<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019e6f2a-c245-7d31-a19a-aa4ac1ee2cb3,g:3bd628ab-fc82-4764-89c3-fb77fc1e05e5-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xcur="http://www.exicuretx.com/20260331" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:dtr-types="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.exicuretx.com/20260331">
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2025/elts/srt-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025/ecd-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="xcur-20260331_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="xcur-20260331_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="xcur-20260331_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="xcur-20260331_cal.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/calculationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:roleType id="CoverPage" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/CoverPage">
        <link:definition>0000001 - Document - Cover Page</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETS" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETS">
        <link:definition>9952151 - Statement - UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETSParenthetical" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETSParenthetical">
        <link:definition>9952152 - Statement - UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFOPERATIONS" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFOPERATIONS">
        <link:definition>9952153 - Statement - UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCHANGESINSTOCKHOLDERSEQUITY" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCHANGESINSTOCKHOLDERSEQUITY">
        <link:definition>9952154 - Statement - UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCASHFLOWS" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCASHFLOWS">
        <link:definition>9952155 - Statement - UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCASHFLOWSParenthetical" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/UNAUDITEDCONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCASHFLOWSParenthetical">
        <link:definition>9952156 - Statement - UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Parenthetical)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DescriptionofBusinessBasisofPresentationandGoingConcern" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/DescriptionofBusinessBasisofPresentationandGoingConcern">
        <link:definition>9952157 - Disclosure - Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Going Concern</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SignificantAccountingPolicies" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SignificantAccountingPolicies">
        <link:definition>9952158 - Disclosure - Significant Accounting Policies</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformation" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SupplementalBalanceSheetInformation">
        <link:definition>9952159 - Disclosure - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="Leases" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/Leases">
        <link:definition>9952160 - Disclosure - Leases</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="StockholdersEquity" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/StockholdersEquity">
        <link:definition>9952161 - Disclosure - Stockholders' Equity</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="EquityBasedCompensation" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/EquityBasedCompensation">
        <link:definition>9952162 - Disclosure - Equity-Based Compensation</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SegmentReporting" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SegmentReporting">
        <link:definition>9952163 - Disclosure - Segment Reporting</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="IncomeTaxes" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/IncomeTaxes">
        <link:definition>9952164 - Disclosure - Income Taxes</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="LossIncomePerCommonShare" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/LossIncomePerCommonShare">
        <link:definition>9952165 - Disclosure - (Loss) Income Per Common Share</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurements" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/FairValueMeasurements">
        <link:definition>9952166 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="CommitmentandContingencies" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/CommitmentandContingencies">
        <link:definition>9952167 - Disclosure - Commitment and Contingencies</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="RelatedPartyTransactions" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/RelatedPartyTransactions">
        <link:definition>9952168 - Disclosure - Related-Party Transactions</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SubsequentEvent" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SubsequentEvent">
        <link:definition>9952169 - Disclosure - Subsequent Event</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SignificantAccountingPoliciesPolicies">
        <link:definition>9955511 - Disclosure - Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationTables" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationTables">
        <link:definition>9955512 - Disclosure - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SegmentReportingTables" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SegmentReportingTables">
        <link:definition>9955513 - Disclosure - Segment Reporting (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="LossIncomePerCommonShareTables" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/LossIncomePerCommonShareTables">
        <link:definition>9955514 - Disclosure - (Loss) Income Per Common Share (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurementsTables" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/FairValueMeasurementsTables">
        <link:definition>9955515 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DescriptionofBusinessBasisofPresentationandGoingConcernDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/DescriptionofBusinessBasisofPresentationandGoingConcernDetails">
        <link:definition>9955516 - Disclosure - Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Going Concern (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofPrepaidandOtherCurrentAssetsDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofPrepaidandOtherCurrentAssetsDetails">
        <link:definition>9955517 - Disclosure - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Prepaid and Other Current Assets (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofPropertyandEquipmentNetDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofPropertyandEquipmentNetDetails">
