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1. ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS DESCRIPTION History of TOYO Co., Ltd TOYO was incorporated on May 16, 2023, under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. The Company commenced operations on November 8, 2022, through its a wholly owned subsidiary TOYO Solar Company Limited (“TOYO Solar”, formerly known as “Vietnam Sunergy Cell Company Limited”), which is a limited liability company established under the laws of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (“Vietnam”). TOYO and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) are primarily engaged in design, manufacture and sales of solar cells and solar modules and related businesses. As of March 31, 2026, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the activities of TOYO and each of the following entities: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 30%; font-weight: bold">Name of Entity</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 15%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Date of Incorporation</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 13%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Place of Incorporation</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 13%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Ownership</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 25%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Principal Activities</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Parent company:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; vertical-align: top">TOYO</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">May 16, 2023</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Cayman Islands</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Parent</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Investment holding</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Wholly owned subsidiaries of TOYO</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOPTOYO Investment Pte. Ltd. (“SinCo”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">April 26, 2023</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Singapore</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 8, 2022</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Vietnam</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture and sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO China Co., Ltd. (“TOYO China”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 20, 2023</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">China</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO Solar</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Holdings LLC (“TOYO USA Holding”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">June 25, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Investment holding</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO America LLC (“TOYO America”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">August 29, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO USA Holding</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar modules and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar LLC</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">August 29, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO USA Holding</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Investment holding</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar Texas LLC (formerly named as Solar Plus Technology Texas LLC, “TOYO Texas”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 25, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO Solar LLC</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture and sales of solar modules and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. (“TOYO Singapore”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">August 14, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Singapore</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar Manufacturing One Member PLC (“TOYO Ethiopia”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">October 11, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Ethiopia</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Energy LLC (“TOYO Solar PLC”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">April 21, 2025</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO USA Holding</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar Clean Energy Company Limited (“TOYO Solar Clean Energy”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">December 5, 2025</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Vietnam</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture and sales of solar modules and related businesses</td></tr> </table>Reorganization of TOYO On February 27, 2024, TOYO completed the reorganization of entities under common control of its then existing shareholders, who collectively owned 100% of the equity interests of TOYO Solar prior to the reorganization. TOYO and 100% owned by SinCo were established as holding companies of TOYO Solar, and all these entities are under common control which results in the consolidation of TOYO Solar, which have been accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control at carrying value. On February 23, 2024, the Company issued 41,000,000 ordinary shares, at par value of $0.0001 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”), to all existing shareholders on a pro rata basis. The Company believed that it was appropriate to reflect the reorganization on a retroactive basis as if such structure existed at that time and in accordance with ASC 805-50-45-5, the entities under common control are presented on a combined basis for all periods to which such entities were under common control. The Company has retroactively adjusted all share and per share data for all periods presented. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared on the basis as if the reorganization became effective as of the beginning of the first year presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. History of Blue World Acquisition Corporation (“BWAQ”) BWAQ is a blank check company incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company on July 19, 2021, and formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization, or similar business combination with one or more businesses. The registration statement for BWAQ’s Initial Public Offering (“Initial Public Offering”) was declared effective on January 31, 2022. As a part of Business Combination, BWAQ merged with and into TOYOone Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company and wholly-owned subsidiary of TOYO (“Merger Sub”), with Merger Sub continuing as the surviving company. On December 31, 2024, Merger Sub was struck from the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands and dissolved accordingly. Merger Sub was a holding company. The management believed the disposal of Merger Sub does not represent a strategic shift, in both operating and financing aspects, because it is not changing the way it is running its business. The Company has not shifted the nature of its operations or the major geographic market area. The management believed the deconsolidation of Merger Sub does not represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. The dissolution is not accounted for as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20. Business Combination with a SPAC On August 10, 2023, BWAQ entered into the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Business Combination Agreement”) with TOYO, Merger Sub, SinCo, and TOYO Solar (together with TOYO, Merger Sub and SinCo, the “Group Companies”, or each individually, a “Group Company”), VSun Joint Venture Stock Company (“VSUN”), and Fuji Solar Co., Ltd, a Japanese company (“Fuji Solar”, together with VSUN, the “Shareholders”, or individually, a “Shareholder”).Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, (a) the Group Companies, VSUN and Fuji Solar shall consummate a series of transactions involving the Group Companies, including (A) TOYO (“PubCo”) acquiring one hundred percent (100%) of the issued and paid-up share capital of 100% owned by SinCo from Fuji Solar in exchange for one (1) Ordinary Shares (and such transaction, the “Share Exchange”), and (B) 100% owned by SinCo acquiring one hundred percent (100%) of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of TOYO Solar from VSUN at an aggregate consideration of no less than $50,000,000 (the “SinCo Acquisition,” and together with the Share Exchange, the “Pre-Merger Reorganization”), as a result of which (i) SinCo shall become a wholly-owned subsidiary of PubCo, (ii) TOYO Solar shall become a wholly-owned subsidiary of SinCo; and (iii) immediately prior to the closing of the SinCo Acquisition, WA Global Corporation, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“WAG”), (ix) Belta Technology Company Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Belta”), and (x) BestToYo Technology Company Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“BestToYo” and together with WAG and Belta, collectively, the “Sellers”)shall hold an aggregate of 41,000,000 Ordinary Shares, representing all issued and outstanding share capital of PubCo, and (b) following the consummation of the Pre-Merger Reorganization, BWAQ shall merge with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub continuing as the surviving company (the “Merger”), as a result of which, among other things, all of the issued and outstanding securities of BWAQ immediately prior to the filing of the plan of merger with respect to the Merger (the “Plan of Merger”) to the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands, or such later time as may be specified in the Plan of Merger (the “Merger Effective Time”) shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be cancelled, in exchange for the right of the holders thereof to receive substantially equivalent securities of PubCo, in each case, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Business Combination Agreement and in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands and other applicable laws. The Merger, the Pre-Merger Reorganization and each of the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement or any of the other relevant Transaction Documents (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) are collectively referred to as “Business Combination.” Among the 41,000,000 Ordinary Shares, an aggregate of 13,000,000 shares held by the Sellers (“Earnout Shares”) were deposited with an escrow agent in a segregated escrow account pursuant to an escrow agreement effective upon the closing of Business Combination and will be released from the escrow account and delivered to Sellers as following: <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">a.</td><td style="text-align: justify">Following the closing of Business Combination, if the net profit, excluding changes in fair value of Earnout Shares, of PubCo for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 as shown on the audited financial statements of PubCo for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 (such net profit, the “2024 Audited Net Profit”) is no less than $41,000,000, the 13,000,000 Ordinary Shares shall immediately become vested in full and be released from the escrow account to the Sellers, pro rata; and</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">b.</td><td style="text-align: justify">If the 2024 Audited Net Profit is less than $41,000,000, then (X) the portion of the ordinary shares in number equal to (i) the quotient of (a) the 2024 Audited Net Profit divided by (b) $41,000,000, multiplied by (ii) 13,000,000 ordinary shares, rounded up to the nearest whole number, shall become immediately vested and be released from the escrow account to the Sellers, pro rata, and (Y) the remaining portion of the 13,000,000 ordinary shares shall be surrendered or otherwise delivered by the Sellers to PubCo, pro rata, for no consideration or nominal consideration and cancelled by PubCo.</td> </tr></table> The Business Combination was consummated on July 1, 2024. Following the consummation of the Business Combination, the ordinary shares of TOYO commenced trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market on July 2, 2024, under the symbol “TOYO.”Upon closing of the Business Combination, each Class A ordinary share of BWAQ was cancelled in exchange for the right to receive one ordinary share of TOYO, so TOYO had an aggregate of 46,095,743 of the Company’s ordinary shares issued, of which includes the Earnout Shares consisting of 13,000,000 of the Company’s ordinary shares deposited with an escrow agent in a segregated escrow account pursuant to an escrow agreement effective upon the closing of Business Combination and will be released from the escrow account and delivered to the existing shareholders if the Company’s net profit for the year ended December 31, 2024 are equal to or in excess of $41,000,000 and the number of Earnout Shares to be released is based on the ratio of actual 2024 audited net profit to the benchmark amount of $41,000,000. After giving effect to the Business Combination and the issuance of the ordinary shares described above, there were 46,095,743 ordinary shares issued and 33,095,743 ordinary shares outstanding (excluding 13,000,000 Earnout Shares) on July 1, 2024. TOYO has also capitalized offering cost of $2,572,889, which was recorded as reduction against additional paid-in capital. The Company also allocated offering cost of $359,000 to contingent consideration payable, which was expensed to the account of “general and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income on July 1, 2024. The reverse recapitalization is equivalent to the issuance of securities by the Company for the net monetary assets of BWAQ, accompanied by a recapitalization. The Company debited equity for the fair value of the net liabilities of BWAQ. In the subsequent financial statements after the Business Combination, the amounts of assets and liabilities for the period before the reverse recapitalization in financial statements are presented as the Company’s and recognized and measured at their pre-combination carrying amounts. On May 14, 2025, based on the 2024 Audited Net Profit which was reported in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed on May 12, 2025 (the “Form 20-F”), which excludes changes in the fair value of Earnout Shares, the Company released an aggregate of 1,712,297 Earnout Shares, which were fully vested, from the Earnout Escrow Account, and cancelled the remaining 11,287,703 Earnout Shares.

2023-05-16

As of March 31, 2026, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the activities of TOYO and each of the following entities: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 30%; font-weight: bold">Name of Entity</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 15%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Date of Incorporation</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 13%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Place of Incorporation</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 13%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Ownership</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 25%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Principal Activities</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Parent company:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; vertical-align: top">TOYO</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">May 16, 2023</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Cayman Islands</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Parent</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Investment holding</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Wholly owned subsidiaries of TOYO</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOPTOYO Investment Pte. Ltd. (“SinCo”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">April 26, 2023</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Singapore</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 8, 2022</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Vietnam</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture and sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO China Co., Ltd. (“TOYO China”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 20, 2023</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">China</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO Solar</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Holdings LLC (“TOYO USA Holding”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">June 25, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Investment holding</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO America LLC (“TOYO America”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">August 29, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO USA Holding</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar modules and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar LLC</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">August 29, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO USA Holding</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Investment holding</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar Texas LLC (formerly named as Solar Plus Technology Texas LLC, “TOYO Texas”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 25, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO Solar LLC</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture and sales of solar modules and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. (“TOYO Singapore”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">August 14, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Singapore</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar Manufacturing One Member PLC (“TOYO Ethiopia”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">October 11, 2024</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Ethiopia</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Energy LLC (“TOYO Solar PLC”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">April 21, 2025</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">USA</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by TOYO USA Holding</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Sales of solar cells and related businesses</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">TOYO Solar Clean Energy Company Limited (“TOYO Solar Clean Energy”)</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">December 5, 2025</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Vietnam</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">100% owned by SinCo</td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">Design, manufacture and sales of solar modules and related businesses</td></tr> </table>

2023-05-16

Cayman Islands

Parent

Investment holding

2023-04-26

Singapore

100% owned by TOYO

Sales of solar cells and related businesses

2022-11-08

Vietnam

100% owned by SinCo

Design, manufacture and sales of solar cells and related businesses

2023-11-20

China

100% owned by TOYO Solar

Sales of solar cells and related businesses

2024-06-25

USA

100% owned by SinCo

Investment holding

2024-08-29

USA

100% owned by TOYO USA Holding

Sales of solar modules and related businesses

2024-08-29

USA

100% owned by TOYO USA Holding

Investment holding

2024-11-25

USA

100% owned by TOYO Solar LLC

Design, manufacture and sales of solar modules and related businesses

2024-08-14

Singapore

100% owned by SinCo

Sales of solar cells and related businesses

2024-10-11

Ethiopia

100% owned by SinCo

Design, manufacture of solar cells and related businesses

2025-04-21

USA

100% owned by TOYO USA Holding

Sales of solar cells and related businesses

2025-12-05

Vietnam

100% owned by SinCo

Design, manufacture and sales of solar modules and related businesses

41000000

0.0001

50000000

41000000

13000000

41000000

13000000

41000000

(i) the quotient of (a) the 2024 Audited Net Profit divided by (b) $41,000,000, multiplied by (ii) 13,000,000 ordinary shares, rounded up to the nearest whole number, shall become immediately vested and be released from the escrow account to the Sellers, pro rata, and (Y) the remaining portion of the 13,000,000 ordinary shares shall be surrendered or otherwise delivered by the Sellers to PubCo, pro rata, for no consideration or nominal consideration and cancelled by PubCo. 1

