LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. ("LiveRamp", "we", "us", or the "Company") is a leading data collaboration technology company, empowering marketers and media owners to deliver and measure marketing performance everywhere it matters. LiveRamp’s data collaboration network seamlessly unites data across advertisers, ad tech platforms, publishers, data providers, and commerce media networks — unlocking insights that deliver transformational consumer experiences, and drive measurable business outcomes. As consumers embrace AI-powered experiences, the LiveRamp data collaboration network expands the breadth and accuracy of the data on which marketing AI capabilities operate. Our platform is engineered for AI agent accessibility, facilitating autonomous data collaboration between the specialized AI agents utilized by our customers and partners and our networked platform. Built on a foundation of strict neutrality, interoperability, and global scale, LiveRamp enables organizations to maximize the value of their data while accelerating business growth.

LiveRamp is a Delaware corporation headquartered in San Francisco, California. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “RAMP.” We serve a global customer base from locations in the United States, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific (“APAC”) region. Our direct customer list includes many of the world’s best-known and most innovative brands across most major industry verticals, including but not limited to financial, insurance and investment services, information systems, direct marketing, retail, automotive, telecommunications, technology, consumer packaged goods, media, healthcare, travel and hospitality, entertainment and non-profit. We serve thousands of additional companies through our expansive partner ecosystem, unlocking access to unique customer moments and creating powerful network effects.

On May 16, 2026, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with MMS USA Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”) and a wholly owned subsidiary of Publicis (defined below), Covey Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent ("Merger Sub"), and, solely for the purpose of Section 10.14 thereto, Publicis Groupe S.A., a French société anonyme ("Publicis"), pursuant to which, among other things, at the effective time of the Merger (the "Effective Time"), Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company (the “Merger”), with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Parent.

As set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time, each share of common stock, par value $0.10 per share, of the Company (“Company Common Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than any (i) Company Common Stock owned by stockholders that have properly perfected their rights of appraisal within the meaning of Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; (ii) Company Common Stock owned by the Company, Parent or Merger Sub; and (iii) Company Common Stock owned by any direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (other than Merger Sub) or of the Company) will be converted into the right to receive $38.50 in cash, without interest. The Merger is expected to close by the end of calendar year 2026, subject to customary closing conditions including approval by the Company’s stockholders and the receipt of required regulatory approvals.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, after elimination of all significant intercompany accounts and transactions. We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) as set forth in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification and Updates (“ASC” and "ASU"), and we consider the various staff accounting bulletins and other applicable guidance issued by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our fiscal year ends on March 31. References to fiscal 2026, for example, are to the twelve months ended March 31, 2026.

In preparing consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, we must make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used in determining, among other items, revenue recognition criteria, allowance for credit losses, operating lease assets and liabilities, including the incremental borrowing rate and terms and provision of each lease, the fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, restructuring and impairment accruals, litigation and facilities lease loss accruals, stock-based compensation, and the recognition and measurement of current and deferred income taxes, including the measurement of uncertain tax positions. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

As of March 31, 2026, the impacts to the Company's business due to risks related to tariffs and other trade restrictions, geopolitical developments and macroeconomic factors, such as inflation, bank failures, changes in foreign currency exchange rates and supply chain disruptions, continue to evolve. As a result, many of the Company's estimates and assumptions, including the allowance for credit losses, consider macroeconomic factors in the market, which require increased judgment and carry a higher degree of variability and volatility. As events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, the Company's estimates may change materially in future periods.

A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share is shown below (in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Twelve Months Ended March 31,
		2026		2025		2024
Basic earnings (loss) per share:
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations		$	144,776	$	(2,502)	$	10,091
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax		1,176		1,688		1,790
Net earnings (loss)		$	145,952	$	(814)	$	11,881

Basic weighted-average shares outstanding		64,105		66,126		66,266
Dilutive effect of common stock options and restricted stock units as computed under the treasury stock method (1)		940		—		1,652
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding		65,045		66,126		67,918

Basic earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations		$	2.26	$	(0.04)	$	0.15
Discontinued operations		0.02		0.03		0.03
Basic earnings (loss) per share:		$	2.28	$	(0.01)	$	0.18

Diluted earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations		$	2.23	$	(0.04)	$	0.15
Discontinued operations		0.02		0.03		0.03
Diluted earnings (loss) per share:		$	2.24	$	(0.01)	$	0.17

Anti-dilutive equity awards under stock-based award plans excluded from the determination of diluted earnings per share		744		1,354		1,112

Earnings per share totals may not sum due to rounding.

