​

  ​ ​ ​

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

  ​ ​ ​

2023*

Staff costs (note 18)

389,230

​

242,591

​

238,527

Depreciation (notes 8/9)

8,472

​

192,698

​

11,752

External research and development costs

190,190

​

435,189

​

942,714

Patent maintenance and registration costs

188,918

​

283,382

​

229,227

Professional fees

1,314,859

​

1,206,813

​

1,163,839

D&O insurance

​

183,841

​

225,772

​

628,595

Fair value of services received at zero costs (note 10)

​

141,018

​

—

​

—

Other operating costs

570,930

​

578,830

​

645,501

Total operating costs

2,987,458

​

3,165,275

​

3,860,155