46095743

13000000 41000000

41000000

46095743

33095743

13000000

2572889

359000

1712297 11287703

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Security and Exchange Commission and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP’’) for interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025. In the opinion of the management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial results for the interim periods presented. The Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies as used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025. The results of income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. Foreign currency translation Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates on the date of the balance sheet. The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars (“USD” or “$”) and the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been expressed in USD. In general, assets and liabilities of the Company whose functional currency is not the USD, are translated into USD, using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during the period. The gains and losses resulting from translation of financial statements of the Company is recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within the statement of shareholders’ equity. Translation of amounts from Vietnam Dong (“VND”) and Renminbi (“RMB”) into USD has been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">VND exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,328</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,291</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">RMB exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9038</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9956</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table><table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%; text-align: left">VND exchange rate for items in the statement of operations and comprehensive income, and statement of cash flows</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,169</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">25,414</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">RMB exchange rate for items in the statement of operations and comprehensive income, and statement of cash flows</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9273</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">7.2725</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> No representation is made that the VND and RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into USD at the rates used in translation. Accounts receivable, net Accounts receivables are recorded at the gross amount less an allowance for expected credit losses and do not bear interest. The management maintains an allowance for credit losses and records the allowance for credit losses as an offset to accounts receivable and the estimated credit losses charged to the allowance is classified as “general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Company considers historical collectability based on past due status, the age of the balances, credit quality of the Company’s customers based on ongoing credit evaluations, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect the Company’s ability to collect from customers. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not record allowance for expected credit losses. Inventories, net Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventories is determined using the moving weighted average cost method. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventories to the estimated net realizable value due to damaged and slow-moving goods, which is dependent upon factors such as historical and forecasted consumer demand, and specific customer requirements. The Company takes ownership, risks, and rewards of the products. Write downs are recorded in “cost of revenues” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company provided inventory provision of $3,834,172 and $2,774,284, respectively.Revenue recognition The Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) since its setup. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when the control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, and the performance obligations under the contract have been satisfied, in an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services (excluding sales taxes collected on behalf of government authorities). The Company’s revenue contracts generally do not include a right of return in relation to the delivered products or services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Sales of solar cells The Company officially commenced sales of solar cells to customers in the second half of 2023. The Company recognizes revenue generated from sales of solar cells at a point in time following the transfer of control of the solar cells to the customers, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. The transaction price was fixed in the contracts with customers. No variable considerations, significant financing component or payable to customers were identified in contracts with the customer. The contracts with customers may contain provisions that require the Company to make liquidated damage payments to the customer if the Company fails to ship or deliver solar cells before scheduled dates. The Company recognizes these liquidated damages as a reduction of revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not incur such liquidation damages. Customers are generally required to make prepayment ranging between 30% and 100% of contract value. Payments received in advance from customers are recorded as “contract liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets. Advance from customers is recognized as revenue when the Company delivers the solar cells to its customers. In cases where transaction prices are collected after the sales, accounts receivable are recognized when revenue is recognized. Accounts receivable is generally due within 60 days from delivery of solar cells. Sales agreements typically contain the assurance-type customary product warranties if defects in solar cells exceeds agreed percentage of delivered quantity. The percentage varies among different customers. The assurance-type product warranties are subject to ASC 450, Contingencies. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not accrue warranty liabilities.Sales of solar modules The Company recognizes revenue generated from sales of solar modules at a point in time following the transfer of control of the solar modules to the customers, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. The transaction price was fixed in the contracts with customers. No variable consideration, significant financing component or payable to customers were identified in contracts with the customer. The related party customer is required to make prepayment of 10% of contract value. Payments received in advance from customers are recorded as “contract liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets. Advance from customers is recognized as revenue when the Company delivers the solar modules to its customers. The remaining 90% of the contract value is recognized as accounts receivable when revenue is recognized. Accounts receivable is generally due within 60 days from delivery of solar modules. In addition, the Company did not provide warranties to the customer. Provision of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) services During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company provided OEM services to a third-party customer. The Company manufactured solar cells under the customer’s name and recognized revenues on a net basis upon delivery of solar cells to the customer. 100% prepayment are required from the customer. Provision of facilitation services The Company provided facilitation services for customers’ solar cell and solar module products. The Company is an agent in facilitation services, as it did not bear inventory risks or determine the product selling price in provision of services. The Company identifies one performance obligation in the agreements with customers. The commission rate and the amount of customers’ solar cell and solar module products sold are both explicitly stipulated in the agreements with customers. No variable considerations, significant financing components or payable to customers were identified in contracts with the customer. The Company recognizes revenue from facilitation services for the customers’ solar cells and solar module products at a point when the end customers accept the agreed solar cell and solar module products and the customers collect the fees from end customers. The transaction prices are collected after the sales, accounts receivable are recognized when revenue is recognized. Accounts receivable is generally due within 60 days from provision of facilitation services. Contract liabilities Contract liabilities are recognized if the Company receives consideration prior to satisfying the performance obligation. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had contract liabilities of $48,718,679 and $84,704,620 from third party customers and related party customers, respectively, which are expected to be recognized as revenues in the twelve months ending March 31, 2027. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had contract liabilities of $27,592,381 and $80,348,303 from third party customers and related party customers, respectively, which are expected to be recognized as revenues in the year ending December 31, 2026.For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company disaggregate revenue into three streams as the following table: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold">Revenues to third parties:</td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%; text-align: left">Sales of solar cells</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">92,924,036</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">41,023,361</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,693,364</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-37">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Provision of OEM services</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">12,198,344</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-38">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">106,815,744</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">41,023,361</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Revenues to related parties:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar cells</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">21,689,880</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">9,263,896</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">14,267,834</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-39">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Provision of facilitation services</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-40">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">1,257,254</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">35,957,714</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">10,521,150</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total revenue</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">142,773,458</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,544,511</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the movement of contract liabilities, including related parties and third parties was as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Opening balance</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">107,940,684</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">23,733,705</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Addition of contract liabilities</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">172,738,247</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">13,142,036</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Revenue recognition during the year</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(103,666,107</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(3,584,052</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Net off gross billing to the OEM customers</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(43,635,731</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-41">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Foreign exchange adjustment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">46,206</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">274,345</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt">Ending balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">133,423,299</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">33,566,034</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Contract liabilities – third party customers</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">48,718,679</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">3,243,062</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Contract liabilities – related party customers</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">84,704,620</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">30,322,972</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the contract liabilities increased by $25,482,615 primarily due to advance payment received in the current period for future sales of solar cells and modules and provision of OEM service fees, partially offset by the recognition of revenue from sales of cells and facilitation service fees for which payment was received in prior years and gross billing to the same OEM customers. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized revenues of $103,666,107 and $3,584,052 which were included in the contract liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.Income taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the U.S. GAAP for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method as required by this accounting standard, the recognition of deferred income tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the income tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. Provision for income taxes consists of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes. The charge for taxation is based on the results for the year as adjusted for items which are non-assessable or disallowed. It is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax basis. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is more likely than not these items will be utilized against taxable income in the future. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. As of March 31, 2026, the Company’s income tax returns in its various tax jurisdictions remain subject to examination for periods ranging from three to five years, depending on the applicable statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction. Segment reporting The Company uses the management approach to determine operating segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making decisions, allocation of resources and assessing performance. The Company’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated net income when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performances of the Company. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources for our one operating segment based on consolidated net income that is reported on the consolidated statements of operations and uses property, plant, and equipment, net, to measure segment assets. Further, the Company has also evaluated the significant segment expenses incurred by our single segment and regularly provided to the CODM. The significant segment expenses provided to the CODM are consistent with those reported on the consolidated statements of operations and include cost of sales, selling, general and administrative, research and development, interest expense, and income taxes. The CODM uses these metrics to make key operating decisions such as: approving a new product launch strategy, making significant capital expenditures, approving the design of key commercialization strategies, decisions about key personnel, and approving annual operating and capital budgets. The CODM considers budget-to-actual variances and year over year performance when making decisions supporting capital resource allocation.Since the Company operates in one reportable segment, all financial information required can be found in the consolidated financial statements. The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenues by primary geographical markets based on the location of customers for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">USA</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">116,097,127</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">31,171,134</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Other areas</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">26,676,331</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">20,373,377</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">142,773,458</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,544,511</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> The following table disaggregates the geographic information of the Company’s long-lived assets, which consist of long-term prepaid expenses, deposits for property and equipment, property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">Vietnam</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">76,206,343</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">77,615,854</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>USA</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">43,055,025</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">42,541,090</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Ethiopia</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">137,087,327</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">142,456,332</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">256,348,695</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">262,613,276</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Recently adopted accounting standards In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, which is an update to Topic 740, Income Taxes. The amendments in this update related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) adding disclosures of pretax income (or loss) and income tax expense (or benefit) to be consistent with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation S-X 210.4-08(h), Rules of General Application—General Notes to Financial Statements: Income Tax Expense, and (2) removing disclosures that no longer are considered cost beneficial or relevant. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments in this Update should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. As an Emerging Growth Company (“EGC”), the Company adopted ASU 2023-09 effective January 1, 2026. The amendments were applied prospectively, and the adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.In July 30 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, which amends ASC 326-20 to provide a practical expedient for all entities which elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset in developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, and an accounting policy election for all entities, other than a public business entity, that elect the practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. Under ASU 2025-05, an entity is required to disclose whether it has elected to use the practical expedient and, if so, whether it has also applied the accounting policy election. An entity that makes the accounting policy election is required to disclose the date through which subsequent cash collections are evaluated. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. Entities should apply the new guidance prospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2025-05 from January 1, 2026 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Recently issued accounting standards On December 17, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, which is to correct, clarify, and otherwise improve U.S. GAAP. ASU 2025-12 includes 33 improvements that span a wide range of topics, including Clarifying diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculation when a loss from continuing operations exists, Clarifying disclosure requirements for lease receivables from sales-type or direct financing leases, Revising the calculation of the reference amount for beneficial interests to prevent double counting credit losses, Clarifying the permissible methods to account for treasury stock retirements, and Clarifying the guidance for transfers of receivables from contracts with customers. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in this Update in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes that interim reporting period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments on an issue-by-issue basis. For example, an entity may decide to early adopt certain amendments and adopt the remaining amendments at the effective date. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update (except for the amendments to Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, related to Issue 4) using one of the following transition methods: (i) Prospectively to all transactions recognized on or after the date that the entity first applies the amendments, or (ii) Retrospectively to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. An entity should adjust the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets in the statement of financial position) as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.On December 8, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides “interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP.” The ASU also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, adds lists to ASC 270 of the interim disclosures required by all other Codification topics, and establishes a principle under which an entity must “disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity.” For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. For all other entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This pronouncement introduces new disclosure requirements aimed at enhancing transparency in financial reporting by requiring disaggregation of specific income statement expense captions. Under the new guidance, entities are required to disclose a breakdown of certain expense categories, such as: employee compensation; depreciation; amortization, and other material components. The disaggregated information can be presented either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements, often using a tabular format. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements — codification amendments in response to SEC’s disclosure Update and Simplification initiative which amend the disclosure or presentation requirements of codification subtopic 230-10 Statement of Cash Flows—Overall, 250-10 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections— Overall, 260-10 Earnings Per Share— Overall, 270-10 Interim Reporting— Overall, 440-10 Commitments—Overall, 470-10 Debt—Overall, 505-10 Equity—Overall, 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overall, 860-30 Transfers and Servicing—Secured Borrowing and Collateral, 932-235 Extractive Activities— Oil and Gas—Notes to Financial Statements, 946-20 Financial Services— Investment Companies— Investment Company Activities, and 974-10 Real Estate—Real Estate Investment Trusts—Overall. The amendments represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of above subtopics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to existing SEC disclosure requirements or those that must provide financial statements to the SEC for securities purposes without contractual transfer restrictions, the effective date aligns with the date when the SEC removes the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. Early adoption is not allowed. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later from the date of the SEC’s removal. The Company does not believe the above-mentioned recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, statements of operations and comprehensive income and cash flows. Significant risks and uncertainties 1) Credit risk Assets that potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amount as at the balance sheet dates. As of March 31, 2026, the Company held cash of $54,319,285 in the financial institutions, among which $11,437,277 were deposited in financial institutions located in Vietnam, $22,195,495 were deposited in financial institutions located in Singapore, $9,774,253 were deposited in financial institutions located in the USA, $327,605 were deposited financial institutions located in the Japan, $9,329,419 were deposited financial institutions located in the Ethiopia and $1,255,236 were deposited in financial institutions located in China.Each bank account in Singapore is insured by government authority with the maximum limit of SG$100,000. Each bank account in the USA is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (“FDIC”) with the maximum limit of $250,000. Each bank account in Japan is insured by government authority with the maximum limit of JPY10,000,000. Each bank account in Mainland China is insured by the government authority with the maximum limit of RMB 500,000 (equivalent to approximately $72,400). The bank accounts in Vietnam and Ethiopia are not insured. To limit exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily place cash deposits with large financial institutions in Vietnam which management believes are of high credit quality and the Company also continually monitors their credit worthiness. 2) Foreign currency risk The Company has contracts for the sales of products, purchases of materials and equipment which are denominated in foreign currencies, including Vietnam Dong (VND), Renminbi (RMB), Ethiopia Birr (ETB), and Singapore Dollar (SGD). For the three months ended March 31, 2026, substantially all of the Company’s revenues are dominated by US Dollar. VND, the functional currency of TOYO Solar, and RMB, the functional currency of TOYO China, are not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions in Vietnam take place either through the State Bank of Vietnam (“SBV”) or other authorized financial institutions at exchange rates quoted by SBV. Approval of foreign currency payments by the SBV or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices and signed contracts. The value of VND is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the Vietnam Foreign Exchange Trading System market. All foreign exchange transactions in China take place either through the Peoples’ Bank of China (“PBOC”) or other authorized financial institutions at exchange rates quoted by PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices and signed contracts. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market. 3) Concentration risk The Company has a concentration of its revenues from specific customers and accounts payable with specific vendors. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, one third party customer and two related party customers accounted for 41%, 12% and 10% of total revenues, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, three third party customers accounted for 32%, 20% and 12% of total revenues, respectively. As of March 31, 2026, two third party customers accounted for 67% and 28% of accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, two customers from third parties accounted for 46% and 22% of accounts receivable, respectively. As of March 31, 2026, three suppliers from third parties accounted for 16%, 14% and 13% of accounts payable, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, two suppliers from third parties accounted for 33% and 27% of accounts payable, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, three related party suppliers accounted for 23%, 22% and 15% of total purchases of inventories. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, three third party suppliers accounted for 22%, 18% and 16% of total purchases of inventories, respectively.

