<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019eb1d5-bbc7-7e85-857b-f72fcfa69800,g:08e7be64-ae5f-4f5c-be46-042a3d182e59-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:newt="http://www.newtekone.com/20260612" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:dtr-types1="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21" xmlns:dtr-types="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.newtekone.com/20260612">
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2024" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2024/elts/us-gaap-2024.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="newt-20260612_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="newt-20260612_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="newt-20260612_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:roleType id="Cover" roleURI="http://www.newtekone.com/role/Cover">
        <link:definition>0000001 - Document - Cover</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="newt_CommonStockParValue002PerShareMember" abstract="true" name="CommonStockParValue002PerShareMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="newt_EightPointZeroPercentNotesDue2028Member" abstract="true" name="EightPointZeroPercentNotesDue2028Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="newt_EightPointFivePercentNotesDue2029Member" abstract="true" name="EightPointFivePercentNotesDue2029Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="newt_EightPointSixTwoFivePercentNotesDue2029Member" abstract="true" name="EightPointSixTwoFivePercentNotesDue2029Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="newt_DepositarySharesMember" abstract="true" name="DepositarySharesMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="newt_EightPointFivePercentNotesDue2031Member" abstract="true" name="EightPointFivePercentNotesDue2031Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
</xs:schema>
