2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements (unaudited), which include the accounts of Standard Premium Finance Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2025.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of financial position and the results of operations for the interim periods presented have been reflected herein. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. Notes to the consolidated financial statements that would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in the audited consolidated financial statements of Standard Premium Finance Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, have been omitted.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Cash Overdraft

The Company considers short-term interest-bearing investments with initial maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company had $7,815 and $7,815 in a money market account at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The Company experienced a cash overdraft of $510,552 and $497,169 in its group of bank accounts at its primary lender as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. As this group of bank accounts is funded by the Company’s line of credit (see Note 7), overdrafts are an expected part of the cash cycle. The Company is not charged any fees for overdrafts as the line of credit funds the operating accounts daily. The Company actively manages its cash balances to minimize unnecessary interest charges.

Revenue Recognition

Finance charges on insurance premium installment contracts are initially recorded as unearned interest and are credited to income monthly over the term of the finance agreement. An initial service fee, where permissible, and the first month’s interest, on a pro rata basis, are recognized as income at the inception of a contract. The initial service fee can only be charged once to an insured in a twelve-month period. In accordance with industry practice, finance charges are recognized as income using the “Rule of 78s” method of amortizing finance charge income, which does not materially differ from the interest method of amortizing finance charge income on short term receivables. Late charges are recognized as income when charged. Unearned interest is netted against Premium Finance Contracts and Related Receivables on the balance sheets for reporting purposes.

The provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) provide guidance on the recognition, presentation, and disclosure of revenue in financial statements. Management evaluated ASC 606 and determined that it is not applicable to the Company’s revenue streams. However, the Company follows ASC 835, Interest, and ASC 310, Receivables, to recognize its finance charge, late charge, and origination fee revenue as these revenue streams are exempt from ASC 606.

Premium Finance Contracts and Related Receivable

The Company finances insurance premiums on policies primarily for commercial enterprises. The Company amortizes these loans over the term of each contract, which varies from three to eleven monthly payments, and manages these loans on a collective basis based on similar risk characteristics. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the portfolio has an amortized cost basis of $83,272,529 and $76,630,634, respectively. Repayment terms are structured such that the contracts will be repaid within the term of the underlying insurance policy, generally less than one year. The contracts are secured by the unearned premium of the insurance carrier which is obligated to pay the Company any unearned premium in the event the insurance policy is cancelled pursuant to the power of attorney contained in the finance contract. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the amount of unearned premium on open and cancelled contracts approximated $115,500,000 and $105,300,000, respectively. The annual percentage interest rates on new contracts averaged approximately 16.9% and 18.1% during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses

In developing a measurement of credit loss, institutions are required to segment financial assets into pools that share similar risk characteristics. The Company uses ARCSys, a third-party SaaS platform, to support its allowance for credit losses (ACL) estimation process under ASC 326, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses”. Management remains responsible for the selection of methodologies, key assumptions, and the resulting ACL. Management, leveraging the third-party ARCSys platform, performs its own analysis each reporting period to assist with the determination process of how financial assets should be segregated by risk. Based on this internal risk analysis performed on the Company’s historical datasets, assets are designated into asset classes based on asset codes and other credit quality indicators to provide structure based on similar risk characteristics or areas of risk concentration. Management, with support from the ARCSys segmentation module, updated its allowance estimation model by including portfolio segmentation and the application of a separate methodology for each portfolio segment. The Company classifies its portfolio into two primary segments: (1) Due from Insured and (2) Due from Insurance Carrier. The segmentation is based on the respective payment and risk characteristics of each portfolio segment. The Company develops a systematic and repeatable methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses at the portfolio segment level.

The Company utilized the ARCSys Vintage PD/LGD model, as defined below, for determining expected future credit losses for the Due from Insured portfolio segment. PD is a measure of the likelihood that a borrower will default on an asset or other financial obligation over the contractual life of the loan. Default refers to the failure by the borrower to make scheduled payments. Defaults are tracked historically by the percentage of assets in default to assets remaining in the pool by vintage cohort based on month after origination. Additionally, Loss Given Default (LGD) is a measure of the expected loss on a loan or asset in the event of default by the borrower. The expectation of future defaults and loss given default are used as the basis for the allowance for credit losses on each asset by segment. The asset-level allowances for credit losses are then aggregated by asset segment for reporting purposes within the ARCSys Disclosure modules.