Basis of Presentation and ConsolidationThe unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Security and Exchange Commission and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP’’) for interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.In the opinion of the management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial results for the interim periods presented. The Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies as used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025. The results of income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year.

Foreign currency translationTransactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates on the date of the balance sheet.The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars (“USD” or “$”) and the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been expressed in USD.In general, assets and liabilities of the Company whose functional currency is not the USD, are translated into USD, using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during the period. The gains and losses resulting from translation of financial statements of the Company is recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within the statement of shareholders’ equity.Translation of amounts from Vietnam Dong (“VND”) and Renminbi (“RMB”) into USD has been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods:<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">VND exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,328</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,291</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">RMB exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9038</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9956</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table><table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%; text-align: left">VND exchange rate for items in the statement of operations and comprehensive income, and statement of cash flows</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,169</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">25,414</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">RMB exchange rate for items in the statement of operations and comprehensive income, and statement of cash flows</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9273</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">7.2725</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>No representation is made that the VND and RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into USD at the rates used in translation.

Translation of amounts from Vietnam Dong (“VND”) and Renminbi (“RMB”) into USD has been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">VND exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,328</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,291</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">RMB exchange rate for balance sheet items, except for equity accounts</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9038</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9956</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table><table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%; text-align: left">VND exchange rate for items in the statement of operations and comprehensive income, and statement of cash flows</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">26,169</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">25,414</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">RMB exchange rate for items in the statement of operations and comprehensive income, and statement of cash flows</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.9273</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">7.2725</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

26328

26291

6.9038

6.9956

26169 25414 6.9273 7.2725

Accounts receivable, netAccounts receivables are recorded at the gross amount less an allowance for expected credit losses and do not bear interest.The management maintains an allowance for credit losses and records the allowance for credit losses as an offset to accounts receivable and the estimated credit losses charged to the allowance is classified as “general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Company considers historical collectability based on past due status, the age of the balances, credit quality of the Company’s customers based on ongoing credit evaluations, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect the Company’s ability to collect from customers. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not record allowance for expected credit losses.

Inventories, netInventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventories is determined using the moving weighted average cost method. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventories to the estimated net realizable value due to damaged and slow-moving goods, which is dependent upon factors such as historical and forecasted consumer demand, and specific customer requirements. The Company takes ownership, risks, and rewards of the products. Write downs are recorded in “cost of revenues” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company provided inventory provision of $3,834,172 and $2,774,284, respectively.

3834172

2774284

Revenue recognitionThe Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) since its setup. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when the control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, and the performance obligations under the contract have been satisfied, in an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services (excluding sales taxes collected on behalf of government authorities). The Company’s revenue contracts generally do not include a right of return in relation to the delivered products or services.The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.Sales of solar cellsThe Company officially commenced sales of solar cells to customers in the second half of 2023. The Company recognizes revenue generated from sales of solar cells at a point in time following the transfer of control of the solar cells to the customers, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. The transaction price was fixed in the contracts with customers. No variable considerations, significant financing component or payable to customers were identified in contracts with the customer. The contracts with customers may contain provisions that require the Company to make liquidated damage payments to the customer if the Company fails to ship or deliver solar cells before scheduled dates. The Company recognizes these liquidated damages as a reduction of revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not incur such liquidation damages.Customers are generally required to make prepayment ranging between 30% and 100% of contract value. Payments received in advance from customers are recorded as “contract liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets. Advance from customers is recognized as revenue when the Company delivers the solar cells to its customers. In cases where transaction prices are collected after the sales, accounts receivable are recognized when revenue is recognized. Accounts receivable is generally due within 60 days from delivery of solar cells.Sales agreements typically contain the assurance-type customary product warranties if defects in solar cells exceeds agreed percentage of delivered quantity. The percentage varies among different customers. The assurance-type product warranties are subject to ASC 450, Contingencies. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not accrue warranty liabilities.Sales of solar modulesThe Company recognizes revenue generated from sales of solar modules at a point in time following the transfer of control of the solar modules to the customers, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. The transaction price was fixed in the contracts with customers. No variable consideration, significant financing component or payable to customers were identified in contracts with the customer.The related party customer is required to make prepayment of 10% of contract value. Payments received in advance from customers are recorded as “contract liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets. Advance from customers is recognized as revenue when the Company delivers the solar modules to its customers. The remaining 90% of the contract value is recognized as accounts receivable when revenue is recognized. Accounts receivable is generally due within 60 days from delivery of solar modules.In addition, the Company did not provide warranties to the customer.Provision of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) services During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company provided OEM services to a third-party customer. The Company manufactured solar cells under the customer’s name and recognized revenues on a net basis upon delivery of solar cells to the customer. 100% prepayment are required from the customer.Provision of facilitation services The Company provided facilitation services for customers’ solar cell and solar module products. The Company is an agent in facilitation services, as it did not bear inventory risks or determine the product selling price in provision of services. The Company identifies one performance obligation in the agreements with customers. The commission rate and the amount of customers’ solar cell and solar module products sold are both explicitly stipulated in the agreements with customers. No variable considerations, significant financing components or payable to customers were identified in contracts with the customer. The Company recognizes revenue from facilitation services for the customers’ solar cells and solar module products at a point when the end customers accept the agreed solar cell and solar module products and the customers collect the fees from end customers. The transaction prices are collected after the sales, accounts receivable are recognized when revenue is recognized. Accounts receivable is generally due within 60 days from provision of facilitation services.Contract liabilitiesContract liabilities are recognized if the Company receives consideration prior to satisfying the performance obligation. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had contract liabilities of $48,718,679 and $84,704,620 from third party customers and related party customers, respectively, which are expected to be recognized as revenues in the twelve months ending March 31, 2027. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had contract liabilities of $27,592,381 and $80,348,303 from third party customers and related party customers, respectively, which are expected to be recognized as revenues in the year ending December 31, 2026.For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company disaggregate revenue into three streams as the following table: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold">Revenues to third parties:</td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%; text-align: left">Sales of solar cells</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">92,924,036</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">41,023,361</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,693,364</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-37">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Provision of OEM services</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">12,198,344</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-38">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">106,815,744</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">41,023,361</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Revenues to related parties:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar cells</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">21,689,880</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">9,263,896</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">14,267,834</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-39">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Provision of facilitation services</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-40">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">1,257,254</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">35,957,714</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">10,521,150</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total revenue</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">142,773,458</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,544,511</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the movement of contract liabilities, including related parties and third parties was as follows:<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Opening balance</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">107,940,684</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">23,733,705</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Addition of contract liabilities</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">172,738,247</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">13,142,036</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Revenue recognition during the year</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(103,666,107</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(3,584,052</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Net off gross billing to the OEM customers</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(43,635,731</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-41">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Foreign exchange adjustment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">46,206</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">274,345</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt">Ending balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">133,423,299</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">33,566,034</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Contract liabilities – third party customers</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">48,718,679</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">3,243,062</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Contract liabilities – related party customers</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">84,704,620</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">30,322,972</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the contract liabilities increased by $25,482,615 primarily due to advance payment received in the current period for future sales of solar cells and modules and provision of OEM service fees, partially offset by the recognition of revenue from sales of cells and facilitation service fees for which payment was received in prior years and gross billing to the same OEM customers. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized revenues of $103,666,107 and $3,584,052 which were included in the contract liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

0.30 1 0.10 0.90 1

48718679

84704620

27592381

80348303

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company disaggregate revenue into three streams as the following table: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold">Revenues to third parties:</td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%; text-align: left">Sales of solar cells</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">92,924,036</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">41,023,361</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,693,364</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-37">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Provision of OEM services</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">12,198,344</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-38">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">106,815,744</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">41,023,361</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Revenues to related parties:</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar cells</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">21,689,880</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">9,263,896</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Sales of solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">14,267,834</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-39">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Provision of facilitation services</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-40">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">1,257,254</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">35,957,714</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">10,521,150</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total revenue</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">142,773,458</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,544,511</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

92924036

41023361

1693364

12198344

106815744

41023361

21689880

9263896

14267834

1257254

35957714

10521150

142773458

51544511

For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the movement of contract liabilities, including related parties and third parties was as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Opening balance</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">107,940,684</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">23,733,705</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Addition of contract liabilities</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">172,738,247</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">13,142,036</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Revenue recognition during the year</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(103,666,107</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(3,584,052</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Net off gross billing to the OEM customers</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">(43,635,731</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-41">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Foreign exchange adjustment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">46,206</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">274,345</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt">Ending balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">133,423,299</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">33,566,034</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Contract liabilities – third party customers</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">48,718,679</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">3,243,062</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Contract liabilities – related party customers</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">84,704,620</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">30,322,972</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

107940684

23733705

172738247

13142036

-103666107

-3584052

43635731

46206 274345

133423299

33566034

48718679

3243062

84704620 30322972 25482615

103666107

3584052

Income taxesThe Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the U.S. GAAP for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method as required by this accounting standard, the recognition of deferred income tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the income tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. Provision for income taxes consists of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes.The charge for taxation is based on the results for the year as adjusted for items which are non-assessable or disallowed. It is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.Deferred tax is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax basis. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is more likely than not these items will be utilized against taxable income in the future. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. As of March 31, 2026, the Company’s income tax returns in its various tax jurisdictions remain subject to examination for periods ranging from three to five years, depending on the applicable statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction.

0.50

Segment reportingThe Company uses the management approach to determine operating segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making decisions, allocation of resources and assessing performance. The Company’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated net income when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performances of the Company.The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources for our one operating segment based on consolidated net income that is reported on the consolidated statements of operations and uses property, plant, and equipment, net, to measure segment assets. Further, the Company has also evaluated the significant segment expenses incurred by our single segment and regularly provided to the CODM. The significant segment expenses provided to the CODM are consistent with those reported on the consolidated statements of operations and include cost of sales, selling, general and administrative, research and development, interest expense, and income taxes. The CODM uses these metrics to make key operating decisions such as: approving a new product launch strategy, making significant capital expenditures, approving the design of key commercialization strategies, decisions about key personnel, and approving annual operating and capital budgets. The CODM considers budget-to-actual variances and year over year performance when making decisions supporting capital resource allocation.Since the Company operates in one reportable segment, all financial information required can be found in the consolidated financial statements. The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenues by primary geographical markets based on the location of customers for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">USA</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">116,097,127</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">31,171,134</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Other areas</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">26,676,331</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">20,373,377</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">142,773,458</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,544,511</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>The following table disaggregates the geographic information of the Company’s long-lived assets, which consist of long-term prepaid expenses, deposits for property and equipment, property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">Vietnam</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">76,206,343</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">77,615,854</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>USA</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">43,055,025</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">42,541,090</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Ethiopia</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">137,087,327</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">142,456,332</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">256,348,695</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">262,613,276</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

The Company’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated net income when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performances of the Company.

