Note 4:   Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

Most loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost at their outstanding principal balances adjusted for charge-offs, the ACL-Loans, and deferred fees or costs, including premiums or discounts on purchased loans.

Certain loans receivable are measured at fair value. These loans were previously designated as held for sale and measured at fair value and continue to be measured at fair value as loans receivable (held for investment) in accordance with the Company’s valuation election.

For loans receivable held at amortized cost or fair value, interest income is accrued based on the unpaid principal balance.

The Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of loans and reports accrued interest separately from the related loan balance on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Accrued interest on loans totaled $48.1 million and $51.4 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The Company also elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days past due unless the credit is well-secured and in process of collection. Past-due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged off is reversed against interest income. The interest subsequently collected on these loans is applied to the principal balance until the loan can be returned to an accrual status, which is no less than six months. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

For all loan portfolio segments, the Company charges off loans, or portions thereof, when available information confirms that specific loans are uncollectable based on information that includes, but is not limited to, (1) the deteriorating financial condition of the borrower, (2) declining collateral values, and/or (3) legal action, including bankruptcy, that impairs the borrower’s ability to adequately meet its obligations.

For loan modifications, interest income is recognized on an accrual basis at the renegotiated rate if the loan is in compliance with the modified terms.

The Company offers mortgage warehouse repurchase agreements to third parties to fund mortgage loans held for sale from closing until sale to an investor. Under a warehousing arrangement, the Company funds a mortgage loan as secured financing. The warehousing arrangement is secured by the underlying mortgages and a combination of deposits, personal guarantees, and advance rates, and may be cross-collateralized with other loans. The Company typically holds the collateral until it is sent under a bailee arrangement instructing the investor to send proceeds to the Company.

Typical investors are large financial institutions or government agencies. Interest earned from the time of funding to the time of sale is recognized as interest income as accrued. Warehouse fees are accrued as noninterest income.

Loan Portfolio Summary

Loans receivable at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 include:

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Risk characteristics applicable to each segment of the loan portfolio are described as follows.

Mortgage Warehouse Repurchase Agreements (MTG WHRA): Under its warehouse program, the Company provides warehouse financing arrangements to approved mortgage companies for their origination and sale of residential mortgage and multi-family loans. Loans secured by mortgages placed on existing one-to-four family dwellings may be originated or purchased and placed through each mortgage warehouse facility.

As a secured repurchase agreement, collateral pledged to the Company secures each individual mortgage until the mortgage company sells the loan in the secondary market. Traditional secured warehouse repurchase agreements and participation agreements typically carry a base interest rate of SOFR plus a margin, or the mortgage note rate.

Risk is evident if there is a change in the fair value of mortgage loans originated by mortgage companies in warehouse, the sale of which is the expected source of repayment under a warehouse facility. However, the warehouse customers are required to hedge the change in value of these loans to mitigate the risk, typically through forward sales contracts.

Residential Real Estate Loans (RES RE): Real estate loans are secured by owner-occupied one-to-four family residences. Repayment of residential real estate loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and assets of the borrowers. Credit risk for these loans is driven by those factors, as well as the credit rating of the borrowers and property values. In addition to loans originated for sale, and some loans receivable, included in this segment are All-in-

One© first-lien HELOC products that integrate a borrower’s mortgage and deposit account into a single facility and have typically carried a base interest rate of One-Year CMT, plus a margin. Originations since March 2025 are tied to 30-day SOFR, plus a margin.

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Multi-family Financing (MF FIN): The Company specializes in originating multi-family financing that can be Market Rate or Affordable. The portfolio includes loans for construction, acquisition, refinance, or permanent financing. Loans are typically secured by real estate mortgages, assignment of LIHTCs, and/or equity interest in the underlying properties. All loans are assessed and reviewed at a minimum based on borrower strength/experience, historical property performance, market trends, projected financial performance with regards to intended strategy, and source of repayment. Independent third-party reports are used to ensure legal conformity and support valuations of the assets. Exit strategies and sources of repayment are provided through the secondary market via governmental programs, strategic refinances, LIHTC equity installments, and cashflow from the properties. Repayment of these loans may include refinancing to a permanent loan or sale of the property, as well as successful operation of a business or property and the borrower’s cash flows. Credit risk in these loans may be impacted by the creditworthiness of a borrower, property values and the local economy in the related market area. Interest rate risk is mitigated by borrower purchased rate caps, interest reserves, liquidity covenants, and forward commitments from GSEs. These loans are well-collateralized and underwritten to agency guidelines. Loans included in this segment typically carry a base rate of 30-day SOFR, that adjusts on a monthly basis, and a margin. The Company focuses on loan classes that are underwritten to FHA or GSE guidelines or can be sold in the secondary market.

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Healthcare Financing (HC FIN): The healthcare financing portfolio includes customized loan products for need-based, independent living, assisted living, memory care and skilled nursing projects. A variety of loan products are available to accommodate rehabilitation, acquisition, and refinancing of healthcare properties. Credit risk in these loans is primarily driven by local demographics and the expertise of the operators of the facilities. Repayment of these loans may include refinancing to a permanent loan or sale of the property, as well as successful operation of a business or property and the borrower’s cash flows. These loans are well-collateralized and underwritten to agency guidelines. Loans included in this segment typically carry a base rate of 30-day SOFR that adjusts on a monthly basis, plus a margin. The Company focuses on loan classes that are underwritten to FHA guidelines or can be sold in the secondary market.