Investments primarily consist of U.S. Treasury securities and certificates of deposit. Securities having remaining maturities of more than three months at the date of purchase and less than one year from the date of the balance sheet are classified as short-term, and those with maturities of more than one year from the date of the balance sheet are classified as long-term in the consolidated balance sheets. These investments are carried at fair market value, with unrealized gains and losses considered to be temporary in nature reported as accumulated other comprehensive income, a separate component of stockholders' equity. The Company reviews all investments for reductions in fair value that are other-than-temporary. When such reductions occur, the cost of the investment is adjusted to fair value through recording a loss on investments in the consolidated statements of operations. Gains and losses on investments are calculated on the basis of specific identification. We did not recognize any gains or losses in the twelve months ended March 31, 2026, 2025 or 2024.

Beginning in fiscal 2025, the Company also holds immaterial, non-controlling investments in publicly held equity securities that are recorded in other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value are measured on a recurring basis and recognized within total other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value changes resulted in net losses of $0.3 million and $0.2 million for the twelve months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, due to net changes in the underlying stock prices of those investments.

Strategic investments consist of non-controlling equity investments in privately held companies. The Company elected the measurement alternative for these investments without readily determinable fair values and for which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence. These investments are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under the cost method of accounting, the non-marketable equity securities are carried at cost less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, which is recorded within the consolidated statements of operations. On a quarterly basis, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to evaluate whether the investment is impaired. If there are sufficient indicators that the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value, the carrying value of the investment is reduced and an impairment is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as other expense, net of tax. During the twelve months ended March 31, 2026, the Company recorded a $0.1 million impairment of a strategic investment that is recorded in other income, net in the consolidated statement of operations. There were no impairment charges for the twelve months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024.

LiveRamp recognizes revenue from the following sources: (i) Subscription revenue, which consists primarily of subscription fees from customers accessing our LiveRamp platform; and (ii) Marketplace and Other revenue, which primarily consists of revenue-sharing fees generated from access to data through our LiveRamp Data Marketplace, professional services including product implementation, data science analytics and audience measurement, and transactional usage-based revenue from arrangements with certain publishers and addressable TV providers.

We consider the terms and conditions of the contract and our customary business practices when identifying our contracts under ASC 606. We determine we have a contract with a customer when the contract or contract modification is approved and the parties are committed to performing their respective obligations, we can identify each party's rights regarding the services to be transferred, we can identify the payment terms for the services, we have determined the contract has commercial substance, and we have determined that collection of at least some of the contract consideration is probable. At contract inception we evaluate whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether the single or combined contract includes one or multiple performance obligations. We apply judgment in determining the customer's ability to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer's historical payment experience.

As part of accounting for arrangements with multiple performance obligations, we must assess whether each performance obligation is distinct. A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer, and a company's promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. We have determined that our subscriptions to the platform are a distinct performance obligation and access to data for revenue-sharing and usage-based arrangements is a distinct performance obligation because, once a customer has access to the platform, the service is fully functional and does not require any additional development, modification, or customization.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring services to a customer, excluding sales taxes that are collected on behalf of government agencies. Variable consideration is assessed and included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. None of our contracts contain a significant financing component.

If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on the standalone selling price ("SSP") of each service. We generally determine the SSP based on contractual selling prices when the obligation is sold on a standalone basis, as well as market conditions, competition, and pricing practices. As pricing and marketing strategies evolve, we may modify our pricing practices in the future, which could result in changes to SSP.