The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenues by primary geographical markets based on the location of customers for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">USA</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">116,097,127</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">31,171,134</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Other areas</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">26,676,331</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">20,373,377</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">142,773,458</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,544,511</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

116097127

31171134

26676331

20373377

142773458

51544511

The following table disaggregates the geographic information of the Company’s long-lived assets, which consist of long-term prepaid expenses, deposits for property and equipment, property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">Vietnam</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">76,206,343</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">77,615,854</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>USA</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">43,055,025</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">42,541,090</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Ethiopia</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">137,087,327</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">142,456,332</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">256,348,695</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">262,613,276</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

76206343

77615854

43055025

42541090

137087327

142456332

256348695

262613276

Recently adopted accounting standardsIn December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, which is an update to Topic 740, Income Taxes. The amendments in this update related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) adding disclosures of pretax income (or loss) and income tax expense (or benefit) to be consistent with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation S-X 210.4-08(h), Rules of General Application—General Notes to Financial Statements: Income Tax Expense, and (2) removing disclosures that no longer are considered cost beneficial or relevant. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments in this Update should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. As an Emerging Growth Company (“EGC”), the Company adopted ASU 2023-09 effective January 1, 2026. The amendments were applied prospectively, and the adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.In July 30 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, which amends ASC 326-20 to provide a practical expedient for all entities which elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset in developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, and an accounting policy election for all entities, other than a public business entity, that elect the practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. Under ASU 2025-05, an entity is required to disclose whether it has elected to use the practical expedient and, if so, whether it has also applied the accounting policy election. An entity that makes the accounting policy election is required to disclose the date through which subsequent cash collections are evaluated. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. Entities should apply the new guidance prospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2025-05 from January 1, 2026 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently issued accounting standardsOn December 17, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, which is to correct, clarify, and otherwise improve U.S. GAAP. ASU 2025-12 includes 33 improvements that span a wide range of topics, including Clarifying diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculation when a loss from continuing operations exists, Clarifying disclosure requirements for lease receivables from sales-type or direct financing leases, Revising the calculation of the reference amount for beneficial interests to prevent double counting credit losses, Clarifying the permissible methods to account for treasury stock retirements, and Clarifying the guidance for transfers of receivables from contracts with customers. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in this Update in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes that interim reporting period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments on an issue-by-issue basis. For example, an entity may decide to early adopt certain amendments and adopt the remaining amendments at the effective date. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update (except for the amendments to Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, related to Issue 4) using one of the following transition methods: (i) Prospectively to all transactions recognized on or after the date that the entity first applies the amendments, or (ii) Retrospectively to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. An entity should adjust the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets in the statement of financial position) as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.On December 8, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides “interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP.” The ASU also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, adds lists to ASC 270 of the interim disclosures required by all other Codification topics, and establishes a principle under which an entity must “disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity.” For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. For all other entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This pronouncement introduces new disclosure requirements aimed at enhancing transparency in financial reporting by requiring disaggregation of specific income statement expense captions. Under the new guidance, entities are required to disclose a breakdown of certain expense categories, such as: employee compensation; depreciation; amortization, and other material components. The disaggregated information can be presented either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements, often using a tabular format. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements — codification amendments in response to SEC’s disclosure Update and Simplification initiative which amend the disclosure or presentation requirements of codification subtopic 230-10 Statement of Cash Flows—Overall, 250-10 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections— Overall, 260-10 Earnings Per Share— Overall, 270-10 Interim Reporting— Overall, 440-10 Commitments—Overall, 470-10 Debt—Overall, 505-10 Equity—Overall, 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overall, 860-30 Transfers and Servicing—Secured Borrowing and Collateral, 932-235 Extractive Activities— Oil and Gas—Notes to Financial Statements, 946-20 Financial Services— Investment Companies— Investment Company Activities, and 974-10 Real Estate—Real Estate Investment Trusts—Overall. The amendments represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of above subtopics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to existing SEC disclosure requirements or those that must provide financial statements to the SEC for securities purposes without contractual transfer restrictions, the effective date aligns with the date when the SEC removes the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. Early adoption is not allowed. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later from the date of the SEC’s removal.The Company does not believe the above-mentioned recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, statements of operations and comprehensive income and cash flows.

Significant risks and uncertainties1) Credit riskAssets that potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amount as at the balance sheet dates. As of March 31, 2026, the Company held cash of $54,319,285 in the financial institutions, among which $11,437,277 were deposited in financial institutions located in Vietnam, $22,195,495 were deposited in financial institutions located in Singapore, $9,774,253 were deposited in financial institutions located in the USA, $327,605 were deposited financial institutions located in the Japan, $9,329,419 were deposited financial institutions located in the Ethiopia and $1,255,236 were deposited in financial institutions located in China.Each bank account in Singapore is insured by government authority with the maximum limit of SG$100,000. Each bank account in the USA is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (“FDIC”) with the maximum limit of $250,000. Each bank account in Japan is insured by government authority with the maximum limit of JPY10,000,000. Each bank account in Mainland China is insured by the government authority with the maximum limit of RMB 500,000 (equivalent to approximately $72,400). The bank accounts in Vietnam and Ethiopia are not insured.To limit exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily place cash deposits with large financial institutions in Vietnam which management believes are of high credit quality and the Company also continually monitors their credit worthiness. 2) Foreign currency riskThe Company has contracts for the sales of products, purchases of materials and equipment which are denominated in foreign currencies, including Vietnam Dong (VND), Renminbi (RMB), Ethiopia Birr (ETB), and Singapore Dollar (SGD). For the three months ended March 31, 2026, substantially all of the Company’s revenues are dominated by US Dollar. VND, the functional currency of TOYO Solar, and RMB, the functional currency of TOYO China, are not freely convertible into foreign currencies.All foreign exchange transactions in Vietnam take place either through the State Bank of Vietnam (“SBV”) or other authorized financial institutions at exchange rates quoted by SBV. Approval of foreign currency payments by the SBV or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices and signed contracts. The value of VND is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the Vietnam Foreign Exchange Trading System market.All foreign exchange transactions in China take place either through the Peoples’ Bank of China (“PBOC”) or other authorized financial institutions at exchange rates quoted by PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices and signed contracts. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market.3) Concentration riskThe Company has a concentration of its revenues from specific customers and accounts payable with specific vendors.For the three months ended March 31, 2026, one third party customer and two related party customers accounted for 41%, 12% and 10% of total revenues, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, three third party customers accounted for 32%, 20% and 12% of total revenues, respectively.As of March 31, 2026, two third party customers accounted for 67% and 28% of accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, two customers from third parties accounted for 46% and 22% of accounts receivable, respectively.As of March 31, 2026, three suppliers from third parties accounted for 16%, 14% and 13% of accounts payable, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, two suppliers from third parties accounted for 33% and 27% of accounts payable, respectively.For the three months ended March 31, 2026, three related party suppliers accounted for 23%, 22% and 15% of total purchases of inventories. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, three third party suppliers accounted for 22%, 18% and 16% of total purchases of inventories, respectively.

54319285

11437277

22195495

9774253

327605

9329419

1255236

100000

250000

10000000

500000

72400

0.41

0.12

0.10

0.32

0.20

0.12

0.67

0.28

0.46

0.22

0.16

0.14

0.13

0.33

0.27

0.23

0.22

0.15

0.22

0.18

0.16

3. LIQUIDITY CONDITION AND GOING CONCERN As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had working capital deficits of $97,098,264 and $123,859,320, respectively. This condition raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months from the issuance of this report. The Company’s liquidity is based on its ability to generate cash from operating activities and obtain financing from investors to fund its general operations and capital expansion needs. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on management’s ability to successfully execute its business plan, which includes increasing revenue while controlling operating cost and expenses to generate positive operating cash flows and obtain financing from outside sources. As of March 31, 2026, among the working capital deficits of $97,098,264, the Company had contract liabilities from both third-party customers and related party customers of $133,423,299 which would be settled through recognition of revenues. In addition, the Company generated cash flow of $33,439,100 from its operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2026, and entered into borrowing agreements with financial institutions and related parties to borrow an aggregated amount of $40,492,046. The Company’s liquidity is based on its ability to obtain capital financing from equity interest investors and borrow funds on favorable economic terms to fund its general operations and capital expansion needs. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on management’s ability to successfully raise more capitals and execute its business plan, which includes increasing revenue while controlling operating cost and expenses to generate positive operating cash flows and obtaining funds from outside sources of financing to generate positive financing cash flows. Currently, the Company is working to improve its liquidity and capital sources mainly through borrowing from related parties and obtaining financial support from its principal shareholder who has agreed to continue providing funds for the Company’s working capital needs whenever needed. In addition, in order to fully implement its business plan and sustain continued growth, the Company is also actively seeking financing from outside investors, borrowings from related parties and financial institutions. However, there can be no assurance that these plans and arrangements will be sufficient to fund the Company’s ongoing capital expenditure, working capital, and other requirements. The Company has prepared the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on its capital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raise additional capital if needed. 97098264 123859320 97098264 133423299

33439100

40492046

4. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Accounts receivable</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">15,259,069</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">11,253,459</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: expected credit losses</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-43">—</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-44">—</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Accounts receivable, net</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">15,259,069</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">11,253,459</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not provide expected credit losses against accounts receivable. Of the balance of $15,259,069, approximately 52% has been collected as of the report date with remaining balance within credit term.

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Accounts receivable</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">15,259,069</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">11,253,459</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: expected credit losses</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-43">—</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-44">—</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Accounts receivable, net</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">15,259,069</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">11,253,459</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

15259069

11253459

15259069

11253459

15259069

0.52

5. INVENTORIES, NET Inventories, net consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Raw materials</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">80,537,827</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">37,247,442</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Finished goods</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">29,685,596</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">17,247,048</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Goods in transit</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">4,244,636</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">25,491,587</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total inventories, net</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">114,468,059</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">79,986,077</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company provided inventory write-down of $3,834,172 and $2,774,284, respectively, against finished goods, because the carrying amount of certain finished goods were below net realizable value.

Inventories, net consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Raw materials</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">80,537,827</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">37,247,442</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Finished goods</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">29,685,596</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">17,247,048</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Goods in transit</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">4,244,636</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">25,491,587</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total inventories, net</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">114,468,059</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">79,986,077</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

80537827

37247442

29685596

17247048

4244636

25491587

114468059

79986077

3834172

2774284

6. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property and equipment, net consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Construction in progress</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">7,197,431</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">8,386,394</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>Machinery</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">176,170,583</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">172,767,448</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Building</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">85,250,223</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">83,343,942</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Leasehold improvement</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">6,060,439</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">6,060,439</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Office equipment</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">4,955,074</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">4,121,355</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Vehicle</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">597,148</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">401,024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Total property and equipment</td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">280,230,898</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">275,080,602</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: accumulated depreciation</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(66,851,646</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(54,432,453</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total property and equipment, net</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">213,379,252</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">220,648,149</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>Depreciation expense was $12,643,752 and $4,778,459, respectively for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. As of March 31, 2026, the Company collateralized all of its buildings in TOYO Solar with carrying value of $16,641,605, and machinery with carrying amount of $28,631,472 for the long-term bank credit facility from BIDV (Note 9). As of December 31, 2025, the Company collateralized all of its buildings in TOYO Solar with carrying value of $17,213,790, and machinery with carrying amount of $31,324,354 for the long-term bank credit facility from BIDV (Note 9). As of March 31, 2026, the Company has drawn down loans of $1,361,334 from the long-term bank credit facility from BIDV. As of the date of this report, the Company fully repaid the outstanding balance to BIDV.