The Company utilized the ARCSys Individual Asset DCF (Discounted Cash Flow) module, as defined below, for determining expected future credit losses for the Due from Insurance Carrier portfolio segment. In the ARCSys DCF model, projected cash flows by asset are adjusted for expected losses, prepayments, and amortization, and are discounted to their present value using the effective interest rate. The effective interest rate used in the DCF model is based on the stated rate that is adjusted for deferred fees and costs, and premiums and discounts. The technique considers future cash flows, adjusted for potential default and prepayment activity, based on the Company's own historical experience stored within the ARCSys data warehouse. The difference between the discounted cash flow and the current amortized cost basis of the asset represents the allowance for credit losses. These asset-level allowances for credit losses are then aggregated for reporting purposes at the segment level. The ARCSys platform captures the unique cash flow profile of each segment over the remaining contractual term, consistent with the "Life of Loan" concept required by ASC 326.

Reasonable and Supportable Forecasting

When estimating credit losses, management considers the need to adjust historical segment loss, default, or prepayment information to reflect the extent to which management expects current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated and utilized in the model.

The Company has established a 12-month reasonable and supportable forecast period. Management utilizes the ARCSys Q-Factor and Forecasting module, which allows management to evaluate appropriate macroeconomic variables and environmental factors, and incorporate them into the estimation engine. For the remaining life of the assets beyond the forecast period, management incorporates a transition to historical loss experience (reversion).

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

In accordance with ASC 326, management has evaluated the portfolio for off-balance sheet credit exposures. Due to the specific nature of the Company’s current financial assets, there are no applicable off-balance sheet exposures (such as unfunded commitments or lines of credit) that are not unconditionally cancellable. Consequently, no separate allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses is required at this time.

The adjustments to historical loss information may be qualitative in nature and should reflect changes related to relevant data which reflect differences in current asset-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, or asset term within a segment at the reporting date.

Management utilizes the ARCSys "Environmental Factor" framework to document and quantify adjustments for:

Governance and Finalization

To ensure the integrity of the financial reporting process, the Company maintains strict governance controls over the allowance for credit losses calculation. At the end of each reporting period, once management has reviewed and approved the final calculation, the period is finalized within the ARCSys platform. Following this approval, the period is locked; no further edits or modifications can be made to the methodology, data, or qualitative factors for that specific period, supporting a robust audit trail and consistency for external reporting.

This comprehensive approach, supported by the ARCSys audit trail and governance controls, is intended to help ensure that the allowance for credit losses reflects management's best judgment of future losses based on reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Allowance for Amounts Due from Agents

Management separately forms an estimate for the allowance for credit losses for amounts due from agents. The Company estimates expected credit losses in accordance with ASC 326 using a historical loss rate methodology applied to pooled receivables that share similar risk characteristics. For this analysis, management considers historical loss information, updated for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost basis pool. Historical loss rates are adjusted through qualitative factors to reflect current economic conditions and forward-looking information over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Given the short-term nature of agent receivables, historical loss experience, as adjusted for current conditions, is considered a reasonable basis for estimating expected credit losses.

The Company utilizes CreditSafe, a credit quality reporting agency, to monitor agents for forecasts of credit risk. Credit quality information obtained from CreditSafe is considered in management’s qualitative assessment of collectability. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not expect any material degradation to the credit quality of the agents it currently underwrites or anticipates underwriting in a way that would affect the allowance for credit losses. Since agent balances are constantly fluctuating through the normal course of business, the Company utilizes agent inactivity, defined as a minimum of twelve months without a change in balance, as a key factor when determining the allowance for credit losses. Receivables from inactive agents are considered to present a higher risk of credit loss and are evaluated accordingly within the allowance analysis.

The Company writes off receivables when they are deemed uncollectible based on specific facts and circumstances, including the agent’s financial condition and collection efforts. Recoveries of amounts previously written off are recorded as increases to the allowance for credit losses when received.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include assumptions used in valuation of deferred tax assets, allowance for credit losses, depreciable lives of property and equipment, and valuation of stock-based compensation.

Concentration of Credit and Financial Instrument Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and accounts receivable from customers, agents, and insurance companies. The Company maintains its cash balances at two banks, which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000, and one money market account in a brokerage account, which is not insured. Uninsured balances are $7,815 and $7,815 at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Company mitigates this risk by maintaining its cash balances at high-quality financial institutions. The following table provides a reconciliation between uninsured balances and cash per the consolidated balance sheet:

The Company controls its credit risk in accounts receivable through credit standards, limits on exposure, by monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies, by adhering to statutory cancellation policies, and by monitoring and pursuing collections from past due accounts. We cancel policies at the earliest permissible date allowed by the statutory cancellation regulations.

