Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding interim reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. As such, the information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. These condensed financial statements include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. Any reference in these notes to applicable accounting guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP included in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company regularly evaluates estimates and assumptions related to assets and liabilities, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Areas where management uses subjective judgments include, but are not limited to, useful lives of long-lived assets, the incremental borrowing rates for leases, accruals for research and development costs, the fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock, common stock warrants, common stock and various other inputs used in estimating stock-based compensation expense, and accounting for income tax uncertainties, including a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, in the accompanying financial statements. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities are financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions holding its cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, which may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has no financial instruments with off balance sheet risk of loss.

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to other early-stage biopharmaceutical companies, including, but not limited to, the need to obtain adequate additional funding, possible failure of current or future in-process research and development of its technology, its reliance on third parties to assist in conducting its clinical trials, the need to obtain regulatory and marketing approvals, competitors advancing medicine in a field that the Company intends to enter that constrains its ability to compete effectively for market share, competitors developing technological innovations that reduce the value of the inventions that enable the Company to discover and develop new medicines, protection of its proprietary technology, and the need to secure and maintain adequate manufacturing arrangements with third parties. If the Company does not successfully commercialize its clinical assets, it will be unable to generate product revenue or achieve profitability.

Marketable Securities

The Company’s marketable securities consist of United States treasury securities and commercial paper, which are held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost. The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts from the purchase of the securities are recognized as a component of interest income in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Marketable securities are classified as either current or non-current assets based on their contractual maturity dates. Marketable securities are initially recorded net of an allowance for expected credit losses, if any, which are remeasured each period and any impairments are recognized as an expense. As of March 31, 2026, there had been no impairment or credit losses on the Company’s marketable securities.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are presented at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation begins the first day of the month after the asset is placed in service. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of five years for lab and engineering equipment, seven years for motor vehicles (used in the transportation of materials between sites) and furniture, fittings and office equipment, four years for computer equipment, and three years for software. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Costs for capital assets not yet placed into service are capitalized as construction in progress and depreciated once placed into service. Upon the sale or retirement of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred and costs of major replacement or improvement are capitalized.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews the carrying amounts of its long-lived assets, including property and equipment and right-of-use leased assets, for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may not be recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in an impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset group for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset group to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset group are less than its carrying amount, and the impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset group over its fair value, determined using discounted cash flows. There was no impairment of long-lived assets during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Leases

At the inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether the contract is a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If a lease is determined to exist, the commencement date of such lease is assessed based on the date on which the Company gains control over the use of the underlying assets. The Company’s assessment of the lease term reflects the non-cancelable term of the lease, inclusive of any rent-free periods and/or periods covered by early-termination options which the Company is reasonably certain of not exercising, as well as periods covered by renewal options that the Company is reasonably certain of exercising. At lease commencement, the Company also determines lease classification based on whether the arrangement is effectively a financed purchase of the underlying asset (finance lease) or not (operating lease), which governs the pattern of expense recognition and the presentation reflected in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss and statements of cash flows over the lease term.

For leases with a term exceeding 12 months, a lease liability is recorded on the Company’s balance sheet at lease commencement reflecting the present value of its minimum payment obligations over the lease term. A corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) asset equal to the initial lease liability is also recorded, adjusted for any prepaid rent and/or initial direct costs incurred in connection with execution of the lease and reduced by any lease incentives received. Variable lease payments are included in the present value of its minimum lease payment obligations when the contingency is resolved. The lease liability is remeasured at the date the contingency is resolved and the corresponding ROU asset is adjusted. For purposes of measuring the present value of its fixed payment obligations for a given lease, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, determined based on information available at lease commencement, as rates implicit in its leasing arrangements are typically not readily determinable. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate reflects the rate it would pay to borrow on a secured basis and incorporates the term and economic environment of the associated lease.

