Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Income tax expenses (benefits) comprises of:


	For the year ended December 31 ,
	2023		2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		RMB			US$
Income tax expenses applicable to PRC operations
Current income tax expenses		181		281		2,297			329
Deferred income tax benefits		—		—		(6,969	)		(997	)

Subtotal income tax expenses (benefits) applicable to PRC operations		181		281		(4,672	)		(668	)

Income tax expenses applicable to Non-PRC operations
Current income tax expenses		25		105		263			38

Subtotal income tax expenses applicable to Non-PRC operations		25		105		263			38

Total income tax expenses (benefits)		206		386		(4,409	)		(630	)

Summary of Reconciliations of Income Tax Expenses

Upon adoption of ASU

2023-09,

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, reconciliations of the income tax expenses (benefits) computed

applying the PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% to the Group’s income tax expenses (benefits)

for

the year ended December 31, 2025

presented as follows:


	For the year ended December 31, 2025
	Amount						Percent
	RMB			US$
Income tax benefits at PRC statutory tax rate of 25% (1)		(70,205	)		(10,039	)		25.0	%
Other jurisdictions tax effects
Cayman
Effect of different tax rates in different jurisdictions		(2,055	)		(294	)		0.7
Other jurisdictions		92			13			—
Change in valuation allowance		18,812			2,690			(6.7	)
Nontaxable or non-deductible items
Share-based compensation expenses		36,605			5,234			(13.0	)
Additional deduction for qualified R&D expenses		(19,822	)		(2,835	)		7.1
Others		1,231			177			(0.5	)
Others
Effect on adoption of preferential tax rate		30,933			4,424			(11.0	)

Income tax expenses (benefits)		(4,409	)		(630	)		1.6	%

Effect of preferential tax rate inside the PRC on basic and dilutive loss per share		—			—

(1)	The PRC statutory tax rate is used for the reconciliation as the majority of the Group’s operations are based in the PRC.

Reconciliations of the income tax expense computed by applying the PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% to the Group’s income tax expense for the years ended December 31,2023 and 2024 in accordance with the guidance prior to the adoption of ASU

2023-09

presented are as follows:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2023			2024
	RMB			RMB
Loss before income tax expense		(302,135	)		(229,646	)
PRC statutory tax rate (1)		25	%		25	%
Income tax benefits at PRC statutory tax rate of 25%		(75,534	)		(57,412	)
Effect of different tax rates in different jurisdictions		(354	)		(547	)
Non-deductible expenses (2)		24,855			42,563
Additional deduction for qualified R&D expenses		(16,012	)		(17,941	)
Effect on adoption of preferential tax rate		27,227			24,566
Others		252			163
Change in valuation allowance		39,772			8,994

Income tax expenses		206			386

Effect of preferential tax rate inside the PRC on basic and dilutive loss per share		—			—

(1)	The PRC statutory tax rate is used for the reconciliation as the majority of the Group’s operations are based in the PRC.

(2)	For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, non-deductible expenses mainly represent the share-based compensation expenses.

Schedule of Income Taxes Paid Net

Upon adoption of ASU

2023-09,

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds, during the year ended December 31, 2025 was as follows:


	For the year ended December 31, 2025
	RMB		US$
PRC		781		112
Hong Kong		82		12
Other jurisdictions		16		2

Total cash paid for income tax		879		126

Summary of Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets (Labilities)

The significant components of the Group’s deferred tax assets(liabilities) were as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Non-current deferred tax assets
Tax losses		160,563			169,879			189,984			27,167
Lease liabilities		13,103			21,477			20,522			2,935
Expected credit losses		20,337			16,264			18,102			2,589
Welfare payables		5,208			6,382			8,093			1,157
Accruals and others		875			2,527			4,122			589
Unrealized profit arising from elimination of inter-company transactions		(146	)		132			2,753			394
Inventory provision		1,397			1,421			1,357			194
Intangible assets		—			65			101			14

Total deferred tax assets		201,337			218,147			245,034			35,039
Less: valuation allowance		(189,418	)		(198,412	)		(218,223	)		(31,205	)

Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance		11,919			19,735			26,811			3,834
Non-current deferred tax liabilities
Right-of-use assets		(11,919	)		(19,682	)		(18,039	)		(2,579	)
Unrealized gain on investments accounted for using equity method and other investments		(292	)		(345	)		(2,095	)		(300	)

Total deferred tax liabilities		(12,211	)		(20,027	)		(20,134	)		(2,879	)

Deferred tax assets, net		—			—			6,969			997
Deferred tax liabilities, net		(292	)		(292	)		(292	)		(42	)

Summary of Valuation Allowance

Movement of valuation allowance is as follows:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Valuation allowance
Balance at the beginning of the years		149,646			189,418			198,412			28,372
Additions		39,853			21,550			31,526			4,508
Tax loss utilized		(81	)		(12,556	)		(11,715	)		(1,675	)

Balance at the end of the years		189,418			198,412			218,223			31,205

Summary of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefit

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefit was as follows:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Balance at the beginning of the years		(5,480	)		(5,480	)		(5,480	)		(784	)

Balance at the end of the years		(5,480	)		(5,480	)		(5,480	)		(784	)