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Construction in progress</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">7,197,431</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">8,386,394</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>Machinery</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">176,170,583</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">172,767,448</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Building</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">85,250,223</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">83,343,942</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Leasehold improvement</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">6,060,439</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">6,060,439</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Office equipment</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">4,955,074</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">4,121,355</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Vehicle</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">597,148</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">401,024</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Total property and equipment</td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">280,230,898</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">275,080,602</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: accumulated depreciation</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(66,851,646</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(54,432,453</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total property and equipment, net</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">213,379,252</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">220,648,149</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

7197431

8386394

176170583

172767448

85250223

83343942

6060439

4955074

4121355

597148

401024

280230898

275080602

66851646

54432453

213379252

220648149

12643752

4778459

16641605000000

28631472000000

17213790

31324354

1361334000000

7. LONG-TERM PREPAID EXPENSES In November 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with a third party. The agreement conveys the Company the right to use a piece of designated land (“Land Use Rights”) and the right to use certain public infrastructures within the industrial zones, for a period of 45 years maturing in October 2067. Pursuant to the agreement, the third party charged a total fee of $1.4 million for the Land Use Rights, which was accounted for as an operating lease right-of-use asset (Note 10), and a total fee of $8.2 million for the public infrastructures, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company fully paid the service fees. Because these public infrastructures were shared among all lessees in the industrial zone, the Company has no rights to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from this public infrastructure. The Company recorded the total public infrastructure service fee as long-term prepaid expenses, and amortized the long-term prepaid expenses over 45 years in straight-line method. Long-term prepaid expenses were comprised of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Prepaid expenses for public infrastructure</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">7,341,157</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">7,351,489</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: accumulated amortization</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(557,384</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(517,327</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">6,783,773</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">6,834,162</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the amortization expenses for long-term prepaid expenses are $41,032 and $42,251, respectively.

1400000

8200000

P45Y

Long-term prepaid expenses were comprised of the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Prepaid expenses for public infrastructure</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">7,341,157</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">7,351,489</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: accumulated amortization</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(557,384</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(517,327</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">6,783,773</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">6,834,162</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

7341157 7351489 557384 517327

6783773

6834162

41032

42251

8. OPERATING LEASE As of March 31, 2026, the Company leased its land use rights, office spaces and staff dormitory with third party lessors in Vietnam, Ethiopia and the USA. The lease term ranged between 24 months and 540 months. The table below presents the operating lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Right of use assets</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">33,548,825</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">34,354,338</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Operating lease liabilities, current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">3,271,804</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,867,727</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">33,758,680</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">34,474,040</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total operating lease liabilities</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">37,030,484</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">37,341,767</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Other information about the Company’s leases is as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Operating cash flows used in operating leases</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,098,165</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,098,165</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Weighted average remaining lease term (years)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">9.3</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">10.3</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Weighted average discount rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">7.5</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.8</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> </table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026, operating lease expenses were $273,498, among which $46,303 was incurred for short-term lease. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, operating lease expenses were $265,075, among which $37,811 was incurred for short-term lease. The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2026: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 88%">For the nine months ending December 31, 2026</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">3,507,226</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2027</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">4,772,957</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2028</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">4,927,343</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2029</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">5,111,358</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2030</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">5,263,011</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Thereafter</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">21,356,333</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Total lease payments</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">44,938,228</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: Imputed interest</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">7,907,744</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Present value of operating lease liabilities</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">37,030,484</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

P24M

P540M

The table below presents the operating lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Right of use assets</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">33,548,825</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">34,354,338</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Operating lease liabilities, current</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">3,271,804</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,867,727</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">33,758,680</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">34,474,040</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total operating lease liabilities</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">37,030,484</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">37,341,767</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Other information about the Company’s leases is as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Operating cash flows used in operating leases</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,098,165</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,098,165</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Weighted average remaining lease term (years)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">9.3</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">10.3</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>Weighted average discount rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">7.5</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">6.8</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> </table>

33548825

34354338

3271804

2867727

33758680

34474040

37030484

37341767

1098165

P9Y3M18D

P10Y3M18D

0.075

0.068

273498

46303

265075

37811

The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2026:<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 88%">For the nine months ending December 31, 2026</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">3,507,226</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2027</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">4,772,957</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2028</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">4,927,343</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2029</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">5,111,358</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td>For the year ending December 31, 2030</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">5,263,011</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Thereafter</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">21,356,333</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Total lease payments</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">44,938,228</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: Imputed interest</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">7,907,744</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Present value of operating lease liabilities</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">37,030,484</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

3507226

4772957

4927343

5111358

5263011

21356333

44938228

7907744

37030484

9. LINE OF CREDIT On April 26, 2023, the Company entered into a three-year bank credit facility with BIDV, under which the Company can draw-down up to $90,000,000 by April 25, 2026. The interest rate for this credit facility was 9.5% per annum, subject to vary every six months. The interest rate was reduced to 8% since August 2023, and reduced to 6.5% since March 2024 and to 6.3% since September 2024. In September 2025, the interest rate was revised to 7.7%. As of March 31, 2026, the credit facility was collateralized by certain of the Company’s buildings and machinery (Note 6) and guaranteed by SinCo. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not draw down loans from the long-term bank credit facility from BIDV, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company repaid loans of $4,127,021 and $3,564,964 for the long-term bank credit facility from BIDV, respectively. As of March 31, 2026, the Company has drawn down loans of $1,361,334 from the long-term bank credit facility from BIDV and has unused line of credit of $88,638,666. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has drawn down loans of $5,471,119 from the long-term bank credit facility from BIDV and has unused line of credit of $84,528,881. Each loan is repayable upon maturity of the bank credit facility. As of the date of this report, the Company has fully repaid the outstanding loans payable. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized interest expenses of $78,686 and $306,815, respectively, from long-term bank borrowings, none of which was capitalized in property and equipment. Short-term bank credit facility On January 31, 2024, the Company entered into a one-year revolving bank credit facility with BIDV, under which the Company can draw-down up to $100,000,000 by January 30, 2025. Each loan is repayable in five months. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has drawn down $16,097,864 from the one-year revolving bank credit facility with BIDV. The Company has fully settled the outstanding loans payable upon maturity dates. In March 2025, The Company entered the revolving bank credit facility with BIDV, under which the Company can draw-down up to $30,000,000 by February 28, 2026. In February 2026, the Company renewed the revolving bank credit facility with BIDV, under which the Company can draw-down up to $30,000,000 by February 28, 2027. Each loan is repayable in five months. As of March 31, 2026, the Company has fully drawn down loans from the short-term bank credit facility from BIDV. Letter of credit In April 2025, the Company issued a letter of credit of $5.0 million, as security deposit for a period of three years, to landlord of a solar module plant in Texas. The letter of credit was collateralized with bank deposits of $5.0 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company issued four letters of credit aggregating $8.3 million, as security deposit to a customer for delivery of products underlying the sales agreements between the Company and the customer.

90000000

0.095

0.08

0.065

0.063

0.077

4127021

3564964

1361334

88638666

5471119

84528881

78686

306815

100000000

16097864

30000000

5000000

8.3

10. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS In connection with the revolving bank credit facility the Company entered into with BIDV in January 2024 (Note 9), the Company has drawn down loans of $9,578,453 for working capital purpose for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The borrowings bore interest rates ranging between 3.5% and 4% per annum. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company repaid loans of $9,551,661. In connection with the revolving bank credit facility the Company entered into with BIDV in March 2025 (Note 9), the Company has fully drawn down loans of $40,492,046 for working capital purpose for the three months ended March 31, 2026. The borrowings bore interest rates ranging between 3.5% and 4% per annum. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company repaid loans of $41,204,386. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized and fully paid interest expenses of $474,248 and $199,780, respectively.

9578453

0.035

0.04

9551661

40492046

0.035

0.04

41204386

474248

199780

11. INCOME TAXES Cayman Islands Under the current tax laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on its income or capital gains. Singapore SinCo and TOYO Singapore are subject to corporate income tax for its business operation in Singapore. Tax on corporate income is imposed at a flat rate of 17%. Vietnam TOYO Solar is subject to Vietnam Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) on the taxable income in accordance with the relevant Vietnam income tax laws. The Vietnam’s statutory, Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) rate is 20%. As a new enterprise, the Company received the preferential tax treatments since its inception, and is exempt from income taxes for the first two years since the year ended December 31, 2023. When Company generated taxable income through year 2024, the Company is entitled to income tax rate of 8.5%, which is half of preferential income tax rate of 17% for four years ended December 31, 2025 through 2028. China Under the Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law in the PRC, the unified EIT rate for domestic enterprises and foreign invested enterprises is 25%, except for available preferential tax treatments. USA In the United States, TOYO USA Holding, TOYO America, TOYO Solar LLC, TOYO Texas and TOYO Energy are subject to federal and state income taxes on its business operations. The Company also evaluated the impact from the recent tax reforms in the United States, including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), the One Big Beautiful Bill Act and Inflation Reduction Act. No material impact on the Company is expected based on our analysis. We will continue to monitor the potential impact going forward.Ethiopia TOYO Ethiopia is subject to corporate income tax at a standard rate of 30% on its business operations in Ethiopia. In accordance with the investment incentive framework of Ethiopia, eligible manufacturing entities may be granted corporate income tax exemptions upon approval by the Ethiopian Investment Commission. TOYO Ethiopia is entitled to a four-year exemption from corporate income tax commencing from the date of establishment. The Company obtained its Ethiopian business license on February 21, 2025. The tax exemption period covers the fiscal years from 2025 to 2028. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company incurred current income tax expenses of $5,774,340 and $1,104,459, respectively, and deferred income tax benefits of $240,010 and $nil, respectively. Uncertain tax positions The Company evaluates each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measure the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any unrecognized uncertain tax positions. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses. The Company and its subsidiaries’ major tax jurisdictions are Vietnam, Singapore, Ethiopia, PRC and the United States. Income tax returns of the Company and its subsidiaries remain open and subject to examination by the local tax authorities of Vietnam, Singapore, Ethiopia, PRC and the United States until the statute of limitations expire in each corresponding jurisdiction. The statute of limitations in Vietnam, Singapore, Ethiopia, PRC and the United States are between 3 and 5 years.

0.17

0.20

0.085

0.17

0.25

0.30

5774340

1104459

240010

P3Y P5Y

12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES 1) Nature of relationships with related parties The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company, with which the Company entered into transactions for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, or recorded balances as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 61%">Name</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; width: 1%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 38%; text-align: center">Relationship with the Company</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Fuji Solar Co., Ltd. (“Fuji Solar”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Controlled by the controlling shareholder of the Company</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; "> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Controlled by Fuji Solar</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Vietnam Sunergy (Bac Ninh) Company Limited (“VSun Bac Ninh”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSun Solar USA Inc. (“VSun USA”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSun China Co., Ltd. (“VSun China”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; "> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Vietnam Sunergy Europe GmbH (“VSun GmbH”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> </table>2) Transactions with related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold">Sales and service revenue from related parties</td><td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">17,428,858</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">5,709,522</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">14,267,834</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,847,442</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">VSun Bac Ninh</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">4,261,022</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,065,046</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-51">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">899,140</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">35,957,714</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">10,521,150</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Purchase of machinery from related parties</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">2,638,953</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-52">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,638,953</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-53">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-style: normal; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">Prepayments of raw materials to related parties (a)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in">VSUN</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-54">—</div></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">6,290,050</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-55">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">107,720</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-56">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">6,397,770</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Borrowings from related parties</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-57">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">12,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-58">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">12,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Repayment of borrowings to a related party</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">11,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-59">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">11,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-60">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Accrual of interest expenses on borrowings from related parties</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">VSUN (b)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">240,444</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">247,587</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">275,322</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">125,146</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">515,766</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">372,733</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Repayment of interest expenses on borrowings from a related party</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">672,100</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-61">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">672,100</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-62">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="text-align: left; width: 0.25in">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company made prepayments of $6,290,050 to VSUN and $107,720 to VSun China, respectively, for raw materials. All of the prepayments were delivered to the Company in the year of 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company did not make prepayments to VSun China for raw materials.</td> </tr> </table><table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not borrow loans from or repaid loans to VSUN.</td> </tr></table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company accrued interest expenses of $240,444 and $247,587 on the borrowings brought forward from the year 2024, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not make payments of interest expenses to VSUN. <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(c)</td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company borrowed a loan of $12.0 million from VSun USA as payment for property and equipment in TOYO Texas. The loan was matured through March 2026. The interest rate of borrowings were 4.2% and is payable on maturity of the borrowing. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company repaid borrowings of $11,000,000 to VSUN USA.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"></td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company accrued interest expenses of $275,322 and $125,146, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company paid interest expenses of $672,100 and $nil, respectively.</td> </tr></table> 3) Balances with related parties Accounts receivable – related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left">Sales to the related party</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">2,678,368</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">486,378</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Sales to the related party</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-63">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">8,317</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,678,368</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">494,695</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Prepayments — a related party <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Prepayments for raw materials</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>Accounts payable – related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%; text-align: left">VSun China</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left">Purchase of raw materials</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-64">—</div></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">3,269,212</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun Bac Ninh</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; vertical-align: top">Purchase of equipment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">2,640,420</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-65">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,640,420</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">3,269,212</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Contract liabilities — related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left">Advance for solar cells</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">69,521,039</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">78,856,795</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Advance for solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">15,153,340</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,491,508</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun Bac Ninh</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Advance for solar cells</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">30,241</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-66">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">84,704,620</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">80,348,303</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Due to related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; width: 50%; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="text-align: left; width: 25%; vertical-align: top">Borrowings</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">48,462,185</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">48,530,388</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Interest payable</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,625,567</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,390,023</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Payment of other operating expenses on behalf of the Company</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">10,084</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">10,098</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Borrowings</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-67">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">11,000,000</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Interest payable</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-68">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">396,778</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; vertical-align: top">Others</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Payment of other operating expenses on behalf of the Company</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">1,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">1,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,098,926</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">62,328,287</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company, with which the Company entered into transactions for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, or recorded balances as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 61%">Name</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; width: 1%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 38%; text-align: center">Relationship with the Company</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Fuji Solar Co., Ltd. (“Fuji Solar”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Controlled by the controlling shareholder of the Company</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; "> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Controlled by Fuji Solar</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Vietnam Sunergy (Bac Ninh) Company Limited (“VSun Bac Ninh”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSun Solar USA Inc. (“VSun USA”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSun China Co., Ltd. (“VSun China”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; "> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Vietnam Sunergy Europe GmbH (“VSun GmbH”)</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Wholly owned by VSUN</td></tr> </table>