Revenues are recognized when or as control of the promised services is transferred to customers. Subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the subscription period beginning on the date the services are made available to customers. Marketplace and Other revenue is typically transactional in nature, tied to a revenue share or volumes purchased. We report revenue from Data Marketplace and other similar transactions on a net basis because our performance obligation is to facilitate a transaction between data providers and data buyers, for which we earn a portion of the gross fee. Consequently, the portion of the gross amount billed to data buyers that is remitted to data providers is not reflected as revenues. We generate revenue from services from bundled platform subscriptions and project fees paid by subscribers to our platform. Services revenue is less than 5% of total Company revenue.

Trade accounts receivable are presented net of allowances for credit losses, returns and credits based on the probability of future collections. The probability of future collections is based on specific considerations of historical loss patterns and an assessment of the continuation of such patterns based on past collection trends and known or anticipated future economic events that may impair collectability. Accounts receivable that are determined to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts. Indicators that there is no reasonable expectation of recovery include past due status greater than 360 days or bankruptcy of the debtor.

The Company capitalizes incremental costs to acquire contracts and amortizes them on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, which we have determined to be four years. Net amortized costs of $3.7 million were recognized as an increase in operating expense during the twelve months ended March 31, 2026. Net capitalized costs of $3.7 million were recognized as a reduction of operating expense during the twelve months ended March 31, 2025. We did not recognize any impairment charges during the twelve months ended March 31, 2026, 2025, or 2024.

The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at inception, and whether lease and non-lease components are combined or not. Operating leases with a duration of one year or less are excluded from ROU assets and lease liabilities and related expense is recorded as incurred. ROU assets and lease liabilities are initially recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, which includes the minimum unconditional term of the lease, and may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain at the commencement date that such options will be exercised. As the rate implicit for each of the Company's leases is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses judgment in determining its incremental borrowing rate, which includes selecting a yield curve based on a hypothetical credit rating. ROU assets also include any initial direct costs and any lease payments made prior to the lease commencement date and are reduced by any lease incentives received. ROU assets are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Short-term lease liabilities are included in other accrued expenses and long-term lease liabilities are included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis as operating lease cost in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company evaluates the recoverability of the ROU assets for possible impairment in accordance with the impairment of long-lived assets policy below.

We apply the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations, in accounting for acquisitions. ASC 805 requires us to determine if assets or a business was acquired. If a business was acquired, it requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments resulting from new information about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date and falls within the measurement period to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and is not amortized. Goodwill is measured and tested for impairment on an annual basis in the first quarter of the Company's fiscal year in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Such events and changes may include significant changes in performance related to expected operating results, significant changes in asset use, significant negative industry or economic trends, and changes in our business strategy.

Our test for goodwill impairment starts with a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If qualitative factors indicate that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative goodwill impairment test is performed. For the purposes of impairment testing, we have determined that we have three reporting units. We completed our annual impairment test during the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and assessed whether there were any triggering events quarterly. We did not recognize any goodwill impairment charges in the twelve months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025. We recognized $2.9 million of goodwill impairment charges in the twelve months ended March 31, 2024.

We amortize intangible assets with finite lives over their estimated useful lives and review them for impairment whenever an impairment indicator exists. We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate carrying amounts of our long-lived assets, including our intangible assets, may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, we assess recoverability by determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through the undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of these assets, we recognize an impairment loss based on any excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. We did not recognize any intangible asset impairment charges in the twelve months ended March 31, 2026, 2025 or 2024.

During fiscal 2026, our intangible assets were amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from one year to four years. Amortization is based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset will be consumed or on a straight-line basis when the consumption pattern is not apparent. The weighted average useful lives of our intangible assets were as follows:


						Weighted Average Useful Life (years)
Developed technology						0.8
Customer relationships						0.8

Long-lived assets (asset groups) are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company considers the following to be potential indicators of impairment of its long-lived assets (asset groups): operating losses, substantial decreases in the Company’s stock price, significant adverse changes in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset (asset group) is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of the long-lived asset (asset group), an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset (asset group), and a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset (asset group) will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. When such events occur, recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. If such assets are impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

Income taxes are estimated based on the results of operations and enacted tax laws in the U.S. and other jurisdictions. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, based on an evaluation of all available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the related tax benefits will not be realized. This assessment requires significant judgment and considers factors such as cumulative results and forecasts of future taxable income. Adjustments to deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from changes in tax laws and changes in valuation allowance are recognized in income tax expense in the period in which such changes are enacted or occur.