For the Company’s operating leases, fixed lease payments are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, any fixed lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and are not recognized on the Company’s balance sheet as an accounting policy election. Leases qualifying for the short-term lease exemption were insignificant. Variable lease costs are expensed in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company records redeemable convertible preferred stock at their respective fair values on the dates of issuance, net of issuance costs. Holders of the redeemable convertible preferred stock can cause redemption for cash upon the occurrence of a deemed liquidation event, which is outside the Company’s control. Therefore, redeemable convertible preferred stock is classified outside of stockholders’ equity (deficit) on the balance sheet. The carrying values of the redeemable convertible preferred stock are adjusted to their liquidation preferences if and when it becomes probable that such a liquidation event will occur. The Company has not adjusted the carrying values of the redeemable convertible preferred stock to the liquidation preferences of such shares because the stock is not mandatorily redeemable and the occurrence of a deemed liquidation event is currently not probable.

Research and Development Expenses and Accruals

Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred. These expenses consist of compensation expenses, direct research and development expenses such as software development costs related to research and development activities, laboratory supplies, costs associated with setting up and conducting clinical studies at domestic and international sites, professional fees, depreciation, other miscellaneous expenses, and allocations of facility and information technology expenses.

The Company records accrued liabilities for estimated costs of its research and development activities conducted by third-party service providers. The Company accrues these costs based on factors such as estimates of the work completed and in accordance with the third-party service agreements. If the Company does not identify costs that have begun to be incurred or if the Company underestimates or overestimates the level of services performed or the costs of these services, actual expenses could differ from the estimates. To date, the Company has not experienced any material differences between accrued costs and actual costs incurred.

Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. The prepaid amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed and classified as current or non-current prepaid expenses and other assets.

The Company makes payments in connection with clinical trials to contract manufacturing organizations that manufacture the materials for its product candidates and to clinical research organizations and clinical trial sites that conduct and manage the Company’s clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiation, which vary by contract and may result in payments that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided. Generally, these agreements set forth the scope of work to be performed at a fixed fee, unit price, or on a time and materials basis. The Company makes estimates of accrued research and development expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known at that time. The Company confirms the accuracy of its estimates with the service providers and makes adjustments, if necessary. Research and development accruals are estimated based on the level of services performed, progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, and contracted costs. The estimated costs of research and development services provided, but not yet invoiced, are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the balance sheet. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly.

Asset Acquisitions and In-Process Research and Development Expenses

In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, the Company evaluates acquisitions of assets and related liabilities and other similar transactions to assess whether or not a transaction should be accounted for as an asset acquisition or business combination by first applying a screen test to determine if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If the screen test is met, a transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If the screen test is not met, further determination is required as to whether or not the Company has acquired inputs and processes that have the ability to create outputs that would meet the requirements of a business. The Company accounts for an asset acquisition by recognizing net assets based on their cost on a relative fair value basis. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition and any excess consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to the non-monetary identifiable assets and liabilities assumed based on relative fair values. In-process research and development (“IPR&D”) acquired in an asset acquisition is expensed provided there is no alternative future use.

The Company accounts for future payments such as those upon the achievement of certain regulatory, development, or sales milestones in an asset acquisition when achievement of the underlying milestones is deemed probable. Milestone payments made to third parties subsequent to regulatory approval may be capitalized as intangible assets, if deemed to have alternative future use, and amortized over the estimated remaining useful life of the related product. Royalties will be recognized as cost of sales when the covered products are sold and royalties are payable.

Deferred Initial Public Offering Costs

Deferred IPO costs, consisting primarily of legal and accounting fees relating to the IPO, are capitalized and offset against offering proceeds following the completion of the offering. Deferred IPO costs for terminated or delayed offerings are expensed immediately as a charge to general and administrative expenses in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company had no deferred IPO costs capitalized as of March 31, 2026. The Company had $3.6 million of deferred IPO costs capitalized as of December 31, 2025, included in other non-current assets.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

For stock-based awards issued to employees and nonemployees, the Company measures the estimated fair value of the stock-based awards on the date of grant and recognizes compensation expense for those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective awards. The Company records the expense for awards with service-based vesting using the straight-line, ratable attribution method and accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies, and expects to continue to do so until such time as it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price. The expected term represents the weighted-average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding and is based on the options’ vesting terms and contractual terms, as the Company does not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. The expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s cash compensation costs are classified.