        <link:definition>9955518 - Disclosure - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>9955519 - Disclosure - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofOtherNoncurrentAssetsDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofOtherNoncurrentAssetsDetails">
        <link:definition>9955520 - Disclosure - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Other Noncurrent Assets (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofAccruedexpensesandothercurrentliabilitiesDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationScheduleofAccruedexpensesandothercurrentliabilitiesDetails">
        <link:definition>9955521 - Disclosure - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="LeasesNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/LeasesNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>9955522 - Disclosure - Leases - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="StockholdersEquityPreferredStockandCommonStockDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/StockholdersEquityPreferredStockandCommonStockDetails">
        <link:definition>9955523 - Disclosure - Stockholders' Equity - Preferred Stock and Common Stock (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="StockholdersEquityCommonStockWarrantsDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/StockholdersEquityCommonStockWarrantsDetails">
        <link:definition>9955524 - Disclosure - Stockholders' Equity - Common Stock Warrants (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="EquityBasedCompensationNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/EquityBasedCompensationNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>9955525 - Disclosure - Equity-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SegmentReportingNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SegmentReportingNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>9955526 - Disclosure - Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="SegmentReportingSummaryofOperatingFinancialResultsDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/SegmentReportingSummaryofOperatingFinancialResultsDetails">
        <link:definition>9955527 - Disclosure - Segment Reporting - Summary of Operating Financial Results (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="IncomeTaxesDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/IncomeTaxesDetails">
        <link:definition>9955528 - Disclosure - Income Taxes (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="LossIncomePerCommonShareScheduleofComputationoflosspercommonshareDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/LossIncomePerCommonShareScheduleofComputationoflosspercommonshareDetails">
        <link:definition>9955529 - Disclosure - (Loss) Income Per Common Share - Schedule of Computation of loss per common share (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="LossIncomePerCommonShareScheduleofAntidilutiveSecuritiesDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/LossIncomePerCommonShareScheduleofAntidilutiveSecuritiesDetails">
        <link:definition>9955530 - Disclosure - (Loss) Income Per Common Share - Schedule of Antidilutive Securities (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurementsScheduleofFairValueAssetsandLiabilitiesMeasuredonRecurringBasisDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/FairValueMeasurementsScheduleofFairValueAssetsandLiabilitiesMeasuredonRecurringBasisDetails">
        <link:definition>9955531 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurementsNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/FairValueMeasurementsNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>9955532 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurementsAssumptionsUtilizedinValuationofLevel3LiabilitiesDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/FairValueMeasurementsAssumptionsUtilizedinValuationofLevel3LiabilitiesDetails">
        <link:definition>9955533 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements - Assumptions Utilized in Valuation of Level 3 Liabilities (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="FairValueMeasurementsContingentConsiderationDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/FairValueMeasurementsContingentConsiderationDetails">
        <link:definition>9955534 - Disclosure - Fair Value Measurements - Contingent Consideration (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="CommitmentandContingenciesDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/CommitmentandContingenciesDetails">
        <link:definition>9955535 - Disclosure - Commitment and Contingencies (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="RelatedPartyTransactionsDetails" roleURI="http://www.exicuretx.com/role/RelatedPartyTransactionsDetails">
        <link:definition>9955536 - Disclosure - Related-Party Transactions (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="xcur_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsCurrent" abstract="false" name="CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsCurrent" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_GainLossOnSettlementOfAccountsPayable" abstract="false" name="GainLossOnSettlementOfAccountsPayable" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDilutedEPSAbstract" abstract="true" name="EarningsPerShareBasicAndDilutedEPSAbstract" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_CashFlowNoncashInvestingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract" abstract="true" name="CashFlowNoncashInvestingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_NoncashReclassificationOfPrepaidExpensesFromNoncurrentToCurrent" abstract="false" name="NoncashReclassificationOfPrepaidExpensesFromNoncurrentToCurrent" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationAbstract" abstract="true" name="SupplementalBalanceSheetInformationAbstract" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_GPCRUSAMember" abstract="true" name="GPCRUSAMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LicenseAndCollaborationAgreementMember" abstract="true" name="LicenseAndCollaborationAgreementMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_PaymentForContingentConsiderationLiability" abstract="false" name="PaymentForContingentConsiderationLiability" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_PrepaidProfessionalFeesCurrent" abstract="false" name="PrepaidProfessionalFeesCurrent" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_PrepaidSoftwareCurrent" abstract="false" name="PrepaidSoftwareCurrent" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_OperatingLeaseSecurityDeposit" abstract="false" name="OperatingLeaseSecurityDeposit" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ComputersandSoftwareMember" abstract="true" name="ComputersandSoftwareMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_PrepaidInsuranceNoncurrent" abstract="false" name="PrepaidInsuranceNoncurrent" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_AccruedRegistrationDelayPaymentsCurrent" abstract="false" name="AccruedRegistrationDelayPaymentsCurrent" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_RedwoodCityCaliforniaMember" abstract="true" name="RedwoodCityCaliforniaMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ChicagoMember" abstract="true" name="ChicagoMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LesseeOperatingSubleaseLeaseArea" abstract="false" name="LesseeOperatingSubleaseLeaseArea" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:areaItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LesseeOperatingSubleaseTerm" abstract="false" name="LesseeOperatingSubleaseTerm" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LesseeOperatingSubleaseBaseRent" abstract="false" name="LesseeOperatingSubleaseBaseRent" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LesseeOperatingSubleaseBaseRentIncreasePercentage" abstract="false" name="LesseeOperatingSubleaseBaseRentIncreasePercentage" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:percentItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LesseeOperatingSubleaseUnpaidRentPayments" abstract="false" name="LesseeOperatingSubleaseUnpaidRentPayments" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_CommonStockVotingRightsforEachShare" abstract="false" name="CommonStockVotingRightsforEachShare" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:decimalItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_NonemployeeDirectorMember" abstract="true" name="NonemployeeDirectorMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ExicureInc.2017EquityIncentivePlanMember" abstract="true" name="ExicureInc.2017EquityIncentivePlanMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ExicureOpCo2015EquityIncentivePlanMember" abstract="true" name="ExicureOpCo2015EquityIncentivePlanMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_InitialEmployeeStockOptionMember" abstract="true" name="InitialEmployeeStockOptionMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_SubsequentEmployeeStockOptionMember" abstract="true" name="SubsequentEmployeeStockOptionMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_SharebasedCompensationArrangementbySharebasedPaymentAwardNumberofAdditionalSharesAuthorizedPotentialMaximumAdditionalShares" abstract="false" name="SharebasedCompensationArrangementbySharebasedPaymentAwardNumberofAdditionalSharesAuthorizedPotentialMaximumAdditionalShares" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:sharesItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_SharebasedCompensationArrangementbySharebasedPaymentAwardNumberofAdditionalSharesAuthorizedPercentageofCommonStockOutstanding" abstract="false" name="SharebasedCompensationArrangementbySharebasedPaymentAwardNumberofAdditionalSharesAuthorizedPercentageofCommonStockOutstanding" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:percentItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardIncreaseInNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" abstract="false" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardIncreaseInNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:sharesItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardMaximumEmployeeSubscriptionAmount" abstract="false" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardMaximumEmployeeSubscriptionAmount" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOfferingPeriod" abstract="false" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOfferingPeriod" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAllowableUnderThePlan" abstract="false" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAllowableUnderThePlan" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:sharesItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_NumberOfReportableSegmentsNotDisclosedFlag" abstract="false" name="NumberOfReportableSegmentsNotDisclosedFlag" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_BiotechnologySegmentMember" abstract="true" name="BiotechnologySegmentMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseAdjusted" abstract="false" name="GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseAdjusted" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDilutdAbstract" abstract="true" name="EarningsPerShareBasicAndDilutdAbstract" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneAxis" abstract="true" name="MilestoneAxis" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrldt:dimensionItem" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneDomain" abstract="true" name="MilestoneDomain" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneOneMember" abstract="true" name="MilestoneOneMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_BusinessCombinationContingentConsiderationMilestonePayment" abstract="false" name="BusinessCombinationContingentConsiderationMilestonePayment" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MeasurementInputProbabilityOfSuccessMember" abstract="true" name="MeasurementInputProbabilityOfSuccessMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneTwoMember" abstract="true" name="MilestoneTwoMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneThreeMember" abstract="true" name="MilestoneThreeMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneFourMember" abstract="true" name="MilestoneFourMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneFiveMember" abstract="true" name="MilestoneFiveMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneSixMember" abstract="true" name="MilestoneSixMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_MilestoneSevenMember" abstract="true" name="MilestoneSevenMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ContingentConsiderationMember" abstract="true" name="ContingentConsiderationMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ColwellV.ExicureMember" abstract="true" name="ColwellV.ExicureMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_FormerEmployeeVsExicureIncMember" abstract="true" name="FormerEmployeeVsExicureIncMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LossContingencySelfInsuredRetentionRetainerAmount" abstract="false" name="LossContingencySelfInsuredRetentionRetainerAmount" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_LossContingencyNumberOfLawsuitsFiled" abstract="false" name="LossContingencyNumberOfLawsuitsFiled" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:integerItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ConsultingAgreementAmountPaidMember" abstract="true" name="ConsultingAgreementAmountPaidMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_ConsultingAgreementMonthlyPaymentAmountMember" abstract="true" name="ConsultingAgreementMonthlyPaymentAmountMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="xcur_RelatedPartyTransactionTerm" abstract="false" name="RelatedPartyTransactionTerm" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:durationItemType"/>
</xs:schema>