Controlled by the controlling shareholder of the Company

Controlled by Fuji Solar

Wholly owned by VSUN

Transactions with related parties<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: center"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold">Sales and service revenue from related parties</td><td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td><td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 76%">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">17,428,858</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">5,709,522</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">14,267,834</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,847,442</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">VSun Bac Ninh</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">4,261,022</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,065,046</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-51">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">899,140</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">35,957,714</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">10,521,150</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Purchase of machinery from related parties</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">2,638,953</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-52">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,638,953</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-53">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-style: normal; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">Prepayments of raw materials to related parties (a)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in">VSUN</td><td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-54">—</div></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">6,290,050</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-55">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">107,720</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-56">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">6,397,770</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Borrowings from related parties</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-57">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">12,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-58">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">12,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Repayment of borrowings to a related party</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">11,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-59">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">11,000,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-60">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Accrual of interest expenses on borrowings from related parties</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">VSUN (b)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">240,444</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">247,587</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">275,322</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">125,146</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">515,766</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">372,733</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Repayment of interest expenses on borrowings from a related party</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun USA (c)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">672,100</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-61">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">672,100</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-62">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="text-align: left; width: 0.25in">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company made prepayments of $6,290,050 to VSUN and $107,720 to VSun China, respectively, for raw materials. All of the prepayments were delivered to the Company in the year of 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company did not make prepayments to VSun China for raw materials.</td> </tr> </table><table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not borrow loans from or repaid loans to VSUN.</td> </tr></table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company accrued interest expenses of $240,444 and $247,587 on the borrowings brought forward from the year 2024, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not make payments of interest expenses to VSUN. <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(c)</td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company borrowed a loan of $12.0 million from VSun USA as payment for property and equipment in TOYO Texas. The loan was matured through March 2026. The interest rate of borrowings were 4.2% and is payable on maturity of the borrowing. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company repaid borrowings of $11,000,000 to VSUN USA.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"></td><td style="text-align: justify">For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company accrued interest expenses of $275,322 and $125,146, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company paid interest expenses of $672,100 and $nil, respectively.</td> </tr></table>

17428858

5709522

14267834

1847442

4261022

2065046

899140

35957714

10521150

2638953

6290050 107720 6397770

12000000

11000000

240444

247587

275322

125146

515766

372733

672100 672100 6290050 107720

240444

247587

12000000

0.042

11000000

275322

125146

672100

Accounts receivable – related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left">Sales to the related party</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">2,678,368</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">486,378</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun China</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Sales to the related party</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-63">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">8,317</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,678,368</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">494,695</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Prepayments — a related party <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Prepayments for raw materials</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">72,264</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>Accounts payable – related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%; text-align: left">VSun China</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left">Purchase of raw materials</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-64">—</div></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">3,269,212</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun Bac Ninh</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; vertical-align: top">Purchase of equipment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">2,640,420</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-65">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,640,420</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">3,269,212</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Contract liabilities — related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 50%">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 25%; text-align: left">Advance for solar cells</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">69,521,039</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">78,856,795</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Advance for solar modules</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">15,153,340</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">1,491,508</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">VSun Bac Ninh</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Advance for solar cells</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">30,241</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-66">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">84,704,620</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">80,348,303</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> Due to related parties <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Related party</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Nature of balance</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; width: 50%; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="text-align: left; width: 25%; vertical-align: top">Borrowings</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">48,462,185</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">48,530,388</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Interest payable</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,625,567</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">2,390,023</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">VSUN</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Payment of other operating expenses on behalf of the Company</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">10,084</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">10,098</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Borrowings</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-67">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">11,000,000</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">VSun USA</td><td> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Interest payable</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-68">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">396,778</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; vertical-align: top">Others</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Payment of other operating expenses on behalf of the Company</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">1,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">1,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">51,098,926</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">62,328,287</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

2678368

486378

8317

2678368

494695

72264

3269212

2640420

3269212

69521039 78856795 15153340 1491508 30241 84704620 80348303

48462185

48530388

2625567

2390023

10084

10098

11000000

396778

1000

51098926

62328287

13. EQUITY Ordinary shares <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">Reorganization of TOYO</td> </tr></table> TOYO’s authorized share capital is 500,000,000 ordinary shares of par value of US$0.0001 per share. On February 23, 2024, the Company issued 41,000,000 ordinary shares, at par value of $0.0001 per share, to all existing shareholders on a pro rata basis. The issuance of 41,000,000 shares was considered as being part of the reorganization of the Company and was retroactively applied as if the transaction occurred at the beginning of the period presented. No cash or other consideration was paid for the issuance of 41,000,000 ordinary shares. All the existing shareholders and directors of the Company consider this share issuance was part of the Company’s reorganization to result in 41,000,000 ordinary shares issued and outstanding prior to completion of the Business Combination. <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">Earnout shares</td> </tr></table> Among the 41,000,000 ordinary shares, an aggregate of 13,000,000 ordinary shares were deposited with an escrow agent in a segregated escrow account pursuant to an escrow agreement effective upon the closing of Business Combination and will be released from the escrow account and delivered to the existing shareholders as following: <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">Following the closing of Business Combination, if the net profit, excluding changes in fair value of Earnout Shares, of PubCo for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 as shown on the audited financial statements of PubCo for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 (such net profit, the “2024 Audited Net Profit”) is no less than $41,000,000, the 13,000,000 ordinary shares shall immediately become vested in full and be released from the escrow account to the existing shareholders, pro rata; and</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">If the 2024 Audited Net Profit is less than $41,000,000, then (X) the portion of the ordinary shares in number equal to (i) the quotient of (a) the 2024 Audited Net Profit divided by (b) $41,000,000, multiplied by (ii) 13,000,000 ordinary shares, rounded up to the nearest whole number, shall become immediately vested and be released from the escrow account to the existing shareholders, pro rata, and (Y) the remaining portion of the 13,000,000 ordinary shares shall be surrendered or otherwise delivered by the existing shareholders to PubCo, pro rata, for no consideration or nominal consideration and cancelled by PubCo.</td> </tr></table> Upon the closing of the Business Combination, the 13,000,000 ordinary shares were held in escrow account, accordingly, the 13,000,000 shares were deemed as issued but not outstanding shares as of December 31, 2024 for accounting purposes and for earnings per share computations. On May 14, 2025, based on the 2024 Audited Net Profit which was reported in the Form 20-F, which excludes changes in the fair value of Earnout Shares, the Company released an aggregate of 1,712,297 Earnout Shares, which were fully vested, from the Earnout Escrow Account, and cancelled the remaining 11,287,703 Earnout Shares.<table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">c)</td><td style="text-align: justify">Business Combination with BWAQ</td> </tr></table> On July 1, 2024, as part of the Business Combination between the Company and BWAQ, the Company issued 4,425,743 ordinary shares to the shareholders of BWAQ, among which 1,796,328 ordinary shares were issued to the sponsor of BWAQ, 530,066 ordinary shares were issued to Fuji Solar, 717,035 ordinary shares were issued to private shareholders, 949,714 shares of ordinary shares were issued to public shareholders of BWAQ, 412,600 ordinary shares were issued to the underwriter, 20,000 ordinary shares were issued to two independent directors of BWAQ. <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">d)</td><td style="text-align: justify">Share-based compensation</td> </tr></table> On August 29, 2025, the Company granted an aggregated 2,450,957 restricted shares to management, consultants, and certain employees of the Company’s ultimate shareholder under a share incentive plan (the “TOYO ESOP”). As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, 2,450,957 restricted shares and 1,404,000 restricted shares were issued and outstanding (Note 15), respectively. <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">e)</td><td style="text-align: justify">PIPE purchase agreement</td> </tr></table> On March 6, 2024, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement (as amended on June 26, 2024, the “PIPE Purchase Agreement”) with BWAQ and a certain investor, NOTAM Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (the “PIPE Investor” or “NOTAM”), in connection with the Business Combination. Pursuant to the PIPE Purchase Agreement, NOTAM agrees to purchase a total of 600,000 ordinary shares (the “NOTAM PIPE Shares”), at a purchase price of $10.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $6,000,000. The PIPE Amendment provides that the Company agrees to, conditioned on the PIPE Closing (as defined in the PIPE Purchase Agreement) and the Merger Closing, issue additional Ordinary Shares to NOTAM, issued up to 500,000 ordinary shares to NOTAM at purchase price of $100 if the average closing price of ordinary shares did not meet agreed prices. On July 1, 2024, the Company closed the PIPE Purchase Agreement, issued 600,000 ordinary shares in exchange of $6,000,000 from NOTAM. The NOTAM PIPE Shares were embedded features which are clearly and closely related to ordinary shares issued to the shareholders of the Company upon closing of the Business Combination. On August 9, 2024, the Company issued additionally 500,000 ordinary shares to NOTAM pursuant to the PIPE Purchase Agreement at a total purchase price of $100. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 37,758,997 and 37,758,997 ordinary shares issued, respectively. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 37,758,997 and 36,712,040 ordinary shares outstanding, respectively.Public Warrants Pursuant to BWAQ’s initial public offering on February 2, 2022, BWAQ sold 9,200,000 units (the “Public Units”). Each Public Unit consists of one ordinary share (“Public Share”), one half of one redeemable warrant (“Public Warrant”) and one right (“Public Right”). Each whole Public Warrant entitled the holder to purchase one ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. Each Public Right entitles the holder to receive one-tenth (1/10) of one ordinary share upon consummation of the business combination. Public Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Public Warrants. The Public Warrants will expire five years from the consummation of a business combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Public Warrants became exercisable after the consummation of the Business Combination between the Company and BWAQ on July 1, 2024. No Public Warrants will be exercisable for cash unless the Company has an effective and current registration statement covering the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and a current prospectus relating to such ordinary shares. The Company may call the warrants for redemption, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant: <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">●</td><td style="text-align: justify">at any time while the warrants are exercisable,</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">●</td><td style="text-align: justify">upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder,</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">●</td><td style="text-align: justify">if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $16.50 per share (as adjusted for share dividends, share splits, share aggregation, extraordinary dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like), for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing after the warrant become exercisable and ending one the third trading day prior to the date on which notice of redemption is given to warrant holders (the “Force-Call Provision”), and</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">●</td><td style="text-align: justify">if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the ordinary shares underlying such warrants at the time of redemption and for the entire 30-days trading period referred to above and continuing each day thereafter until the date of redemption.</td> </tr></table> If the Company call the warrants for redemption as described above, its management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the whole warrants for that number of ordinary shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of ordinary shares underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” shall mean the average reported last sale price of the ordinary shares for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants. As the Public Warrants meet the criteria for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815, therefore, the warrants are classified as equity. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 4,600,000 Public Warrants outstanding.Private Warrants Simultaneously with the closing of the initial public offering of BWAQ, BWAQ also sold 424,480 Private Placement Units in a private placement. Each Private Placement Unit consists of one ordinary share (“private placement share”), one half of one redeemable warrant (“Private Warrant”) and one right (“Private Right”). Each whole Private Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 per whole share. Each Private Right entitles the holder to receive one-tenth (1/10) of one ordinary share upon consummation of the business combination. The Private Placement Units are identical to the Public Units being sold in the initial public offering of BWAQ except that Private Placement Units will not be transferable, assignable or saleable until 30 days after the completion of the business combination and will be entitled to registration rights. As the Private Warrants meet the criteria for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815, therefore, the warrants are classified as equity. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 212,240 Private Warrants outstanding. Other Warrants On July 1, 2024, the Company issued 315,543 units (the “Other Units”) to BWAQ former shareholders and other affiliates to settle promissory notes payable. Each Other Unit consists of one ordinary share, one half of one redeemable warrant (“Other Warrant”) and one right (“Other Right”). Each whole Public Warrant entitled the holder to purchase one ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. Each Other Right entitles the holder to receive one-tenth (1/10) of one ordinary share immediately upon consummation of the business combination. The Other Units are identical to the Private Units. As the Other Warrants meet the criteria for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815, therefore, the warrants are classified as equity. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 157,767 Other Warrants outstanding. Public Rights, Private Rights and Other Rights Each holder of a Public Right and Private Right will automatically receive one-tenth (1/10) of an ordinary share upon consummation of a business combination, even if the holder of a Public Right converted all ordinary shares held by him, her or it in connection with a business combination or an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association with respect to its pre-business combination activities. Upon the closing of the Business Combination of the Company and BWAQ, the Company issued 920,000 ordinary shares, 42,448 ordinary shares and 33,919 ordinary shares in connection with an exchange of Public Rights, Private Rights and Other Rights, respectively. The Company recorded the issuance of ordinary shares at par value with corresponding account charged to additional paid-in capital. AMI Warrants On February 26, 2025, the Company also issued certain warrants to AUM Media Inc. exercisable for 50,000 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of $5.50 per share for a period of three years till February 26, 2028 (the “AMI Warrants”). The AMI Warrants meet the criteria for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815, therefore, the warrants are classified as equity. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 50,000 AMI Warrants outstanding.

