Loans |
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| Receivables [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans |
Our loan portfolio consists of loans held for investment, including loans held in our consolidated trusts, and loans held for sale. We further divide our loans held for investment into three segments: Credit Card, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. The Credit Card segment consists of domestic credit card loans, international credit card loans and personal loans. The Consumer Banking segment consists of auto and retail banking loans. The Commercial Banking segment consists of commercial and multifamily real estate as well as commercial and industrial loans. The information presented in the tables in this note excludes loans held for sale, which are carried at either fair value (if we elect the fair value option) or at the lower of cost or fair value. Accrued interest receivable of $3.0 billion and $3.1 billion as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, is not included in the tables in this note. The table below presents the composition and aging analysis of our loans held for investment portfolio as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The delinquency aging includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming. Table 4.1: Loan Portfolio Composition and Aging Analysis
(1)Loans include unamortized premiums, discounts and deferred fees and costs totaling $1.0 billion and $980 million as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The following table presents our loans held for investment that are 90 days or more past due that continue to accrue interest, loans that are classified as nonperforming and loans that are classified as nonperforming without an allowance as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Nonperforming loans generally include loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status. We recognized interest income for loans classified as nonperforming of $4 million and $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Table 4.2: 90+ Day Delinquent Loans Accruing Interest and Nonperforming Loans
Credit Quality Indicators We closely monitor economic conditions and loan performance trends to assess and manage our exposure to credit risk. We discuss these risks and our credit quality indicator for each portfolio below. Credit Card Our Credit Card segment is highly diversified across millions of accounts and numerous geographies without significant individual exposure. We therefore generally manage credit risk based on portfolios with common risk characteristics. The risk in our Credit Card segment correlates to broad economic trends, such as the U.S. unemployment rate and U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product growth rate, as well as consumers’ financial condition, all of which can have a material effect on credit performance. The key indicator we assess in monitoring the credit quality and risk of our Credit Card segment is delinquency trends, including an analysis of loan migration between delinquency categories over time. The tables below present our Credit Card segment by delinquency status as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Table 4.3: Domestic and International Credit Card Delinquency Status
Table 4.4: Personal Loans Delinquency Status
Consumer Banking Our Consumer Banking segment consists of auto and retail banking loans. Similar to our Credit Card segment, the risk in our Consumer Banking segment correlates to broad economic trends as well as consumers’ financial condition, all of which can have a material effect on credit performance. The key indicator we consider when assessing the credit quality and risk of our auto loan portfolio is borrower credit scores as they measure the creditworthiness of borrowers. Delinquency trends are the key indicator we assess in monitoring the credit quality and risk of our retail banking loan portfolio. The table below presents loans held for investment in our Consumer Banking segment loans held for investment by credit quality indicator as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. We present our auto loan portfolio by Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) scores at origination and our retail banking loan portfolio by delinquency status, which includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming. Table 4.5: Consumer Banking Portfolio by Vintage Year
(1)Amounts represent period-end loans held for investment in each credit score category. Auto loan credit scores generally represent average FICO scores obtained from three credit bureaus at the time of application and are not refreshed thereafter. Balances for which no credit score is available or the credit score is invalid are included in the 620 or below category. Commercial Banking The key credit quality indicator for our Commercial Banking segment is our internal risk ratings. We assign internal risk ratings to loans based on relevant information about the ability of the borrowers to repay their debt. In determining the risk rating of a particular loan, some of the factors considered are the borrower’s current financial condition, historical and projected future credit performance, prospects for support from financially responsible guarantors, the estimated realizable value of any collateral and current economic trends. The scale based on our internal risk rating system is as follows: •Noncriticized: Loans that have not been designated as criticized, frequently referred to as “pass” loans. •Criticized performing: Loans in which the financial condition of the obligor is stressed, affecting earnings, cash flows or collateral values. The borrower currently has adequate capacity to meet near-term obligations; however, the stress, left unabated, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects at some future date. •Criticized nonperforming: Loans that are not adequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as criticized nonperforming have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, which jeopardize the full