorter term call dates (typically three or five years) when amortized over longer periods of time. The consumer portfolio has three-to-five-year amortized terms which mitigate long term interest rate exposure in this portfolio.

Income Taxes—The Company and its subsidiary file consolidated income tax returns. Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability method. Deferred tax liabilities or assets are recognized for the estimated future tax effects attributable to operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes using the currently enacted tax rates expected to apply in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. If needed, a valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company recognizes tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. A liability for unrecognized tax benefits is recorded for any tax benefits claimed in tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards. The Company recognizes both interest and penalties (if applicable) as a component of income tax expense.

Comprehensive Income—Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and minimum pension liability adjustments, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the consolidated statements of financial condition; such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income, net of tax.

Financial Instruments and Loan Commitments—Financial instruments include off-balance-sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. Instruments, such as standby letters of credit, that are considered financial guarantees are recorded at fair value.

Operating Segments—The Company's revenue is primarily derived from the business of banking. The Company's financial performance is monitored on consolidated basis by Mr. Dannel Garness, President/CEO, who is considered to be the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"). Financial performance is reported to the CODM monthly, and the primary measure of performance is consolidated net income. The allocation of resources throughout the Company is determined annually based upon consolidated net income performance. The presentation of financial performance to the CODM is consistent with amounts and financial statement line items shown in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, the Company's significant expenses are adequately segmented by category and amount in the consolidated statements of operations to include all significant items when considering both qualitative and quantitative factors. Significant expenses of the Company include salaries and employee benefits, equipment and occupancy expense, data processing, professional services and advertising.

All of the Company’s financial results are similar and considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment. While the Company has assigned certain management responsibilities by business-line, the Company’s CODM evaluates financial performance on a Company-wide basis. The Company's assigned business lines have similar economic characteristics, products, services and customers. Accordingly, all of the Company’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment.

Stock Based Compensation—The Company maintains an equity incentive plan under which restricted stock and stock options may be granted to employees and directors, see Note 17.

The Company recognizes the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of those awards in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. The Company estimates the per-share fair value of option grants on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using assumptions for the expected dividend yield, expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate and expected option term. These assumptions are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. The Black-Scholes option pricing model also contains certain inherent limitations when applied to options that are not traded on public markets.

The per share fair value of options is highly sensitive to changes in assumptions. In general, the per-share fair value of options will move in the same direction as changes in the expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate and expected option term, and in the opposite direction as changes in the expected dividend yield. For example, the per-share fair value of options will generally increase as expected stock price volatility increases, risk-free interest rate increases, expected option term increases and expected dividend yield decreases. The use of different assumptions or different option pricing models could result in materially different per share fair values of options.

The Company recognizes compensation expense for the fair values of these awards, which have graded vesting, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company’s accounting policy is to recognize forfeitures as they occur. Forfeited shares are added back to the pool of shares available for future grants.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan—The ESOP shares pledged as collateral are reported as unearned ESOP shares in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. As shares are committed to be released from collateral, the Association reports compensation expense equal to the average market price of the shares during the year, and the shares become outstanding for basic net income per common share computations. Dividends on allocated ESOP shares reduce retained earnings; dividends on unearned ESOP shares reduce the ESOP's debt and accrued interest.

Earnings per Share—Basic earnings per share represents income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Unallocated ESOP shares are not deemed outstanding for earnings per share calculations. ESOP shares committed to be released are considered to be outstanding for purposes of the earnings per share computation. ESOP shares that have not been legally released, but that relate to employee services rendered during an accounting period (interim or annual) ending before the related debt service payment is made, are considered committed to be released. Diluted earnings per share reflects additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustments to income that would result from the assumed issuance.