500000000

0.0001

41000000

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13000000 13000000 1712297 11287703

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100

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11.5

0.01

P30D

16.5

P20D P30D P30D P10D

4600000

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14. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION Warrants issued to AUM Media Inc. (“AMI”) On February 26, 2025, the Company issued warrants to AMI to purchase up to 50,000 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $5.50 per share for a period of three years till February 26, 2028 (the “AMI Warrants”). The issuance of warrants was to compensate portion of the consulting services provided by AMI for the year ended December 31, 2025. AMI Warrants was classified as equity (Note 13). The fair value of AMI Warrants was determined using a binomial model. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of AMI Warrants on February 26, 2025. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">February 26, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 88%">Stock price</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">3.70</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">46.25</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Risk-free interest rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">3.69</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Expected terms (in years)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Expected dividends (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> </table> On February 26, 2025, the fair value of AMI Warrants was $36,000. The Company recognized the expenses using the straight-line method. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized expenses of $nil and $9,000 as “general and administrative expenses”, with a corresponding account charged to additional paid-in capital. Restricted shares under TOYO ESOP The Company has TOYO ESOP, under which the Company may grant share incentive awards, including options, restricted shares and restricted share units, to eligible service providers in order to attract, retain and motivate the talent for which the Company competes. The number of ordinary shares initially be approved for issuance under the TOYO ESOP (the “Share Limit”) is 4,440,500 shares. Subject to the authorized share capital as provided in the memorandum of association and articles of association of TOYO then in effect, the Share Limit will be increased automatically on January 1st of each calendar year during the term of the TOYO ESOP commencing on January 1st 2025 (each, an “Evergreen Date”), by an amount equal to one percent (1%) of the total number of outstanding shares of TOYO on the end of the calendar year immediately preceding the applicable Evergreen Date. The shares that TOYO issues under the TOYO ESOP may be newly issued shares, treasury shares or shares purchased on the open market. If an award is terminated, forfeited, expires or lapses for any reason, any shares subject to such award may be used again for new grants under the TOYO ESOP. Unless otherwise expressly provided in the TOYO ESOP, by applicable laws and by the notice of grant, an award is non-transferable and will not be subject in any manner to sale, transfer, anticipation, alienation, assignment, pledge, encumbrance, or charge. On August 29, 2025, the Company granted an aggregated 2,450,957 restricted shares, under TOYO ESOP, to management, consultants and certain employees of Abalance Corporation, the Company’s ultimate shareholder. The grant-date fair value of these restricted shares were $5.64 by reference to closing market price prevailing on the grant date. In September 2025, the Company issued the shares in an escrow account, which released the restricted shares to recipients upon vesting schedule. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 2,450,957 and 1,404,000 restricted shares outstanding. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses of $154,900 and $nil in the account of “general and administrative expenses” in unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.The details were as the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Recipients</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Granted and issued shares</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Outstanding shares as of March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Outstanding shares as of December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Share compensation expenses recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td colspan="5" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify">Restricted shares issued to management:</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 52%; text-align: left">Management (a)</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">810,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">810,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-70">-</div></td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-71">-</div></td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Independent directors (b)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-72">-</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">834,000</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">834,000</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td> <td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-73">-</div></td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Restricted shares issued to non-employees:</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in">Three consultants (c)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td> <td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-74">-</div></td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">One consultant (d)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">110,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">110,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-75">-</div></td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">154,900</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Employees of Abalance Corporation (e)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">126,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">126,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-76">-</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-77">-</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,616,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,616,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">154,900</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,450,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,450,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,404,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">154,900</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted 810,000 restricted shares to management, which were vested on January 1, 2026 subject to service conditions. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses in straight-line method over the service period from August 29, 2025 through December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, there were no unrecognized share-based compensation expenses. Since the restricted shares were not vested until January 1, 2026, the Company had 810,000 and nil restricted shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted 24,000 restricted shares to three independent directors as award for past services. The restricted shares were immediately vested and the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses on grant date.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(c)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted an aggregated 1,380,000 restricted shares to three consultants as awards for full operation of the Company’s manufacturing facilities in Texas and Ethiopia. The performance conditions were met in the year ended December 31, 2025 and the Company fully recognized share-based compensation expenses in the year ended December 31, 2025.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(d)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company also granted and issued 110,000 restricted shares to another consultant which was subject to a six-month service condition. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses in straight-line method over the service period from August 29, 2025 through February 28, 2026. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 110,000 and nil restricted shares outstanding, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses of $154,900.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(e)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted an aggregated 126,957 restricted shares to certain employees of the Company’s ultimate shareholders, which provided service in the Company’s Business Combination with BWAQ. These shares were awarded for their past services and were not released until January 1, 2026. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses on grant date. As of December 31, 2025, there were no unrecognized share-based compensation expenses. Since the restricted shares were not released until January 1, 2026, the Company had 126,957 and nil restricted shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.</td> </tr></table> For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the transaction activities of restricted shares were as below: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Number of Restricted Shares</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Weighted Average Grant-date Fair Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">Unvested restricted shares as of December 31, 2025</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,046,957</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">5.64</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>Granted</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-78">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-79">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Vested</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(1,046,957</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right">5.64</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Unvested restricted shares as of March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-80">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-81">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> As of March 31, 2026, the Company had no unrecognized share-based compensation expenses.

50000

5.5

The following table summarizes the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of AMI Warrants on February 26, 2025.<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">February 26, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 88%">Stock price</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">3.70</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">46.25</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Risk-free interest rate</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">3.69</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Expected terms (in years)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Expected dividends (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> </table>

3.7

0.4625

0.0369

P3Y

36000

9000

4440500

0.01

2450957

5.64

2450957

1404000

154900

The details were as the following: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Recipients</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Granted and issued shares</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Outstanding shares as of March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Outstanding shares as of December 31, 2025</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Share compensation expenses recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2026</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td colspan="5" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify">Restricted shares issued to management:</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 52%; text-align: left">Management (a)</td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">810,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">810,000</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-70">-</div></td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-71">-</div></td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Independent directors (b)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-72">-</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">834,000</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">834,000</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: right">24,000</td> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td> <td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-73">-</div></td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Restricted shares issued to non-employees:</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in">Three consultants (c)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td> <td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-74">-</div></td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">One consultant (d)</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">110,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">110,000</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-75">-</div></td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td> <td style="text-align: right">154,900</td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Employees of Abalance Corporation (e)</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">126,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">126,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-76">-</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-77">-</div></td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,616,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,616,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,380,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">154,900</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,450,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">2,450,957</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">1,404,000</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">154,900</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted 810,000 restricted shares to management, which were vested on January 1, 2026 subject to service conditions. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses in straight-line method over the service period from August 29, 2025 through December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, there were no unrecognized share-based compensation expenses. Since the restricted shares were not vested until January 1, 2026, the Company had 810,000 and nil restricted shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted 24,000 restricted shares to three independent directors as award for past services. The restricted shares were immediately vested and the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses on grant date.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(c)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted an aggregated 1,380,000 restricted shares to three consultants as awards for full operation of the Company’s manufacturing facilities in Texas and Ethiopia. The performance conditions were met in the year ended December 31, 2025 and the Company fully recognized share-based compensation expenses in the year ended December 31, 2025.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(d)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company also granted and issued 110,000 restricted shares to another consultant which was subject to a six-month service condition. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses in straight-line method over the service period from August 29, 2025 through February 28, 2026. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 110,000 and nil restricted shares outstanding, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses of $154,900.</td> </tr></table> <table cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"> <td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(e)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The Company granted an aggregated 126,957 restricted shares to certain employees of the Company’s ultimate shareholders, which provided service in the Company’s Business Combination with BWAQ. These shares were awarded for their past services and were not released until January 1, 2026. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses on grant date. As of December 31, 2025, there were no unrecognized share-based compensation expenses. Since the restricted shares were not released until January 1, 2026, the Company had 126,957 and nil restricted shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.</td> </tr></table> 810000 810000 24000 24000 24000 834000 834000 24000 1380000 1380000 1380000 110000 110000 154900000000 126957 126957 1616957 1616957 1380000 154900000000

2450957

1404000

154900000000

810000

24000

1380000

110000

154900

126957

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the transaction activities of restricted shares were as below: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Number of Restricted Shares</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Weighted Average Grant-date Fair Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%">Unvested restricted shares as of December 31, 2025</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,046,957</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">5.64</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td>Granted</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-78">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-79">—</div></td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Vested</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(1,046,957</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right">5.64</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Unvested restricted shares as of March 31, 2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-80">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">$</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-81">—</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

1046957

5.64

1046957

5.64

15. EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE The Company had 13,000,000 unvested Earnout Shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The Earnout Shares contain a non-forfeitable right to dividends and hence are considered as participating securities. The two-class method was applied to compute basic earnings per share attributable to ordinary shareholders. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Net income (loss) attributable to TOYO Co., Ltd.’s shareholders</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">28,411,204</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">(3,253,222</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: Net loss attributable to holders of earnout shares</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(907,634</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Net income (loss) attributable to TOYO Co., Ltd’s ordinary shareholders</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">28,411,204</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">(2,345,688</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Weighted average number of ordinary share outstanding– basic</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">37,678,920</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">33,595,743</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Earnings (loss) per share – basic</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">0.75</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">(0.07</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Weighted average number of ordinary share outstanding– diluted</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">37,693,224</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">33,595,743</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Earnings (loss) per share – diluted</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">0.75</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">(0.07</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table> Pursuant to ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, the Company has retroactively restated all shares and per share data for all periods presented. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the AMI Warrants were included in the calculation of diluted net earnings per ordinary shared. The other outstanding warrants, including Public Warrants, Private Warrants and Other Warrants, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net earnings per ordinary share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the outstanding warrants, including Public Warrants, Private Warrants, Other Warrants and AMI Warrants, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per ordinary share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. The weighted-average number of potentially anti-dilutive shares excluded from calculation of dilutive earnings (loss) per share are as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Public Warrants</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">4,600,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">4,600,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Private Warrants</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">212,240</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">212,240</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Other Warrants</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">157,767</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">157,767</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">AMI Warrants</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-87">-</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">4,521</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">4,970,007</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">4,974,528</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