Unrecognized tax benefits arise from tax positions for which the related tax benefit has not been fully recognized. A tax benefit is recognized if it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination based solely on its technical merits and is measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. Unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as long-term income tax payable or as reductions of deferred tax assets. Unrecognized tax benefits related to net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are recorded as a reduction of the related deferred tax assets when disallowance of the related tax benefit would reduce those carryforwards. Adjustments to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in income tax expense in the period in which such changes occur. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in income tax expense.

The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of our foreign operations generally is the applicable local currency for each foreign subsidiary. The balance sheets of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated at period-end rates of exchange, and the statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rate for the period. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of equity and comprehensive income (loss). We reflect net foreign exchange transaction gains and losses, resulting from the conversion of the transaction currency to functional currency, as a component of foreign currency exchange gain (loss) in total other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company records stock-based compensation expense according to the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASC Topic 718 requires all stock-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the statement of operations over the service period of the award based on their fair values. Under the provisions of ASC Topic 718, the Company determines the appropriate fair value model to be used for valuing stock-based payments and the amortization method for compensation cost.

The Company’s equity compensation plan provides that all employees (employees, officers, directors, affiliates, independent contractors or consultants) are eligible to receive awards (grant of any option, stock appreciation right, restricted stock award, restricted stock unit award, performance award, performance share, performance unit, qualified performance-based award, or other stock unit award) under the plan with the terms and conditions applicable to an award set forth in applicable grant documents.

Restricted stock units may be issued under the equity compensation plan and represent the right to receive shares in the future by way of an award agreement that includes vesting provisions. Award agreements can further provide for forfeitures triggered by certain prohibited activities, such as breach of confidentiality. All restricted stock units are expensed over the vesting period and adjusted for forfeitures as incurred. The vesting of some restricted stock units is subject to the Company’s achievement of certain performance criteria, as well as the individual remaining employed by the Company for a period of years.

The Company records costs associated with employee terminations and other exit activity in accordance with ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, depending on whether the costs relate to exit or disposal activities under the accounting standards, or whether they are other post-employment termination benefits. Under applicable accounting standards for exit or disposal costs, the Company records employee termination benefits as an operating expense when the benefit arrangement is communicated to the employee and no significant future services are required. Under the accounting standards related to post-employment termination benefits, the Company records employee termination benefits when the termination benefits are probable and can be estimated.


Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During the Current Year -

Standard	Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures	ASU 2023-09 requires greater disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income tax paid.	The ASU became effective for the Company's annual periods beginning with fiscal 2026.	ASU 2023-09 affected financial statement disclosure only, and its adoption did not affect our financial condition and results of operations.


Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted -

Standard	Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2024-03 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses	ASU 2024-03 requires more detailed information about the types of expenses included in certain expense captions presented on the consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, this amendment requires the disclosure of a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively and the disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses. The new guidance does not change the expense captions on the statements of operations.	The updated standard is effective for us beginning in fiscal 2028. Early adoption is permitted.	We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2025-06 Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software	ASU 2025-06 modernizes the accounting for internal-use software. It removes all references to software development stages and requires capitalization of software costs when management has committed to the software project and it is probable the software will be completed and perform its intended use.	The updated standard is effective for us beginning in fiscal 2029. Early adoption is permitted.	We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our consolidated financial statement disclosures.
ASU 2025-11 Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements	ASU 2025-11 is intended to update the guidance in Topic 270 by improving navigability of the required interim disclosures, clarifying when that guidance is applicable and adding a principle that requires reporting entities to disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity.	The updated standard is effective for us beginning in fiscal 2029. Early adoption is permitted.	We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our consolidated financial statement disclosures.