Fair Value of Common Stock, Common Stock Warrants and Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company estimates the fair value of the common stock underlying stock options on the date of grant. This has historically been determined by management with assistance from external appraisers and approved by the Board. Due to the absence of an active market for the Company’s common stock prior to its IPO, the Company utilized methodologies in accordance with the framework of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, to estimate the fair value of its common stock.

The Company’s common stock valuations prior to May 31, 2025 were performed using the Option Pricing Method (“OPM”) as it is deemed the most appropriate method based on the Company’s stage of development and other relevant factors. Within the OPM framework, the backsolve method for inferring the total equity value implied by a recent financing transaction involves the construction of an allocation model that takes into account the entity’s capital structure and the rights, preferences and privileges of each class of stock, then assumes reasonable inputs for the other OPM variables (inclusive of discount for lack of marketability, volatility, the expected time to liquidity, and risk-free rate). The total equity value is then iterated in the model until the model output value for the equity class sold in a recent financing round equals the price paid in that round. The OPM is generally utilized when specific future liquidity events are difficult to forecast (i.e., the enterprise has many choices and options available), and the enterprise’s value depends on how well it follows an uncharted path through the various possible opportunities and challenges. Among other factors considered are the Company’s financial position and historical financial performance, the status of technological developments within the Company’s research, the composition and ability of the current research and management team, an evaluation or benchmark of the Company’s competition, and the current business climate in the marketplace. Significant changes to the key assumptions underlying the factors used could result in different fair values of common stock at each valuation date.

The Company’s common stock, common stock warrants and redeemable convertible preferred stock valuations from May 31, 2025 through the IPO date were performed using a hybrid method that combines the OPM and the probability-weighted expected return method (“PWERM”). The PWERM employs additional information not used in the OPM, including various market approach

calculations depending upon the likelihood of various discrete future liquidity scenarios, such as an IPO or sale of the enterprise, as well as the probability of remaining a private company. In a hybrid method, various exit scenarios are analyzed. A discount for lack of marketability of the Company’s common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock is then applied to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock.

Following the IPO, the fair value of the common stock underlying stock options is based on the closing market price of the common stock on the date of grant.

Fair Value Measurement

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are required to be recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, or an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value measurement establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:


Level 1:	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2:	Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3:	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The functional currency of the Company’s operation is U.S. dollars. All monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated using the exchange rate that was in effect when the asset or liability was initially recognized. Expenses are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the applicable period. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss and recorded in other income (expense), net. Foreign currency transaction losses were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established.

Operating Segments

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, its Chief Executive Officer, views the Company’s operations and manages its business as a single operating segment, which is in the business of drug discovery leveraging its proprietary technology and clinical development of its product candidates.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive securities consisting of options and warrants to purchase common stock, unvested common stock subject to repurchase and redeemable convertible preferred stock are considered to be common stock equivalents and were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because their effect would be antidilutive for all periods presented.

Basic and diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders per share is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities as the redeemable convertible preferred stock and legally outstanding unvested common stock subject to repurchase are considered participating securities. The Company’s participating securities do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. As such, the net loss is attributed entirely to common stockholders.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an emerging growth company as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, (the "JOBS Act"), and may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements. These reporting requirement exemptions may not be applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with those standards. The Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. ASU 2024-03 will require public business entities to disclose in the notes to the financial statements, at each interim and annual reporting period, specific information about certain costs and expenses, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization included in each expense caption presented on the face of the income statement, and the total amount of an entity’s selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on the financial statements.