13000000

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Net income (loss) attributable to TOYO Co., Ltd.’s shareholders</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">28,411,204</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">(3,253,222</td><td style="width: 1%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: Net loss attributable to holders of earnout shares</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(907,634</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 4pt">Net income (loss) attributable to TOYO Co., Ltd’s ordinary shareholders</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">28,411,204</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">(2,345,688</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td> <td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: right"> </td><td style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Weighted average number of ordinary share outstanding– basic</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">37,678,920</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">33,595,743</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Earnings (loss) per share – basic</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">0.75</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">(0.07</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Weighted average number of ordinary share outstanding– diluted</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">37,693,224</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">33,595,743</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">Earnings (loss) per share – diluted</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">0.75</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">(0.07</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr> </table>The weighted-average number of potentially anti-dilutive shares excluded from calculation of dilutive earnings (loss) per share are as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Three Months Ended March 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="font-size: 11pt"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2026</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 76%; text-align: left">Public Warrants</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">4,600,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">4,600,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left">Private Warrants</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">212,240</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">212,240</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left">Other Warrants</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">157,767</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">157,767</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">AMI Warrants</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-87">-</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">4,521</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">4,970,007</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 4pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">4,974,528</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

28411204

-3253222

-907634

28411204

-2345688

37678920

33595743

0.75

-0.07

37693224

33595743

0.75

-0.07

4600000

212240

157767

4521

4970007

4974528

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Legal proceeding On December 6, 2024, Shanghai Jinko Green Energy Enterprise Management Co, Ltd and Zhejiang Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. (collectively “JINKO”) filed a patent infringement lawsuit with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (“CA Case”), against Abalance Corporation, the Company’s ultimate shareholder, and its seven subsidiaries, including the Company. JINKO alleged that VSUN’s solar panel products (including TOPCON N-type solar panels) allegedly utilize JINKO’s patented technologies without authorization. JINKO asserts that the lawsuit was filed to recover damages for both past and future losses resulting from VSUN’s alleged patent infringement. Defendants Abalance Corporation, WWB Corporation, and Fuji Solar filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction and failure to state a claim on April 16, 2025. On July 24, 2025, the Court held a hearing on WWB Corporation’s motion to dismiss. The Court granted WWB Corporation’s motion to dismiss on July 28, 2025. Defendants Abalance Corporation and Fuji Solar were dismissed on August 8, 2025. The Court has set a Markman hearing for February 3, 2026. No trial date has been set. On February 7, 2025, Shanghai Jinko Green Energy Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. et. al. brought a patent infringement claim against Waaree Solar Americas Inc. et. al. in the Southern District of Texas (“TX Case”). On July 11, 2025, TOYO Solar, Toyo America, and SinCo, filed a motion to intervene in the lawsuit as intervenors-defendants because a portion of the products subject to the litigation were produced by the Company. The Court granted the motion on July 16, 2025. The Court set a Markman hearing for February 2, 2026, and a trial in February or March 2027. Abalance Corporation and its subsidiaries remain committed to respecting intellectual property rights and has engaged with a specialized U.S. patent law firm to provide counsel on this matter. Abalance Corporation and its subsidiaries are thoroughly examining the plaintiff’s claims and demands while vigorously defending and asserting the legitimacy of the Company’s position in this litigation. Both cases are on a similar schedule, and the asserted patent in the TX Case is the same as the CA Case. No damages positions have been taken by any party in either case. It is difficult to anticipate the potential impact of the lawsuits on the Company’s consolidated financial results. Pursuant to a certain settlement and release agreement between JINKO and TOYO dated December 30, 2025, on January 30, 2026, the CA Case was dismissed pursuant to a joint stipulation of dismissal of JINKO and VSUN, VSun Bac Ninh, VSun USA, TOYO, TOYO Solar, TOYO Texas, and TOYO Ethiopia. In addition, on February 20, 2026, the TX Case was dismissed with respect to TOYO Solar, TOYO America, SinCo pursuant to the parties’ joint stipulation. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. On March 26, 2026, the U.S. International Trade Commission (the “USITC”) instituted an investigation pursuant to Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930. The investigation is based on a complaint filed by First Solar, Inc. (“First Solar”) on February 24, 2026, as supplemented on March 10, 2026, alleging that certain respondents, including TOYO, TOYO Texas and VSun USA of Fremont, violated Section 337 by importing into the United States certain TOPCon solar cells, modules, panels, components thereof, and products containing the same (the “TOPCon products”), that allegedly infringe one or more U.S. patents asserted by First Solar. First Solar has requested that the USITC issue a general exclusion order that would bar the TopCon products from entry into the United States, or in the alternative a limited exclusion order, as well as cease and desist orders against the respondents. As of the date of issuance of the report, USITC has not made any determination on the merits of the allegations, and the Company’s products continue to be imported and sold in the United States in the ordinary course. As of the date of issuance of the report, the Company are unable to predict the outcome of the investigation or whether any remedial orders will be issued and will evaluate the potential impact of this matter as the investigation progresses. On May 12, 2026, First Solar, Hanwha Q CELLS and certain other U.S. solar manufacturers filed a request with the U.S. Department of Commerce seeking the initiation of a country-wide anti-circumvention inquiry under Section 781(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930 concerning certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products completed in Ethiopia using inputs from China. The request alleges that certain solar products produced in Ethiopia and/or assembled into modules in third countries using Ethiopian-produced cells are circumventing existing U.S. antidumping and countervailing duty orders applicable to solar products from China. TOYO believes the allegations are without merit and intends to defend its position in any proceeding that may be initiated. At this stage, the U.S. Department of Commerce has not determined whether to initiate a formal inquiry and has not made any determination regarding the merits of the allegations. TOYO cannot predict the outcome, timing, or potential impact of this matter, including whether the proceeding, if initiated, could affect the Company’s operations, financial condition, or results of operations. Capital commitments As of March 31, 2026, the Company entered into certain construction agreements with vendors to build its plant in Vietnam, Texas, and Ethiopia. Future minimum capital payment under non-cancellable agreements are as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Minimum capital payments</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 88%">For the nine months ending December 31, 2026</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">65,190,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">For the twelve months ending December 31, 2027 and thereafter</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">7,822,800</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">73,012,800</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>Contingent consideration On February 23, 2024, the Company issued 41,000,000 shares of ordinary shares, at par value of $0.0001 per share, to all existing shareholders on a pro rata basis. Among the 41,000,000 shares of ordinary shares, an aggregate of 13,000,000 shares of ordinary shares were deposited with an escrow agent in a segregated escrow account pursuant to an escrow agreement effective upon the closing of Business Combination (Note 1). The 13,000,000 ordinary shares are determined as contingent consideration in connection with the reverse recapitalization. The number of ordinary shares released from the 13,000,000 ordinary shares depends on the ratio of actual 2024 Audited Net Profit, excluding changes in fair value of Earnout Shares, of PubCo for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 as shown on the audited financial statements of PubCo for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, to the benchmark amount of $41 million, which precluded from the equity classification under ASC 815. The contingent consideration is classified as a liability, with subsequent changes in fair value charged to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The fair value of Earnout Shares was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. This approach considered (i) the share price on July 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024, (ii) the discount for lack of marketability (“DLOM”). According to the agreement, the share consideration to be issued to the existing equity holders in the business combination will be subject to a lock-up. The lock-up will be staggered, with 50% locked up for 18 months, 30% locked up for 12 months, and 20% lock-up for 6 months and (iii) expected ratio of actual 2024 Audited Net Profit. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the Earnout Shares on July 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">July 1, 2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; width: 72%; vertical-align: top">Stock price</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 11%; text-align: right">3.38</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 11%; text-align: right">4.24</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Expected volatility (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">46.89% - 55.37%</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">40.60% - 46.94%</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Expected terms (in years)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.5 – 1.5</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.5 – 1.5</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Expected dividends (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> </table> The fair value of contingent consideration on July 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024 was estimated at $39,717,000 and $4,617,000, respectively. The fair value of contingent consideration on March 31, 2025 was estimated at $5,017,030 by closing price prevailing on March 31, 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized an increase in fair value of $400,030 in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. On May 14, 2025, based on the 2024 Audited Net Profit which was reported in the Form 20-F, which excludes changes in the fair value of Earnout Shares, the Company released an aggregate of 1,712,297 Earnout Shares, which were fully vested, from the Earnout Escrow Account, and cancelled the remaining 11,287,703 Earnout Shares. On May 14, 2025, the fair value of the 1,712,297 Earnout Shares was $5,958,794, by reference to closing per share market price of $3.48 prevailing on May 14, 2025. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had no outstanding balance of contingent consideration payable.

As of March 31, 2026, the Company entered into certain construction agreements with vendors to build its plant in Vietnam, Texas, and Ethiopia. Future minimum capital payment under non-cancellable agreements are as follows: <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Minimum capital payments</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="width: 88%">For the nine months ending December 31, 2026</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">65,190,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">For the twelve months ending December 31, 2027 and thereafter</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"> </td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">7,822,800</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; font-weight: bold; text-align: right">73,012,800</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"> </td></tr> </table>

65190000

7822800

73012800

41000000

0.0001

41000000

13000000

41000000 0.50 0.30 0.20

The following table summarizes the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the Earnout Shares on July 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024. <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">December 31, 2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">July 1, 2024</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="text-align: left; width: 72%; vertical-align: top">Stock price</td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 11%; text-align: right">3.38</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td><td style="width: 1%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 11%; text-align: right">4.24</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Expected volatility (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">46.89% - 55.37%</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">40.60% - 46.94%</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Expected terms (in years)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.5 – 1.5</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0.5 – 1.5</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; "> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">Expected dividends (%)</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td> </td> <td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr> </table>

3.38

4.24

46.89

55.37

40.6

46.94

0.5

1.5

0.5

1.5

39717000 4617000

5017030

400030 1712297 11287703 1712297 5958794 3.48

17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS On April 22, 2026, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Roth Capital Partners, LLC and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC as agents (collectively, the “Agents”). Pursuant to the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Company may offer and sell up to $30,000,000 of its Ordinary Shares from time to time through the Agents (the “Offering”). The Agents will use their reasonable best efforts, as agents and subject to the terms of the Sales Agreement, to sell the Shares offered. Sales of the Shares, if any, may be made in sales deemed to be an “at-the-market offering” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Agents will be entitled to a commission from the Company of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of Shares sold under the Sales Agreement. In addition, the Company has agreed to reimburse certain expenses incurred by the Agents in connection with the Offering. The Sales Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and agreements of the Company and the Agents, indemnification rights and obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The Company intends to use any net proceeds from the Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of the date of this report, the Company raised gross proceeds of approximately $1.1 million through the issuance of 92,745 Ordinary Shares under the Sales Agreement, at an average selling price of $11.5040 per share.

30000000

0.03

1100000

92745

11.504

http://fasb.org/srt/2026#ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember

0001985273 false 2026-03-31 Q1 --12-31 The shares and per share information are presented on a retroactive basis to reflect the reorganization effected on February 27, 2024 (Note 1). The share information is presented on a retroactive basis to reflect the reorganization effected on February 27, 2024 (Note 1). For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company made prepayments of $6,290,050 to VSUN and $107,720 to VSun China, respectively, for raw materials. All of the prepayments were delivered to the Company in the year of 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company did not make prepayments to VSun China for raw materials. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not borrow loans from or repaid loans to VSUN. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company accrued interest expenses of $240,444 and $247,587 on the borrowings brought forward from the year 2024, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company did not make payments of interest expenses to VSUN. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company borrowed a loan of $12.0 million from VSun USA as payment for property and equipment in TOYO Texas. The loan was matured through March 2026. The interest rate of borrowings were 4.2% and is payable on maturity of the borrowing. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company repaid borrowings of $11,000,000 to VSUN USA. The Company granted 810,000 restricted shares to management, which were vested on January 1, 2026 subject to service conditions. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses in straight-line method over the service period from August 29, 2025 through December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, there were no unrecognized share-based compensation expenses. Since the restricted shares were not vested until January 1, 2026, the Company had 810,000 and nil restricted shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Company granted 24,000 restricted shares to three independent directors as award for past services. The restricted shares were immediately vested and the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses on grant date. The Company granted an aggregated 1,380,000 restricted shares to three consultants as awards for full operation of the Company’s manufacturing facilities in Texas and Ethiopia. The performance conditions were met in the year ended December 31, 2025 and the Company fully recognized share-based compensation expenses in the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company also granted and issued 110,000 restricted shares to another consultant which was subject to a six-month service condition. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses in straight-line method over the service period from August 29, 2025 through February 28, 2026. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had 110,000 and nil restricted shares outstanding, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses of $154,900. The Company granted an aggregated 126,957 restricted shares to certain employees of the Company’s ultimate shareholders, which provided service in the Company’s Business Combination with BWAQ. These shares were awarded for their past services and were not released until January 1, 2026. The Company recognized share-based compensation expenses on grant date. As of December 31, 2025, there were no unrecognized share-based compensation expenses. Since the restricted shares were not released until January 1, 2026, the Company had 126,957 and nil restricted shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.