repayment of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain a credit loss if the deficiencies are not corrected and are generally placed on nonaccrual status. We use our internal risk rating system for regulatory reporting, determining the frequency of credit exposure reviews, and evaluating and determining the allowance for credit losses. Generally, loans that are designated as criticized performing and criticized nonperforming are reviewed quarterly by management to determine if they are appropriately classified/rated and whether any impairment exists. Noncriticized loans are generally reviewed, at least annually, to determine the appropriate risk rating. In addition, we evaluate the risk rating during the renewal process of any loan or if a loan becomes past due. The following table presents loans held for investment for our Commercial Banking segment by internal risk ratings as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The internal risk rating status includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming. Table 4.6: Commercial Banking Portfolio by Internal Risk Ratings
(1)Criticized exposures correspond to the “Special Mention,” “Substandard” and “Doubtful” asset categories defined by bank regulatory authorities. Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers As part of our loss mitigation efforts, we may provide short-term (one to twelve months) or long-term (greater than twelve months) modifications to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty to improve long-term collectibility of the loan and to avoid the need for repossession or foreclosure of collateral. Our modification programs and balances include those in place at Discover prior to the Transaction. The Company also allows permanent loan modifications for Credit Card customers who request financial assistance through external sources. The Company will in certain cases accept partial payment in full satisfaction of the outstanding receivable known as settlements. The settlement typically includes a waiver of unpaid principal, interest or fees. We consider the impact of all loan modifications when estimating the credit quality of our loan portfolio and establishing allowance levels. For our Commercial Banking customers, loan modifications are also considered in the assignment of an internal risk rating. For additional information on financial difficulty modifications (“FDMs”), see “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2025 Form 10-K. The following tables present the major modification types, amortized cost basis amounts for each modification type and financial effects for all FDMs undertaken during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. Table 4.7: Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers
(1)Primarily consists of modifications or combinations of modifications not categorized above, such as payment delays, increases in committed exposure, forbearances and other types of modifications in Commercial Banking. Table 4.8: Financial Effects of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers
Performance of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers We monitor loan performance trends, including FDMs, to assess and manage our exposure to credit risk. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2025 Form 10-K for additional information on how the allowance for modified loans is calculated for each portfolio. FDMs are accumulated and the performance of each loan that received an FDM is reported on a rolling 12-month basis. The following tables present FDMs over a rolling 12-month period by delinquency status as of March 31, 2026 and 2025. For the 12-month period ended March 31, 2026, the table includes amounts of FDMs from the acquired Discover portfolio, including loans which were modified prior to the Closing Date. Table 4.9 Delinquency Status of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers(1)
__________ (1)Commitments to lend additional funds on FDMs totaled $173 million and $225 million as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. (2)Includes $315 million of FDMs as of March 31, 2026 that were modified prior to the Closing Date. Subsequent Defaults of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers FDMs may subsequently enter default. A default occurs if a FDM is either 90 days or more delinquent, has been charged off, or has been reclassified from accrual to nonaccrual status. Loans that entered a modification program while in default are not considered to have subsequently defaulted for purposes of this disclosure. The allowance for any FDMs that have subsequently defaulted is measured using the same methodology as the allowance for loans held for investment. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2025 Form 10-K for additional information. The following table presents FDMs that entered subsequent default for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the tables include amounts of FDMs from the acquired Discover portfolio, including loans which were modified or entered subsequent default prior to the Closing Date. Table 4.10 Subsequent Defaults of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers
Loans Pledged We pledged loan collateral of $6.2 billion and $6.6 billion to secure a portion of our FHLB borrowing capacity of $34.5 billion and $34.4 billion as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. We also pledged loan collateral of $87.4 billion and $91.6 billion to secure our Federal Reserve Discount Window borrowing capacity of $49.9 billion and $53.3 billion as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. In addition to loans pledged, we have securitized a portion of our credit card and auto loan portfolios. See “Note 6—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations” for additional information. Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we converted $407 million and $141 million of revolving loans to term loans, respectively, primarily in our domestic credit card and commercial banking loan portfolios.
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