At-the-Market Offering

On December 12, 2025, the Company entered into an At-The-Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) pursuant to which we are eligible to sell shares of common stock through in an “at-the-market” offering pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act (the “ATM Offering”). We commenced sales under the Sales Agreement in January 2026 and have sold an aggregate of 1,656,559 shares for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $1.2 million as of March 31, 2026, after deducting offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the ATM Offering for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The offer and sale of the securities in the ATM Offering was made pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-272956), which the Company filed with the SEC on June 27, 2023 and was declared effective on July 10, 2023 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”).

October 2025 Private Placement

On October 16, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with two institutional investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell in a private placement (the “October 2025 Private Placement”) an aggregate of (i) 613,077 shares of common stock, and (ii) a pre-funded warrant (the “October 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant”) to purchase up to 144,498 shares of common stock. The offering price per share was $1.65 and the offering price per pre-funded warrant share was $1.649.

The Company received net proceeds of approximately $1.1 million from the October 2025 Private Placement after deducting offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering to pay severance obligations to certain executive officers that transitioned concurrent with the completion of the October 2025 Private Placement, and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The October 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable immediately upon issuance for cash or on a cashless basis at the discretion of the holder. The exercise price of the October 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant is $0.001 per share. The number of pre-funded warrant shares that may be issuable is subject to adjustment for stock splits, recapitalizations, and reorganizations. The holder of the October 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant does not have any voting rights, but does have the right to participate in any dividends or distributions made by the Company. As of March 31, 2026, none of the October 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants have been exercised.

The offer and sale of the securities in the October 2025 Private Placement was made pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506 promulgated thereunder.

January 2025 Public Offering

In January 2025, the Company sold in a public offering (the “January 2025 Public Offering”) (i) 474,193 shares of common stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants (the “January 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase 574,193 shares of common stock, which were exercised immediately upon closing, and (iii) warrants to purchase 1,048,386 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.36 per share (the “January 2025 Warrants”). The offering price per share was $2.48 and the offering price per pre-funded warrant share was $2.479.

The Company received net proceeds of approximately $1.8 million from the January 2025 Public Offering after deducting offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering to pay certain obligations under the Series A Warrants (as defined below), and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The January 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable immediately upon issuance for cash or on a cashless basis at the discretion of the holder. The exercise price of the January 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants is $0.001 per share. The number of pre-funded warrant shares that may be issuable is subject to adjustment for stock splits, recapitalizations, and reorganizations. The holders of the January 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants do not have any voting rights, but do have the right to participate in any dividends or distributions made by the Company.

The fair value of the January 2025 Warrants was determined at the date of issuance using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following estimates and assumptions: a per share price of common stock on date of grant of $2.22; expected dividend yield of 0%; expected volatility of 158.64%; risk-free interest rate of 4.41%; and expected life of five years. The warrants were valued at $2.064 per share, with a total value of $2,163,869.

The offer and sale of the securities in the January 2025 Public Offering was made pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement. The offer and sale of the January 2025 Warrants was made pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-284354), which the Company filed with the SEC on January 17, 2025 and was declared effective on February 11, 2025.

On August 14, 2025, the Company entered into inducement offer letter agreements with certain holders of the January 2025 Warrants, which reduced the exercise price of the January 2025 Warrants from $2.36 per share to $1.31 per share in exchange for the prompt exercise by such holders of the warrants for cash (the “Warrant Inducement”). The difference between the fair value of the January 2025 warrants immediately prior to and following modification was calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and treated as a transaction cost, and resulted in $97,746 being netted against the proceeds received from the exercise of the January 2025 Warrants. As a result of the Warrant Inducement, January 2025 Warrants covering an aggregate of 599,193 shares of common stock were exercised, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $0.8 million. On August 22, 2025, the Company’s board of directors took action to permanently reduce the exercise price of the January 2025 Warrants from $2.36 per share to $1.31 per share (the “Exercise Price Reduction” and, together with the Warrant Inducement, the “Warrant Adjustments”). As of March 31, 2026, January 2025 Warrants covering an aggregate of 449,193 shares of common stock remained outstanding.

Reverse Stock Split Cash True-Up Payment

On October 8, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-100 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”).