Approximately 59% and 66% of the Company’s business activity is with customers located in Florida for 2026 and 2025, respectively. There were no other significant regional, industrial or group concentrations during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Amortization of Line of Credit Costs

Amortization of line of credit costs is computed using the straight-line method over the life of the loan.

Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance

The Company is the owner and beneficiary of a life insurance policy on its president. The gross cash surrender value relative to the policy in place at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, was $774,706 and $766,130, respectively. In March 2024, the Company executed a $641,934 loan against the life insurance policy. Any death benefit received would first be reduced by the outstanding loan amount at the time of death. In October 2025, the Company repaid $156,402 of the loan. The remaining loan accrues interest at a rate of 5.50% and has no maturity date. The Company paid interest on this loan of $6,712 and $8,769 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Furniture and equipment 5 - 7 years

Computer equipment and software 3 - 5 years

Leasehold improvements 10 years

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s carrying amounts of financial instruments as defined by FASB ASC 825, “Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments”, including premium finance contracts and related receivables, prepaid expenses, cash surrender value of life insurance, drafts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, approximate their fair value due to the relatively short period to maturity for these instruments. The fair value of the line of credit and notes payable are based on current rates at which the Company could borrow funds with similar remaining maturities and the carrying value approximates fair value.

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized.

Uncertain tax positions are recognized only when the Company believes it is more likely than not that the tax position will be upheld on examination by the taxing authorities based on the merits of the position. The Company has no material unrecognized tax benefits and no adjustments to its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows were required as of March 31, 2026.

The Company filed consolidated tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, which are subject to examination by federal and state tax jurisdictions. The Company’s tax returns for the previous three years remain open for audit by the respective tax jurisdictions. No income tax returns are currently under examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. The Company did not have any accrued interest or penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 718, “Stock Compensation,” which establishes the requirements for expensing equity awards. The Company measures and recognizes as compensation expense the fair value of all share-based payment awards based on estimated grant date fair values. Our stock-based compensation includes issuances made to directors, executives, employees and consultants, which includes employee stock options related to our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and stock warrants. The determination of fair value involves a number of significant estimates. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the value of employee stock options and stock warrants, which requires a number of assumptions to determine the model inputs. These

include the expected volatility of our stock and employee exercise behavior which are based expectations of future developments over the term of the option.

Earnings per Common Share

The Company accounts for earnings (loss) per share in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 260 - 10, “Earnings Per Share”, which establishes the requirements for presenting earnings per share (“EPS”). FASB ASC Topic No. 260 - 10 requires the presentation of “basic” and “diluted” EPS on the face of the statement of operations. Basic EPS amounts are calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted EPS assumes the exercise of all stock options, warrants and convertible securities having exercise prices less than the average market price of the common stock during the periods, using the treasury stock method.

As of March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company had potentially dilutive securities outstanding, including stock options, stock warrants, and convertible preferred stock. All outstanding stock options and warrants were fully vested as of the respective dates. The Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into common stock at 80% of the average market price over a 30-day period, at the Company’s discretion. These instruments were evaluated for dilutive effect and included in the diluted EPS calculation to the extent they were not antidilutive.

Reconciliation of Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding:

The Company determined that all outstanding warrants as of March 31, 2026 and 2025 were antidilutive and therefore excluded them from the diluted EPS computation. No adjustments to net income were required for the diluted earnings per share calculation for the periods presented.

Leases

The Company recognizes and measures its leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, “Leases”. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at inception of a contract and when the terms of an existing contract are changed. The Company recognizes a lease liability and a right of use (ROU) asset at the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially and subsequently recognized based on the present value of its future lease payments calculated using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires incremental disclosures about reportable segments but does not change the definition of a segment or the guidance for determining reportable segments. The new guidance requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are (1) regularly provided to (or easily computed from information regularly provided to) the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and (2) included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. The new standard also requires companies to disclose the title and position of the individual (or the name of the committee) identified as the CODM, allows companies to disclose multiple measures of segment profit or loss if those measures are used to assess performance and allocate resources, and is applicable to companies with a single reportable segment. The requirements are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on January 1, 2024, and are required to be applied retrospectively. The Company has adopted the additional disclosure requirements under ASU 2023-07. The additional requirements did not have a material impact on the financial statements.