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Commercial Lending and Commercial Real Estate Loans (CML & CRE): The commercial lending and commercial real estate portfolio includes loans to commercial customers for use in financing working capital needs, equipment purchases and expansions, as well as loans to commercial customers to finance land and improvements. It also includes lines of credit collateralized by servicing rights that are assessed for fair value quarterly at the Company’s request. The loans in this category are repaid primarily from the cash flow of a borrower’s principal business operation. Credit risk in these loans is driven by creditworthiness of a borrower and the economic conditions that impact the cash flow stability from business operations. SBA loans are included in this category. An immaterial portion of commercial and commercial real estate loans are typically made up of non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans.

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Agricultural Production and Real Estate Loans (AG & AGRE): Agricultural production loans are generally comprised of seasonal operating lines of credit to grain farmers to plant and harvest corn and soybeans and term loans to fund the purchase of equipment. The Company also offers long-term financing to purchase agricultural real estate. Specific underwriting standards have been established for agricultural-related loans including the establishment of projections for each operating-year based on industry-developed estimates of farm input costs and expected commodity yields and prices. Operating lines are typically written for one year and secured by the crop and other farm assets as considered necessary. The Company is approved to sell agricultural loans in the secondary market through Farmer Mac and uses this relationship to manage interest rate risk within the portfolio. Agricultural real estate loans included in this segment are typically structured with a one-year ARM, three-year ARM or five-year ARM indexed to CMT, plus a margin. Agriculture production, livestock, and equipment loans are structured with variable rates that are indexed to prime or fixed for terms not exceeding five years.

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Consumer and Margin Loans (CON & MAR): Consumer loans are those loans secured by household assets. Margin loans are those loans secured by marketable securities. The term and maximum amount for these loans are determined by considering the purpose of the loan, the margin (advance percentage against value) in all collateral, the primary source of repayment, and the borrower’s other related cash flow.

ACL-Loans

The ACL-Loans is the Company’s estimate of current expected life of loan credit losses. Loans receivable is presented net of the allowance to reflect the principal balance expected to be collected over the contractual term of the loans. This life of loan allowance is established through a provision for credit losses included in net interest income after provision for credit losses as loans are recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The provision for a reporting period also reflects increases or decreases in the allowance related to changes in credit loss expectations. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the loan balance, or a portion thereof, is uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The ACL-Loans is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans considering relevant available information from internal and external sources, including historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. The allowance also incorporates reasonable and supportable forecasts. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The level of the ACL-Loans is believed to be adequate to absorb expected future losses in the loan portfolio as of the measurement date.

The ACL-Loans consists of individually evaluated loans and pooled loan components. The Company’s primary portfolio segmentation is by loans with similar risk characteristics. Loans risk graded substandard and worse are individually evaluated for expected credit losses. For individually evaluated loans that are collateral dependent, the Company may use the fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell, as a practical expedient as of the reporting date to determine the carrying amount of an asset and the allowance for credit losses, as applicable. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or the sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty as of the reporting date.

To calculate the ACL-Loans, the portfolio is segmented by loans with similar risk characteristics.

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Loan characteristics used in determining the segmentation include the underlying collateral, type or purpose of the loan, and expected credit loss patterns. The initial estimate of expected credit losses for each segment is based on historical credit loss experience and management’s judgement. Given the Company’s historical credit loss experience, peer and industry data was also incorporated into the measurement. Expected life of loan credit losses are quantified using discounted cash flows and remaining life methodologies.

Model results are supplemented by qualitative adjustments for risk factors relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the portfolio segments. These adjustments may increase or decrease the estimate of expected credit losses based upon the assessed level of risk for each qualitative factor.

The models utilized and the applicable qualitative adjustments require assumptions and management judgement that can be subjective in nature. The above measurement approach is also used to estimate the expected credit losses associated with unfunded loan commitments, which also incorporates expected utilization rates.

The following tables present, by loan portfolio segment, the activity in the ACL-Loans for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

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The Company recorded a total provision for credit losses of $15.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026. The $15.3 million total provision for credit losses consisted of $15.9 million for the ACL-Loans as shown above, net of $0.6 million release for the ACL-OBCE’s and net of a $7,000 release for the ACL-Guarantees, related to a loan securitization.

The Company recorded a total provision for credit losses of $7.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The $7.7 million total provision for credit losses consisted of $9.5 million for the ACL-Loans as shown above, net of $1.7 million release for the ACL-OBCE’s and $0.1 million release for the ACL-guarantees, related to a loan securitization.

The following table presents, by loan portfolio segment, the activity in the ACL-Loans for the year ended December 31, 2025.

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The below table presents the amortized cost basis and ACL-Loans allocated for collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

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There were no significant changes to the types of collateral securing the Company’s collateral dependent loans compared to December 31, 2025.

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Internal Risk Categories

The Company evaluates the loan risk grading system definitions and ACL-Loans methodology on an ongoing basis. In adherence with policy, the Company uses the following internal risk grading categories and definitions for loans:

Pass - Loans that are considered to be of acceptable credit quality, and not classified as Special Mention, Substandard, or Doubtful. Also included are loans classified as Watch loans, which represent loans that remain sound and collectible but exhibit characteristics that warrant closer ongoing monitoring by management.

Special Mention – Loans classified as Special Mention have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special Mention loans are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification. Loans with questions or concerns regarding collateral, adverse market conditions impacting future performance, and declining financial trends would be considered for Special Mention.

Substandard - Loans classified as Substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. When a loan in the form of a line of credit is downgraded to Substandard, it is evaluated for impairment and future draws under the line of credit require the approval of an officer of Senior Credit Officer or above.

Doubtful - Loans classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following tables present the credit risk profile of the Company’s loan receivable portfolio based on internal risk rating category and origination or extension year as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

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All loans held for sale were pass grade as of March 31, 2026 and are not included in the table above. The Company did not have any material revolving loans converted to term loans that were not re-underwritten at March 31, 2026.

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