As a result of the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the common stock during the five trading days before and after the Reverse Stock Split being below the minimum threshold set forth in the Series A Warrants, a Reverse Stock Split cash true-up payment provision in the Series A Warrants was triggered (the “Cash True-up Payment”). The Cash True-Up Payment was capped at $5.0 million in the aggregate, but the payment was initially suspended in accordance with the terms of the Series A Warrants. See the section titled “—August 2024 Public Offering” for additional information.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $14,052 of the Cash True-up Payment was relieved in connection with the exercise of certain Series A Warrants, leaving a remaining liability of $4,985,948 as of December 31, 2024.

The Company used $500,000 of the net proceeds from the January 2025 Public Offering to satisfy a portion of the Cash True-up Payment, leaving a remaining liability of $4,485,948.

On August 14, 2025, in connection with the Warrant Inducement, the Company entered into inducement offer letter agreements with certain holders of the Series A Warrants, which reduced the exercise price of the Series A Warrants from $5.206 per share to $1.31 per share in exchange for the prompt exercise by such holders of the warrants for cash. The Warrant Inducement had the effect of eliminating the Cash True-up Payment obligation pursuant to the terms of the Series A Warrants. As a result, the Cash True-up Payment liability of $4,485,948 was no longer payable, and this amount was recorded as a credit to Other income / (expense) on the Statement of Operations. As of March 31, 2026, the Cash True-up Payment liability balance was $0.

August 2024 Public Offering 

On August 8, 2024, the Company issued and sold in a public offering (the “August 2024 Public Offering”) (i) 33,402,000 common units (pre-Reverse Stock Split), each consisting of one share of common stock, two Series A Warrants and one Series B Warrant (collectively, the “Common Units”), and (ii) 16,598,000 pre-funded units (pre-Reverse Stock Split), each consisting of one pre-funded warrant (the “August 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant”), two Series A Warrants, and one Series B Warrant (collectively, the “Pre-Funded Units”). The Common Units were sold at a price of $0.20 per unit and the Pre-Funded Units were sold at a price of $0.199 per unit (pre-Reverse Stock Split).

In addition, the Company granted the underwriter a 45-day option to purchase additional shares of common stock and/or August 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants and/or Series A Warrants and/or Series B Warrants, representing up to 15% of the number of the respective securities sold in the August 2024 Public Offering, solely to cover over-allotments, if any. The underwriter partially exercised its over-allotment option with respect to 15,000,000 Series A Warrants (pre-Reverse Stock Split) and 7,500,000 Series B Warrants (pre-Reverse Stock Split).

The Pre-Funded Warrants were immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.001 per share (pre-Reverse Stock Split). As of March 31, 2026, all Pre-Funded Warrants had been exercised.

The Company received net proceeds of approximately $8.7 million from the August 2024 Public Offering after deducting offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering to satisfy certain contractual obligations, and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

Each Series A Warrant became exercisable on September 30, 2024, and will expire five years from such date. Each Series A Warrant was initially exercisable at an exercise price of $24.00 per share of common stock (post-Reverse Stock Split). The exercise price of the Series A Warrants was subsequently reduced to $5.206 (post-Reverse Stock Split) consistent with the terms of the Series A Warrants.

On August 14, 2025, in connection with the Warrant Inducement, the exercise price of the Series A Warrants was further reduced to $1.31 per share. The difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to and following modification was calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and treated as a transaction cost, and resulted in $1,423,166 being netted against the proceeds received from the Series A Warrants. As a result of the Warrant Inducement, an aggregate of 95,112,212 Series A Warrants were exercised, resulting in the issuance of an aggregate of 4,384,749 shares of common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $4,918,695.

On August 22, 2025, in connection with the Exercise Price Reduction, the exercise price of all of the outstanding Series A Warrants was reduced from $5.206 per share to $1.31 per share. As of March 31, 2026, Series A Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 901,943 shares of common stock remain outstanding.

Each Series B Warrant was exercisable immediately upon issuance at an exercise price of $0.10 per share (post-Reverse Stock Split). In July 2025, 85,252 shares of common stock were issued upon exercise of Series B Warrants, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $8,525. As of March 31, 2026, Series B Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,132 shares of common stock remain outstanding.

The offer and sale of securities in the August 2024 Public Offering was made pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-280996), which the Company initially filed with the SEC on July 25, 2024 and was declared effective on August 6, 2025.